PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER LOTION FORTIFIED WITH ALOE VERA

Transcription

1 PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER LOTION FORTIFIED WITH ALOE VERA By ABDULRAHMAN ZINAT 2006/24154EH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPA;RTMENT SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NOVEMBER, 2011

2 PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION, OF SHEA BUTTER LOTION FORTIFIED WITH ALOE VERA GEL By ABDULRAHMAN ZINAT 2006/24154EH A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING, FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING. NOVEMBER, 2011

3 DECLARATION I hereby declare that the work in the project report entitled "PRODUCTION AND, CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER LOTION. FORTIFIED WITH ALOE VERA" has been performed by me under the supervision of Engr. Musa Umaru. No part of this project was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my knowledge. ABDULRAHMAN ZINAT Student Name Date ii

4 CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project report entitled "PRODUCTION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SHEA BUTTER LOTION FORTIFIED WITH ALOE VERA" by Abdulrahman Zinat with matriculation number 2006/24154EH meets the requirements for the partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) degree in Chemical Engineering Federal University of Technology, Minna. Niger state, Nigeria. -L~~~ Engr.Musa Umaru Project Supervisor Date Dr.M.O.Edoga Head of Department Date External Examiner ~/OLI20t~. Date iii

5 DEDICATION This project work is dedicated to the most superior and the controller of the universe, The Almighty Allah (S. W.A) and my beautiful niece Nabila Musa Kallah. iv

6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I acknowledge the grace, favors and blessings of the most high, Almighty Allah upon my life. All that has come of this training, including this report, is by His grace. I would like to show my gratitude to my de facto advisor, Engr. U. Musa. Not only has he motivated me to study on African natural plants but also he really provided me opportunity to work on Shea butter. Since I was a long-time fan of Shea butter products as a consumer, I very much enjoyed working on my research work. With his help and patient guidance, I gained the needed experience and skills to conduct this research, May Allah bless you with all your heart desires and make the hereafter a better one for you. To my parent, Alhaji Albdulrahman,Hajia Fatima and Hajia Halima S. whose support towards.. my education cannot be estimated. Their parental care and moral training given to me is highly appreciated. I am also very indebted to all Staffs (Academics and Non Academics) of the Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology Minna for the knowledge impacted and to all my coursemate it was a wonderful experience to be part of this great Class, as for those whom I had to share ideas with in the course of this research I say thank you for sparing' your precious moment. My gratitude also goes to my friends Led. Ibrahim Nura, Nneji N. Lynda, Sogbesan A. Adetola, Cyrus Olanrewaju. Oluwarotinii, Dr. A. Jimoh, Dr. F Abdulrahman, Usamatu Salihu, Engr.O.Adedipe, Sheik Uthmaan Suleiman and so many others. I appreciate you all for your total support, I say Jazaakallaahu khairan. v

7 ABSTRACT Today's average beauty product consumer is most interested in products that can prevent or even reverse the effects of aging rather than those that merely camouflage sagging and wrinkles. Natural products are perceived as being gentler to the skin, especially skin that is highly reactive to synthetic perfumes, oils, and preservatives traditionally u~ed in cosmetic products. This research provides an explicit account on the production and characterization of Shea butter lotion fortified with Aloe Vera gel. The Shea butter oil was sourced locally based on its availability in our environment. Characterization of the Shea oil was done in order to determine its physical and chemical properties such as Acid value of 3.36, saponification value of , ph of 4.58, free fatty acid of 1.68, moisture content of 0.12, peroxide value of 9.40 and specific gravity of The characterized Shea oil was further used to produce a lotion with the addition of stearic acid, Borax, glycerine, methyl paraben, cetyl alcohol, EDTA, distilled water, croda wax, paraffin oil then finally fortified with Aloe Vera gel. The produced lotion was then characterized to determine its thermal stability, non volatile matter, specific gravity, viscosity, water content, oil content, dermatology test, microbial count and free fatty acid. and the results obtained were compared favourably with the NIS ISO SON standard for cream and lotions. vi

8 TABLE OF CONTENT Content Title page Declaration Certification Dedication Acknowledgement Abstract Table of Content List of Tables List of Figure List of Plates Page I ii 111 IV V VI vii x Xl xii Chapter One 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Problem Statement 1.2 Aims 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Scope of the Work 1.5 Limitation of the Research 1.6 Justification of the Research Chapter Two Literature Review Historical Background of Shea Butter Shea Tree Botany and Ecology Shea Butter and its Uses Traditional Use of Shea Butter in Africa Use of Shea Butter in the International Market 2.4 Shea Butter Extraction 2.5 Chemical Composition of Shea Butter Triglyceride Fraction vii

9 2.5.2 Unsaponifiable Fraction Fractionation and Chemical Composition 2.6 Factors Causing Inconsistency of the Quality of Shea Butter 2.7 Therapeutic Effects of Shea Butter Skin, scalp, and hair emollient and moisturizing activity Anti-aging of skin due to protease-inhibiting activity Hypersensitivity-alleviating effect Reasons for Shea Butter Application Aloe Vera Description Taxonomy and Etymology Distribution Cultivation Claims of medical properties Uses 2.10 Lotion Historical Background of Lotion Types of Lotions General Uses of Creams and Lotions Common Terminologies Used In Cosmetology Categories of Phases Description and Function of Each Ingredient Lotion Production Lotion Formulation Chapter Three 3.0 Methodology 3.1 Materials and Equipments Materials used 3.2 Experimental Procedure Analysis of Shea Butter Oil 3.3 Formulations for Lotion viii

10 3.3.1 Lotion Production Lotion Characterization Chapter Four Result and Discussion of Result Discussion of Results Characterization of Shea Butter Oil Characterization of Produced Lotion Chapter Five Conclusion and Recommendations Conclusion Recommendations References Appendix 1: Characterization of the Produced Oil Appendix 11: Quality Characteristics of a Skin Creams ix

11 List of Tables Table I Table 2.1 Chemical Composition of Shea butter and the Fractionated Products 13 Table 2.2: Some Physico-chemical Properties of Shea Butter Oil from different source 16 Table 2.3: The Fatty Acid Profile of Shea butter Oil from different regions in West Africa 17 Table 2.4 Alternative Names for Aloe Vera 21 'Table 2.5 Lotions Formulation by Jummy Shea Products 36 Table 3.1 Ingredients used for the Production of the Lotion 37 Table 3.2 Reagents used for the Characterization of the Lotion and Oil 38 Table 3.3 List of Equipment used for Production and Characterization of the Lotion and Oil 39 Table 3.4: Lotion Formulation 42 Table 4.1 Result of Shea Butter Oil Butter Analyses 49 Table 4.2 Lotion Formulations Test 50 Table-Appendix ii Quality Characteristics of a Skin Lotion 63 Page x

12 List of Figure Figure Page Figure 2.0: Stages Involved in Shea Butter Production 9 xi

13 List of Plates Plate 'PlateI: Shea fruit on the trees, fallen to the ground and Shea kernels Plate II: Wild growing Shea Trees Plate III: Aloe Vera Plant Plate IV: Aloe Vera Plantation Plate V: Aloe Vera gels being used to makea dessert Page " xii