Directionals in Polynesian Comparative Expressions

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3 * 1 Directionals in Polynesian Comparative Expressions Toru SHIONOYA Abstract Directionals are functional words which primarily express directions of the movement. Many Polynesian languages have four directionals, which basically means "towards the speaker", "away from the speaker", "upwards", and "downwards", respectively. The directionals are used to express directions, to show distance in time, to form comparative expressions, and so on. All the four directionals are used in comparative expressions in Hawaiian and Tahitian, as well as in Samoan. Two of them, meaning "towards the speaker" and "downwards" respectively, are used to express the comparison showing 'A is smaller (in amount, size, and so on) than B', while the other two directionals are used in various cases, including the comparison showing 'A is larger (in amount, size, and so on) than B'. Keywords : Polynesian, Directional, Comparison ( ) (Outlier Polynesia) *

4 24 19 (1) 1 1 mai atu aku a e ifo iho a e ae k t h f (2) lele mai lele mai aku lele aku iho lele iho a e lele a e Cook (3) 2 maiatua eiho mai iho atu a e (4) 2 mai atu iho a e (le comparatif d'infériorité) T 1 less+ moins+ (T 1) E iti mai 'o Mo'orea Mo'orea ia Tahiti. Tahiti '' (Académie tahitienne(g):58) T 1 A B AB atu (5)(6) a e (7) A<B i ii atu a e

5 ' ( HP) iii A<B HP HP Académie tahitienne Grammaire Académie (G)Dictionaire Académie (D) Beckwith The Hawaiian romance of Laieikawai Laieikawai Kepelino s tradition of Hawaii Kepelino hau hau hau T2 (T 2) E hau tna aravihi i t u. / '' (Académie tahitienne(g):54) T2 hau hau T3 atu (T3)...e fa ari i o ia hau atu / i te 7000 ratere i te matahiti ho e. ' 7000 a e ( ) (4) T4 (T4) E fenua nehenehe hau a e ter. / '' (Académie tahitienne(g):60) hau Académie tahitienne (4) a e (T5) E pai a e o Teri i / Teri i ia Tihoni Tihoni ' Teri i Tihoni ' (Académie tahitienne(g):54) roa (T6) O Moe te ta ata faufa a roa Moe a e i roto i rtou 'Moe ' (Académie tahitienne(g):60) atu (4) (T7) E mramarama a e Hina i / Hina tna tne, e mramarama roa / atu r tna tu ne () 'Hina ()' (Académie tahitienne(d):76) mai iho iti (4)

6 (T8) Ua iti iho te ua i teienei. / '' (Académie tahitienne(d):220) (T9=T1)E iti mai 'o Mo'orea / Mo'orea ia Tahiti... Tahiti '...' (Académie tahitienne(g):58) Académie tahitienne (4) A<B atu a e A<B T10 ha iha i a e (T10) o te ho e ïa o te fito ha iha i roa a e no te mau Oire ato a no Porinetia farni nei. ' ' ( HP) oi hau oi oi H 1 aku H2 a e H3 (H1) Elua wale no lio i oi 2 / aku ka nui mamua o ka hipopotamu,... '' (Mookini:15) (H2) he haneri a oi ae ka nui o na makahiki o kona ola ana... '...' (Kuokoa 1863/7/24) (H3)ka oi loa o kona maikai mamua o ka'u mau wahine mua nana i kumakaia / ' ' (Laieikawai: 381) Elbert and Pukui (7) H4 a e (H4) I kona hua ana a mahuahua a e,... '' (Ka Ho'oilina Sep. 2002:174) a e aku H5 a e (H5) Ina i nui ka eha, alaila, / nui aku ka uku,... ' ' (Hawaiian Laws:105) mai iho H6H7A<B (H6)... aole paha e emi mai ka nui / o na umeke poi malalo iho o na 20 tausani,... '() 2 ' (Kepelino: 151) (H7)Ua nui no nae ka / bufalo, uuku iho ka bipi. ' ' (Mookini:45)

7 (H8) loa H8Hale k ai alaka i o n kumu k ai ha aha a loa '' (Ka Ho'oilina 2003:116) sili aupito Churchward (8) sili aupito sili aupito sili S1) ona (S1) le alii sili o Fagaloa. F. 'Fagaloa ' (Sio:88) (S2)... se faiga e sili ona lelei e mafai ona faatino ai ana / taualumaga uma. '...' (Tulafono:8) S2 X i (lo) i (l) (S3) e sili i lo le afa o sea / na tuuina atu,... '' (Pule:236) aupito (S4) (S5) sili aupito (S4) Sa o le ulugalii o Sa ma Sa Vai'i le motu aupito tele i Vai'i sisifo ma nonofo ai. 'Sa Vai'i ' (Sio:30) (S5) Sa o le ulugalii o U ma Polu U Polu i le motu e aupito sili / ona lafulemu e pito i Savaii / Savai'i ma nonofo ai. 'U Polu Savai'i ' (Sio:30) sili sili aupito i (l) { i (lo) } aupito sili Sio(1984) Hovdhaugen(1987) sili aupito S6 sili (S6) e sili atu i le afa / o sea na tuuina atu e le kamupani '' (Teuteuga: 236) sili atu Tulafono sili 41 4

8 atu Liasene sili 7 6 atu S7 a e (S7) Faamalamalamaina o sala tupe, e / le sili ae i le 10 i moliaga taitasi ' 10(penalty unit) ' (Laisene:21) sili aupito sili aupito atu Mosel and Hovdhaugen (5) Milner (6) atu (S8) E toa=lua o=na tuagane e / / matuatua atu i lo ia. '()' (Mosel and Hovdhaugen: 379) (S9) Na to atele atu na a u mai i l na mtou aloaloina. '' (Milner:28) S8S9 A>BA B Mosel and Hovdhaugen (5) (S10) AB atu (S10)...sa i ai isi fale e / laiti atu '' (Mosel and Hovdhaugen 379) atu atu atu a'e sili ifo() mai() S11S12A<B (S11)... e le itiiti ifo i lo le / le sefulu ma le fa aso '1' (Tulafono:15) (S12)...sainia e le itiiti mai / i lo le tagata e toatasi / ' ' (Tulafono:24) Hau atu a e Oi aku a e Sili atu a e a e atu

9 A<B A<B atu a e mai iho aku a e mai iho atu a e mai ifo AB A B (T10) a e (S10) atu A<B aku a e A<B HP hau Ka Ho'oilina Mar aku oi+aku oi+ sili+ atu aku a e (9) aku (H9) No n nnau hou aku e pili ana no kia mau ina, e ui aku i C. J. McCARTHY. ' C.J. McCARTHY ' (Ka Ho oilina 2003:104) atu T11 (T11) te tahi atu mau ta'ata pni hho'a '' (Musée: 6) te vai atura a pl aku atu aku T7 atu C() ,,, (2007)

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