EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF CLO 3D FASHION DESIGN SOFTWARE

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF CLO 3D FASHION DESIGN SOFTWARE"

Transcription

1 Marie-Helene Jäger EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF CLO 3D FASHION DESIGN SOFTWARE THESIS Tallinn 2018

2 Marie-Helene Jäger EVALUATION AND VALIDATION OF CLO 3D FASHION DESIGN SOFTWARE THESIS Institute of Clothing and Textile Resource Management in the Field of Clothing and Textiles Tallinn 2018

3 Mina, Marie-Helene Jäger, tõendan, et lõputöö on minu kirjutatud. Töö koostamisel kasutatud teiste autorite, sh juhendaja teostele on viidatud õiguspäraselt. Kõik isiklikud ja varalised autoriõigused käesoleva lõputöö osas kuuluvad autorile ainuisikuliselt ning need on kaitstud autoriõiguse seadusega. Lõputöö autor Marie-Helene Jäger.. Allkiri ja allkirjastamise kuupäev Üliõpilase kood Õpperühm RR81 Lõputöö vastab sellele püstitatud kehtivatele nõuetele ja tingimustele. Juhendaja Agnes Psikuta.. Allkiri ja allkirjastamise kuupäev Konsultant Diana Tuulik... Allkiri ja allkirjastamise kuupäev Kaitsmisele lubatud..20.a. Rõiva ja tekstiili instituudi direktor Mare-Ann Perkmann... Allkiri

4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION THEORETICAL BACKGROUND Garment functions and draping Importance of air gap for heat and mass transfer Present research on air gap and contact area D virtual-try-on software and its opportunities The need for validation of 3D simulation software The outlook for discovered disciplines METHODS AND VALIDATION Validation strategy Description of CLO simulation software Small-scale case study Selection of fabrics Determination of physical and virtual material properties Full-body case study Selection of physical and virtual manikin Garment preparation Existing garments Developed garment Determination of the air gap and contact area using 3D scanning methodology Determination of the accuracy of Artec MHT 3D body scanner Determination of the air gap and contact area using CLO 3D simulation software Validation analysis RESULTS Results for small scale case study based on physical and virtual material properties

5 3.2. Results for full-body case study DISCUSSION Material properties Full-body case study Analysis of the loose fitting T-shirt results Analysis of the regular fitting T-shirt results Analysis of the regular trousers results Analysis of the casual jeans results Analysis of the semi-fitted dress SUMMARY RESÜMEE REFERENCES

6 INTRODUCTION Nowadays, 3D simulation programs are the core point to quick product development and production process in garment industry. These mostly commercial programs eliminate the need to make mock-up garments and have several garment fittings in between the development and production. Virtual-try-on clothing software programs have been rapidly developing and have become very advanced through integration of pattern design, and by including the properties of physical fabrics. They allow selection of avatars, change of body size according to needed dimensions, making 2D garment patterns, trying the garment on the selected avatar, evaluation of the fitting, adjusting the fitting, selection and change of the details and eventually making the garment from a specific fabric. These programs can be also useful and beneficial in the clothing research field to investigate air gap thickness and contact area between skin and garments, and hence, to estimate heat and mass transfer through garment. If this estimation was accurate the functionality of special sport or protective clothing could also be more precisely designed virtually and possibly for the individual body shapes. It is essential that the simulated fabrics appear and act the same as those in real life. Therefore, it is necessary to reflect the physical fabric properties accurately in those of the simulated fabric to achieve the real shape and drape of the virtual garment. The difference to typical application of this software is that in mass production the clothes mostly need to appear good and fit to a certain range of typical chart sizes and there has been no documented effort or research done to validate the outcome of 3D simulation programs. Garment development and production can be very complex process because fabric drape is involved. To obtain a desired garment draping the fabric must collide with body, and hence, mechanical properties of the selected material affect how the garment made out of 2D pattern fall around a 3D object. Drapability is also associated with ease allowances in clothing, and hence, changing the size of ease allowance changes also the air gap thickness and the contact area. Previous studies by Psikuta et.al. [1, 2, 3] have shown the matter of these mentioned parameters in static and dynamic positions and they have proven that the 3D scanning methodology that is in use at the moment is accurate. But still the methods for the determination of thickness of air layers between clothing and skin in real-life conditions are limited 5

7 because of the fact that manikins cannot represent a variety of real human body morphologies and their curves [4]. With benchmark methods it is also time-consuming procedure to make a garment and measure the air-gap thickness and the contact area, because time-consuming 3D scanning and profound postprocessing procedures are involved. Secondly, it is possible to scan moving and living object with several high speed 3D body scanners but this method is expensive, not openly available and not repeatable for the dressed and nude body to the exact air gap thickness and contact area. Therefore, it is crucial to find a method that is more practical, quicker and has the ability to animate but has the same accuracy like original 3D scanning method. In this case selected 3D simulation software reliability will be under investigation. There are many different and individual studies done over the years on the topic of garment drape and visualizing it virtually, but most of the studies come to conclusion that this field needs still more development. Problems that occurred in several studies included the algorithms used for the simulations did not allow absolutely accurate drape simulations [5], 3D simulation software capacity was poor to express drape coefficient properly [6], the results turned out to be too stiff or too limp [7]. The mechanical and physical characteristics of garments and fabrics are fault-finding issue for simulating garments precisely. 3D simulation software can give the possibility to evaluate air gap thickness and contact area without time-consuming procedures. To determine the accuracy of selected 3D simulation software it is necessary to analyze the program s capability with a comprehensive validation study at different levels of complexity e.g. in small-scale case study and further on with more profound studies with human body. Present project evaluates the similarity between the previously developed 3D scanned garment analysis methodology and the 3D garment simulation software. The aim is to evaluate quantitatively and qualitatively the draping, the contact area and the air gap thickness values between scanned and simulated garments at different levels of complexities. If the accuracy of selected program will be approved, then this method for prototyping garments will give an opportunity to evaluate the design and performance of garments at conceptual stage without the need of making prototypes. Moreover, it will give the opportunity to simulate garment performance for various body postures, movement and body morphology, which is not possible with existing benchmark methods and also opens up more opportunities for further applications. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of CLO 3D fashion design software in detail for the simulation of garment draping at various levels of complexity in static situations. 6

8 The aim will be fulfilled with the following objectives: a) general topic and necessary software studies including literature research, fabric testing and learning operating skills in several post-processing software programs, such as: CLO 3D 3D simulation software (CLO Virtual Fashion Inc., South Korea); Corel Draw fabric testing (Corel Corporation, Canada); Artec scanning (Artec Co., LTD., Japan); Geomagic post-processing (Geomagic, Inc., United States); b) evaluation of the CLO 3D software based on flat fabric draping on simple geometries including fabric characterization and selecting relevant methods for validation of the software; c) evaluation of the CLO 3D software based on garments draping on complex geometry such as human body using 3D body scanning technique and existing Empa database of scanned and characterized garments; d) qualitative and quantitative validation of CLO 3D software abilities by means of determination of the local air gap thickness and contact area. Present work is done in Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, St. Gallen, Switzerland. 7

9 1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 1.1. Garment functions and draping The elementary function of clothing is to protect the human body from the excessive heat gain or loss and to keep the body in a well-being condition. Because of the rapid development of the clothing technology, the demand for comfort and protective characteristics has increased [8]. Developing and manufacturing clothes for e.g., sportsmen, firemen or for people that have special needs, is challenging. Garments can have the most complex constructions and drape effects out of all the fabric applications. Initially, fabric drapes promptly based on its weight overcoming the resistance associated with its stiffness [9]. Fabrics may drape in different ways depending on the content of fibers, type of yarn, structure of the fabric and type of finish [9]. Also, gravitation, shape of the body, movement of the body, body to fabric friction and fabric to fabric friction influences the drape [6]. Other influencing factors are the non-homogenous fabric structure, environmental conditions and also the object over which the fabric is draped [10]. Developing a garment and ensuring that it has all required needs such as comfort and protection for the body, good quality with raw materials and manufacturing, an affordable price range, is a challenging assignment for developers Importance of air gap for heat and mass transfer The fabric properties and construction of the garment are affecting the thermal processes in a clothing system. This leads on to the heat and mass transfer in clothing that is affected by the distribution of the air gap thickness [4]. The heat and mass transfer within the clothing system includes several physical processes, such as: evaporation and condensation, dry heat exchange (convection, conduction and radiation), sorption, vapor and liquid water transfer [1]. Body posture and movement, air penetration and compression by wind and also the garment fit are the additional factors correlated with the garment construction and the use of it [1]. The air movement beneath the clothing is very complex, varies over 8

10 body parts and changes with body shape, posture and movement and to determine the motion of the air layers is even more complex. Figure 1 shows that even a slight change of the air gap thickness by 5 mm will greatly influence and increase the thermal and evaporative resistance of the garment [11]. Figure 1. (b) Thermal and (c) evaporative resistances of the layers in a clothing system [12] consisting of a cotton fabric separated by an air gap as in scheme (a) for environmental conditions [1] 1.3. Present research on air gap and contact area Until the year of 2012, air layers in clothing were not investigated completely. Research was mainly focused on the air layers as a discrete number of points or as the total air volume in an ensemble. However, none of these applications were granting the systematic, accurate and detailed evaluation of the air gap thickness or precise determination of contact area [3]. For the finding of air gap thickness and contact area, a method with the help of 3D body scanner was developed at Empa which is the leading lab of materials science and a method was introduced in a previous study by Psikuta et al. [2]. They presented a method for finding the accurate air gap thickness and contact area between clothing and the human body through a profound analysis and the help of 3D body scanner. The principle was to use precise 3D body scanner and scan both, the nude manikin once and dressed manikin several times to receive the mean of these scans and also to find the deviation between the scans, post-process the received data and get the accurate air gap thickness and the contact area. The development of this original and accurate method opened a new horizon for clothing research in that period of time. Currently, there are limited number of garments that have been under the investigation due to the fact that the present scanning 9

11 procedure takes relatively long time and the method needs several repetitions to receive adequate results. There is a need for an equivalent method that gives reliable results in a lesser time D virtual-try-on software and its opportunities The motivation for present study comes from previous study by Mark et al. [13], where the aim was to investigate 3D simulated garments and the reliability of the air gap thickness and contact area with the help of selected commercially available simulation software programs. The study was aimed to investigate female human body as more complex shape. They evaluated four different 3D garment simulation programs by garment drape and determined the accuracy by comparing scanned real garments on manikins to simulated ones. The most comprehensive results were obtained with CLO 3D simulation software. Hence, more profound study on mentioned program was in need for the determination of the program s accuracy, reliability and suitability for determination of the air gap thickness distribution in clothing. Mentioned simulation software allows the user creating a wide range of styles with complicated pattern pieces and construction. There is a possibility to import patterns or create them in the software 2D window, sew pieces together and simulate the whole garment onto selected avatar. Software provider also adds that CLO 3D can accurately emulate various drape-sensitive fabrics properties. This software has been under research and development for over 15 years and is constantly improving its general functions and fabric accuracy [14]. The computer-aided 3D simulation software field has rapidly developed since the previous work by Mark [13], there has arisen more commercial 3D garment simulation software programs. In the previous study they analysed Vidya (Assyst, Germany), Modaris 3D Fit (Lectra, Germany), VStitcher (Gerber, Germany) and CLO 3D but at this moment there is also available e.g. Tuka3D (Tukatech Inc., USA), Browzwear (Browzwear Solutions Pte Ltd., Singapore) and many more to come in the future. Mentioned programs are commercially available but there are also programs that are research tools and have limited access to them e.g. 3D simulation software Fashionaiser (MIRAlab, University of Geneva, Switzerland). The study done by Mert et.al. [8] aimed to quantitatively validate the selected 3D garment simulation software and further on develop a post-processing method for the determination of the air gap thickness and the contact area during standing and walking [8]. In present case CLO 3D simulation software is under investigation to fulfill the needs of an accurate and quicker method for determining the air gap 10

12 thickness and contact area between garment and body and eventually determine mentioned parameters during movement The need for validation of 3D simulation software As well as making a garment in real life, the simulation software requires pattern construction, sewing pattern pieces together and eventually garment fitting onto manikin. In this case, using CLO 3D simulation software for garment making and displaying should eliminate the necessity for making a prototype, have several fittings, and moreover, eliminate the need to use 3D body scanner. It gives the opportunity to fit the wanted garment onto a selected manikin, without any time-consuming procedures, and further on, accelerates the whole process of finding the contact area and air gap thickness between body and clothes. There is a great need of comparative validation between the 3D body scanning method and 3D simulating method for the determination of the air gap thickness and the contact area between body and garment. It is crucial to determine profoundly the CLO 3D simulation software accuracy and compare it with previous results obtained with the scanning method. The validation should contain small-scale case study for determining CLO 3D simulation software accuracy on the drapability parameter and further on apply the gained information to full-body analysis The outlook for discovered disciplines In the future, simulating the garments rather than making a prototype and scanning the object will spare resources such as time and materials. It gives the opportunity to evaluate different body postures, body morphologies and movement. Moreover, determining the accuracy of the CLO 3D simulation software also opens up the door for new projects and further applications. It can be used as an input for many other developed applications in the field of ergonomics, occupational safety, sports, medicine, space expeditions. Since 3D simulation method for dynamic positions simplifies the process of determining the air gap thickness and the contact area between garments and body it could automated for further ease of use and elimination of the influence of human error in results. 11

13 2. METHODS AND VALIDATION 2.1. Validation strategy The core meaning of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze fabric drape behaviour in real life and in virtual environment using CLO 3D simulation software. The first stage begins with smallscale case study, such as Cusick drape test that gives the expression of the selected fabrics draping abilities. Executing mentioned test physically and virtually and comparing results to one another shows the program s capability of visualizing realistic drape. The small-scale case studies acquired the primary knowledge about the software s potential simulating fabric drape accurately. The small-scale case study was the core point for the identification of the most accurate fabric from the selection for the development of the dress in full-body analysis. The results and knowledge from the first stage can be applied to the second stage that includes the observation of more complex object such as female anatomic body and complex garments. Garments from previously done work were used together with female manikin Heidi. Garments were simulated and simulation data and data from previously done scanning procedure were post-processed. Firstly, the body was divided into body regions and further on, these body regions were investigated and air gap thickness and contact area between the body and garment were found. Moreover, scanned data was compared to simulated virtual data to validate the methodology and also compare the results to the previous study. To examine CLO 3D reliability and accuracy more profoundly a full body analysis needed to be done. The most accurate fabric from small-scale case study was determined for the evaluation and development of a final garment that was missing in the existing garment database. In this step, the manikin Heidi and designed dress was scanned with a 3D body scanner several times and data was post-processed. The dress was then simulated and obtained data was also post-processed and compared to 3D scanned data to determine the accuracy of CLO 3D simulation software. 12

14 2.2. Description of CLO simulation software In this study the 3D garment simulation software CLO 3D which was developed for designers to virtually visualize complex and detailed garments on avatars in apparel and fashion industry, was used and investigated. Simulation software provides the user with default avatars (two females, two males and a child), an opportunity to import 3D objects and avatars to the working place, a selection of patterns, fabrics (approximately 42) and textures, several poses, joint adjustment and modification of body measurements for avatars, animation and printout mode. CLO 3D gives the user a wide range of function possibilities and a profound manual to use them. In addition, the user can also purchase a selection of fabrics from the Marketplace. Software also has a system with additional cost that is called Fabric Kit which is for the insertion for user s own fabrics. In this study the fabrics were chosen by the parameters that CLO 3D had given in their library thickness, weight and structure Small-scale case study Selection of fabrics Small-scale case study gives the opportunity to see how different fabrics with diverse range of physical properties realistically drape compared to their behaviour in virtual environment in same conditions. It is crucial to determine the exact properties of chosen physical specimens and compare them to virtually displayed ones. Selection of fabrics aimed at diversity of samples including fibre content, structure, thickness and weight. Since we could use only predefined fabrics for virtual simulation in CLO 3D, the actual samples were selected to match closely to these in the software. The actual fabrics and their properties such as thickness and weight are listed in Table 1. Six equivalent fabrics were chosen based on the library of fabrics available in CLO 3D simulation software (Table 1). Fabrics for evaluation were purchased by preliminary visual and textile analysis. Next, the exact properties of fabrics were determined to confirm their match with virtual samples. 13

15 Table 1 Fabric properties for measured fabrics and CLO 3D software fabrics (CO, PES, SE and EA) Measured fabrics No. Fabrics Structure Fibre content Weight, g/m 2 Thickness, mm Picture 1 Interlining Satin weave 100% PES Corduroy Filling pile weave 100% CO Raw denim Twill weave 100% CO Poplin Plain weave 100% CO Single jersey Woven 95% CO, 5% EA Chiffon Plain weave 100% SE Fabrics from CLO 3D software No. Fabrics Structure Fibre content Weight, g/m 2 Thickness, mm 1 Interlining Satin weave 100% PES Corduroy Filling pile weave 100% CO Raw denim Twill weave 100% CO Poplin Plain weave 100% CO Single jersey Woven 100% CO Chiffon Plain weave 100% SE Determination of physical and virtual material properties For the determination of the physical fabrics thickness, weight and drape coefficient, preliminary actions were done such as fabrics were ironed to remove creases and left for relaxation in the standard atmospheric conditions (relative humidity of 65 ± 2%, temperature of 20 ± 2 C) for at least 24 hours. All 3 small-scale case tests with physical fabrics had six repetitions per fabric, respectively. Thickness 14

16 and weight values for virtual fabrics were given in the software s fabric library and only drape coefficients for virtual fabrics were determined. Drape coefficient tests with virtual fabrics had one repetition per fabric. The measurements for thickness were done using Frank thickness tester (Frank, Germany) according to ISO 5084 [15]. Test measurement areas were taken diagonally throughout the entire fabric with the circular presser-foot diameter of 50.5 ± 0.2 mm and the thickness was measured with the pressure of 1 ± 0.01 kpa to get the most accurate mean of the thickness values and standard deviation between measurements. The measurements for surficial weight were done using a cutting machine (Samco, Germany) for cutting precisely 10 x 10 cm specimens and a precision scale (Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland) to firstly find the 10 x 10 cm specimens weight and secondly according to ISO 3801 [16] the surficial weight of the selected fabric was determined. Cusick drape test was used to determine the drape coefficient of selected physical and virtual fabrics according to ISO , method 5 [17]. Cusick drape test standard demands a set-up that has a table with 18 cm disc, default specimen with diameter of 30 cm (additional test 24 and 36 cm for too stiff or too limp fabrics), disc with 18 cm diameter for holding the fabric in place, a photographic camera, a stand with the height of 80 cm and a set of lights (Figure 2). In this case the photographic method was used for executing the Cusick drape test and series of image processing techniques in Corel Draw were applied to extract the outlines of draped fabric, supporting disc and undraped fabric. The extracted outlines were used to measure the necessary areas and for calculations of drape coefficients (Figure 3). This parameter is calculated as the ratio of the draped and undraped surface area of the specimen according to the following equation (1) [17]: D = S p πr 1 2 πr 2 2 πr 1 2, (1) where D (%) - drape coefficient; S p (cm 2 ) - 30 cm specimen draped; r 1 (cm) - radius of the 18 cm upper disc; r 2 (cm) - radius of the 30 cm specimen before draping; 15

17 The same set-up with table and default 30 cm specimen was designed in CLO 3D and Cusick drape test was executed. Lastly, qualitative and quantitative analysis was done and physical and virtual fabric parameters and shapes were compared. Figure 2. Cusick drape test set-up Figure 3. Cusick drape test areas [17] 16

18 Figure 4. Cusick drape test executed physically with photographic method on the left; Cusick drape test 2.4. Full-body case study displayed in CLO 3D simulation software on the right Selection of physical and virtual manikin The female body with its more pronounced areas such as breast and hips is more complex shape than the male body. Therefore, in this case a female manikin was used to evaluate more complex fabric draping. Firstly, for the validation of the methodology, a physical manikin representing a female human body named Heidi was chosen with height of 175 cm, bust girth of 88 cm, waist girth of 68 cm and hip girth of 94 cm (Figure 5). This scanned body shape was imported to CLO 3D and used for draping the garments. The manikin s body was divided into body regions as shown in Figure 6 for which individual parameters were obtained. 17

19 Figure 5. Manikin s full body Figure 6. Manikin s full body divided into body regions 18

20 Garment preparation Full-body scale case study had two stages where firstly already existing garments were selected and compared to the equivalent simulated garments in this study. Secondly a garment that needed a development was chosen and methodology was repeated from the beginning, including taking body measurements, pattern making, fitting the dress on a manikin, printing out the pattern and making the actual dress from the selected fabric Existing garments To accelerate the preliminary step of full-body scale case study, garments based on previous study by Mark [13] were selected. Loose fitting and regular fitting T-shirts made out of single jersey (Figure 7) (95% CO, 5% EL with weight of 189 g/m 2 and thickness of 0.82 mm) were chosen for the upper body and regular fitting trousers made out of the same jersey fabric and casual denim jeans (100% CO with weight of 350 g/m 2 and thickness of 1.12 mm) (Figure 8) were chosen for the lower body. Properties for those selected garments were similar to fabrics given in CLO jersey 100% CO with weight of g/m 2 and thickness of 0.63 mm, and denim 100% CO with weight of 383 g/m 2 and thickness of 0,85 mm. Digitalized patterns for these four garments were already available. Hence, pattern pieces such as front and back bodice and sleeves were imported to CLO 3D simulation software. Further on pattern pieces were sewn together using the sewing tool and simulated on imported 3D scanned manikin Heidi. The 3D garment together with the manikin were exported to the post-processing software (Geomagic, Inc., United States) and processed to obtain local air gap thickness and the contact area as in the 3D scanned garments. Eventually, 3D scanned data from previous study and simulated data from this study were compared qualitatively and quantitatively. 19

21 Figure 7. Garments from existing database including loose fitting T-shirt (a) front view, (b) back view and regular fitting T-shirt (c) front view, (d) back view Figure 8. Garments from existing database including casual jeans (a) front view, (b) back view and regular fitting trousers (c) front view, (d) back view 20

22 Developed garment For the second step of full-body scale analysis, a garment was chosen that was not yet represented in the existing database. Empa garment database includes a selection of casual and protective garments for upper and lower body for male and female bodies but there has not been done tests with a fitted dress. The strategy was to firstly, design the garment in CLO 3D and secondly, make the garment out of the fabric that gave the most accurate results in small-case study so to represent our ideal case for comparison. Requirements for the dress were a fitted bodice part and a loosely hanging ruffle around the body for determination of different levels of air gap thickness and contact area. Chosen dress design has breast darts at the side seam, waist darts at the front and the back bodice, full-length sleeves, a zipper at the back and a 15 cm ruffle at the hemline (Figure 9). Pattern for the garment was done according to manikin Heidi s body measurements in CLO 3D simulation software 2D window. Garment was then simulated on mentioned manikin and fit was adjusted and checked. Pattern done in simulation software and the measurement chart are shown in Table 2 and Figure 10. A mock-up was made in the first step and the corrections of the pattern were made on paper and in the simulation software. Pattern pieces were cut out of chosen fabric and sewn together using the Bernina König AG sewing machine and the 301 twin needle lockstitch [18, p. 12] with 3.0 mm stitch length. Firstly, waist and breast darts were sewn and then the shoulder seams were sewn and a neckline facing was added to the neckline for a clean finishing. A hidden zipper was added to the back seam to ease dressing and undressing the manikin. Back and side seams were done and a 15 cm length ruffle was added to the hemline. Eventually sleeves were added. 21

23 Figure 9. Developed dress (a) front view and (b) back view. 22

24 Table 2 Measurement chart for the dress made for manikin Heidi Measurement chart General body measurements Size: 38 General body measurements Name of measurement Measurement, cm Height 175 Bust girth 88 Waist girth 68 Hip girth 94 Shoulder length 11 Arm length 58 Bodice construction Name of measurement Measurement, cm Ease allowance, cm Construction measurement, cm Neck 32 n/a 32 Bust I Waist Hips Back length 19.5 n/a 19.5 Height of armhole 18 n/a 18 Bust span 20 n/a 20 Height of front part to waist 42 n/a 42 Shoulder height 42 n/a 42 Back width 34 n/a 34 Breast width 38 n/a 38 Height of bust 25 n/a 25 Shoulder length 11 n/a 11 Skirt length 60 n/a 60 23

25 Measurement chart Sleeve construction Name of measurement Measurement, cm Ease allowance, cm Construction measurement, cm Wrist girth Sleeve head height 14 n/a 14 Sleeve length 60 n/a 60 Sleeve width 34 n/a 34 Upper-arm Elbow girth Figure 10. Pattern for developed semi-fitted dress 24

26 2.5. Determination of the air gap and contact area using 3D scanning methodology To have the opportunity to compare tailored dress and simulated one, a previously developed method by Psikuta et.al. [2] was used. The first step was to scan manikin Heidi firstly nude and secondly with the designed dress. In this case Artec MHT 3D body scanner (Artec Group, USA) (Figure 11, b), Artec Studio software program were used and a scanner driver (Figure 11, a) that moves the scanner around the object and scans it in the same time for the most accurate results. Preliminary procedure was to find out scanner accuracy and scan nude manikin five times and compare four scans to the first one for the determination of deviation between scans. Figure 11. (a) Scanner driver and (b) Artec MHT 3D body scanner [19] Dress scanning procedure was repeated six times after every scan the manikin was redressed to achieve the appearance of natural dressing and observe parameter variability with redressing procedure. Manikin had to be placed to an exact position for the optimal scanning result. In some occasions there was a need to scan parts of the manikin by hand to fill some bigger holes that scanner did not capture in the full scanning protocol. Received scanned data was then imported to Geomagic, manifold was done to remove all scanning artefacts from the scan and small holes were filled with curve functions. Alignment with previously prepared reference nude scan was done. After alignment nude and dressed manikin scans were divided 25

27 into body regions shown in Figure 6. Nude manikin scan with selected body region was set as a reference and a part of dress covering this area was set as a test and 3D comparison was done. Reports were created and received data was analyzed for finding contact area and air gap thickness for a given body region. This procedure was done for each body part separately, six repetitions were gathered together and mean and standard deviation were calculated. Figure 12. (a) Scan in Geomagic post-processing software without manifold and alignment, (b) scan ready for alignment to the reference scan, (c) scan after manifold and alignment, (d) scan ready for 3D comparison 26

28 Figure 13. 3D comparison made in Geomagic post-processing software with colour spectrum describing the air gap thickness in mm 2.6. Determination of the accuracy of Artec MHT 3D body scanner In this case, the reliability of the scanning and post-processing method was established by the determination of the alignment accuracy for five nude manikin scans. Ideally, all nude scans done with the same manikin and under the same conditions should show 0.0 mm distance between each scan surfaces [2]. Five manikin scans were compared to one randomly chosen manikin and for each pair of manikin scans a calculation of cumulative areas (in % of the total area) over surface distances in 0.1 mm increments was made. The accuracy of the scanner was found out to be 1.0 mm according to method presented by Psikuta et.al. [2] (Figure 14, c). During the scanning of the dress a surface artefact of the fabric colour pattern was observed (Figure 14, a) that needed further investigation. The fabric that was chosen from the small-scale case study was checked (Table 1, poplin) with white and dark blue checks. Because of the scanner s white light operating principle the scanner is sensitive to surface colour and reflectivity [2] and the checked material caused the uneven surface of the fabric even though it was flat. 2D comparison was made (Figure 14, b) for the 27

29 upper chest where the fabric laid flat and distances for subsequent bumps were measured and mean was found (Figure 14, b). The distortion for mentioned occurrence was 0.37 mm which was smaller than the scanner accuracy. It was important to find the accuracy of the scanner and the mentioned distortion value because the contact area is highly dependent on these aspects. Figure 14. (a) Example of optical distortion that appeared on the garment during scanning procedure; (b) 2D comparison between garment and body and measured difference between the surface of the fabric and body; (c) black line is representing the mean of compared nude scans and the accuracy of the 3D scanning method was assumed to be 1.0 mm 2.7. Determination of the air gap and contact area using CLO 3D simulation software Simulation procedure in CLO 3D simulation software begins with choosing an avatar, changing its body measurements and body posture or importing a needed avatar. In this case a previously scanned manikin 28

30 was imported and used as an avatar for the existing garments and for the developed garment analysis. Patterns for existing garments were already made and available in the database, but it was important to have the exact body measurements for the pattern construction for the developed garment i.e. fitted dress. Pattern was constructed according to Table 2 Figure 15. Screenshot showing CLO 3D layout including 3D and 2D window Present software has conveniently two windows 2D window for pattern making and adjusting and 3D window for displaying and simulating the garment in the 3D environment (Figure 15). It is easy to make a pattern and match the lines that need sewing. When it comes to simulating the garment around the body i.e. when the garment collides with the body and drapes around it, it is crucial to consider particle distance parameter for optimal simulation result. Particle distance in the CLO 3D simulation software (fabric properties section) is a tool that refers to the average distance between the points representing vertices of the mesh that make up a garment pattern, i.e. size of the mesh [14]. According to CLO 3D information the parameter should only influence the speed of simulation and the garment quality [14]. However, the particle distance manipulated with mesh and with present case it also had an influence on the fabric draping. When the mesh size i.e. particle distance is set to a higher value, e.g mm, rapid collision takes place between the object and fabric. This happens because the mesh is more widely spread and it takes less time for the simulation to run, however it decreases the accuracy of the draping. As soon as setting the parameter to 5.0 mm, the mesh will get tighter and the accuracy therefore increases but the software then needs more resources for the simulation. Given parameter required more profound 29

31 investigation and therefore particle distances with values 1.0, 5.0 and 15.0 mm were simulated and drape coefficients were found. The investigation of the CLO 3D particle distance parameter (Figure 16) showed different results for each fabric and for each particle distance value that was under the investigation and there was no consistency throughout the tests. Therefore, every fabric acts distinctively due to the value of particle distance and it depends on the amount of time that it was given for the simulation. To accelerate the initial convergence of the simulation its value should be set rather at 20.0 mm, when making a garment, dressing it on avatar and adjusting the fitting. In the next step, to enhance the garment quality once it is initially simulated, the particle distance should be gradually reduced to 5.0 mm and finally to 1.0 mm. Figure 16. Drape coefficients for particle distances of 1.0, 5.0 and 15.0 mm and for measured fabrics with standard deviation using Cusick s method When exporting the garment and the manikin as objects from the 3D simulation program, some important parameters get involved that are listed in Table 3. The quality, the contact area and the air gap thickness depend on these parameters when exporting the object from the software and further on post-processing the object. The exported data was analysed according to the same procedure in Geomagic as scans but without the manifold and hole filling procedure. 30

32 Table 3 List of parameters used in CLO 3D simulation and exporting process Chosen Hi-Resolution properties for simulation Parameter Description Chosen aspect Particle distance 1.0 for existing Particle Distance refers to the average distance between garments; the points that make up a garment pattern, in other words, 5.0 for developed size of the mesh. [14] dress Tolerance Modify tolerance to decide the range of particle distance so that only patterns with corresponding particle distance value will be affected. [14] 1.0 mm 5.0 mm Simulation thickness is invisible set property that Add l thickness - represents the collision limit for garments to result collision smooth. [14] 0.0 Skin offset Avatar Skin Offset refers to the distance between the avatar's body and garments. [14] 0.0 Simulation quality For the accurate calculations and the emulation of fabric Complete properties. [14] (nonlinear) Parameters for exporting objects from CLO 3D Parameter Description Chosen aspect Select all patterns Select/deselect all patterns. [14] All patterns Select all avatars Select/deselect all avatars. [14] Only body shape Single object or Exports the selected object as a single or as multiple multiple objects objects. [14] Multiple objects Thin or thick Thin - ensures that the thickness will not be exported even if the rendering thickness value is increased beforehand. [14] Thick exports a pattern with its rendering thickness values in its increased state. [14] Thin Unified UV Include unified UV coordinates. [14] coordinates Yes 31

33 Parameters for exporting objects from CLO 3D Parameter Description Chosen aspect Include internal Include internal line and/or shape information in export. shape [14] Yes Scale Adjust the scale of the file being exported when a value is entered or the desired unit form is selected. [14] mm 2.8. Validation analysis Two methods such as 3D scanning and 3D simulating of body and garments were qualitatively and quantitatively compared. Manikin was divided into individual body regions and air gap thickness and contact area between body and garments were found. Scanned garments had six repetitions and simulated garments had one repetition. Contact area and air gap thickness were received and mean and standard deviation between scanned garments repetitions were found. Qualitative analysis was done and constraints were visually found between two methods. Quantitative analysis showed the occurred discrepancies more precisely for the air gap thickness and contact area. Conclusions were made and further preventable constraints were found. 32

34 3. RESULTS 3.1. Results for small scale case study based on physical and virtual material properties Small-scale case study focused on the drape coefficient (Figure 17, e) Standard deviations are presented for the measured fabrics (Figure 17, c, d, e). The measured properties of these six selected physical fabrics, such as surficial weight, thickness and drape coefficient were characterized and summarized in Table 1. 33

35 a) Corduroy Denim Interlining Jersey Poplin Chiffon b) Figure 17. (a) Measured Cusick drape test specimens, (b) simulated Cusick drape test specimens, (c) results for thickness, (d) surface weight and (e) drape coefficient measurements with standard deviation 34

36 3.2. Results for full-body case study Results for existing garments analysis are presented in Figure 18, Figure 19, Figure 20 and Figure 21 in form of (a) pictures from CLO 3D software showing simulated garments from three different views, (b) pictures from Geomagic showing scanned garments from previous study [13] from three different views, (c) the contact area comparison between both methods with standard deviation between scan repetitions and (d) the average air gap thickness comparison between both methods with standard deviation between scan repetitions. Results for developed garment i.e. semi-fitted dress, are shown in Figure 22 with the same sections and graphs as in preceding figures. 35

37 a) b) Figure 18. Front, side and back views of (a) simulated and (b) scanned loose fitting T-shirt; (c) contact area and (d) average air gap thickness with standard deviation for scanning repetitions presented for individual body regions. 36

38 a) b) Figure 19. Front, side and back views of (a) simulated and (b) scanned regular fitting T-shirt; (c) contact area and (d) average air gap thickness with standard deviation for scanning repetitions presented for individual body regions. 37

39 a) b) Figure 20. Front, side and back views of (a) simulated and (b) scanned regular fitting trousers; (c) contact area and (d) average air gap thickness with standard deviation for scanning repetitions presented for individual body regions. 38

40 a) b) Figure 21. Front, side and back views of (a) simulated and (b) scanned casual jeans; (c) contact area and (d) average air gap thickness with standard deviation for scanning repetitions presented for individual body regions. 39

41 a) b) Figure 22. Front, side and back views of (a) simulated and (b) scanned semi-fitted dress; (c) contact area and (d) average air gap thickness with standard deviation for scanning repetitions presented for individual body regions. 40

42 4. DISCUSSION 4.1. Material properties Material properties were measured for physical fabrics and compared to selected virtual fabrics. The results showed that the virtual fabrics were all heavier comparing to the measured fabrics. The standard deviation for the thickness measurements varied approximately up to 0.01 mm. This shows that the chosen fabrics were quite evenly woven and had a constant thickness value throughout the fabric surface. In quantitative analysis the biggest difference in thickness occurred for the jersey and corduroy fabrics. The difference between physical and simulated thickness for jersey fabric was 0.1 mm (17%) and for the corduroy fabric 0.09 mm (12%). The most equivalent fabric turned out to be the poplin with the smallest difference of 0.01 mm (4%). Overall the selected virtual fabrics and purchased physical fabrics had relatively similar thicknesses. Likewise, the thickness measurements, the biggest difference with surface weight measurements occurred again for corduroy fabric. Physical fabric surface weight was g/m 2 and CLO 3D simulation fabric was g/m 2, the discrepancy between the two fabrics was 57 g/m 2 (25%). Conventional corduroy fabrics are made by weaving an extremely high number of filling threads per inch floating on the face of the fabric and only interwoven at specific warp threads to create the corduroy effect [20]. Because of the complex structure of this fabric it is quite challenging to select identical corduroy fabrics by only visual examination as during physical fabric selection in this study. Filling can be slightly different and this can have a great influence on the fabric properties. The other presented fabrics had smaller discrepancies such as for denim 32 g/m 2 (7%), for jersey 16 g/m 2 (8%) for poplin 14 g/m 2 (11%), for interlining 12 g/m 2 (14%) and for chiffon 10 g/m 2 (24%). Standard deviation values for the surface weight measurements varied between g/m 2 with the highest value for raw denim. Differences in the Cusick s drape test between measured fabrics and virtual fabrics were expected because differences occurred already in the preliminary testing of thickness and surface weight. Two 41

43 fabrics showed a greater difference between drape coefficients, such as corduroy fabric with the discrepancy of 53% and interlining with 25%. The difference in corduroy fabric was already explained with the fact that it was impossible to select a similar fabric by visual examination. The interlining fabric though gave good results with the thickness and surface weight measurements. It appeared stiffer in the simulation software and limper in the actual Cusick s drape test. Denim and chiffon had both the discrepancy of 10%, jersey 5% and poplin 1% which was the best result out of the six fabrics compared. One of the reasons why drape coefficients between simulation fabrics and physical fabrics differed is plausibly that purchased and measured fabrics properties did not match exactly with the simulation fabrics properties. All the simulation fabrics showed regularly draped folds when analysing the Cusick s drape test results qualitatively, whereas the physical fabrics were draping irregularly. The reason why the draping may have differed was due to the fact that jersey, corduroy and denim have asymmetric structures (different in weave and weft directions) and the simulation software seemed not considering the warp and weft directions. Therefore, during the physical tests, the fabrics draped according to their natural and irregular way and in simulation the algorithms created regular draping. The most regularly draping fabrics, from the physical fabric list, were interlining and chiffon because these mentioned fabrics represented symmetric structure, were limper and had the ability to drape easily. Also poplin which was also quite thin material but slightly stiffer than interlining and chiffon created quite similar drape comparing to the virtual fabric. During small-scale case study the poplin fabric comparison gave the best results when measuring the thickness and the Cusick s drape coefficient and was chosen for the full body analysis for the developing of a new garment not included in the database of scanned garments Full-body case study Analysis of the loose fitting T-shirt results The scanned loose fitting T-shirt had in the qualitative evaluation much finer drape lines compared to the simulated garment that has some soft folds but no finer drape lines (Figure 18 a, b). Firstly, this may have occurred because the simulation did not have enough time to set with the lower particle distance and the fabric did not reach to the finer stadium of fabric collision. Preliminary simulation that was used for the main evaluation with particle distance of 1.0 mm ran 10 minutes but the second attempt with the running time of 20 minutes gave much better drape quality to the garment (Figure 23). The simulation running 42

44 depends on the particle distance value and in this case it was set to the lowest, therefore the program needed more time for simulating the tighter mesh. Figure 23. Qualitative comparison of (a) loose T-shirt used in the evaluation and simulated 10 minutes in CLO, (b) loose T-shirt simulated after the main evaluation 20 minutes in CLO for more precise draping During the first loose T-shirt analysis some major discrepancies in air gap thickness and contact area results appeared. Through investigation it was discovered that the tilt of the manikin in the CLO 3D software is a crucial point to take into consideration. Since the import of the manikin avatar to CLO 3D loses information about the coordinate system it is up to the experimenter to align the manikin with the vertical axis indicating the gravitation force direction. Figure 24 showed that a five degree change in the manikin s angle to the gravitational force direction in the CLO 3D software can lead to great differences in the results. Manikin was tilted more carefully and second evaluation was done for the air gap thickness and the contact area which was used in the main evaluation. The air gap thickness results received from the second simulation for the loose T-shirt were similar comparing to the results of previously scanned data. Greater difference was in the results for lower lumbus where the discrepancy was 8.0 mm and that may have occurred because of the fabric drape. Qualitative evaluation of the back part of the T-shirt based on the pictures (Figure 18 a, b) showed that the scanned garment had more precise folds closer to the body as compared to soft folds in simulated garment which plausibly resulted in greater value for the air gap thickness results. Results for all the other body regions stayed between 0.0 mm 3.0 mm difference. 43

45 Figure 24. (a) First manikin position, (b) second manikin position used in the evaluation and the tilt difference shown, (c) differences in air gap thickness between firstly and secondly simulated garments and added measured garment, (d) differences in contact area between firstly and secondly simulated garments and added measured garment Contact area results for the majority of body parts showed that there was a very good agreement. The loose T-shirt s contact area results showed some great difference for upper back, lower abdomen and also for anterior and posterior pelvis areas (Figure 18, d). The greatest difference was at the posterior pelvis where the simulated garment had much more contact area with body than the scanned garment and the discrepancy was 19%. Lower abdomen and anterior pelvis areas showed both greater values for simulated garment and the discrepancy was about 5% for both body regions. In the simulation software the garment was sitting on the manikin s hips and some contact points were detected by qualitative examination but the scanned data showed very low contact for these body parts. Firstly, in the simulation the garment got a bit stuck under manikin s armpits, and therefore, it forced also the garment closer to the body around the sides, which was also the case with sleeves where the contact area for simulated garment was 17% and with scanned garment only 7%. Typically, the avatar in CLO 3D software keeps arms wide spread to ease the collision calculation but in case of the scanned manikin with predefined 44

46 posture the computation of the complex draping around armpit could be a challenge. Secondly, the simulation fabric was not fully corresponding to the real fabric and due to that it may had more limpness to it and draped tighter around the body as demonstrated in Cusick test (Figure 17, e). Also T-shirt s upper back area had higher discrepancy of 6% but the standard deviation value for the scanned garment covers the difference that had occurred between the scan and simulation (Figure 18, d). The loose T- shirt s upper chest, chest, upper abdomen, lower back, upper lumbus and lower lumbus had relatively low differences between 0.5% and 1.5% Analysis of the regular fitting T-shirt results The regular T-shirt (Figure 19 a, b) in comparison to loose T-shirt (Figure 18 a, b) gave qualitatively better results, showing more realistic and finer drape lines. In this case the garment had more fitted bodice, and hence more contact to the body which caused formation of more folds around the waistline. Particularly the side and back parts in the simulated T-shirt show some irregular draping that is peculiar and similar to a real garment. The air gap results for the regular T-shirt showed overall very good results. The discrepancies were for the upper chest 1.4 mm, chest 1.5 mm, upper abdomen 1.3 mm, lower abdomen 0.4 mm, upper back 1.0 mm, lower back 0.3 mm, lower lumbus 2.0 mm, posterior pelvis 1.0 mm and sleeves 4.6 mm. The highest values were reached for anterior pelvis with 7.0 mm and upper lumbus with 6.4 mm. In the qualitative analysis (Figure 19, a, b) the regular simulated T-shirt seemed to have one major fold around the anterior pelvis but overall it stayed quite close to the body, whereas the scanned garment seemed to float around the anterior pelvis area. This effect could have been induced by pulling the T-shirt by the too tight neckband as demonstrated in Figure 25. When the neckband was relaxed the folds at the abdomen and pelvis was created more realistically. At the upper lumbus the quantitative results showed that the simulated garment was tighter around this area plausibly due to the fabric stuck underneath the armpit and being forced closer to the body. The contact area results had some discrepancies but overall the results had a good agreement. The results for the upper part of the body differed for upper chest by 8%, for chest 17%, for upper back 8% and for lower back 9%. With the simulation garment the chest part results show lower values compared to the scanned garment and for the back part it is vice versa, where the simulation results are higher compared to scanned results. This phenomenon occurred due to the too tight neckband added during the CLO 3D 45

47 simulation procedure that lifts the garment away from the chest part and forces the fabric closer to the body from the back part (Figure 19, a). When adjusting the neckband and removing the excessive elasticity, the garment changed remarkably by qualitative analysis (Figure 25). Neckband was fixed after the main analysis and was not included to the evaluation. Figure 25. Qualitative comparison of (a) simulated regular T-shirt used in the evaluation with tight neckband, (b) simulated regular T-shirt after the main evaluation with fixed neckband Some discrepancies in contact area appeared between the results of lower lumbus where the difference was 8% and for lower abdomen also 8%. For both body regions the simulated data was lower i.e. the scanned garment showed more contact with the body. This may have occurred because of the neckband that pulled the whole garment upward and did not let the fabric set naturally on the slopes of the body. Whereas the lower lumbus and lower abdomen did not show enough contact, the posterior pelvis area showed more contact than the scanned garment. The discrepancy was 11% for this region which may again be explained with the fact that the neckline was too tight in the CLO 3D software and made the garment drape differently than the real garment. Smaller differences occurred at upper abdomen (2%), upper lumbus (1%), anterior pelvis (0.8%) and sleeves (2%) Analysis of the regular trousers results The results for the air gap thickness obtained from the simulated garment were very similar in the comparison with the scanned data. The discrepancies for anterior pelvis, posterior pelvis, front thigh, back thigh, front calf, back calf varied between 1.0 mm and 5.0 mm. 46

48 When qualitatively comparing the previously made and scanned jersey trousers with the simulated one, we have discovered a significant difference in a dressing style of the manikin. In the previous work the author has dressed the trousers quite unusually by pulling it very high up to the waistline (Figure 26, b). This is not very practical way to wear a pair of pants and in present case the pants were fitted like they would fit on a real person comfortably and realistically (Figure 26, a). Figure 26 shows qualitatively that pulling the trousers more upward to waistline will create the same draping like it was with the scans. Figure 26. Qualitative comparison of (a) simulated regular trousers used in the evaluation, (b) after the main evaluation simulated regular trousers dressed based on the previous work, (c) scanned trousers used in the evaluation The difference in dressing style shows predominantly in the quantitative results at the posterior pelvis where there was much more contact in the scanned data, than there was in the simulation data and the discrepancy was up to 47%. A certain difference occurred also at the legs where the discrepancy was for the back calf 17%, front calf 8%, back thigh 10%. Front thigh had the lowest discrepancy of 0.8% and anterior pelvis had 2%. All the results were higher for the scanned garment and lower for the simulated garment. Some of these discrepancies could be attributed to the difference in fabrics properties Analysis of the casual jeans results Likewise, to the results for trousers also jeans had very similar values for the air gap thickness received from both methods. The highest discrepancy was between back calf 4.0 mm, front calf had 3.0 mm, back thigh had 2.4 mm, anterior pelvis had 0.8 mm, front thigh had 0.2 mm and the posterior pelvis area had no discrepancy. 47

49 Qualitatively the simulated jeans and the scanned jeans appeared similar. Exceptionally, the buttocks area appeared slightly different with the simulated irregular folding and as opposed to the smooth scanned garment. This may be caused by the same dressing habit of the experimenter as shown for jersey trousers, namely, pulling the pants unusually high upward the waistline. The anterior and posterior pelvis showed more contact in the scanned data than in simulated data with discrepancy of 11% and 15%, respectively. For the leg part the contact area results between scanned and simulated garments were very similar with the discrepancies for front thigh 1.5%, back thigh 3%, front calf 0.4% and back calf 2% Analysis of the semi-fitted dress The developed dress was a full-body garment that required challenging amount of time and computer capacity for the simulation to run with the particle distance of 1.0 mm, so that the particle distance was increased to 5.0 mm. This fact resulted in some differences, such as the front part and the back part of the dress did not have so precise folds that the scanned garment had and also the back part seemed to be tighter around the body. Nevertheless, the side part appeared quite similar and the overall the fitting of the dress appeared good including the added ruffle on the bottom of the dress. The air gap thickness results varied between all the body regions by 0.0 mm to 3.0 mm and the greatest discrepancy appeared with the front knees where the difference was 7.5 mm. This was also the most challenging part of the dress that contained the ruffle. Nevertheless, the ruffle part showed overall good quantitative results as well as all the other body regions shown in Figure 22, c. Considering the overall results, the agreement for the contact areas was also good. Because of the semifitted bodice part, the upper body regions had some greater differences in contact areas between the simulation and scanned data. The biggest differences in contact area analysis were between the arms where the upper arm had 27% discrepancy and lower arm had 28%. The simulated sleeves did not fall smoothly onto arms as in the scanned sleeves and they formed unusual folds onto the arm that created more air gap between the arms and garment (Figure 27). This may have been caused by the higher value for the particle distance that in this case was 5.0 mm. For smooth and precise folds, the garment needed lower value such as 1.0 mm. Instead of forming smooth folds that require high number of mesh triangles, the program created kind of paper folds draping. Great difference occurred also with the upper lumbus where the simulated garment had more contact than the scanned garment with discrepancy of 17%. In qualitative analysis the simulated garment appeared tighter around the upper lumbus than the scanned 48

50 garment. This phenomenon could have been again due to the simulation of garment on manikin with arms too close to the body where it got stuck under manikin s armpits, which led to the tighter draping around the upper body than in reality. Figure 27. Qualitative comparison for (a) scanned sleeves and (b) simulated sleeves in Geomagic Differences in contact area occurred also at the chest region where the scanned data values were higher than the simulated data. Upper chest showed 20% of contact area for the scanned garment and 10% of contact area for the simulated garment. Lower chest showed 26% of contact area for scanned garment and 11% for simulated garment. This difference appeared mainly because of the scanned garment was not pulled from the bottom and it draped loosely and naturally on top of the chest area. In the simulation procedure the dress fitting was adjusted and dress was pulled downwards because of the fabric got stuck under the manikin s armpits. This created a gap between the upper chest, the chest and the garment which led to the lower contact area results. In the future simulation cases this effect can be avoided by using integrated avatar or manikin with standing straight or T-posture with more space under armpits. Because the simulation garment did not show so precise drape lines as the scanned garment with rather soft folds the discrepancy also occurred at the lower abdomen and anterior pelvis regions. The discrepancy for lower abdomen results was 14% and 11% for anterior pelvis results. Other body regions had relatively small differences such as upper abdomen 5%, upper back 7.5%, lower back 5%, lower lumbus 5% and posterior pelvis 8%. Lower body showed very low discrepancies, i.e. front thighs had 49

Determination of the Air Gap Thickness underneath the Garment for Lower Body Using 3D Body Scanning

Determination of the Air Gap Thickness underneath the Garment for Lower Body Using 3D Body Scanning Determination of the Air Gap Thickness underneath the Garment for Lower Body Using 3D Body Scanning Emel MERT 1,2, Sonja BÖHNISCH 1,3, Agnes PSIKUTA* 1, Marie-Ange BUENO 2, Rene M. ROSSI 1 1 Empa, Swiss

More information

Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland

Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland Paper ID 0113 ISBN: 978-83-7947-232-1 Measurements of local clothing resistances and local area factors under various conditions Stephanie Veselá

More information

The Use of 3D Anthropometric Data for Morphotype Analysis to Improve Fit and Grading Techniques The Results

The Use of 3D Anthropometric Data for Morphotype Analysis to Improve Fit and Grading Techniques The Results The Use of 3D Anthropometric Data for Morphotype Analysis to Improve Fit and Grading Techniques The Results Abstract Joris COOLS 1*, Alexandra DE RAEVE 1, Peter VAN RANSBEECK 2, Simona VASILE 1, Benjamin

More information

Comparison of Women s Sizes from SizeUSA and ASTM D Sizing Standard with Focus on the Potential for Mass Customization

Comparison of Women s Sizes from SizeUSA and ASTM D Sizing Standard with Focus on the Potential for Mass Customization Comparison of Women s Sizes from SizeUSA and ASTM D5585-11 Sizing Standard with Focus on the Potential for Mass Customization Siming Guo Ph.D. Program in Textile Technology Management College of Textiles

More information

Improving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology

Improving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology Abstract Improving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology V. E. KUZMICHEV* 1,2,3, Zhe CHENG* 2 1 Textile Institute, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, Ivanovo, Russian Federation; 2 Institute

More information

Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland. Local air gap thickness model for realistic simulation of thermal effects in clothing

Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland. Local air gap thickness model for realistic simulation of thermal effects in clothing Healthy Buildings 2017 Europe July 2-5, 2017, Lublin, Poland Paper ID 0238 ISBN: 978-83-7947-232-1 Local air gap thickness model for realistic simulation of thermal effects in clothing Agnes Psikuta*,

More information

CONTOURED GARMENTS FOR WOMEN WITH BIG BUSTS

CONTOURED GARMENTS FOR WOMEN WITH BIG BUSTS CONTOURED GARMENTS FOR WOMEN WITH BIG BUSTS Dr Noopur ANAND & Riti MEHROTRA Abstract: Contoured garments can be defined as garments which are snugly /closely fitted to the contours of the body for example

More information

A Novel Approach for Fit Analysis of Protective Clothing Using Three-Dimensional Body Scanning

A Novel Approach for Fit Analysis of Protective Clothing Using Three-Dimensional Body Scanning A Novel Approach for Fit Analysis of Protective Clothing Using Three-Dimensional Body Scanning Yehu LU a,b, Guowen SONG c *, Jun LI a,b a Protective Clothing Research Center, Fashion Institute, Donghua

More information

Clothing insulation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Clothing insulation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Page 1 of 9 Clothing insulation From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Clothing insulation is the thermal insulation provided by clothing. [1][2] Even if the main role of clothing is to protect from the

More information

2009-CE-HE (DRESS) HOME ECONOMICS (DRESS AND DESIGN)

2009-CE-HE (DRESS) HOME ECONOMICS (DRESS AND DESIGN) HOME ECONOMICS (DRESS AND DESIGN) AIMS The aims of the examination are to test whether candidates have acquired : 1. an understanding of the place of textiles in modern fashions and the effect of social,

More information

HOME ECONOMICS (DRESS AND DESIGN)

HOME ECONOMICS (DRESS AND DESIGN) HOME ECONOMICS (DRESS AND DESIGN) AIMS The aims of the examination are to test whether candidates have acquired : 1. an understanding of the place of textiles in modern fashions and the effect of social,

More information

Tag #PatternOrchard on social media when sharing photos of items made from a Pattern Orchard pattern to spread the word about this free resource.

Tag #PatternOrchard on social media when sharing photos of items made from a Pattern Orchard pattern to spread the word about this free resource. GARMENTS PERMIT Fitting fabric to the human body This tutorial is provided for free. It is for personal use, but may be shared in a social sewing group or public school to teach others. It is not to be

More information

Measurement Method for the Solar Absorptance of a Standing Clothed Human Body

Measurement Method for the Solar Absorptance of a Standing Clothed Human Body Original Article Journal of the Human-Environment System Vol.19; No 2; 49-55, 2017 Measurement Method for the Solar Absorptance of a Standing Clothed Human Body Shinichi Watanabe 1) and Jin Ishii 2) 1)

More information

An Exploratory Study of Virtual Fit Testing using 3D Virtual Fit Models and Garment Simulation Technology in Technical Design

An Exploratory Study of Virtual Fit Testing using 3D Virtual Fit Models and Garment Simulation Technology in Technical Design An Exploratory Study of Virtual Fit Testing using 3D Virtual Fit Models and Garment Simulation Technology in Technical Design MyungHee SOHN*, Lushan SUN University of Missouri, Columbia MO, USA http://dx.doi.org/10.15221/13.067

More information

EC Altering Women's Ready-Made Dresses

EC Altering Women's Ready-Made Dresses University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1961 EC61-427 Altering Women's Ready-Made

More information

Impact of local clothing values on local skin temperature simulation

Impact of local clothing values on local skin temperature simulation Proceedings of 9 th Windsor Conference: Making Comfort Relevant Cumberland Lodge, Windsor, UK, 7-10 April 2016. Network for Comfort and Energy Use in Buildings, http://nceub.org.uk Impact of local clothing

More information

3D Body Scanning Technology for Virtual Design of System "Body-Clothes"

3D Body Scanning Technology for Virtual Design of System Body-Clothes 3D Body Scanning Technology for Virtual Design of System "Body-Clothes" Victor E. KUZMICHEV* 1a, Natalia A. SAHAROVA a, Gregory I. CHISTOBORODOV a a Ivanovo State Textile Academy, Russia Abstract New systematic

More information

2014 Delivery Program - Part A

2014 Delivery Program - Part A 2014 Delivery Program - Part A Date/Session Topic Student Activity and/or Assessment Task Term 1 Wk1-3 Term 1 2Feb 20 Feb LMTGN2001B W7303 Follow defined OH&S policies and procedures Worksafe WA website

More information

Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences

Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences Pattern Alteration 1 Guide C-228 Revised by Wendy Hamilton 2 Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences A comfortable, attractive garment fits properly.

More information

Published in: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics

Published in: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics Using 3D whole body scanning to determine clothing area factor Gao, Chuansi; Kuklane, Kalev; Holmér, Ingvar Published in: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics 2005

More information

PatternMaker Software Men s/women s Outerwear Collection Designer: Leena Lähteenmäki

PatternMaker Software Men s/women s Outerwear Collection Designer: Leena Lähteenmäki Men s/women s Outerwear Collection Designer: Leena Lähteenmäki INTRODUCTION Welcome to the PatternMaker Outerwear Collection! This macro collection contains two individual macros: jacket and trousers,

More information

FASHION DESIGN BASICS

FASHION DESIGN BASICS Technology Education Key Learning Area Technology and Living (Secondary 1-3) FASHION DESIGN BASICS Booklet 1 Booklet 2 Booklet 3 Booklet 4 Booklet 5 Booklet 6 Booklet 7 Booklet 8 Booklet 9 Booklet 10 Booklet

More information

Chapman Ranch Lint Cleaner Brush Evaluation Summary of Fiber Quality Data "Dirty" Module 28 September 2005 Ginning Date

Chapman Ranch Lint Cleaner Brush Evaluation Summary of Fiber Quality Data Dirty Module 28 September 2005 Ginning Date Chapman Ranch Lint Cleaner Evaluation Summary of Fiber Quality Data "Dirty" Module 28 September 25 Ginning Date The following information records the results of a preliminary evaluation of a wire brush

More information

~========================~

~========================~ 8-1303 Tooe ZTA245.7 B873 no \'3J~3L-~=============i1 CHILDREN'S CLOTHES,SIZE AND SELECTION ~========================~ Texas Agricultural Extension Service. The Texas A&M University System. Daniel C. pfannstiel,

More information

The Makers Customized. Tips & tricks

The Makers Customized. Tips & tricks The Makers Customized Tips & tricks We congratulate you with your choice for The Makers Customized and in this document we will guide you to make this collection a commercial success. The concept The Makers

More information

Comparison of Boundary Manikin Generation Methods

Comparison of Boundary Manikin Generation Methods Comparison of Boundary Manikin Generation Methods M. P. REED and B-K. D. PARK * University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Abstract Ergonomic assessments using human figure models are frequently

More information

Manikin Design: A Case Study of Formula SAE Design Competition

Manikin Design: A Case Study of Formula SAE Design Competition Manikin Design: A Case Study of Formula SAE Design Competition 1 Devon K. Boyd, 1 Cameron D. Killen, 2 Matthew B. Parkinson 1 Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering; 2 Engineering Design, Mechanical

More information

Chapter Objectives. Garment Styling. Garment Styling. Chapter Objectives 1/23/12. Beyond Design

Chapter Objectives. Garment Styling. Garment Styling. Chapter Objectives 1/23/12. Beyond Design 1/23/12 Copyright 2009 Fairchild Books All rights reserved. No part of this presentation covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical,

More information

DIFFERENCES IN GIRTH MEASUREMENT OF BMI BASED AND LOCALLY AVALIABLE CATEGORIES OF SHIRT SIZES

DIFFERENCES IN GIRTH MEASUREMENT OF BMI BASED AND LOCALLY AVALIABLE CATEGORIES OF SHIRT SIZES DIFFERENCES IN GIRTH MEASUREMENT OF BMI BASED AND LOCALLY AVALIABLE CATEGORIES OF SHIRT SIZES Mahlaqa Afreen, Dr Parveen Haq Department of Social Science, Handard University of Education and Social Science.Karachi,

More information

EC Altering Women's Ready Made Dresses

EC Altering Women's Ready Made Dresses University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Historical Materials from University of Nebraska- Lincoln Extension Extension 1972 EC72-427 Altering Women's Ready Made

More information

Research Article Artificial Neural Network Estimation of Thermal Insulation Value of Children s School Wear in Kuwait Classroom

Research Article Artificial Neural Network Estimation of Thermal Insulation Value of Children s School Wear in Kuwait Classroom Artificial Neural Systems Volume 25, Article ID 4225, 9 pages http://dx.doi.org/.55/25/4225 Research Article Artificial Neural Network Estimation of Thermal Insulation Value of Children s School Wear in

More information

A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear

A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 1999, VOL. 5, NO. 4, 477-484 A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear Kalev Kuklane Department of Occupational

More information

Fabric Inspection Guideline

Fabric Inspection Guideline Fabric Inspection Guideline Quality Department 1. INTRODUCTION... 2 2. GENERAL... 3 2.1 H&M documents... 3 2.2 Fabric Technical Data... 3 2.3 Approved fabric... 3 2.4 Roll ticket information... 3 2.5 Fabric

More information

Comfort of Clothing. Rajesh Mishra & Jiri Militky Technical University of Liberec Liberec, Czech Republic

Comfort of Clothing. Rajesh Mishra & Jiri Militky Technical University of Liberec Liberec, Czech Republic Comfort of Clothing Rajesh Mishra & Jiri Militky Technical University of Liberec Liberec, Czech Republic Comfort Physical comfort - Mechanical Physiological comfort - Transmission Psychological comfort

More information

A Study on the Public Aesthetic Perception of Silk Fabrics of Garment -Based on Research Data from Hangzhou, China

A Study on the Public Aesthetic Perception of Silk Fabrics of Garment -Based on Research Data from Hangzhou, China Asian Social Science; Vol. 14, No. 2; 2018 ISSN 1911-2017 E-ISSN 1911-2025 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education A Study on the Public Aesthetic Perception of Silk Fabrics of Garment -Based

More information

Think Before you Ink: Modeling Laser Tattoo Removal

Think Before you Ink: Modeling Laser Tattoo Removal Think Before you Ink: Modeling Laser Tattoo Removal BEE 453 May 1, 2008 Katherine Cumnock, Leigh Gerson, Jacqueline Stroncek, and Sarah Yagerman Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary. 3 2.0 Introduction..

More information

Sizing & Fit Sizing & Fit Sizing Numbered Sizing Voluntary Standards Sizing Expressed as Measurements Lettered Sizing Childrenswear Infants

Sizing & Fit Sizing & Fit Sizing Numbered Sizing Voluntary Standards Sizing Expressed as Measurements Lettered Sizing Childrenswear Infants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Sizing & Fit Chapter 6 Sizing & Fit Successful manufacturers and retailers spend much time researching and perfecting fit and sizing for their target customer Happy customers mean

More information

Experimental Heated, Breathing and Sweating Manikins. Integrating radiant. Fatigue Lab constructs the. losses. military use. of human body heat

Experimental Heated, Breathing and Sweating Manikins. Integrating radiant. Fatigue Lab constructs the. losses. military use. of human body heat Assessment of the Thermal Environment Experimental Heated, Breathing and Sweating Manikins George Havenith Professor of Environmental Physiology and Ergonomics Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre

More information

Supporting Material for TIA 1105 (2112)

Supporting Material for TIA 1105 (2112) Supporting Material for TIA 1105 (2112) This study was carried out by a task group under the direction of the technical committee to investigate and the safety of various cold weather insulation materials

More information

Research and Investigation of Women s Dress Pattern

Research and Investigation of Women s Dress Pattern Research and Investigation of Women s Dress Pattern Đurđica KOCIJANČIĆ University of Zagreb, Faculty of Textile Technology, Department of Textile and Clothing Design, Croatia djurdjica.kocijancic@ttf.hr

More information

CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCE OF LYOCELL FIBER BLENDS ON THE COMFORT CHARACTREISTICS OF HOSPITAL TEXTILES

CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCE OF LYOCELL FIBER BLENDS ON THE COMFORT CHARACTREISTICS OF HOSPITAL TEXTILES 83 CHAPTER 4 INFLUENCE OF LYOCELL FIBER BLENDS ON THE COMFORT CHARACTREISTICS OF HOSPITAL TEXTILES This chapter deals with the production of blended yarns, analysis of the yarn characteristics, selection

More information

Fairfield Public Schools Family Consumer Sciences Curriculum Fashion and Design 30/40

Fairfield Public Schools Family Consumer Sciences Curriculum Fashion and Design 30/40 Fairfield Public Schools Family Consumer Sciences Curriculum Fashion and Design 30/40 Fashion and Design 30/40 BOE Approved 05/09/2017 1 Fashion and Design 30/40 Overview of Fashion and Design 30 This

More information

News You Can Use. LivingSoft Subscriber Newsletter Volume 19

News You Can Use. LivingSoft Subscriber Newsletter Volume 19 News You Can Use LivingSoft Subscriber Newsletter Volume 19 The Summer 2012 Collection Every time Livingsoft releases a seasonal pattern collection, support is added for some new style or fashion trend

More information

Investigation into Fit, Distribution and Size of Air Gaps in Fire-Fighter Jackets to Female Body Form

Investigation into Fit, Distribution and Size of Air Gaps in Fire-Fighter Jackets to Female Body Form Investigation into Fit, Distribution and Size of Air Gaps in Fire-Fighter Jackets to Female Body Form Nazia NAWAZ, Olga TROYNIKOV*, Kate KENNEDY School of Fashion and Textiles, RMIT University, Melbourne,

More information

Table of Contents. 7/23/2018 Kohl's Department Stores 2

Table of Contents. 7/23/2018 Kohl's Department Stores 2 Table of Contents Fit Consistency....3-5 Fit Classification-Definitions...6 Fit Consistency Checklist....7 Additional Tools for Fit Consistency 8-9 Starting with Proven Pattern.10 Roles of CFT in Product

More information

Fashion Curriculum Portfolio

Fashion Curriculum Portfolio Fashion Curriculum Portfolio Becky Parkinson Vogue Cover April 1950 Contents: Fashion Portfolio Explanation Mini Copy of Fashion Portfolio, Student Sample (Michelle Wang) Assignment Details included below

More information

Predetermined Motion Time Systems

Predetermined Motion Time Systems Predetermined Motion Time Systems Sections: 1. Overview of Predetermined Motion Time Systems part 1 2. Methods-Time Measurement part 2 3. Maynard Operation Sequence Technique PMTS Defined Problem with

More information

A Comparative Introduction on Sweating Thermal Manikin Newton and Walter

A Comparative Introduction on Sweating Thermal Manikin Newton and Walter A Comparative Introduction on Sweating Thermal Manikin Newton and Walter Wang, Faming Published: 2008-01-01 Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): Wang, F. (2008). A Comparative Introduction

More information

Making Perfect Pants

Making Perfect Pants Making Perfect Pants Guide C-227 Reviewed by Wendy Hamilton 1 Cooperative Extension Service College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences Women s fashions come and go, but pants are here

More information

Apparel, Textiles & Merchandising. Business of Fashion. Bachelor of Science

Apparel, Textiles & Merchandising. Business of Fashion. Bachelor of Science Bachelor of Science Apparel, Textiles & Merchandising Business of Fashion Major or Minor in Apparel, Textiles & Merchandising :: Apparel Design Minor We nurture tomorrow s fashion leaders and develop broad-based

More information

For- Credit Courses and Certificate Programs in Apparel Merchandising & Management for Industry Professionals

For- Credit Courses and Certificate Programs in Apparel Merchandising & Management for Industry Professionals For- Credit Courses and Certificate Programs in for Industry Professionals C A L P O L Y P O M O N A Fall 2013 1. Certificate in Apparel Manufacturing* (16 quarter units over 9 months) Perhaps surprisingly,

More information

MNPE In Collaboration with. Karnataka State Open University. Manasagangotri, Mysore-6. Syllabus Certificate in Fashion Designing

MNPE In Collaboration with. Karnataka State Open University. Manasagangotri, Mysore-6. Syllabus Certificate in Fashion Designing MNPE-09425068494 In Collaboration with Karnataka State Open University Manasagangotri, Mysore-6 Syllabus Certificate in Fashion Designing www.maanarmadaedu.org Certificate in Fashion Designing Program

More information

OPTIMIZATION OF MILITARY GARMENT FIT

OPTIMIZATION OF MILITARY GARMENT FIT OPTIMIZATION OF MILITARY GARMENT FIT H.A.M. DAANEN 1,2,3, A. WOERING 1, F.B. TER HAAR 1, A.A.M. KUIJPERS 2, J.F. HAKER 2 and H.G.B. REULINK 4 1 TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands 2 AMFI Amsterdam Fashion

More information

SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids New Designs

SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids New Designs SOLIDWORKS Apps for Kids are designed to inspire students to create, invent, and shape their futures. Educators can use the following exercise to engage their students, and help them imagine and explore

More information

Fairfield Public Schools Family Consumer Sciences Curriculum Fashion and Design Fitting 20

Fairfield Public Schools Family Consumer Sciences Curriculum Fashion and Design Fitting 20 Fairfield Public Schools Family Consumer Sciences Curriculum Fashion and Design Fitting 20 Fashion and Design Fitting 20 BOE Approved 05/09/2017 1 Fashion and Design - Fitting 20 Fashion and Design - Fitting

More information

Standard Laboratory Practice for Consumer Applied Pet Stain and Odor Removal Chemical Evaluation on Pile Yarn Floor Coverings

Standard Laboratory Practice for Consumer Applied Pet Stain and Odor Removal Chemical Evaluation on Pile Yarn Floor Coverings P.O. Box 2048 Dalton Georgia 30722-2048 706.278.3176 carpet-rug.org CRI Test Method - 116 Technical Bulletin Standard Laboratory Practice for Consumer Applied Pet Stain and Odor Removal Chemical Evaluation

More information

Front Center Placket Description & Requirements. Buttonhole & Button Sewing Requirements BUTTON & BUTTONHOLE SIZES & STITCH SETTINGS

Front Center Placket Description & Requirements. Buttonhole & Button Sewing Requirements BUTTON & BUTTONHOLE SIZES & STITCH SETTINGS *NOTE: Interlining not shown & Top stitching may vary Two to three stitch back-tack is required at start and finish on hem. Distance of collar point length Thread nests are unacceptable. The vertical centerline

More information

Page 6. [MD] Microdynamics PAS Committee, Measurement Specification Document, Women s Edition and Mens Edition, Microdynamics Inc., Dallas, TX, 1992.

Page 6. [MD] Microdynamics PAS Committee, Measurement Specification Document, Women s Edition and Mens Edition, Microdynamics Inc., Dallas, TX, 1992. Page 6 [MD] Microdynamics PAS Committee, Measurement Specification Document, Women s Edition and Mens Edition, Microdynamics Inc., Dallas, TX, 1992. [MONC] Moncarz, H. T., and Lee, Y. T., Report on Scoping

More information

Sampling Process in garment industry

Sampling Process in garment industry Sampling Process in garment industry Sampling is one of the main processes in garment manufacturing and it plays vital role in attracting buyers and confirming the order, as the buyers generally places

More information

Effects of Working Experience of Patternmaker with a Designer on the Efficiency and Performance of Clothing Design

Effects of Working Experience of Patternmaker with a Designer on the Efficiency and Performance of Clothing Design pp.67-74 (2018) doi: 10.5057/ijae.IJAE-D-17-00006 Special Issue on ISASE 2017 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Effects of Working Experience of Patternmaker with a Designer on the Efficiency and Performance of Clothing

More information

Course Bachelor of Fashion Design. Course Code BFD16. Location City Campus, St Kilda Road

Course Bachelor of Fashion Design. Course Code BFD16. Location City Campus, St Kilda Road Course Bachelor of Fashion Design Course Code BFD16 Location City Campus, St Kilda Road Contact Julie Wright, Course Leader: julie.c.wright @holmesglen.edu.au PUBLIC Holmesglen: bh 19-Dec-2016 Q:\Projects\Higher

More information

Helpful Hints [How to Complete this Form] 4-H Awardrobe Clothing Event Report Form Iowa State Fair

Helpful Hints [How to Complete this Form] 4-H Awardrobe Clothing Event Report Form Iowa State Fair Helpful Hints [How to Complete this Form] 4-H Awardrobe Clothing Event Report Form Iowa State Fair FASHION REVUE Please Note: All Iowa State Fair 4-H Awardrobe Clothing Event participants are required

More information

CHECKPOINTS FOR A GOOD FIT It is difficult to establish rules and regulations for proper fitting of a particular garment because so many factors enter

CHECKPOINTS FOR A GOOD FIT It is difficult to establish rules and regulations for proper fitting of a particular garment because so many factors enter fitting series C, \ 91am the (Ram J/{uSQ Lm (Dnege The basic muslin dress is designed to help the woman who sews solve her individual fitting problems. If selected properly and made accurately the dress

More information

INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Institutional (ILO), Program (PLO), and Course (SLO) Alignment

INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY Institutional (ILO), Program (PLO), and Course (SLO) Alignment Program: ILOs Fashion SLO-PLO-ILO ALIGNMENT NOTES: 1. Critical Thinking Students apply critical, creative and analytical skills to identify and solve problems, analyze information, synthesize and evaluate

More information

SURF and MU-SURF descriptor comparison with application in soft-biometric tattoo matching applications

SURF and MU-SURF descriptor comparison with application in soft-biometric tattoo matching applications SURF and MU-SURF descriptor comparison with application in soft-biometric tattoo matching applications Mikel Iturbe, Olga Kähm, Roberto Uribeetxeberria Faculty of Engineering Mondragon University Email:

More information

Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.

Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments. Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments. Wang, Faming; Kuklane, Kalev; Gao, Chuansi; Holmér, Ingvar Published: 2010-01-01

More information

APPAREL, MERCHANDISING AND DESIGN (A M D)

APPAREL, MERCHANDISING AND DESIGN (A M D) Apparel, Merchandising and Design (A M D) 1 APPAREL, MERCHANDISING AND DESIGN (A M D) Courses primarily for undergraduates: A M D 120: Apparel Construction Techniques (3-0) Cr. 3. SS. Assemble components

More information

Wild Ginger Software Presents Say Yes To The Fit Dress And Pants. Hosted by Karen Campbell

Wild Ginger Software Presents Say Yes To The Fit Dress And Pants. Hosted by Karen Campbell Wild Ginger Software Presents Say Yes To The Fit Dress And Pants Hosted by Karen Campbell Definitions Fit Dress or Sloper A close fitting wearable dress with minimal ease used to check measurements. There

More information

TrichoScan Smart Version 1.0

TrichoScan Smart Version 1.0 USER MANUAL TrichoScan Smart Version 1.0 TRICHOLOG GmbH D-79117 Freiburg, Germany DatInf GmbH D-72074 Tübingen, Germany Manual TrichoScan Smart 09/2008 Index Introduction 3 Background 3 TrichoScan Smart

More information

Welcome to James Morton

Welcome to James Morton 35 Welcome to James Morton James Morton has over 35 years experience supplying custom-made ties, scarves and other accessories to companies, sports clubs, schools and many other satisfied customers. With

More information

POSTURE DIFFERENCE. Information about balance, posture difference and proportions

POSTURE DIFFERENCE. Information about balance, posture difference and proportions t POSTURE DIFFERENCE Information about balance, posture difference and proportions used with the patterns for women designed by Leena Leehthamaki for PatternMaker Content Chapter 1 Introduction 1 Chapter

More information

Wardrobe Planning CIP

Wardrobe Planning CIP Textiles and Clothing Pathway Wardrobe Planning Apparel and Textiles Advanced Apparel and Textiles Design and Merchandising Wardrobe Planning CIP 19.090111 Big Idea: We are all consumers of textile products.

More information

Knowing About Fashion

Knowing About Fashion Knowing About Fashion What Is Fashion? It is the prevailing type of clothing that is favored by a large segment of the public Clothing that is most accepted or up-todate It reflects a continuing process

More information

My Financial Future, Beginner

My Financial Future, Beginner My Financial Future, Beginner A. General knowledge of consumer ed concepts B. Ability to explain decisions made or results shown C. Self-evaluation of project D. Understanding of Consumer Education Activities

More information

Higher National Unit Specification. General information for centres. Fashion: Commercial Design. Unit code: F18W 34

Higher National Unit Specification. General information for centres. Fashion: Commercial Design. Unit code: F18W 34 Higher National Unit Specification General information for centres Unit title: Fashion: Commercial Design Unit code: F18W 34 Unit purpose: This Unit enables candidates to demonstrate a logical and creative

More information

China Textile and Apparel Production and Sales Statistics, Jul. 2014

China Textile and Apparel Production and Sales Statistics, Jul. 2014 China Textile and Apparel Production and Sales Statistics, 2013-2014 Jul. 2014 STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES This report provides the industry executives with strategically significant competitor information,

More information

Flared Skirt Mood Board

Flared Skirt Mood Board SPECTACULAR Skirts At a Glance Flared Skirt Mood Board Spectacular Skirts At a Glance Flared Skirt Answer Key There are three options for this skirt design, each progressively more flared. Student Questions

More information

SCRUB SUITS VS CLEAN AIR SUITS A THERMAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON

SCRUB SUITS VS CLEAN AIR SUITS A THERMAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON SCRUB SUITS VS CLEAN AIR SUITS A THERMAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON Isabel ABREU; Patrícia RIBEIRO & Maria José ABREU Abstract: In operationg room (OR), the health professionals are exposed to stress situations

More information

ES 838 June 1979 CREWE THE LOOK YOU. Like-WITH LINE. Oregon State University Extension Service

ES 838 June 1979 CREWE THE LOOK YOU. Like-WITH LINE. Oregon State University Extension Service ES 838 June 1979 CREWE THE LOOK YOU Like-WITH LINE Oregon State University Extension Service Becky Culp* Becoming clothes influence the way you look and feel. Visible lines in your clothes create illusions

More information

Non-Formaldehyde Wrinkle Resistant Finishing on Silk Fabric with Polycarboxylic Acids

Non-Formaldehyde Wrinkle Resistant Finishing on Silk Fabric with Polycarboxylic Acids INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY FIELD ISSN: 2455-62 Volume - 4, Issue - 2, Feb 218 Monthly, Peer-Reviewed, Refereed, Indexed Journal with IC Value: 86.87 Impact Factor:

More information

Applicability of the Thermal Manikin for Thermal Comfort Investigations

Applicability of the Thermal Manikin for Thermal Comfort Investigations Szent István University Applicability of the Thermal Manikin for Thermal Comfort Investigations Thesis of PhD Work Zoltán Magyar Gödöllő, Hungary 2011 Doctoral School Denomination: Mechanical Engineering

More information

GUIDE TO A PERFECT MEN S SUIT FIT

GUIDE TO A PERFECT MEN S SUIT FIT GUIDE TO A PERFECT MEN S SUIT FIT We value quality and perfection. We know that every man is different. Your size, posture, figure, and the shape of your body all change the way your suit fits. This is

More information

International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research. ISSN Original Article NEW POSSIBILITIES IN KHADI DESIGNING

International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research. ISSN Original Article NEW POSSIBILITIES IN KHADI DESIGNING Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved ISSN 22777156 Original Article NEW POSSIBILITIES

More information

4-H 305 Challenging Patterns : Leader's Guide

4-H 305 Challenging Patterns : Leader's Guide University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Nebraska 4-H Clubs: Historical Materials and Publications 4-H Youth Development 1990 4-H 305 Challenging Patterns : Leader's

More information

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION BRIEF

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION BRIEF PERFORMANCE EVALUATION BRIEF CONDUCTED BY AN INDEPENDENT PERSONAL CARE RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY LABORATORY MARCH 18, 2016 VS. OLAPLEX OVERVIEW Performance of the system Step 1 and 2 was evaluated and compared

More information

Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world

Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk Pearson Education Limited 2014

More information

BSc (Hons) Textile & Fashion Design - E301

BSc (Hons) Textile & Fashion Design - E301 BSc (Hons) Textile & Fashion Design - E301 1. Objectives This programme provides professional and general education covering the whole spectrum of activities in fashion and textiles. It will help to develop

More information

TECHNICAL BULLETIN BATCH BLEACHING OF NONWOVEN COTTON FABRICS

TECHNICAL BULLETIN BATCH BLEACHING OF NONWOVEN COTTON FABRICS TECHNICAL BULLETIN 6399 Weston Parkway, Cary, North Carolina, 27513 Telephone (919) 678-2220 TRI 5001 BATCH BLEACHING OF NONWOVEN COTTON FABRICS 2002 Cotton Incorporated. All rights reserved; America s

More information

Methods Improvement for Manual Packaging Process

Methods Improvement for Manual Packaging Process Methods Improvement for Manual Packaging Process erry Christian Palit, Yoppy Setiawan Industrial Engineering Department, Petra Christian University Jl. Siwalankerto -3 Surabaya, Indonesia Email: herry@petra.ac.id

More information

GRADE NINE. The Readings: CLOTHING OVER TIME

GRADE NINE. The Readings: CLOTHING OVER TIME GRADE NINE WEEK OF MARCH 21-25 WRITING Below are three readings and one Extended Response/Writing Prompt that you can use for the Problem of the Day initiative. The prompt asks students to write an informative/explanatory

More information

Interaction effects of radiation and convection measured by a thermal manikin wearing protective clothing with different radiant properties

Interaction effects of radiation and convection measured by a thermal manikin wearing protective clothing with different radiant properties Loughborough University Institutional Repository Interaction effects of radiation and convection measured by a thermal manikin wearing protective clothing with different radiant properties This item was

More information

FACULTY OF SCIENCES SYLLABUS FOR. PG Diploma in Garment Construction & Fashion Designing (Semester I to II) Examinations:

FACULTY OF SCIENCES SYLLABUS FOR. PG Diploma in Garment Construction & Fashion Designing (Semester I to II) Examinations: FACULTY OF SCIENCES SYLLABUS FOR PG Diploma in Garment Construction & Fashion Designing (Semester I to II) Examinations: 2014-15 GURU NANAK DEV UNIVERSITY AMRITSAR Note: (i) Copy rights are reserved. Nobody

More information

How to Make a Basic Skirt

How to Make a Basic Skirt How to Make a Basic Skirt By: burdastyle http://www.burdastyle.com/projects/how-to-make-a-basic-skirt This tutorial walks you through how to draft a basic one-dart skirt sloper. This exercise can lead

More information

FF: Fashion Design-Art (See also AF, AP, AR, DP, FD, TL)

FF: Fashion Design-Art (See also AF, AP, AR, DP, FD, TL) FF: Fashion Design-Art (See also AF, AP, AR, DP, FD, TL) FF 111 Visual Design Concepts I This course teaches students to understand, analyze, and draw the female fashion figure, front, turned, and back

More information

1

1 www.trichosciencepro.com 1 TrichoSciencePro Professional hair and scalp diagnostic software PRESENTATION The latest program version of TrichoSciencePro version 1.3SE was released in 2015 and has numerous

More information

USING SIZEUSA TO IMPROVE APPAREL FIT Beth Newcomb & Cynthia Istook, Ph.D ABSTRACT

USING SIZEUSA TO IMPROVE APPAREL FIT Beth Newcomb & Cynthia Istook, Ph.D ABSTRACT USING SIZEUSA TO IMPROVE APPAREL FIT Beth Newcomb & Cynthia Istook, Ph.D ABSTRACT Consumer dissatisfaction with apparel fit is a major issue for the apparel industry, and causes big problems for fashion

More information

school of fashion design SPRING 2015 SCHEDULE: JANUARY 12 th MAY 9 th

school of fashion design SPRING 2015 SCHEDULE: JANUARY 12 th MAY 9 th DAY school of fashion design SPRING 2015 SCHEDULE: JANUARY 12 MAY 9 Wed/Fri @ 9:00 am 10:30 am January 14 rough May 1 st Level II: Dressmaking/Intermediate January 13 ough April 30 Level IV: Coat/Tailored

More information

Optimization Design of Cycling Clothes Patterns Based on Digital Clothing Pressures

Optimization Design of Cycling Clothes Patterns Based on Digital Clothing Pressures Fibers and Polymers 2016, Vol.17, No.9, 1522-1529 DOI 10.1007/s12221-016-6402-2 ISSN 1229-9197 (print version) ISSN 1875-0052 (electronic version) Optimization Design of Cycling Clothes Patterns Based

More information

HND DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF FASHION AND TEXTILE

HND DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF FASHION AND TEXTILE HND DESIGN AND PRODUCTION OF FASHION AND TEXTILE COURSE STRUCTURE/OUTLINE: FDT 101: PATTERN TECHNOLOGY I The course aims to introduce the student to the basic knowledge and skills in taking body measurement;

More information