A. M. Archaeological Associates

Transcription

1 THE STAGE 1 AND 2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE 407 DUNDAS STREET WEST PROPERTY, TOWN OF OAKVILLE (PART LOT 19, CONCESSION 1, GEO. TWP. TRAFALGAR NORTH, HALTON COUNTY) Prepared for Emil Toma, Distrikt Developments Yonge Street Toronto, ON M4N 3S emil@distriktdevelopments.com" 88 Marchmount Road Toronto, ON M6G 2B1 am@archaeological.ca Original Licence Report Andrew Murray P.I.F. # P Dec-2017

2 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville ii PROJECT PERSONNEL Project/ Field Director Field Technician/ Lab Analyst Field photographer/ Report Graphics/ Preparation Andrew Murray, P035 Jackie Dolling, P158 Andrew Murray, P035

3 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii This report discusses the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment for the proposed development at 407 Dundas Street West, Town of Oakville (Part Lot 19, Concession 1 North of Dundas, Geographic Township of Trafalgar, Halton County). The property was assessed for archaeological potential before a possible redevelopment for residential use. This assessment was requested by the Town of Oakville under the Planning Act. The assessment was conducted for Distrikt Developments, who arranged for ploughing of agricultural lands as well permission to enter the subject property for the Stage 2 assessment on November 3, All archaeological assessment activities were performed according to the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTC 2011). All work was done under the archaeological consulting license, P035, issued to Andrew Murray of A. M. Archaeological Associates under the Ontario Heritage Act. All records pertaining to this project will be curated at the offices of. The study area encompasses an L -shaped parcel of land approximately 2.1 hectares in area. There are no standing structures within the study area. The property is located on the north side of Dundas Street West approximately 420 metres east of Neyagawa Boulevard. The property is surrounded by relatively recent residential developments. The field assessment was conducted using two Stage 2 assessment methodologies following Section Pedestrian Survey and Section Test Pit Survey in the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011 on November 3, The Stage 2 archaeological assessment recovered of 174 artifacts from 8 positive shovel test pits and 29 pedestrian findspot locations and is related to the occupation of the south half of Lot 19 possibly as early as 1860 until at least the 1970s. The artifacts were recovered from a 70 metre (northsouth) by 60 metre area in the northeastern section of the subject property. The Stage 2 field assessment recovered 174 artifacts, but only eight percent primarily date to the nineteenth-century. The assessment also documented intensive and extensive disturbance in the middle of the artifact scatter. Post-contact archaeological sites containing at least 20 artifacts that date the period of use to before 1900 require Stage 3 site-specific assessment (MTCS 2014). Due to the extent of the disturbance and the frequency of nineteenthcentury artifacts, no Stage 3 archaeological assessment is recommended.

4 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville iv On the basis of the above information, the following recommendations can be made: 1. The Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the lands known as 407 Dundas Street West, Town of Oakville has been completed. A scatter of ceramic, glass, metal and bone artifacts has been mapped and documented, but has been determined to primarily date to the twentieth-century as well as having been intensively and extensively disturbed. No further work is required.

5 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville TABLE OF CONTENTS v PROJECT PERSONNEL ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii TABLE OF CONTENTS v LIST OF IMAGES vi LIST OF MAPS vii 1.0 PROJECT CONTEXT Development Context Historic Context General Area Property History Archaeological Context Environmental Setting Registered Archaeological Sites Past Projects METHODOLOGY GIS Methods Field Methods Field Assessment Record of Finds Artifact Distribution Artifacts Architectural Class Arms/ Military Class Faunal Class Foodways Class Ceramics Glass Composite Fuel Furnishings Class Unassigned Inventory of the Documentary Record ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS Archaeological Potential Conclusions RECOMMENDATIONS ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION CATALOGUE BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES IMAGES MAPS 31

6 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville vi LIST OF IMAGES Image 1: J.E Cullingworth Family outside the Cullingworth house on the Biggar farm (Trafalgar Township Historical Society 1914). 25 Image 2: Ruth Irene Cullingworth at the gate outside the Cullingworth house on the Biggar farm (Trafalgar Township Historical Society 1917). 25 Image 3: North view of ploughed field conditions. 26 Image 4: North view of ploughed field conditions. 26 Image 5: Northeast view of flags marking artifact scatter in ploughed field. 26 Image 6: Surface artifacts in situ at FS Image 7: Test pit excavation at the edge of the slope to Shannon s Creek. 26 Image 8: Test pit profile of TP 1.05 showing mixed subsoil. 26 Image 9: Test pit profile of TP 1.01 showing natural red clay subsoil. 27 Image 10: Test pit profile of TP 1.03 showing partially disturbed topsoil. 27 Image 11: Deep disturbed test pit in the central portion of test pitted area. 27 Image 12: Deep disturbed test pit in the central portion of test pitted area with a chunk of asphalt. 27 Image 13: Irregular contours within central test pitted area. 27 Image 14: Irregular contours within central test pitted area. 27 Image 15: Ceramic sherds. 28 Image 16: Glass sherds and plastic object. 29 Image 17: Metal, bone and electrical insulator. 30

7 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville vii LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Location of the 407 Dundas Street West study area (NRC 2010). 31 Map 2: Study area on land patent plan showing Charles Bigger on Lot 19 (1806 Wilmot). 32 Map 3: Location of the study area on 1858 map of Halton County showing Charles Bigger property (Tremaine 1860). 33 Map 4: 1877 Trafalgar Township map location of study area showing Miss J. Biggar with a house just east of study area (Walker and Miles 1877). 34 Map 5: 1909 topographic map showing house in the northeast corner of study area and creek along east side of the property (Department of Militia and Defense 1909). 35 Map 6: 1931 topographic map showing house in the northeast corner of study area and creek along east side of the property (Department of National Defense 1931). 36 Map 7: Location of the study area on 1934 aerial photograph with structures to the northeast (NAPL 1934). 37 Map 8: 1954 aerial view of the study area with an overlay of building points and roads from Ontario Base Map (Hunting Survey Corporation Limited 1954). 38 Map 9: Location of the study area on 1961 topographic map showing the structure in the northeast section near Shannon s Creek (Army Survey Establishment 1961). 39 Map 10: Location of the study area on 1961 aerial photograph (NAPL 1961). 40 Map 11: Location of the study area on 1974 aerial photograph showing two structures in the northeast (NAPL 1974). 41 Map 12: Location of the study area on 1995 aerial photograph showing the former structure in the northeast (Town of Oakville 1995). 42 Map 13: Location of the study area on 1999 aerial photograph (Town of Oakville 1999). 43 Map 14: 407 Dundas Street West study area with archaeological potential, assessment methods, findspot locations and photograph views (ESRI 2017; Town of Oakville 2017). 44 Map 15: Detail of 407 Dundas Street West study area with archaeological potential, assessment methods, findspot locations and photograph views (ESRI 2017; Town of Oakville 2017). 45 Map 16: 407 Dundas Street West survey plan with archaeological potential, assessment methods and findspot locations. 46 Map 17: Survey plan for 407 Dundas West study area (provided by client). 47

8 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville PROJECT CONTEXT 1.1 Development Context This report discusses the rationale, methods and results of the Stage 1 archaeological assessment for the proposed development at 407 Dundas Street West, Town of Oakville (Part Lot 19, Concession 1 North of Dundas, Geographic Township of Trafalgar, Halton County). The property was assessed for archaeological potential before a possible redevelopment for residential use. This assessment was requested by the Town of Oakville under the Planning Act. The assessment was conducted for Distrikt Developments, who arranged for ploughing of agricultural lands as well permission to enter the subject property for the Stage 2 assessment on November 3, All archaeological assessment activities were performed according to the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists (MTC 2011). All work was done under the archaeological consulting license, P035, issued to Andrew Murray of A. M. Archaeological Associates under the Ontario Heritage Act. All records pertaining to this project will be curated at the offices of. The study area encompasses an L -shaped parcel of land approximately 2.1 hectares in area. There are no standing structures within the study area. The property is located on the north side of Dundas Street West approximately 420 metres east of Neyagawa Boulevard. The property is surrounded by relatively recent residential developments. 1.2 Historic Context General Area Halton County formed part of the Gore District along with Wentworth from 1783 until 1816 when they became separate counties (Walker and Miles 1877). Halton was divided into four separate townships including Trafalgar, Nelson, Nassawageya and Esquesing. Trafalgar Township was opened for settlement by For the most part the Crown Patents for land in Lots 6 to 22, Concession 2 NDS were issued between (Unterman McPhail Associates 2010). Kings College acquired a few Crown Reserve lots in 1828, and a handful of Crown Patents were issued in the 1840s and late 1850s. Amongst the earliest settlers in the study area were the Biggars, Freemans, Kaittings, Kenneys, Munns, Posts and Sniders.

9 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville Property History Charles Biggar (also spelled Bigger) was one of the earliest settlers in Trafalgar Township and signed a settlement form for the 200-acre property at Lot 19, Concession 1 North of Dundas, Trafalgar Township in 1806 and completed the required clearing, fencing and home building by 1808 when he recent the grant (Trafalgar Township Historical Society 2017) (Map 2). Charles Biggar is listed with 60 acres of cultivated land and 140 acres of uncultivated land in an 1823 assessment of Trafalgar Township (Blair 2012). Charles Biggar sells the north portion of the lot to James Biggar in 1849 but retains the southern portion until his death in Sarah (75) and Jemima Biggar (35) are listed along with John Biggar (51), Sarah Biggar (17) and Ann Petit (17) in a 1-1/2 storey frame house in the 1861 census. Benjamin Tuck, junior, and Mrs Bigger are listed on the lot in the 1862 directory (Warnock 1862). The 1871 census lists Richard and Joseph Cullingworth as tenants of Jemima Biggar. The Trafalgar Township map in the 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Halton County indicates a house just to the southeast of the study area (Walker and Miles 1877) (Map 4). A Stage 2 archaeological assessment by Archaeological Services Inc. resulting in the registration of the J. Biggar Site (AiGw-571) has a similar georeferencing of this map (ASI 2014a: 23). However, Stage 3 excavation of the J. Biggar Site resulted in the conclusion that no in situ nineteenth-century material was recovered and the J. Biggar site was not a bone fide site (ASI 2014b: 7-8). The source of the recovered artifacts and the exact location of the J. Biggar house was left unresolved. In 1888, Miss Jemima Bigger was listed on Lot 19, Concession 1 North of Dundas Street (Union Publishing 1888). She is still listed as the freeholder in 1892, 1895 and 1906 but she dies in 1909 (Union Publishing 1892, 1895, 1906; ). In 1915, Joseph Cullingworth was listed at the house, and he had worked for Jemima Biggar managing the farm (Trafalgar Township Historical Society 1917). A house is illustrated in the northeastern portion of the study area on topographic mapping from 1909 (DMD 1909) (Map 5). It is not clear if this is a more accurate mapping of the shown on 1877 mapping or a new or relocated structure. Topographic mapping from 1931 shows a similar location, and aerial photography from 1934 shows a driveway and possible structure in this area (DND 1931; NAPL 1934) (Maps 6 and 7). The 1934 aerial photograph also shows two structures 110 metres to the northeast along the same driveway. The 1954 aerial photograph is less detailed than the 1934 photograph but shows similar structures with the addition of new buildings on the adjacent property to the southeast (Map 8). The 1961 topographic maps still shows only one building within the study area and a new building on the

10 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 3 eastern side of Shannon s Creek (Map 9). The 1961 aerial photograph has the clearer image of the house structure within the study area (Map 10). Shannon s Creek is also clearer and may have been ditched and straightened by the time of this image. The 1974 image also clearly shows another small building to the northwest of the larger structure (Map 11). By 1995, the main structure has been removed, but the smaller structure appears to still stand (Map 12). The area appears to have been landscaped and grown over by 1999 (Map 13). The existing restaurant at the adjacent property at 393 Dundas Street West opened in But in 1971, Milly and her late husband Walter purchased and ran the original restaurant on the site, Country Fare Restaurant. It also had a motel and gas bar (Mitchell 2015). 1.3 Archaeological Context The study area encompasses an L -shaped parcel of land approximately 2.1 hectares in area. There are no standing structures within the study area. The property is located on the north side of Dundas Street West approximately 420 metres east of Neyagawa Boulevard. The property is surrounded by relatively recent residential developments Environmental Setting The property is located in the till plain of the South Slope physiographic region (Chapman and Putnam 1984). The South Slope is described as the southern slope of the interlobate Oak Ridges Moraine and contains a variety of soils (Chapman and Putnam 1984). Through the study area, the South Slope consists of a narrow lobe approximately 6 km wide between the Peel Plain to the north and the Iroquois Plain to the south (Chapman and Putnam 2007). The topography is relatively flat with an elevation between 162 metres in the northeast and 159 metres closer to Dundas Street West. The soils along the roadway include the imperfectly-drained Chinguacousy Clay Loam (Gillespie, Wicklund and Miller 1971; Canada Department of Agriculture 1971). The study area is between Shannon s Creek immediately to the east and Osengo Creek, no more than 160 metres to the west Registered Archaeological Sites A search of the Ministry of Tourism and Culture s archaeological sites database revealed 26 archaeological sites within a one-kilometre radius of the study area (MTCS 2017). Overall, the sites document the occupation of the area by Precontact Indigenous people as well as

11 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 4 the nineteenth-century Euro-Canadian settlement of the Trafalgar Township. The only site within 300 metres is the J. Biggar site, AiGw-571. A Stage 2 archaeological assessment by Archaeological Services Inc. resulting in the registration of the J. Biggar Site (AiGw-571) has a similar geo-referencing of this map (ASI 2014a: 23). However, Stage 3 excavation of the J. Biggar Site resulted in the conclusion that no in situ nineteenth-century material was recovered and the J. Biggar site was not a bone fide site (ASI 2014b: 7-8). It was determined from the layers stratigraphic position (as well as the inclusion of red brick and asphalt fragments, slag, charcoal, plastic and gravel in Lot 1), that artifacts saved from Lots 1 and 4 during the controlled surface collection and the excavation of Stage 3 units were within the context of landscape fill. Table 1: Summary of registered archaeological sites within 1-km of the study area. Borden No. Site Name Time Period Affinity Site Type Reference AiGw-203 Proudfoot's Hollow Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Village Triggs 1989 AiGw-209 Pettit Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1991 AiGw-213 Descartes Pre-Contact Euro-Canadian Campsite ASI 1991 AiGw-214 Hazelnut Archaic, Late Indigenous Findspot ASI 1991 AiGw-215 Potemkin Pre-Contact Indigenous Campsite ASI 1991 AiGw-216 Acorn Archaic, Early Indigenous Findspot ASI 1991 AiGw-217 Walnut Archaic, Middle Indigenous Findspot ASI 1991 AiGw-218 Levar-Reid Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 1991 AiGw-219 Oakdene Pre-Contact Indigenous ASI 1991 AiGw-417 Pre-Contact Indigenous ASI 2007 AiGw-418 Pendent Archaic, Middle Indigenous Campsite ASI 2007 AiGw-419 Archaic, Early Indigenous Findspot ASI 2007 AiGw-420 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-448 Finch Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Homestead NDA 2008 AiGw-465 Loyalist Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 2007 AiGw-466 Kaitting Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Homestead ASI 2007 AiGw-467 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-468 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-469 Woodland, Middle Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-470 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-471 Trafalgar Post-Contact Euro-Canadian ASI 2007 AiGw-481 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-485 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-486 Archaic, Late Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-487 Pre-Contact Indigenous Undetermined ASI 2007 AiGw-571 J. Biggar Post-Contact Euro-Canadian Midden/ dumping ASI Past Projects A search of the PastPort site report titles using keywords of surrounding streets such as Dundas Street West, and Lot 18-20, Concession 1 in Trafalgar Township recovered the details of five reports of nearby archaeological assessments within 50 metres of the current study area. A Stage 1 assessment of Dundas Street (Regional Road 5) Neyagawa Boulevard to Oak Park

12 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 5 Boulevard was conducted in 2006 as part of a Class Environmental Assessment, and no sites were identified on or close to the subject property (ASI 2006). Archaeological Services Inc. conducted a Stage 1 to 3 assessment of the lands to the north and east known as the Pendant lands in 2007 (ASI 2007). The assessment resulted in the discovery and test excavation of the Pendant site, AiGw-418 (ASI 2007). The lands immediately to the east on the opposite side of Shannon s Creek were subject to Stage 2 assessment by Archaeological Services Inc. in 2014 and the newly discovered J. Biggar site, AiGw-571, was subject to Stage 3 excavation (ASI 2014a&b). The northern quarter of Lot 19, Concession 1 N.D.S. was assessed by Archaeological Assessments Limited in 2014 but is just beyond 50 metres. 2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 GIS Methods The existing survey plan was overlaid with nineteenth and twentieth-century mapping using the best available landmarks. The maps were rotated and stretched in both east-west and north-south direction to provide the best fit. 2.2 Field Methods The field assessment was conducted using two Stage 2 assessment methodologies following Section Pedestrian Survey and Section Test Pit Survey in the Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists, 2011 on November 3, 2017 (MTCS 2011: 30-32). At no point did the weather and lighting conditions (e.g., snow cover, frozen ground, excessive rain or drought, heavy fog) reduce the ability to identify and document any part of the archaeological subject property. The 1.66 hectare (80 percent) agricultural field portion of the study area was subject to Stage 2 pedestrian survey method involving walking the property systematically, mapping and collecting artifacts found on the ground surface at five metres intervals. The lands to be surveyed had been ploughed by October 16, This allowed for the heavier clay soils to be weathered by several hard rainfalls. The ploughed conditions and weathering provided excellent (100 percent) visibility with no obstructions. The five-metre survey transect intervals were decreased to one-metre intervals over a minimum of a 20-metre radius around each find to determine whether it is an isolated find or part of a larger scatter. All seventy-nine artifacts from 29 findspots from the ploughed field were bagged and labelled ( ) so that they could be

13 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 6 fully analysed to determine the need for further work. Each findspot was mapped by GPS (Images 5 and 6). The northeastern portion of the study area could not be ploughed due to trees, fencing and surface evidence of substantial disturbance. It was determined that this area should be subject to Stage 2 test pit survey method at five metres intervals. The test pit survey method involves systematically walking the property along regularly spaced transects, excavating small pits by hand at regular intervals and examining their contents. Test pits were excavated across the unploughed area despite evidence of recent intensive and extensive ground disturbance due to the unclear results of the background research that indicated the possible presence of nineteenth to twentieth-century building remains. Each test pit was at least 30-cm in diameter. Each test pit was excavated by hand shovel into the first five centimetres of subsoil and examined the pit for stratigraphy, cultural features, or evidence of fill. All soil was screened through mesh no greater than 6 mm before backfilling. Artifacts from positive test pits were bagged and labelled by test pit number and mapped using GPS. All positive test pits where artifacts were recovered have been marked in the field using labelled flagging tape buried in the test pit. Mapping was carried out using a handheld GPS (CMT March IIe). Point locations were recorded by 120 one-second interval recordings using UTM 17T NAD 83 under clear skies and open canopy. The resulting GPS data was post-processed using Port Weller (PWEL) RINEX base station data downloaded from the CORS Network. Position Dilution of Precision (PDOP) was between 1.6 and 2.1 resulting 2DRMS (Twice the distance root mean square) probability of 95% that the actual point is between.34 and.91 metres. The coordinates generated by the GPS are provided in the supplementary documentation. All photograph locations were also logged by GPS 2.3 Field Assessment A site visit was made to the property on November 3, 2017, under clear conditions and temperatures around +5ºC. The agricultural field covered 1.66 hectares, or 80 percent of the subject property and this area was subject to pedestrian survey at five-metre intervals (Images 3, 4 and 5). The only evidence of past disturbance was across the southern end where a pipeline has been buried underneath the agricultural field. A 3,175m 2 area could not be ploughed and was subject to test pits at five-metre intervals. The five-metre interval was maintained across the entire area despite surface and stratigraphic

14 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 7 evidence of extensive and intensive disturbance across 2,400m 2 or 76 percent of this area. Evidence of disturbance included highly variable test pit soil profiles and depths and irregular landscape contours (Images 8-14). Test pit depths ranged from 30-cm to over 60-cm and upper levels of soils ranged from medium brown sandy loam to dark brown clay and large mottles of clay. The natural soils should be grey-brown to red-brown clay. There were also inclusions of asphalt and concrete in some of the test pits. The low area (850m 2 ) around Shannon s Creek along the northeastern property limit was considered to have low potential due to wet conditions and was not subject to field test pit assessment. Table 2: Control points. CP No East North Description NW corner of scatter NE corner of scatter SW corner of scatter SE corner of scatter Datum (coner of property) 2.4 Record of Finds Artifact Distribution All 174 artifacts recovered from 8 positive shovel test pits and 29 pedestrian findspots are summarized in Table 3 below. The coordinates for each test pit and field findspot are included since the site is not considered to have cultural heritage value due to extensive and intensive disturbance and the recent date of the artifacts. As a result, the site location does not need to be protected. The artifacts were recovered from a 70 metre (north-south) by 60 metre area in the northeastern section of the subject property (see control points in Table 2 above). However, the positive test pits were restricted to two areas near the property limits where observed disturbances were reduced. Table 3: Summary of artifacts by material with locations. Method Find # Bone Brick Ceramic Coal Composite Copper-alloy Ferrous Glass Plastic Total East North TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP TP PS

15 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 8 Method Find # Bone Brick Ceramic Coal Composite Copper-alloy Ferrous Glass Plastic Total East North PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS PS Total UTM NAD Artifacts All 174 artifacts recovered from 8 positive shovel test pits and 29 pedestrian findspots are summarized in Table 4 below and Section 6.0 CATALOGUE. The artifacts recovered from the site were catalogued using a modified Canada Parks Classification System for Historical Collections (Parks Canada Service 1992). The following thirteen functional classifications are used, but only seven are represented in the current collection: Activities, Architectural, Arms/Military, Clothing, Domestic Activities, Faunal/Floral, Foodways, Fuel, Furnishings, Medical/Hygiene, Personal, Smoking and Unassigned Class. Table 4: Summary of artifacts by Material and Class. Arms/ Mat Architect. Faunal Foodways Fuel Furnishings Unassigned Total % Military Bone % Brick % Ceramic % Coal % Composite %

16 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 9 Mat Copperalloy Architect. Arms/ Military Faunal Foodways Fuel Furnishings Unassigned Total % 1 1 Ferrous % Glass % Plastic % TOTAL % PERCENT 18.4% 0.6% 1.1% 62.6% 1.7% 1.7% 13.8% 100.0% Architectural Class This class makes up 18.4 percent of the total artifacts recovered including 12 brick, 10 window glass, 7 nails, 2 electrical insulators and one ferrous hinge. The 12 red brick artifacts range in size from 1 to 10 cm, but none are complete enough to provide a dimensional measurement. There are also no dateable attributes such as frogs (indents) or manufacturer names. The ten window glass sherds have an average thickness of 2.1-mm (Image 16). Generally, glass that is greater than 1.5 mm thick is indicative of a post-1850 manufacturing date, while thinner glass is typical of pre-1850 production (Kenyon 1980a). A total of seven wire nails were recovered from during the Stage 2 assessment (Image 17). Machine cut nails have been manufactured from 1790 to present day (Leach 2000). Small wire nails were manufactured in the United States in the 1850s, and by 1886, the cheaper wire nail was rapidly gaining in popularity and supplanting the machine cut nail (Leach 2000). Given the possible post-1860 date for the early occupation of the study area, the total lack of cut nails may be an indication of the extent of disturbance. The remaining Architectural Class artifacts include two electrical insulators and one ferrous hinge. One of the insulators is a brown exterior insulator that would be used for bringing electricity in from the main grid. The other is an interior insulator typical of building construction into the 1930s (Image 17). The first electric lights in the Town of Oakville were installed in 1892, and the electrification of the rural areas of Trafalgar Township would have been slower (Oakville Hydro 2017). The hinge is a typical iron hinge of a twentieth-century kitchen cabinet. 0.6% Arms/ Military Class The lone artifact in this class is a brass 12-gauge shotgun cartridge base marked with manufacturer Fiocchi. This company began in Italy in 1876 but didn t begin export until the 1930s and is still making ammunition today (Wikipedia 2017).

17 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville Faunal Class Two fragments of bone were recovered from 13 test units. The identified species includes one sawn cow long bone (Bos torus), and the other bone is an unidentified mammal (Image 17. The domestic species would have been common as farm animals and food throughout the occupation of the site Foodways Class The largest category of artifacts is the Foodways Class with 109 artifacts in total. The materials represented include 80 ceramic sherds, 28 glass sherds and 1 composite item Ceramics The largest Group in the Foodways Class is Ceramic Tableware with 80 artifacts or 46 percent of the total artifact collection. The Ceramic Tableware and Ceramic Utilitarian Ware artifacts are summarised in Table 5 below (Image 15). The earliest ceramic sherds are the two examples of Pearlware of which one has scalloped blue edged decoration. Pearlware was manufactured on a refined white earthenware body, but cobalt oxide was added to the clear lead glaze to produce a whiter ceramic. This process lends a blue to blue-green tint to the glaze that is most evident inside the foot ring of a vessel. Since pearlware predates the settlement of this lot, these pieces may have been heirloom dishes. The 11 refined white earthenwares (RWE) make up 13.8 percent of the ceramic collection. Refined white earthenware evolved from pearlware as potters endeavoured to make a ceramic that was whiter in appearance. The body was harder than pearlware and colours looked better on the white-bodied ceramic than they did on the light blue pearlware, making decorated whiteware the most popular ceramic of the mid-19th century (Majewski and O Brien 1987: 120). Most of the RWE are unidentifiable white fragmentary sherds (7). The only decoration present is blue transfer printing which is generally the most common decoration on nineteenth-century sites and can still be purchased today. Other common decorations found on refined white earthenware ceramic sherds on Ontario site including blue and green edgeware, sponge/ stamped wares, and other colours of transfers were not present. Only six White Granite sherds were recovered which have a date range of 1842 to 1930 (Miller et al. 2000: 10). The 61 (76.3 percent) sherds of vitrified white earthenware (VWE) represent a form of hard glazed earthenware that lacks the translucency of porcelain. Most of the vitrified ceramics are unidentifiable white fragmentary sherd. This ware began to replace ironstone in the 1880s offering a lighter, thinner variety of ceramic exhibiting more delicate

18 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 11 floral or abstract motifs. It was not a common household item until the early 1900s (Majewski and O Brien 1987: 124). The decalcomania and gilded sherds are more typical of very late nineteenth and early twentieth century occupations. Three porcelain sherds make up 3.8 percent of the ceramic collection. Finding porcelain is rare on sites relating to low and middle status families in the nineteenth century since porcelain ceramics were an expensive item in the early 19th century and not as popular as the durable and cheap earthenwares available to the pioneer settlers (Collard 1984: 163; Majewski and O Brien 1987: 192). Although porcelain dates from 1745 to present, the presence of porcelain on a site in Ontario usually indicates a late 19th to 20th-century date when cheap European porcelain was available (I. Kenyon 1980: 1). A further indication of the late 19th to 20th-century date for this ware type on the site is decalcomania decorative pattern present on one of the sherds. There are only three sherds of ceramic utilitarian ware including two stoneware and one coarse red earthenware. The frequency of coarse earthenware on sites declines after 1850 as it is replaced by more durable stoneware and glass containers. Generally, sites before 1850 contain little or no stoneware because it was heavy and had to be imported (I. Kenyon 1980:13). Once it began to be produced domestically, however, this more durable ware gradually replaced coarse red and buff earthenware for use as food preparation and storage (I. Kenyon 1980). Stoneware was, in turn, largely replaced by glass food storage vessels and refrigeration in the twentieth century (Newlands 1974:25-26). Table 5: Summary of ceramic types. Group Dateable Attribute Date Range Total Subtotal % Ceramic Tableware Ceramic Utilitarian Ware Porcelain 1745-present 2 Porcelain, decal 1870-present % RWE, Refined White EW 1820-present 7 RWE, transfer blue 1828-present % VWE, decal present 3 VWE, gilded present 1 VWE, moulded present 5 VWE, other décor present 37 VWE, plain present 1 VWE, transfer printed present 4 VWE, Vitrified White EW present % White Granite, moulded daisy White Granite, moulded grape leaf % CEW, red glazed % CSW, Coarse Stoneware

19 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 12 Group Dateable Attribute Date Range Total Subtotal % CSW, salt-glaze % TOTAL Glass A total of 28 glass sherds are grouped into Glass Beverage Containers, Glass Tableware and Unidentified Glass Containers (Table 6). The Beverage Containers colours include clear, green and dark green. Although colour is not a very good temporal diagnostic, the clear and green glass sherd colours are typical of twentieth-century soda and beer bottles (Image 16). All of the identifiable sherds are machine made, and the embossed characters indicate twentiethcentury containers (Image 16). The Tableware includes a tumbler fragment and seven pieces of Fire-King oven proof dish (Image 16). Table 6: Summary of Foodways Class glass. Group Dateable Attribute Colour Comments Sum Clear 4 Green 2 Applied Colour Label Clear 2 Dominion Glass Co. Clear 'BOTTLED UNDER (AUTHORITY) WYNOLA CORP. LTD' 3 Embossed Volume Clear 'C ' 'TRADE MARK/MIN. CONTENT' 1 Glass Bev. Machine Made Clear 2 Containers Machine Made Green embossed '...resh' 1 Machine Made Clear embossed 'WHISTLE' 'U.S. PAT. OFF ' w criss crossed 2 lines forming differentially sized diamonds >1928 Stippling Dk 1 Green Dominion Glass Co Glass Tableware Unid. Glass Containers Clear 9 cm dia 1 Fire-King White embossed 'OVEN' in block; 'Fire-King' in script; mid 1940s 7 Clear 1 TOTAL Composite The other Foodways Class artifact is a single crown closure bottle cap with a plastic lining. The crown closure was patented in 1892 but didn t gain widespread use until the twentieth century, and the plastic lining wasn t added until 1957 (Kaplan 1982; Miller et al. 2000).

20 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville Fuel Two pieces of coal ranging from 1-5 cm were recovered. Coal became the primary source of heating towards the end of the nineteenth century and continued into the 1950s when the first oil pipelines brought cheaper and cleaner fuel. Coal was also used for powering early steamdriven farm equipment Furnishings Class The Furnishings Class includes one piece of a porcelain handle/ pull and two fragments of oil lamp chimney. The lamp chimney could be from the nineteenth century but cannot be excluded from twentieth-century use as this rural area of Trafalgar Township would not have had electricity until well into the twentieth century Unassigned The Unassigned Class includes a variety of materials includes 16 glass, 7 iron (ferrous), and 1 plastic items from Miscellaneous Hardware and Miscellaneous Materials. The glass artifacts are primarily small glass sherds that could not be definitively assigned to a Class such as Foodways, Medical/ Pharmaceutical or Domestic Activities. The ferrous artifacts include an eye bolt, hook, chain link, J-bolt with hexagonal nut, machine-made slot screw and a machine-made bolt (Image 17). These artifacts all appear to be twentieth-century machine-made artifacts and no hand-forged items were identified. The single piece of plastic dates to the twentieth-century. 2.5 Inventory of the Documentary Record The documentary record of the project consists of one GPS track, one GPS mapping file and 37 geo-tagged digital photographs, two resealable plastic bags of artifacts (approximately 4 litres in volume) and this report. The documentary record will be stored at the office of A. M. Archaeological Associates until they can be deposited at a long-term storage facility with the approval of the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. 3.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS 3.1 Archaeological Potential The proximity to a Shannon s Creek and the proximity to the nineteenth-century house of the Biggar family indicated the potential for precontact, and historic settlement remains before

21 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 14 twentieth-century disturbances. The background research indicated that a structure was removed in the 1990s that may have been the original Biggar house. The Stage 2 archaeological assessment recovered of 174 artifacts from 8 positive shovel test pits and 29 pedestrian findspot locations and is related to the occupation of the south half of Lot 19 possibly as early as 1860 until at least the 1970s. The artifacts were recovered from a 70 metre (north-south) by 60 metre area in the northeastern section of the subject property. Eleven refined white earthenware artifacts from findspots 1.05, 1.10, 1.13, 1.16, 1.17, 1.30, 1.31, 1.35 and 1.36 are the only artifacts that may exclusively date to the nineteenth century. The two stoneware and single coarse red earthenware sherds could also date to the nineteenth-century, but this brings the total to 14 or 8 percent of the collection. Although the White Granite and vitrified white earthenware artifacts are artifacts that have a manufacture date that begins in the nineteenth century, their prevalence continues well into the twentieth-century, and the decorative styles such as gilded and decalcomania are far more common in the twentieth-century. None of the glass or metal artifacts indicate a possible nineteenth-century date and several typical nineteenth-century artifacts are missing from the collection. This includes cut nails, white clay smoking pipes, dark green or olive bottle glass, medical/ pharmaceutical bottles, and other refined white earthenware decorations. The extensive and intensive disturbance was documented through the area where a former structure was indicated by the background research. No artifacts were recovered from this area despite the continuation of the test pit survey at five-metre intervals. It is possible that this disturbance is related to the structure demolition and soil removal that resulted in the dumping of soil in the area where the J. Biggar site, AiGw-571, was registered by Archaeological Services Inc. The 74 artifacts recovered by ASI during Stage 2 in 2014 is more typical of a nineteenthcentury occupation with a higher percentage of refined white earthenware sherds, cut nails and smoking pipes present. There was also a high frequency of brick pieces noted in the fill layer during the Stage Conclusions The Stage 2 field assessment recovered 174 artifacts, but only eight percent primarily date to the nineteenth-century. The assessment also documented intensive and extensive disturbance in the middle of the artifact scatter. Post-contact archaeological sites containing at least 20 artifacts that date the period of use to before 1900 require Stage 3 site-specific

22 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 15 assessment (MTCS 2014). Due to the extent of the disturbance and the frequency of nineteenthcentury artifacts, no Stage 3 archaeological assessment is recommended.

23 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville RECOMMENDATIONS On the basis of the above information, the following recommendations can be made: 1. The Stage 1 and 2 archaeological assessment of the lands known as 407 Dundas Street West, Town of Oakville has been completed. A scatter of ceramic, glass, metal and bone artifacts has been mapped and documented, but has been determined to primarily date to the twentieth-century as well as having been intensively and extensively disturbed. No further work is required. 5.0 ADVICE ON COMPLIANCE WITH LEGISLATION 1. Advice on compliance with legislation is not part of the archaeological record. However, for the benefit of the proponent and approval authority in the land use planning and development process, the report must include the following standard statements: a. This report is submitted to the Minister of Culture, Tourism and Sport as a condition of licensing in accordance with Part VI of the Ontario Heritage Act, R.S.O. 1990, c The report is reviewed to ensure it complies with the standards and guidelines that are issued by the Minister, and that the archaeological fieldwork and report recommendations ensure the conservation, protection and preservation of the cultural heritage of Ontario. When all matters relating to archaeological sites within the project area of a development proposal have been addressed to the satisfaction of the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Sport, a letter will be issued by the ministry stating that there are no further concerns with regard to alterations to archaeological sites by the proposed development. b. It is an offence under Sections 48 and 69 of the Ontario Heritage Act for any party other than a licensed archaeologist to make any alteration to a known archaeological site or remove any artifact or other physical evidence of past human use or activity from the site, until such time as a licensed archaeologist has completed archaeological fieldwork on the site, submitted a report to the Minister stating that the site has no further cultural heritage value or interest, and the report has been filed in the Ontario Public Register of Archaeological Reports referred to in Section 65.1 of the Ontario Heritage Act. c. Should previously undocumented archaeological resources be discovered, they may be a new archaeological site and therefore subject to Section 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. The proponent or person discovering the archaeological resources must cease alteration of the site immediately and engage a licensed consultant archaeologist to carry out archaeological fieldwork, in compliance with sec. 48 (1) of the Ontario Heritage Act. d. The Cemeteries Act, R.S.O c. C.4 and the Funeral, Burial and Cremation Services Act, 2002, S.O. 2002, C.33 (when proclaimed in force) requires that any person discovering human remains must notify the police or coroner and the Registrar of Cemeteries at the Ministry of Government and Consumer Services.

24 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville CATALOGUE Findspot Freq Class Material Group Object Dateable Attribute Colour Comments Architectural Ferrous Nails Nail Wire 1,1/4" Architectural Ferrous Nails Nail Wire 2,1/2" Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Hardware Bolt Machine Made 3,1/2" Unknown Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Glass Milk Glass White Arms/Military Copper-alloy Ammunition Cartridge Base 12 gauge shot 'Fiocchi' > Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware VWE, other décor. Yellow yellow glaze, embossed Architectural Brick Construction Materials Construction Block Red 3 cm Foodways Composite Glass Bev.Containers Closure Crown Cap & Plastic Liner Glass Foodways Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle Clear Foodways Glass Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle Machine Made Green embossed '...resh' Foodways Glass Glass Bev.Containers Wine Bottle Stippling Dk Green Foodways Glass Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle Applied Colour Label Clear Foodways Glass Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle Machine Made Clear Foodways Glass Glass Tableware Shallow Dish Clear 9 cm dia Furnishings Glass Lighting Devices Oil Lamp Chimney Clear Architectural Ferrous Nails Nail Wire 2" Architectural Glass Window Glass Ceramic VWE, transfer Foodways Ceramic Tableware printed Blue Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware VWE, decal Architectural Brick Construction Materials Construction Block Red 2-5 cm Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware Hollowware VWE, Vitrified White EW Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware Flatware RWE, transfer blue Blue mend Construction Construction Architectural Brick Materials Block Red 7 cm Architectural Brick Construction Materials Construction Block Red 1-3 cm Fuel Coal Cooking/Heating 1-3 cm Door/Window Architectural Ferrous Hardware Hinge Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Hardware Eye Bolt Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Hardware J-Bolt w Nut Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Hardware Screw Machine Made, Slot incomplete Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Hardware Chain Link Unknown Metal Object Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Material Architectural Glass Window Glass Construction Architectural Brick Materials Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Construction Block Red 5 cm Unspec. Glass Containers Clear

25 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 18 Findspot Freq Class Material Group Object Dateable Attribute Colour Comments Interior Architectural Ceramic Electrical Insulator Architectural Ferrous Nails Nail Wire 3,1/2" Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware VWE, decal Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware RWE, Refined White EW Glass Foodways Glass Bev.Containers Bottle Green Unassigned Plastic Misc. Material Scrap Plastic embossed 'WHISTLE' 'U.S. PAT. OFF ' w criss crossed lines forming Foodways Glass Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle Machine Made Clear differentially sized diamonds > Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware Hollowware VWE, moulded Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware VWE, Vitrified White EW Foodways Glass Glass Tableware Flatware Fire-King White Ceramic RWE, Refined Foodways Ceramic Tableware White EW Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Porcelain, decal Architectural Glass Window Glass Ceramic Util. CSW, Coarse Foodways Ceramic Ware Stoneware Ceramic RWE, Refined Foodways Ceramic Tableware White EW Architectural Glass Window Glass Ceramic RWE, transfer Foodways Ceramic Tableware blue Blue Glass Foodways Glass Bev.Containers Bottle Machine Made Furnishings Ceramic Hardware Handles/Pulls Porcelain Ceramic White Granite, Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware moulded daisy White Granite, Ceramic moulded grape Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware leaf Unknown Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Glass Architectural Ferrous Nails Nail Wire Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware VWE, gilded Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware VWE, decal Ceramic VWE, Vitrified Foodways Ceramic Tableware White Ceramic VWE, transfer Foodways Ceramic Tableware printed Brown Glass Unspec. Glass Foodways Glass Stor.Containers Containers Unknown Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Glass Construction Architectural Brick Materials Foodways Ceramic embossed 'OVEN' in block; 'Fire-King' in script; mid 1940s late 19th-early 20th c. Dominion Glass Co Construction Block Red 9.5 cm W x 5 cm Th Ceramic Tableware Hollowware Porcelain

26 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 19 Findspot Freq Class Material Group Object Dateable Attribute Colour Comments Fuel Coal Cooking/Heating 5 cm Unassigned Ferrous Misc. Hardware Hook 10.5 x 5.5 cm Unid.Glass Foodways Glass Containers Panel Bottle Clear Architectural Glass Window Glass Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Porcelain Foodways Ceramic Ceramic Tableware VWE, Vitrified White EW Architectural Brick Construction Materials Construction Block Red 7 cm 'C ' 'TRADE MARK/MIN. CONTENT' Foodways Glass Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle, Coke Embossed Volume Ceramic RWE, Refined Foodways Ceramic Tableware White EW Faunal/Floral Bone Mammal Cow Domestic Sawn Unspec. Glass Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Containers Lt Aqua Architectural Glass Window Glass Ceramic RWE, transfer Foodways Ceramic Tableware Flatware blue Blue Ceramic Util Foodways Ceramic Ware Crock CSW, salt-glaze Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Foodways Glass Foodways Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Unknown Glass Clear Glass Bev.Containers Pop Bottle Dominion Glass Co. 'BOTTLED UNDER (AUTHORITY) WYNOLA CORP. LTD' Ceramic RWE, Refined Tableware White EW Ceramic Util. Ware CEW, red glazed int. dk brown glaze Ceramic Tableware RWE, Refined White EW Architectural Ceramic Electrical Exterior Insulator dk brown glaze Ceramic Foodways Ceramic Tableware Hollowware VWE, plain Construction Construction Architectural Brick Materials Block Red 9.5 cm W x 5 cm Th Unassigned Glass Misc. Material Unspec. Glass Containers Blue embossed ' IL '

27 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SOURCES Archaeological Assessments Limited 2014b The Stage 1-3 Archaeological Assessment of the Sherborne Lodge Developments Limited Property, Part of Lots 19 & 20, Geographic Township of Trafalgar, Town of Oakville, Halton Region P.I.F. P & P Report on file, Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. Archaeological Services Inc. (ASI) 1998 The Master Plan of Archaeological Resources of the Regional Municipality of Halton. Report on file at the Ministry of Culture, Toronto 2006 Stage 1 Archaeological Assessment Dundas Street (Regional Road 5) Neyagawa Boulevard to Oak Park Boulevard Class Environmental Assessment, Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton, Ontario Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the Pendent Lands and Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the Pendent Site (AiGw-418), Part of Lots 18 & 19, Concession 1 NDS, Formerly in the Township of Trafalgar South, Now in the Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton. Original report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport. PIF P , P , P , P a Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the West Pendent Lands, Part of Lot 19, Concession 1 NDS, Geographic Township of Trafalgar South, County of Halton, Now in the town of Oakville, Regional Municipality of Halton. Original report on file with the Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport, Toronto. PIF P b Stage 3 Archaeological Assessment of the J. Biggar Site (AiGw-571), Part of Lot 19, Concession 1 NDS Geographic Township of Trafalgar South, County of Halton, Now In The Town of Oakville, Regional Municipality Of Halton. PIF P Army Survey Establishment 1961 Oakville Sheet. 30M5gbh. 1:25,000 scale map. Blair, Fred 2012 The 1823 Trafalgar Township Assessment. Transcription from the Oakville Public Library Microfilm by for the Trafalgar Historical Society, October 15, Canada Department of Agriculture 1971 Soil Map of Halton County. Soil Survey Report No.43. Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario. Research Branch Chapman, L.J. and D.F. Putnam 1984 Physiography of Southern Ontario, Third Edition. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Ontario Geological Survey, Special Volume Physiography of Southern Ontario; Ontario Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Release-- Data 228. Collard, Elizabeth 1984 Nineteenth-Century Pottery and Porcelain in Canada. 2nd ed. McGill University Press, Montreal.

28 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 21 Department of Militia and Defense (DMD) 1909 Topographic Map Ontario Hamilton Sheet Department of National Defence (DND) 1931 Topographic Map Ontario Hamilton Sheet. ESRI 2016 WMS delivery of Aerial Imagery. ESRI, DigitalGlobe, GeoEye, Earthstar Geographics, CNES/Airbus DS, USDA, AEX, Getmapping, Aerogrid, IGN, IGP, swisstopo, and GIS User Community. Gillespie, J.E., R.E. Wicklund, and M.H. Miller 1971 Soil Survey of Halton County. Report No. 43 of the Ontario Soil Survey. Toronto: Canada Department of Agriculture and Ontario Department of Agriculture. Godden, Geoffrey 1991 Encyclopaedia of British Pottery and Porcelain Marks. Barry & Jenkins, London. Government of Ontario 1990 The Heritage Act RSO Queen s Printer, Toronto Environmental Assessment Act RSO Queen s Printer, Toronto Planning Act SO Queen s Printer, Toronto. Graham, F.D. and T.J. Emery 2006 [1923] Audels Carpenters and Builders Guide #1-4. Theo Audel & Co. Publishers. New York facsimile edition Almonte Publishing Classic Reprint Series, Almonte, Ontario. Hunting Survey Corporation Limited 1954 Digital Aerial Photographs, Southern Ontario 1954, Accessed through University of Toronto Map Library, Jones, Olive and Catherine Sullivan 1989 Parks Canada Glass Glossary for the Description of Containers, Tableware, Closures and Flat Glass, Revised Edition. Studies in Archaeology Architecture and History, National Historic Parks and Sites, Canadian Parks Service, Environment Canada. Jouppien, Jon K The Application of South s Mean Ceramic Formula to Ontario Historic Sites. Arch Notes 80-3: Kaplan, Samuel R. (editor) 1982 Beverage World: 100 Year History and Future Probe. Keller Publishing, Great Neck, New York.

29 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 22 Kenyon, I. T. 1980a Nineteenth Century Notes: Window Glass Notes. KEWA, Newsletter of the London Chapter, Ontario Archaeological Society, b Ceramics The ACO Guide to 19th C. Sites. Ontario Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Planning and Research Branch, London Office A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario Arch Notes 85-5: A History of Ceramic Tableware in Ontario: Paper presented at Table Talks Lecture Series, Montgomery s Inn, Toronto. Leach, Almon E Nail Identification at Old Fort Niagara. Bulletin of the New York State Archaeological Association 16: Library and Archives Canada Willson, Stillwell; Place: York; Year: 1815; Vol.: 526; Bundle: W 10; Petition: 96; Ref: RG 1 L3; Microfilm: C-2953 Majewski, T. and M.J. O Brien 1987 The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory. Vol 11 pp M.B. Schiffer editor, Academic Press, NY. Maryland Archaeological Conservation Lab (MACL) 2015 Diagnostic Artifacts in Maryland. Electronic document, /index-postcolonialceramics.htm, accessed July 15, Microsoft Bing 2015 Aerial Imagery 2015 Digital Globe Image courtesy of USGS Earthstar Geographics. Miller, George L An Introduction to English Ceramics for Archaeologists. A one day seminar at the Second Conference on Historic Archaeology in Illinois. Midwestern Archaeological Research Centre. Illinois State University. Normal Illinois Telling Time for Archaeologists. Northeast Historical Archaeology 29(1): Miller, George L. and Robert R. Hunter, Jr English Shell Edged Earthenware: Alias Leeds Ware, Alias Feather Edge. Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth Annual Wedgewood International Seminar, pp Birmingham, Alabama. Ministry of Culture and Recreation n.d. Ceramics The ACO Guide to 19 th C. Sites. Ministry of Culture and Recreation, Historical Planning and Research Branch, London. Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Sport 2011 Standards and Guidelines for Consultant Archaeologists. Queen s Printer, Toronto The Archaeology of Rural Historical Farmsteads. A Draft Technical Bulletin for Consultant Archaeologists in Ontario

30 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville Sites within a One Kilometre Radius of the Project Area Provided from the Ontario Archaeological Sites Database, 21-Aug Mitchell, Bob 2015 It s the end of a dynasty for Dynasi. InsideHalton.com. [online] InsideHalton.com. Available at: [Accessed 7 Nov. 2017]. National Air Photo Library (NAPL) 1934 A ; A ; A ; Natural Resources Canada (NRC) 2010 National Transportation Series map: 30M/05 Hamilton-Burlington. Downloaded from Toporama Web Map Service. Accessed at: Newlands, David 1979 Early Ontario Potters: Their Craft and Trade. McGraw-Hill Ryerson, Toronto. Oakville Hydro 2017 History of Oakville Hydro. [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 Nov. 2017]. Parks Canada Service 1992 Classification System for Historical Collections. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Environment Canada. Rayburn, Alan 1997 Place Names of Ontario. University of Toronto Press. Sussman, Lynne 1985 The Wheat Pattern; An Illustrated Survey. Studies in Archaeology Architecture and History. National Historic Parks and Sites Branch, Parks Canada, Ottawa. Trafalgar Township Historical Society 1914 J.E Cullingworth Family ca1914. [online] Available at: [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017] Ruth Irene Cullingworth in [online] Available at: [Accessed 30 Nov. 2017] Early Ward 5. [online] Available at: [Accessed 21 Aug. 2017]. Town of Oakville 2017 Town of Oakville Open Data Catalogue. Including aerial photography from 1995, 1999, 2002, [online] [Accessed 30-Nov-2017].

31 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 24 Tremaine, George R Tremaine s Map of the County of Halton, Canada West. Published by George C. Tremaine. Union Publishing Co The Union Publishing Co. s Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Brant, Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Welland & Wentworth Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Welland Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Haldimand, Halton, Lincoln, Welland. Volume VIII Farmers and Business Directory for the Counties of Halton, Waterloo and Wellington. Volume XVI. Unterman McPhail Associates 2010 Cultural Heritage Assessment Report Built Heritage & Cultural Heritage Landscapes New North Oakville Transportation Corridor and Crossing Of The Sixteen Mile Creek Class Environmental Assessment Town Of Oakville Halton Region, Ontario. April 2008 (Revised March 2010). Prepared for: AECOM Walker and Miles 1877 Illustrated Historical Atlas of Halton County, Ontario. Warnock, Robert 1862 A Sketch of the County of Halton, Canada West Available at: Wikipedia 2017 Fiocchi Munizioni. [online] Available at: iocchi_group [Accessed 30 Nov. 2017] Wilmot, Samuel 1806 Trafalgar Township, District of Gore, Map A.24. Archives of Ontario, I

32 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville IMAGES Image 1: J.E Cullingworth Family outside the Cullingworth house on the Biggar farm (Trafalgar Township Historical Society 1914). Image 2: Ruth Irene Cullingworth at the gate outside the Cullingworth house on the Biggar farm (Trafalgar Township Historical Society 1917).

33 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville Image 3: North view of ploughed field conditions. Image 4: North view of ploughed field conditions. Image 5: Northeast view of flags marking artifact scatter Image 6: Surface artifacts in situ at FS in ploughed field. Image 7: Test pit excavation at the edge of the slope to Shannon s Creek. Image 8: Test pit profile of TP 1.05 showing mixed subsoil. 26

34 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville Image 9: Test pit profile of TP 1.01 showing natural red clay subsoil. 27 Image 10: Test pit profile of TP 1.03 showing partially disturbed topsoil. Image 11: Deep disturbed test pit in the central portion of Image 12: Deep disturbed test pit in the central portion of test pitted area. test pitted area with a chunk of asphalt. Image 13: Irregular contours within central test pitted area. Image 14: Irregular contours within central test pitted area.

35 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 28 Image 15: Ceramic sherds.

36 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 29 Image 16: Glass sherds and plastic object.

37 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 30 Image 17: Metal, bone and electrical insulator.

38 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville MAPS Map 1: Location of the 407 Dundas Street West study area (NRC 2010).

39 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 32 Map 2: Study area on land patent plan showing Charles Bigger on Lot 19 (1806 Wilmot).

40 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 33 Map 3: Location of the study area on 1858 map of Halton County showing Charles Bigger property (Tremaine 1860).

41 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 34 Map 4: 1877 Trafalgar Township map location of study area showing Miss J. Biggar with a house just east of study area (Walker and Miles 1877).

42 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 35 Map 5: 1909 topographic map showing house in the northeast corner of study area and creek along east side of the property (Department of Militia and Defense 1909).

43 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 36 Map 6: 1931 topographic map showing house in the northeast corner of study area and creek along east side of the property (Department of National Defense 1931).

44 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 37 Map 7: Location of the study area on 1934 aerial photograph with structures to the northeast (NAPL 1934).

45 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 38 Map 8: 1954 aerial view of the study area with an overlay of building points and roads from Ontario Base Map (Hunting Survey Corporation Limited 1954).

46 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 39 Map 9: Location of the study area on 1961 topographic map showing the structure in the northeast section near Shannon s Creek (Army Survey Establishment 1961).

47 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 40 Map 10: Location of the study area on 1961 aerial photograph (NAPL 1961).

48 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 41 Map 11: Location of the study area on 1974 aerial photograph showing two structures in the northeast (NAPL 1974).

49 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 42 Map 12: Location of the study area on 1995 aerial photograph showing the former structure in the northeast (Town of Oakville 1995).

50 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 43 Map 13: Location of the study area on 1999 aerial photograph (Town of Oakville 1999).

51 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 44 Map 14: 407 Dundas Street West study area with archaeological potential, assessment methods, findspot locations and photograph views (ESRI 2017; Town of Oakville 2017).

52 The Stage 1 and 2 Archaeological Assessment of the 407 Dundas Street West Property, City of Oakville 45 Map 15: Detail of 407 Dundas Street West study area with archaeological potential, assessment methods, findspot locations and photograph views (ESRI 2017; Town of Oakville 2017).