UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY

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1 UCL INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY ARCLG004 Medieval Archaeology: Select Topics and Current Problems 2016/17 Masters Option, 30 Credits Turnitin Class ID: Turnitin Password: IoA1617 Deadlines for coursework: Essay 1 Friday 25 th November 2016, Essay 2 Friday 10 th March 2017 Co-ordinator: Professor Andrew Reynolds a.reynolds@ucl.ac.uk Room 205 Please see the last page of this document for important information about submission and marking procedures, or links to the relevant webpages. OVERVIEW Short description This course considers a number of key topics relating to the study of Anglo-Saxon and medieval England and its neighbours, focusing on the period AD The course is divided into two parts. Part One considers the development of rural settlement from the post- Roman period to the landscape of the Domesday Survey and after, and moves on to consider material culture and the impact of the Vikings, trade and the emergence of towns. Part Two aims to provide a detailed examination of traditions of burial and religion during the period and to examine processes such as the conversion to Christianity and its effect on the archaeological record. A landscape perspective rounds off the course with a focus on warfare and social organization, with a further session devoted to Anglo-Saxon and medieval London. Each student will be expected to prepare and deliver seminar papers on relevant subjects of their choice. Particular emphasis is placed on interdisciplinary approaches to the medieval period using place-names, documents and archaeology. Week-by-week summary Autumn Term 1. Thursday 6 th October Introduction to the Study of Medieval Archaeology AR 2. Thursday 13 th October Documents and medieval archaeology AR 3. Thursday 20 th October Early Anglo-Saxon Rural Settlement CS 4. Thursday 27 th October Later Anglo-Saxon Rural Settlement AR 5. Thursday 3 rd November Early Medieval Wales RC READING WEEK 7 th -11 th November 6. Thursday 17 th November Anglo-Saxon Currency and Exchange GW 7. Thursday 24 th November Student Presentations AR 8. Thursday 1 st December Anglo-Saxon Towns SB 9. Thursday 8 th December Art and Society in Anglo-Saxon England, c JK 10. Thursday 15 th December Viking Settlement JK 1

2 Spring Term 11. Thursday 12 th January Cremation SH 12. Thursday 19 th January Inhumation SH 13. Thurday 26 th January The Geography of Anglo-Saxon Burial AR 14. Thursday 2 nd February Political and Administrative Landscapes AR 15. Thursday 9 th February The Final Phase CS READING WEEK 13 th -17 th February 16. Thursday 23 rd February The Conversion to Christianity in Britain BY 17. Thursday 2 nd March Landscapes of Warfare TW 18. Thursday 9 th March Anglo-Saxon and Medieval London: Continuity and Change JC 19. Thursday 16 th March Student Presentations and Course Review AR 20. Thursday 23 rd March Visit to the British Museum SBr Basic texts W. Davies, Wales in the Early Middle Ages (1982) [HISTORY 26f DAV] S. Foster, Picts, Scots and Gaels (1996) [DAA 500 FOS] C. Hills, Early Historic Britain, in The Archaeology of Britain, ed. J. Hunter & I. Ralston (1998), [DAA 100 HUN] A. Reynolds, Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life & Landscape (1999) [DAA 180 REY] M. Welch, Anglo-Saxon England (1992/ reprinted 2000) [DAA 180 WEL] Methods of assessment This course is assessed by means of two essays of between words, each of equal weight in their contribution to the overall mark. Teaching methods One weekly two-hour session will form the main method of teaching. Students are provided with a reading list for each seminar (see below). Each seminar will be opened with a short presentation by the teacher to be followed by a detailed consideration of the topic in hand by students. Seminars have weekly compulsory readings, which students will be expected to have covered to be able fully to follow and actively contribute to discussion. In addition, a visit to the early medieval gallery at the British Museum will take place on Thursday 23 rd March between 4-6pm to give students greater familiarity with the material covered in the course. Students will be required to give one individual presentation during the course, either at the end of Term I or at the End of Term II. Student seminar topics, which may be based on a theme chosen for one of the written assignments of the course, will be arranged well in advance by agreement with Professor Reynolds. Workload There will be 38 hours of seminars/lectures and 2 hours at the British Museum for this course. Students will be expected to undertake around 250 hours of reading for the course, 60 hours preparing for and producing the assessed work. This adds up to a total workload of some 350 hours for the course. Prerequisites This course does not have a prerequisite. AIMS, OBJECTIVES AND ASSESSMENT 2

3 Aims This course seeks to introduce students to aspects of the archaeology of early medieval Britain during the period AD The introductory sessions will provide a critical interdisciplinary overview of the period in question introducing the main contemporary topics and debates. Students will then examine a series of key topics in detail to provide them with an advanced knowledge of the period. Students will develop key skills in the interdisciplinary study of the past, while the period itself provides a well-defined case study of the emergence of social complexity in post-empire societies. Objectives On successful completion of this course a student should have an overview of the development of the English landscape over a long and complex period. Students should understand the nature of documentary evidence and its role in medieval archaeology and be able to critically assess aspects of historical narrative using archaeological evidence. Students should be able to apply a wide range of source materials and techniques to approach individual topics and themes and be familiar with the principal research resources for the period. Learning outcomes On successful completion of the course students should be able to demonstrate/have developed the ability to identify and examine specific problems using varied evidence. Preparation and delivery of individual student presentations should ensure the application of acquired knowledge and the development of oral presentation skills, whilst participation in both staff and student led seminars will enhance critical observation and reflection. Coursework Essay topics will be determined on an individual basis by agreement with the Course Coordinator. Students are not permitted to re-write and re-submit essays in order to try to improve their marks. However, if students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should contact the Course Co-ordinator who will also be willing to discuss an outline of an assignment provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Deadlines for each assignment are: Essay 1 Friday 25 th November 2016 Essay 2 Friday 10 th March 2017 Essays should be within the range of words. The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. If students are unclear about the nature of an assignment, they should discuss this with the Course Co-ordinator. Students may be permitted, in advance of the deadline for a given assignment, to submit for comment a brief outline of the assignment. The Course Coordinator is willing to discuss an outline of the student's approach to the assignment, provided this is planned suitably in advance of the submission date. Word counts 3

4 The following should not be included in the word-count: title page, contents pages, lists of figure and tables, abstract, preface, acknowledgements, bibliography, lists of references, captions and contents of tables and figures, appendices. Penalties will only be imposed if you exceed the upper figure in the range. There is no penalty for using fewer words than the lower figure in the range: the lower figure is simply for your guidance to indicate the sort of length that is expected. In the session penalties for overlength work will be as follows: For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by less than 10% the mark will be reduced by five percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. For work that exceeds the specified maximum length by 10% or more the mark will be reduced by ten percentage marks, but the penalised mark will not be reduced below the pass mark, assuming the work merited a Pass. Coursework submission procedures All coursework must normally be submitted both as hard copy and electronically. (The only exceptions are bulky portfolios and lab books which are normally submitted as hard copy only.) You should staple the appropriate colour-coded IoA coversheet (available in the IoA library and outside room 411a) to the front of each piece of work and submit it to the red box at the Reception Desk (or room 411a in the case of Year 1 undergraduate work) All coursework should be uploaded to Turnitin by midnight on the day of the deadline. This will date-stamp your work. It is essential to upload all parts of your work as this is sometimes the version that will be marked. Instructions are given below. Note that Turnitin uses the term class for what we normally call a course. 1. Ensure that your essay or other item of coursework has been saved as a Word doc., docx. or PDF document, and that you have the Class ID for the course (available from the course handbook) and enrolment password (this is IoA1617 for all courses this session - note that this is capital letter I, lower case letter o, upper case A, followed by the current academic year) 2. Click on dex.htmlhttp:// 3. Click on Create account 4. Select your category as Student 5. Create an account using your UCL address. Note that you will be asked to specify a new password for your account - do not use your UCL password or the enrolment password, but invent one of your own (Turnitin will permanently associate this with your account, so you will not have to change it every 6 months, unlike your UCL password). In addition, you will be asked for a Class ID and a Class enrolment password (see point 1 above). 6. Once you have created an account you can just log in at and enrol for your other classes without going through the new user process again. Simply click on Enrol in a class. Make sure you have all the relevant class IDs at hand. 7. Click on the course to which you wish to submit your work. 8. Click on the correct assignment (e.g. Essay 1). 9. Double-check that you are in the correct course and assignment and then click Submit 4

5 10. Attach document as a Single file upload 11. Enter your name (the examiner will not be able to see this) 12. Fill in the Submission title field with the right details: It is essential that the first word in the title is your examination candidate number (e.g. YGBR8 In what sense can culture be said to evolve?), 13. Click Upload. When the upload is finished, you will be able to see a text-only version of your submission. 14 Click on Submit. If you have problems, please the IoA Turnitin Advisers on ioa-turnitin@ucl.ac.uk, explaining the nature of the problem and the exact course and assignment involved. One of the Turnitin Advisers will normally respond within 24 hours, Monday-Friday during term. Please be sure to the Turnitin Advisers if technical problems prevent you from uploading work in time to meet a submission deadline - even if you do not obtain an immediate response from one of the Advisers they will be able to notify the relevant Course Coordinator that you had attempted to submit the work before the deadline SCHEDULE AND SYLLABUS Teaching schedule Seminars will be held 4-6pm on Thursdays in Room 209 at the Institute of Archaeology. A visit to the British Museum early medieval gallery is scheduled for Thursday 23 rd March between 4-6pm, meeting in the early medieval gallery Room 41. The course will be taught by Professor Andrew Reynolds (AR), with guest seminars by Dr Stuart Brookes (SB), Dr Sue Brunning (SBr), John Clark, Rhiannon Comeau, Dr Sue Harrington (SH), Dr Jane Kershaw (JK), Professor Chris Scull (SC), Dr Gareth Williams (GW), Dr Tom Williams (TW) and Professor Barbara Yorke (BY). SYLLABUS The following is an outline for the course as a whole, and identifies essential and supplementary readings relevant to each session. Information is provided as to where in the UCL library system individual readings are available; their location and Teaching Collection (TC) number, and status (whether out on loan) can also be accessed on the euclid computer catalogue system. Readings marked with an * are considered essential to keep up with the topics covered in the course. Copies of individual articles and chapters identified as essential reading are in the Teaching Collection in the Institute Library (where permitted by copyright) or are available online: ARCLG Medieval Archaeology: Select Topics and Current Problems 1. Introduction to the Study of Medieval Archaeology AR This session outlines the structure and organisation of the course and the nature of the written work required for its successful completion. You might find it useful to gain an insight into the development of medieval archaeology as a discipline by reference to the following publications, each of which provides a broad reflection on the priorities of the subject at the time they were published: D. Austin and L. Alcock (eds) 1990 From the Baltic to the Black Sea: Studies in Medieval Archaeology. London: Routledge (esp. Ch. 1 by D. Austin) [INST ARCH DA 190 AUS] C. Gerrard 2003 Medieval Archaeology: Understanding Traditions and Contemporary Approaches. London: Routledge [INST ARCH DAA 190 GER] 5

6 R. Gilchrist and A. Reynolds (eds) Reflections: 50 Years of Medieval Archaeology, London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 30 (wide selection of Europewide overviews) [INST ARCH DA 190 GIL] D. Hinton (ed.), Years of Medieval Archaeology. Sheffield: University of Sheffield [INST ARCH DAA 190 HIN] D. Hinton 1987 Archaeology and the Middle Ages. Recommendations by the Society for Medieval Archaeology to the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England, Medieval Archaeology 31, 1-12 [INST ARCH PERS] Do follow up any references or topics you think might be of value to the seminar you will be expected to contribute fully at each meeting. 2. Documents and medieval archaeology AR This session explores the relationship between written sources and archaeological evidence through a series of case studies. Written sources to be considered include Bede s Ecclesiastical History, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Beowulf and Anglo-Saxon charters. Medieval archaeology has been criticised for its over-reliance on written sources to provide an explanatory framework for the period and the session also examines the tensions between historians and archaeologists. Essential J. Moreland 2001 Archaeology and Text. London: Duckworth. [INST ARCH AH MOR] Texts M. Alexander 1981 Beowulf: a verse translation. [MAIN LITERATURE F 21:40 BEO] S. Bradley 1995 Anglo-Saxon Poetry. London: J.M. Dent. [INST ARCH DAA 180 BRA; MAIN ENGLISH D20 BRA] B. Colgrave and R. Mynors (eds) 1969 Bede s Ecclesiatical History of the English People. Harmondsworth: Penguin.[MAIN HISTORY 27 h BED] D. Douglas and G. Greenaway (eds) 1981 English Historical Documents Volume 2, Oxford: Eyre Methuen. [MAIN HISTORY 5 a ENG 2] M. Godden and M. Lapidge (eds) 1991 The Cambridge Companion to Old English Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [MAIN ENGLISH D 5 GOD] P. Sawyer 1968 Anglo-Saxon Charters: An Annotated List and Bibliography. London: Royal Historical Society. [INST ARCH DAA 180 SAW] M. Swanton (ed.) 2000 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles. London: J.M. Dent. [HISTORY 6 d SAW] D. Whitelock 1979 English Historical Documents Volume 1, c Oxford: Eyre Methuen.[INST ARCH DAA 180 SAW; MAIN ENGLISH D 140 SAW] Case studies R. Cramp Beowulf and Archaeology, Medieval Archaeology 1, [INST ARCH PERS] A. Reynolds Burials, boundaries and charters in Anglo-Saxon England: A Reassessment, in E. Leeds 1936 Early Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (esp. Chapters 1 and 2) [INST ARCH DAA 180 LEE] S. Lucy and A. Reynolds (eds), Burial in Early Medieval England and Wales. London: Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 17, [INST ARCH DAA 180 LUC] 3. Early Anglo-Saxon rural settlement and economy CS 6

7 This session examines the archaeological evidence for rural settlement and its social dimensions in eastern and southern England from the 5th to the 7th centuries. Building types and traditions, settlement configurations and evidence for the economic base all provide insights into past lifeways and communities but critical aspects of settlement character and development are contested and debated. Was rural settlement shifting or stable? Were these farmsteads or village communities? Is there evidence for settlement hierarchy before the 7th century? Essential H. Hamerow 2012 Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford: OUP (available online) INST ARCH DAA 180 HAM Some Key Studies and Sites M. Bell 1977 Excavations at Bishopstone in Sussex: the Anglo-Saxon period, Sussex Archaeological Collections 115, [INST ARCH PERS] R. Chambers and E. McAdam 2007 Excavations at Barrow Hills, Radley, Oxfordshire, Volume 2: the Romano-British Cemetery and Anglo-Saxon Settlement. Oxford: Oxford Archaeology. INST ARCH DAA 410 Qto CHA R. Cowie and L. Blackmore 2008, Early and Middle Saxon Rural Settlement in the London Region. London: MoLAS. INST ARCH DAA 416 Qto COW P. Crabtree 2012 Middle Saxon Animal Husbandry in East Anglia. East Anglian Archaeology Report 143. Especially Chapters 2, 4 and 6. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series EAA 143 P. Fowler 2002 Farming in the First Millennium AD: British Agriculture between Julius Caesar and William the Conqueror. Cambridge: CUP. INST ARCH DAA 100 FOW H. Hamerow 1993 Excavations at Mucking, Vol. 2: The Anglo-Saxon Settlement. London: English Heritage. INST ARCH DAA 410 Qto CLA H. Hamerow 2006 Special deposits in Anglo-Saxon settlements, Medieval Archaeology 50, (available online) INST ARCH PERS S. James, A. Marshall and M. Millett 1984 An early medieval building tradition, Archaeological Journal, 141, INST ARCH PERS S. Losco-Bradley and G. Kinsley 2002 Catholme: an Anglo-Saxon Settlement on the Trent Gravels in Staffordshire. Nottingham: Nottingham University. INST ARCH DAA 410 Qto LOS S. Lucy, J. Tipper and A. Dickens 2009 The Anglo-Saxon Settlement and Cemetery at Bloodmoor Hill, Carlton Colville, Suffolk. East Anglian Archaeology Report 131. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series EAA 131 M. Millett and S. James 1983 Excavations at Cowdery s Down, Basingstoke, Hampshire , Archaeological Journal 140, INST ARCH PERS F. Minter, J. Plouviez and C Scull 2014 Rendlesham rediscovered, British Archaeology 137, INST ARCH PERS J. Morris and B. Jervis 2011 What s so special? A reinterpretation of Anglo-Saxon special deposits, Medieval Archaeology 55, (available online) INST ARCH PERS Powlesland, D Early Anglo-Saxon settlements, structures, form and layout in J. Hines (ed) The Anglo-Saxons from the Migration period to the Eighth Century: an Ethnographic Perspective, Woodbridge: Boydell. INST ARCH DAA 180 HIN; ISSUE DESK IOA HIN 4 A. Reynolds 2003 Boundaries and settlements in later sixth to eleventh century England, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 12, INST ARCH DAA 180 ANG 7

8 G. Thomas 2013 Life before the minster: the social dynamics of monastic foundation at Lyminge, Kent, Antiquaries Journal 93, J. Tipper 2004 The Grubenhaus in Anglo-Saxon England. Yedingham: Landscape Research Centre. INST ARCH DAA 180 Qto TIP S. West 1985 West Stow: The Anglo-Saxon Village. East Anglian Archaeology Report 24. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series EAA 24 B. Hope-Taylor 1977 Yeavering: An Anglo-British Centre of Early Northumbria. London: HMSO. INST ARCH DAA 410 N. 7 HOP Do follow up any references or topics you think might be of value to the seminar you will be expected to contribute fully at each meeting. 4. Late Anglo-Saxon Rural Settlement AR This session considers the emergence of the landscape of the Domesday Survey and the pattern of settlement that determines the modern landscape. Particular issues for discussion include the origins of territorial units (estates, hundreds etc) and of the manor, and whether the process of settlement during this period is best understood using simple or complex models. Essential G. Beresford 1987 Goltho: The Development of an Early Medieval Manor c [ISSUE DESK IOA BER 1; INST ARCH DAA 410 L.6 BER] D. Hooke 1998 The Landscape of Anglo-Saxon England. (Chapter 3) INST ARCH DAA 180 HOO A. Reynolds 1999 Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life & Landscape (chapter 4, ) [ISSUE DESK IOA DAA 180 REY; INST ARCH DAA 180 REY] G. Thomas 2010 The later Anglo-Saxon settlement at Bishopstone: a downland manor in the making. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series COU 163 Recommended reading J. Blair 1993 Hall and chamber: English domestic planning , in G. Meirion-Jones & M. Jones, Manorial Domestic Buildings in England and Northern France [INST ARCH DAA 300 MEI] J. Blair 1996 Palaces or Minsters? Northampton and Cheddar reconsidered, Anglo-Saxon England 25, [INST ARCH PERS] B.K. Davison 1977 Excavations at Sulgrave, Northamptonshire, , Archaeological Journal 134, [INST ARCH PERS] D. Hooke 1988 Anglo-Saxon Settlements (esp. Introduction, 1-8) [ISSUE DESK IOA HOO 1] C. Lewis, P. Mitchell-Fox and C. Dyer 1997 Village, hamlet and field [INST ARCH DAA 190 LEW] C. Loveluck 1998 A high-status Anglo-Saxon settlement at Flixborough, Lincolnshire, Antiquity 72, [INST ARCH PERS] P.A. Rahtz 1976 The Saxon and Medieval palaces at Cheddar [INST ARCH DAA QTO SERIES BRI 65] A. Reynolds 2002 Boundaries and settlements in later 6 th to 11 th century England, Anglo- Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 12, [INST ARCH DAA 180 ANG] A. Williams 1986 A bell-house and burhgeat : lordly residence in England before the Norman Conquest, in C. Harper-Bill & R. Harvey, The Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood, [HISTORY 82 cu IDE] 8

9 B. Yorke 1995 Wessex in the Early Middle Ages (esp ) [INST ARCH DAA 180 YOR; ISSUE DESK IOA YOR] 5. Early Medieval Wales RC The existing understanding of early medieval Wales is very limited compared, for instance, to Anglo-Saxon England and this session will consider why this is and what impact it has. Using maps, written sources and place-names, we will also explore how a multidisciplinary approach can provide insight into one under-researched area, the pre-conquest Welsh landscape. Essential Davies, W. 2004: Looking backwards to the early medieval past: Wales and England, a contrast in approaches. Welsh History Review, 22 (2), (UCL Journals online) Edwards, N., Lane, A. & Redknap, M. 2011: Early Medieval Wales: An updated Framework for Archaeological Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales. Available at: (NB this is a revision of an earlier document which can be found, with comprehensive bibliographies, at: Jones, G. R. J. 1985: Forms and Patterns of Medieval Settlements in Welsh Wales. In: Hooke, D. (ed.) Medieval Villages: a review of current work. Oxford: Oxford University Committee for Archaeology, (book chapter) INST ARCH DAA 190 HOO Recommended reading Austin, D. 2005: Little England Beyond Wales: Re-defining the Myth. Landscapes 6(2), (UCL Journals online) Bollard, J. K. 2009: Landscapes of the Mabinogi. Landscapes 10(2), (UCL Journals online) Campbell, E. & Lane, A. 1993: Excavations at Longbury Bank, Dyfed, and early medieval settlement in south Wales. Medieval Archaeology 37, (UCL Journals online) Comeau, R. 2012: From Tref(gordd) to Tithe: Identifying Settlement Patterns in a North Pembrokeshire Parish. Landscape History 33(1), (UCL Journals online) Davidson, A. & Silvester, B. 2013: A Research Framework for the Archaeology of Wales: Medieval. Available at: (NB this is a revision of an earlier document which can be found, with comprehensive bibliographies, at: Edwards, N. 2001: Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales - Context and Function. Medieval Archaeology XLV, (UCL Journals online) Longley, D. 2001: Medieval settlement and landscape on Anglesey. Landscape History 23, (UCL Journals online) Seaman, A. 2010: Towards a Predictive Model of Early Medieval Settlement Location: A Case Study from the Vale of Glamorgan. Medieval Settlement Research, 25, (available at: Seaman, A. 2013: Dinas Powys in Context: Settlement and Society in Post- Roman Wales. Studia Celtica 47, (UCL Journals online) Thomas, C. 1980: Place-names studies and agrarian colonization in North Wales. Welsh History Review, 10(2), (available online at 9

10 More reading: see the comprehensive bibliographies listed at The following books and articles give a flavour of research: Campbell, E. 2007: Continental and Mediterranean Imports to Atlantic Britain and Ireland, AD CBA Research Report 157 York: CBA. INST ARCH DAA Qto Series COU 157 Charles-Edwards, T. M. 2013: Wales and the Britons Oxford: Oxford University Press. HISTORY 26 F CHA (and also online access via UCL Library Catalogue/ Oxford Scholarship Online) Comeau, R. 2014: Bayvil in Cemais: an Early Medieval Assembly SIte in South-West Wales? Medieval Archaeology 58, ) (UCL Journals online) Davies, W. A. 2001: Thinking about the Welsh environment a thousand years ago. In: Jenkins, G. (ed.) Cymru a r Cymry Wales and the Welsh Aberystwyth: Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies Reprinted in Davies, W. 2009: Welsh History in the Early Middle Ages: Texts and Societies, Farnham: Ashgate. HISTORY 26 F DAV Edwards, N. & Lane, A. (eds.) 1992: The Early Church in Wales and the West. Oxford: Oxbow. INST ARCH DAA 169 Qto EDW Edwards, N. (ed.) 1997: Landscape and settlement in medieval Wales. Oxford: Oxbow INST ARCH DAA 600 Qto EDW Edwards, N. (ed.) 2009: The Archaeology of the Early Medieval Celtic Churches. Leeds: Maney. INST ARCH DAA 190 EDW Edwards, N. 2007: A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales, Volume II., Cardiff: University of Wales Press INST ARCH DAA 600 COR Edwards, N. 2009: Rethinking the pillar of Eliseg. Antiquaries Journal, 89, (UCL Journals online) Edwards, N. 2013: A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales, Volume III. North Wales, Cardiff, University of Wales Press. INST ARCH DAA 600 COR Griffiths, D. 2003: Markets and 'Productive' Sites: a View from Western Britain. In: Pestell, T. & Ulmschneider, K. (eds.) Markets in Early Medieval Europe. Macclesfield: Windgather Press INST ARCH DA 180 PES Griffiths, D. 2009: Sand-dunes and Stray Finds: Evidence for Pre-Viking trade? In: Graham- Campbell, J. & Ryan, M. (eds.) Anglo-Saxon/Irish Relations before the Vikings. Proceedings of the British Academy, 157. Oxford: OUP/British Academy, HISTORY 27 H GRA Jones, G. R. J. 2012: Britons, Saxons, and Scandinavians : the historical geography of Glanville R.J. Jones, Turnhout: Brepols INST ARCH DAA 100 JON Redknap, M. & Lewis, J. M. (eds.) 2007: A Corpus of Early Medieval Inscribed Stones and Stone Sculpture in Wales Volume I, Cardiff: University of Wales Press. INST ARCH DAA 600 COR Redknap, M. 2010: The Vikings in Wales. In: Brink, S. & Price, N. (eds.) The Viking World. London: Routledge INST ARCH DA 181 BRI Redknap, M. 2009: Glitter in the Dragon's Lair: Irish and Anglo-Saxon Metalwork from Pre- Viking Wales. In: Graham-Campbell, J. & Ryan, M. (eds.) Anglo-Saxon/Irish Relations before the Vikings. Proceedings of the British Academy, 157. Oxford: OUP/British Academy HISTORY 27 H GRA Seaman, A. 2012: The Multiple Estate Model Reconsidered: Power and Territory in Early Medieval Wales. The Welsh History Review 26, (UCL Journals online) Silvester, B. & Kissock, J. 2012: Wales: Medieval Settlements, Nucleated and Dispersed, Permanent and Seasonal. In: Christie, N. & Stamper, P. (eds.) Medieval Rural Settlement: 10

11 Britian and Ireland, AD Oxford: Windgather Press INST ARCH DAA 190 CHR Wickham, C. 2010: Medieval Wales and European History. Welsh History Review, 25, (UCL Journals online) Wooding, J. M. 1996: Communication and Commerce along the Western Sealanes AD , Oxford, Archaeopress CELTIC A 48 DAR 6. Anglo-Saxon Currency and Exchange GW The seminar will begin with an overview of the key developments in Anglo-Saxon and Viking coinage, and of some of the main issues in the monetary history of the period, and the relationship between monetary history and broader economic history. The seminar will then focus on the use and interpretation of coins and other 'monetary' objects as sources, using case studies to explore some of the issues concerned. This is a selected bibliography with a focus on different approaches to the use of coins as evidence, and to economic history. More specific guidance can be provided on particular areas of coinage if required. J. Casey and R. Reece (eds), Coins and the Archaeologist, 2 nd edition (London 1988), especially the papers by John Kent (Interpreting coin finds) and Marion Archibald (English medieval coins as dating evidence) [ISSUE DESK IOA CAS 1; INST ARCH KM CAS] B. Cook & G.Williams (eds), Coinage and History in the North Sea World, c (Leiden 2006). Contains papers on a wide variety of Anglo-Saxon and Viking monetary topics. The articles by Richard Abdy and Gareth Williams are particularly important from a methodological perspective, as well as providing a major reinterpretation of coin use in the 5 th -7 th centuries. Alan Vince s paper is a useful integration of archaeological and numismatic evidence [INST ARCH KM COO] J. Graham-Campbell & G. Williams (eds), Silver Economy in the Viking Age (Walnut Creek 2007). The papers in this volume provide a mixture of academic perspectives on coinage, bullion and status economies in the Viking Age, drawing on archaeology, history, numismatics and economic anthropology. The papers by the two editors provide overviews and critique of the subject as a whole [INST ARCH KM GRA] A. Gannon, The Iconography of Early Anglo-Saxon Coinage, Sixth to Eighth Centuries (Oxford 2003). The most significant at historical study of the Anglo-Saxon coinage to date, with detailed comparisons between coins and designs in other media [INST ARCH KM GAN] F. Colman, Money Talks. Reconstructing Old English (Berlin/New York 1992). Still the only major study of coins as a source for the study of the English language D.M. Metcalf, An Atlas of Anglo-Saxon and Norman Coin Finds, (London 1998). Although some of the interpretations and conclusions are contentious (and rather more speculative than the author seems to acknowledge), this shows the sort of questions which can be asked of coinage as evidence [INST ARCH KM MET] M.A.S. Blackburn & D.N. Dumville (eds), Kings, Currency and Alliances: History and Coinage of Southern England in the Ninth Century (London 1998). The papers by Simon Keynes and Mark Blackburn on Alfred provide an excellent case-study on the use of coins together with other forms of historical evidence, but several of the other papers are also of interest [INST ARCH KM BLA] M.A.S. Blackburn (ed) Anglo-Saxon Monetary History (Leicester 1986). Useful papers on a variety of topics [INST ARCH KM BLA] 11

12 J.J. North, English Hammered Coinage, Volume 1, Early Anglo-Saxon to Henry III, c , 3 rd edition (London 1994). Excellent type catalogue of coinage of the period, but with minimal interpretation R. Hodges, Dark Age Economics. The origins of towns and trade, AD (London 1982). Somewhat dated, but not yet superseded as the main economic text book for the early Anglo-Saxon period [INST ARCH DA 180 HOD] R. Samson, Social Approaches to Viking Studies (Glasgow 1991). Contains a number of interesting papers which cross the boundaries between archaeology, anthropology, economics and monetary history [SCANDINAVIAN A 13 SAM] 7. Student presentations AR 8. Anglo-Saxon Towns SB The first part of this session surveys the evidence for a group of exceptional Middle Anglo- Saxon settlements referred to by Bede as emporia, which were heavily involved in foreign trade and exchange. The lecture will look at the archaeological evidence for craft, industry, and trade at these places, discuss their functions and roles, their contacts with similar sites on the Continent, and reasons for their demise during the end of the Middle Saxon period. Reading:- M. Anderton (ed.) Anglo-Saxon Trading Centres: Beyond the Emporia (1999) [INST ARCH DAA 180 AND] G. Astill, Archaeology, economics, and early medieval Europe, Oxford Journal of Archaeology 4.2, 1985, [INST ARCH PERS] M. Biddle, Towns, in D.M. Wilson, The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England (1976), [ISSUE DESK IOA WIL 11] D. Hill & R. Cowie Wics: the early medieval trading centres of northern Europe (2001)[ INST ARCH DA Qto HIL] R. Hodges, Towns and Trade in the Age of Charlemagne (2000)[INST ARCH DA 180 HOD] R. Hodges & B. Hobley, The rebirth of towns in the West (1988), chapters 1, 11, 13, 14, and 17. [DAA QTO SERIES COU 68] P. Ottaway, Archaeology in British Towns from the Emperor Claudius to the Black Death (1992), esp T. Pestell & K. Ulmschnieder Markets in Early Medieval Europe (2003)[IA DA 180 PES] C. Scull, Urban centres in pre-viking England?, in J. Hines, The Anglo- Saxons from the Migration Period to the 8 th century (1997), [DAA 180 HIN] T. Tatton-Brown, The Anglo-Saxon Towns of Kent, in D. Hooke (ed.) Anglo-Saxon Settlements (1988), [ISSUE DESK IOA HOO 1] KEY SITES: Ipswich (Gippeswic), London (Lundenwic), Southampton (Hamwic), York (Eoforwic) The second half of the session consdiders the Burghal Hidage, a list of burhs (or fortifications) established during the reign of King Alfred, which formed part of a defensive network against the Vikings. The lecture discusses the archaeological evidence for these sites 12

13 in southern England, looking at their layout, construction, and the evidence for urban development. A short overview of urban developments in the Danelaw will also be given. Reading:- M. Biddle, Towns, in D.M. Wilson, The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England (1976), [ISSUE DESK IOA WIL 11] M. Biddle, Winchester Studies I: Winchester in the Early Middle Ages (1976), , [DAA 410 H.2 WIN 1] M. Biddle & D. Hill, Late Saxon planned towns, Antiquaries Journal 51, 1971, H. Clarke & B. Ambrosiani, Towns in the Viking Age (1991).[DA 181 CLA] R.A Hall, The Five Boroughs of the Danelaw: a Review of Present Knowledge, Anglo-Saxon England 18, 1989, J. Haslam (ed.) Anglo-Saxon Towns in Southern England (1984) [INST ARCH DAA 180 HAS] D. Hill & The defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo-Saxon A.R. Rumble, Fortifications (1996). [DAA 180 HIL] 9. Art and Society in Anglo-Saxon England, c JK This session considers the contribution of art historical approaches to the study of Anglo- Saxon cultural life. Essential J. Graham-Campbell, 2013 Viking Art. INST ARCH DA 181 GRA L. Webster 2012 Anglo-Saxon Art: A New History. INST ARCH DAA 180 WEB Individual sources and case studies J. Backhouse, The Lindisfarne Gospels (1981) [IA DAA 410 N.7 BAC] R. J. Cramp, British Academy Corpus of Anglo-Saxon Stone Sculpture (general introduction and various county-based volumes) [IA DAA 180 COR] J. Hawkes, The Sandbach Crosses. Sign and significance in Anglo-Saxon sculpture (2002) INST ARCH DAA 180 HAW J. Hawkes & S. Mills, Northumbria's Golden Age (1999) [IA DAA 180 HAW] G. Henderson, From Durrow to Kells, the insular manuscripts from the 6 th to the 9 th century (1987) [IA DAA 180 HEN] C. E. Karkov, The Art of Anglo-Saxon England (2011) [INST ARCH DAA 180 KAR] C. Karkov & R. Farrell, Studies in Insular Art and Archaeology American Medieval Studies 1 (1990) [DA 190 KAR] M. Redknap, N. Edwards et al., Pattern and Purpose in Insular Art (2001) [IA DAA 180 QTO RED] M. Spearman & J. Higgitt, The Age of Migrating Ideas (1993) [IA DAA 190 QTO SPE] G. Thomas, Carolingian Culture in the North SeaWorld: Rethinking the Cultural Dynamics of Personal Adornment in Viking-age England, European Journal of Archaeology 2012, 15 (3), (available online) L. Webster, Style: Influences, Chronology and Meaning, in H. Hamerow, D. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (2011), INST ARCH DAA 180 HAM 13

14 L. Webster & J. Backhouse, The Making of England, Anglo-Saxon Art and Culture AD (1992). [DAA 180 WEB] L. Webster & M. Brown, The Transformation of the Roman World (1997) [ISSUE DESK IOA WEB 2; INST ARCH DA 180 WEB] D. Wilson, Anglo-Saxon Art (1984) [INSTARCH DAA 180 WIL] S. Youngs, The Work of Angels (1990) [ISSUE DESK / IA DAA 180 BRI] 10. Viking settlement JK This session considers the range of evidence for Viking settlement in the Northern Isles and the wider North Atlantic from around AD 800 onwards. Among topics for discussion are the question of dating, what characterises a Viking settlement and settlement patterns. Essential Fitzhugh, W.W. et al. (eds) Vikings. The North Atlantic Saga, esp. Introduction and chapters 8-11 [INST ARCH DA 181 FIT; MAIN SCANDINAVIAN QUARTOS A 13 FIT] Barrett, J.H Culture Contact in Viking Age Scotland. In J.H. Barrett (ed). Contact, Continuity and Collapse: the Norse Colonization of the North Atlantic, [ISSUE DESK IOA 3500; MAIN SCANDINAVIAN A13 BAR]. Myhre, B The Archaeology of the Early Viking Age in Norway. In H.B. Clarke, M.N. Mhaonaigh and R. Ó Floinn (eds) Ireland and Scandinavia in the Early Viking Age, [ISSUE DESK IOA 3501; INST ARCH DAA 700 CLA; CELTIC N 88 CLA]. Recommended reading Ashby, S. P Combs, contact and chronology: Reconsidering hair combs in earlyhistoric and Viking-Age Atlantic Scotland, Medieval Archaeology 53, 1-33 INST ARCH PERS (available online) Arge, S.W. et al Viking and medieval settlement in the Faroes: people, place and environment. Human Ecology 33, [GEOGRAPHY PERS; also available as an electronic journal]. Árný Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al C dating of the settlement of Iceland. Radiocarbon 46 (1): [INST ARCH PERS; also available as an electronic journal]. Barrett, J.H. (ed) Contact, continuity and collapse. [MAIN SCANDINAVIAN A13 BAR]. Dugmore, A.J. et al Tephrochronology, Environmental Change and the Norse Settlement of Iceland. Environmental Archaeology 5, [INST ARCH PERS; also available as an electronic journal]. Dugmore, A.J. et al The Norse landnám on the North Atlantic islands: an environmental impact assessment. Polar Record 41 (216), [GEOSCIENCE PERS; also available as an electronic journal]. Graham-Campbell, J. & C. Batey Vikings in Scotland [INST ARCH DA 500 GRA]. Hadley, D.M The Vikings in England: Settlement, society and culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press HISTORY 27 H HAD Hadley, D.M. & J.D. Richards. (eds.) Cultures in Contact: Scandinavian settlement in England in the ninth and tenth centuries. Turnhout: Brepols INST ARCH DAA 181 HAD Hines, J. et al. (eds) Land, Sea and Home. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series, Vol. 20 [INST ARCH DA 181 FIT]. Myhre, B The beginning of the Viking Age some current archaeological problems. In A. Faulkes and R. Perkins (eds) Viking revaluations: Viking Society Centenary Symposium, May 1992, Birmingham: Viking Society for Northern Research. [INST ARCH DA 181 FAU; MAIN ICELANDIC A 8 VIK]. 14

15 Olsson, I.U Comments on Sveinbjörnsdóttir et al. (2004) and the settlement of Iceland. Radiocarbon 48 (2): [INST ARCH PERS; also available as an electronic journal]. Roesdahl, E Revised Penguin paperback The Vikings. [SCANDINAVIAN A13 ROE; INST ARCH DA 181 ROE]. Vésteinsson, O Patterns of settlement in Iceland: a study in pre-history. Saga-book Vol. XXV, part 1, 1-29 [MAIN SCANDINAVIAN PERS]. 11. Cremation in the Early Anglo-Saxon Period SH Cremation of the dead was a major funerary rite in areas of Early Anglo-Saxon England. This session explores the range of materials found with cremation burials, the containers in which such remains were often placed and the nature of the cremation process. How might we interpret the underlying meanings attached to this burial rite? It is essential that you read BOTH of the following general surveys: C. Wells 1960 A study of cremation, Antiquity, 34, [INST ARCH PERS] H. Williams A well-urned rest: cremation and inhumation in Early Anglo-Saxon England, in Kuijt, Quinn and Cooney (eds) Transformations by fire, University of Arizona Press. [INST ARCH AH KUI] And select from the following more detailed studies: J. M. Bond 1996 Burnt offerings: animal bone in Anglo-Saxon cremations, World Archaeology, 28 (1), [INST ARCH PERS] S. Carnegie & W. Filmer-Sankey 1993 A Saxon 'Cremation Pyre' from the Snape Anglo- Saxon Cemetery, Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 6, [INST ARCH DAA 180 ANG] T. Oestigaard 1999 Cremations as transformations, European Journal of Archaeology, 2 (3), [INST ARCH PERS] H. Williams 2002 Remains of Pagan Saxondom? the study of Anglo-Saxon cremation rites, in Burial in early medieval England and Wales, eds. S. Lucy & A. Reynolds, [INST ARCH DAA 180 LUC] 12. Inhumation in the Early Anglo-Saxon Period SH This session explores the rite of inhumation burial in Early Anglo-Saxon society and examines the variety of materials found with such burials and the nature of the cemeteries within which they occur. Further topics to be considered include grave elaboration and the means by which cemetery data can be analysed. It is essential that you read TWO of the following general surveys: S. C. Hawkes Anglo-Saxon Kent c In Leach, P. (ed), Archaeology in Kent to 1500: London: Council for British Archaeology Res. Rep.48. [INST ARCH DAA Qto Series COU 48] J. Huggett 1996 Social analysis of Early Anglo-Saxon inhumation burials: archaeological methodologies, Journal of European Archaeology, 4, [INST ARCH PERS] F. Theuws, F Do all the burials we excavate allow an archaeology of individuality and individualism? Neue Studien zur Sachsenforschung 4, 9-15 And select from the following more detailed studies: 15

16 S. Crawford 1997 Britons, Anglo-Saxons and the Germanic Burial Ritual, in Migrations and Invasions in Archaeological Explanation, eds. J. Chapman and H. Hamerow, BAR International series, 664, [INST ARCH BD Qto CHA] H. Härke 1997 Early Anglo-Saxon Social Structure, in The Anglo-Saxons from the migration period to the eighth century: an ethnographic perspective, ed. J. Hines, [INST ARCH DAA 180 HIN] C. Hills Anglo-Saxon DNA? In Sayer and Williams, Mortuary Practices and social identities in the Middle Ages, [INST ARCH DA 180 SAY] S. Lucy 1998 The Early Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries of East Yorkshire, BAR British Series, 272 [INST ARCH DAA Qto Series BRI 272] N. Stoodley 1999 The Spindle and the Spear. A critical enquiry into the construction and meaning of gender in the Early Anglo-Saxon burial rite, BAR British Series, 288 [INST ARCH DAA Qto Series BRI 288] 13. The Geography of Anglo-Saxon Burial AR This session considers how a landscape approach can facilitate a much deeper understanding of Anglo-Saxon society and landscape. Moving away from traditional approaches focussing on material culture we will consider in depth methodological approaches. Essential A. Reynolds 2009 Anglo-Saxon Deviant Burial Customs (chapter 5)(available online). INST ARCH DAA 180 REY H. Williams 2006 Death and Memory in Early Medieval Britain (chapter 6). INST ARCH DAA 180 WIL 14. Political and Administrative Landscapes AR This session considers how an interdisciplinary approach can be taken to reconstructing governance and authority in the Anglo-Saxon Landscape. Themes covered include law, justice and civil defence. Essential A. Reynolds 1999 Later Anglo-Saxon England: Life & Landscape (chapter 3, ) [ISSUE DESK IOA DAA 180 REY; INST ARCH DAA 180 REY] Case studies J. Baker and S. Brookes 2013 Beyond the Burghal Hidage: Anglo-Saxon Civil Defence in the Viking Age. INST ARCH DAA 180 BAK S. Driscoll and M. Nieke (eds) 1988 Power and Politics in Early Medieval Britain and Ireland (good topical case studies). INST ARCH DAA 180 DRI; CELTIC A 45 DRI D. Hill and A. Rumble (eds) 1996 The Defence of Wessex: The Burghal Hidage and Anglo- Saxon Fortifications. INST ARCH DAA 180 HIL A. Reynolds 2009 Anglo-Saxon Deviant Burial Customs (esp. chapters 4, 5 and 6)(available online). INST ARCH DAA 180 REY A. Reynolds and S. Brookes 2013 Anglo-Saxon Civil Defence in the Localities: A Case- Study of the Avebury Region, in A. Reynolds and L. Webster (eds), Early Medieval Art and Archaeology in the Northern World: Studies in Honour of James Graham-Campbell, INST ARCH DA 180 REY S. Semple and A. Pantos (eds) 2004 Assembly Places and Practices in Early Medieval Europe (good comparative case-studies). INST ARCH DA 180 PAN 16

17 15. Burial Practice: the Final Phase and Conversion Period CS Changes in burial practice during the later 6th and 7th centuries culminated in the abandonment of formal furnished inhumation. Graves of this period have been characterized as representing a Final Phase (of Furnished Burial), and the changes attributed to a range of causes including conversion to Christianity and cultural alignment with the Merovingian continent. In this session we consider the evidence in the light of recent research and against the longer-term perspective of Anglo-Saxon mortuary practice from the 6 th to the 9 th centuries. How useful are the terms used to describe 7th-century burial practices? Essential J. Hines and A. Bayliss (eds) 2013 Anglo-Saxon Graves and Grave Goods of the 6th and 7th centuries AD: a Chronological Framework. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 33. Chapters 1, 8 and 10. INST ARCH DAA 180 Qto BAY Some Key Studies and Sites A. Boddington 1990 Models of burial, settlement and worship: the Final Phase reviewed, in E. Southworth (ed), Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries: A Reappraisal, [DAA 180 SOU] J. Blair 2005 The Church in Anglo-Saxon society. Oxford: OUP. esp pp ) INST ARCH DAA 180 BLA; HISTORY 27 E BLA D. Hadley 2011 Late Saxon burial practice, in H. Hamerow, D. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, Oxford: OUP. INST ARCH DAA 180 HAM H. Geake 1997 The use of grave-goods in Conversion-period England, c.600-c.850. Oxford: BAR Brit. Ser. 261 [DAA Quarto Series BRI 261] M. Hyslop 1963 Two Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries at Chamberlains Barn, Leighton Buzzard, Bedfordshire, Archaeological Journal 120, (available online) IOA PERS E. T. Leeds 1936 The Final Phase, in E. T. Leeds, Anglo-Saxon Art and Archaeology, Oxford: OUP. [DAA 180 LEE] A. Meaney and S. Hawkes 1970 Two Anglo-Saxon Cemeteries at Winnall, Winchester, Hampshire. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 4 [DAA 410 H2 MEA] C. Scull 2009, Early Medieval (late 5 th -early 8 th centuries) Cemeteries at Boss Hall and Buttermarket, Ipswich, Suffolk. Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph 27. INST ARCH DAA 410 Qto SCU C. Scull and A. Bayliss 1999 Dating burials of the seventh and eighth centuries: a case-study from Ipswich, Suffolk, in J. Hines, K. Hølund Nielsen and F. Siegmund (eds) The pace of change: studies in early medieval chronology, Oxford: Oxbow. INST ARCH DA Qto HIN M. Welch 2011 The Mid Saxon Final Phase, in H. Hamerow, D. Hinton and S. Crawford (eds) The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology, Oxford: OUP. INST ARCH DAA 180 HAM B. Yorke 2006 The conversion of Britain: religion, politics and society in Britain c London: Longman. INST ARCH DAA 180 YOR; HISTORY 27 E YOR 16. The Conversion to Christianity in Britain BY This session will consider issues involved in studying the conversion to Christianity in different areas of Britain in the period c In particular it will provide an opportunity to explore the problems in bringing written and archaeological sources together, and the question of whether their different approaches can be reconciled. Whether burial practices are indicative of religious belief is a key issue, and one where comparison between different areas of Britain may be particularly valuable. 17