VOLUME 22: NUMBER 1 OCTOBER 2012

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1 VOLUME 22: NUMBER 1 OCTOBER 2012 CONTENTS Editorial Nicky Milner The Tie That Binds? An incised Mesolithic bevelled pebble from Camas Daraich, Skye Ann Clarke, Assumpcio Vila, Jordi Estevez Karen Hardy A possible Brommian shaft-smoother from the site of Møllehøje, north-western Denmark Felix Riede An early Mesolithic cemetery at Greylake, Somerset, UK Richard Brunning, Hannah Firth Radiocarbon dating of Mesolithic human remains in Ireland Christopher Meiklejohn, Peter C. Woodman The Date of the Combe Capelle burial Christopher Meiklejohn, Almut Hoffmann, Matthias Hüls, Thomas Terberger Developing a Strategy for Star Carr Jonathan Last Developing a Mesolithic Research and Conservation Framework for England Ed Blinkhorn Postgraduate research projects Small vertebrates from the Muge Mesolithic: a socio-economic perspective Rita Dias The Meso-what? project: Public understanding of the Mesolithic in the UK Patrick Hadley Obituaries Professor Marek Zvelebil ( ) Malcolm Lillie, Peter Jordan, Jenny Moore, Paul Pettitt, John Moreland Conferences and workshops 58 Book news and reviews 60 Miscellany 62

2 The Tie That Binds? An incised Mesolithic bevelled pebble from Camas Daraich, Skye Ann Clarke¹, Assumpcio Vila², Jordi Estevez³, Karen Hardy 4 ¹Freelance lithic specialist annclarke@btclick.com ² Institut Mila i Fontanels- CSIC, Barcelona, Spain. avila@imf.csic.es ³ Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. jordi.estevez@uab.cat 4 ICREA (Catalan Institute of Research and Advanced Studies) and Departament de Prehistòria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain. khardy@icrea.cat INTRODUCTION During recent excavations at Camas Daraich, Skye an incised bevelled pebble was discovered at the base of a midden layer dating to the Mesolithic (Hardy and Estevez 2011). Finds of incised or decorated stone and bone from this period are rare in Britain as a whole and this is the first of its kind from Scotland. For this reason the object is being published ahead of the completion of excavation and post excavation work on the site in order to invite comment from the wider community of European archaeologists. The bevelled pebble is a classic Mesolithic tool form which is much discussed in the literature (Clarke 2009; Saville 2004) but the presence of incised lines on this or indeed any other tool is highly unusual in Britain at this time. The discussion below will explore the potential significance of the markings and just what they may imply for the use of these tools. CONTEXT The bevelled pebble was securely stratified within a dark greasy layer (bm) which contained abundant angular and rounded stones at its base (Hardy and Estevez 2011). This layer is the same as context 10, interpreted as a non-organic midden, excavated in 2000 with dates of 7545+/- 55BP and 7574+/-75BP indicating activity on the site in the mid 7 th millennium BC (Wickham-Jones and Hardy 2004). The flaked lithic assemblage from this site is characterised by the manufacture and use of narrow blade microliths. A few other coarse stone artefacts came from the site including one lightly worn bevelled pebble from the excavations of 2000 whilst the rest were simple plain hammerstones (Clarke 2004, 2011). One of the hammerstones found during the 2010 excavations bears a small grouping of incisions in the centre of one side of the tool (Clarke 2011) but these appear to be less deliberate in action and more randomly placed than the incisions on the bevelled pebble under discussion here; they may have formed incidentally during use as a knapping hammerstone, perhaps in platform edge preparation. THE BEVELLED PEBBLE (see figure 1, and for a 3D animation go to: The tool is made from a beach pebble of fine-grained micaceous schist local to the area s geology; its condition is poor with some fine cracking which could be a product of heat damage or acid soils. The narrow end may originally have born some light bevelling use wear but it has been subject to some post-depositional damage because of the friable nature of the stone and this has obscured the detail. In dimension it measures 120mm long; 37mm wide and 18mm thick. This is a classic elongated pebble form with a double bevel worn on the broader end and with some flaking from this end too. The bevels abut to form a ridge which runs at an angle to the faces. The pebble has a naturally shaped handle which is a third of the total length of the tool. Three groups of paired parallel incisions have been worked on the pebble surface: two of these groups are made on the upper rounder face and they divide the tool into three sections that are almost equal in length and which measure respectively from the broad end 37mm; 39mm; and 32mm. The third pair of incisions is placed on the opposite face at 31mm from the narrow end. Each pair of incisions forms a narrow band and these vary only slightly in width (3.5mm to 4.3mm) and all of the bands have been placed to run obliquely across the width of the tool face. ISSN

3 Figure 1: The incised bevelled pebble from Camas Daraich: top left - upper face; top right lower face; bottom left right side; bottom right - left side. The incised pattern is thus formed of pairs of narrow, parallel bands which divide the tool obliquely into thirds. These incisions appear to have been made with several strokes in the same direction and there are fine linear striations along the sides and ends of each main band possibly indicating where the manufacturing tool has missed the groove. A group of short parallel incisions occurs on the inside edge of the handle ; they total 12 in number including one slightly deeper pair of parallel grooves. A lighter group of short parallel incisions occur on the right side of the groove set at the broader end of the tool. It is likely that a sharp flake of siliceous material such as flint or quartz was used to make the marks and that this was drawn across the face of the tool several times in order to make the pairs of parallel grooves. The shorter grooves have also been made with a sharp-edged flake. DELIBERATE OR PASSIVE MARKING? The big question has to be how was the pattern of incisions on the bevelled pebble formed - was it produced passively through the use of the tool for example to retouch a flake edge or was the marking intentional: to provide purchase for hafting; to decorate the surface; or perhaps to represent something that was usually there in a different medium? These options are discussed below with reference to excavated finds from other sites. Marks from retouching lithics As a purely functional product it could be argued that the incisions on the bevelled pebble were produced passively through altering the edge of a blade or flake by pressing and dragging it down the surface of a stone. Examples for the deliberate use of stone to retouch a blade edge come from Mesolithic sites in southern Sweden where the grooved polishing stones are thought to have been used specifically to straighten and then polish the edge of blades prior to their role in the manufacturing of slotted bone points (Sjöström and Nilsson 2009, 791). These stones have a flat ground face which is important for producing a straight blade edge (ibid.) as well as groups of striations the most developed of which have a leaning V-shaped profile. The two illustrated examples reproduced here show typical patterning of striations: either regularly- ISSN

4 spaced, parallel grooves running obliquely across the flat polished face of the stone or else multi-directional grooves of varying depths made towards the edge of a larger stone (figure 2). This latter stone is from Agerod I: D with dates of BP (Mithen 1990, 157). The incisions on the bevelled pebble from Camas Daraich do not conform to the above criteria: they are not made on a flat ground face, instead they are worked over a natural curved pebble surface; and, being made across the width of a narrow pebble they are much shorter than the working grooves on the Swedish examples. The paired groupings of the incisions on the bevelled pebble are also placed quite differently to the spaced out or diagonal pattern of the grooves on the Swedish stones. It is unlikely then that the incisions on the bevelled pebble were the result of tool production or maintenance. Decoration Decoration on Mesolithic stone tools is extremely rare in Britain: the only published examples are a group of decorated pebbles from Rhuddlan, Wales. Just one of these pebbles was found in a Mesolithic context; the other five decorated pebbles were found in later contexts at the site but the similarities in the execution of the patterns on all the pieces would suggest that the latter were redeposited Mesolithic types (Berridge et al. 1994). The incisions were made from single strokes of a flint or chert bladelet (Roberts in Berridge and Roberts 1994) some of which formed branching lines or net-like patterns (Figure 3). A decorated rib bone from Gough s Cave, Somerset dating to the Upper Palaeolithic bears an incised lattice pattern on one face (Hawkes et al. 1970) as well as a series of groups of short incisions down both sides of the opposite face not dissimilar to those made on the edge of the incised bevelled pebble from Camas Daraich though those made on the bone form discrete groups. The use of decoration or pictorial imagery during the Mesolithic is more commonly found on objects found at Continental sites most probably because there are more sites at which bone and antler, which are common hosts of decoration, survive. The various images include representations of human and animal figures and geometric or lattice-type patterns (see Clark 1975; Bailey and Spikins 2008; Kozlowski 2009). To our 21 st century viewpoint the incisions on the bevelled pebble from Camas Daraich do not immediately appear to be decorative in the sense that they convey an image of a worldly object: in contrast to our interpretations of other decorated pieces the incisions seem neither anthropomorphic nor zoomorphic and nor do they form a net-like coverage on the surface or be interpretable as images from the natural world e.g. rivers or trees. Figure 2: Grooved polishing stones from southern Sweden. Reproduced from Sjöström and Nilsson 2009, Figures and ISSN

5 Figure 3 (left): Incised decorated pebbles from Rhuddlan, Wales (reproduced from David and Walker 2004, Figure 17.10). Figure 4 (right): Examples of incised markings on barbed points from Star Carr, England. The point on the left has grouped oblique markings (reproduced from Clark 1954, Figure 56). Hafting Marks can appear on the surface of a tool if it has been hafted and these include both natural rubbing wear marks on the tool as it moves within the haft as well as the deliberate roughening or notching of a tool s surface in order to provide more security for the tool within the haft (see Clarke 2006, for examples of later prehistoric hafted tools). The incised marks on the bevelled pebble were clearly not made incidentally by friction in a haft even the short incisions down the side were produced by a sequence of individual actions. Perhaps the short incisions could be interpreted as surface roughage but they do not appear to be extensive enough to create purchase within a haft. Ben Elliot has kindly drawn our attention to the scoring on the tangs of barbed points from Star Carr pointing out that the markings on the tangs of these points has always been interpreted as giving roughage for hafting but that many of them have quite a striking geometrical form to them. About one fifth of the surviving tangs on the barbed points from Star Carr had incised scoring frequently as oblique markings either unilinear, criss-cross or chevrons (Clark 1954, 124) but on only three tangs were the lines grouped leaving gaps between these groups (ibid.) (figure 4). Scored tangs most commonly occurred on the more finely-shaped barbed points from the site (Clark 1954, 126) and as these were found in the lower stratigraphic levels there appears to be some relationship between tool form, the presence of scoring and the phase of use or deposition. Just precisely why these marks were made on the tangs is not fully understood: the majority of the tangs did not actually have score marks so this implies that roughening the surface of the tang for hafting was not strictly necessary to the efficiency of the point. The range of scoring patterns some of which appear more organised or decorative than others makes it tempting to interpret them as some form of personal mark or identification. However, these marks would have been covered up in the process of hafting the barbed point so ownership (or at least individual identification) of the point on retrieval would not be immediately apparent if they were just to rely on the scoring of the tangs. Perhaps the patterns of scoring actually represent the pattern of binding that were used to wrap the barbed point to the haft: the different wrapping patterns making a personal or individual visible mark on the exterior of the point. ISSN

6 A representation of binding? If the score marks on the Star Carr barbed points could be interpreted as representations of actual and visible patterns of binding once the tool was hafted then is it possible to carry this analogy to the markings on the incised bevelled pebble? Given the regularity of widths of the pairs of grooves on the bevelled pebble and the organised placing of the bands which divide the pebble into three almost equal lengths it is likely that the pattern did indeed have some form of meaning, whether decorative or coded rather than having a strictly functional explanation. The incised bands could be representative of a type of binding which was wrapped around the tool. Taking this thought one step further would immediately suggest that some bevelled pebbles were originally bound to a haft or at least wrapped in some form of binding for use. There are examples from the German site at Friesack for bone points that were hafted onto wood using narrow strips of bast, a type of plant fibre, but without pitch (Gramsch and Kloss 1990) (figure 5). At the Russian site of Nizhneye Veretye large flint blades were found with a protective covering of birch bark still wrapped around the handles (Oshibkina 1990) (figure 6). If some soft material was indeed used to wrap around bevelled pebbles this would suggest that the surface of the tool and/or the hand was being protected from the material being processed perhaps it was greasy or sticky and the wrapping of plant fibre or leather could help stop slippage and be easily swapped for fresh material when necessary. As well as being bound, there is also the possibility that bevelled pebbles were actually hafted in some form of shaft for use: some bevelled pebbles do appear to be rather short to hold comfortably in the hand and hafting may have provided extra length, extra traction or even extra distance from the job. At Howick, Northumberland a specialised stone tool assemblage comprising 19 bevelled pebbles and 15 pebble blanks was found on the floor of a circular structure (Clarke 2009; Waddington 2007). Though the tools and tool blanks ranged from 60mm to 150mm in length there was a distinct cluster between 95mm and 122mm and despite the variation in lengths the proportion of width to length was almost constant with length being roughly three times the width of the pebble (figure 7). Interestingly, at 120mm long and 37mm wide the incised bevelled pebble falls comfortably within the shape and size range of the Howick tools. The used bevelled pebbles also shared similar types of wear pattern: all had been used on the broader end of the pebble and had a larger bevel on one face just four pebbles had been turned and re-used on the opposite face (Clarke 2007). The uniformity of size, shape and wear pattern inherent in this group of bevelled pebbles and the preferred use of just one face are strong indications that these tools had indeed been hafted for use; perhaps just two or three wooden or bone hafts were in use at any one time with new pebbles slotted in upon breakage of the old stone tool. A review of the shape, size and wear patterns on the bevelled pebbles found across Britain and with reference to their context would confirm whether all bevelled pebbles were used in a similar way. Figure 5: Bone points from Friesack, Germany. The upper point is hafted on a wooden shaft with pitch. The lower point is bound with strips of bast. Reproduced from Gramsch and Kloss 1990, Figure 6. ISSN

7 Width mm MM 22:1 (October 2012) Figure 6: Stone tools wrapped with strips of birch bark from Nizhneye Veretye, Russia. Reproduced from Oshibkina 1990, Figure 2. CONCLUSIONS There are without doubt many possible interpretations for the presence of the incised lines on this stone tool. It is clear that the incisions are deliberate and composed but it cannot be determined yet whether they are, for example, purely functional; a deliberate abstract representation; a record or message. However, whilst attempting to interpret the pattern we have touched on issues of individuality and ownership, design and representation, and had cause to re-evaluate how bevelled pebbles may have been used; it is not often in the Mesolithic of Britain that one artefact can open up so many fields of enquiry. Our aim in publishing this short piece was to draw attention to the artefact and we invite comments. The 2010 excavations at Camas Daraich form part of a project based in the Departament de Prehistòria, Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain and led by Karen Hardy. This project was conceived as means to apply some of the constructs resulting from a long lasting series of Ethnoarchaeological projects led by Assumpcio Vila and Jordi Estevez. For the last 20 years, the Catalan team (AGREST) has been conducting ethnoarchaeological research into coastal hunter-gatherers in Tierra del Fuego, most notably studying the archaeology and ethnography of the Yamana and the Selknam to develop new conceptual methods and a theoretical and methodological basis to explore social organisation of prehistoric hunter gatherer groups. Their work has comprised experimental ethnoarchaeology and excavation methods conducted on the ethnoarchaeological shell middens of Tierra del Fuego (Estévez, 2009; Estévez, Vila, et al. 2007). The west coast of Scotland has many geographical and archaeological parallels with Tierra del Fuego and a history of Mesolithic work to build on Length mm Figure 7: Dimensions of bevelled pebbles and tool blanks from Howick, Northumberland ISSN

8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We are grateful to Ben Elliot for sharing his thoughts and references to the antler and bone working. Original photographs of the bevelled pebble are by Woody Musgrove. Thank you to Paul Musgrove for scanning the reproduced illustrations and thank you to Paul and Woody Musgrove for the 3D animation of the bevelled pebble on Youtube. Thanks also to Caroline Wickham-Jones for commenting on an earlier draft of this article. Fieldwork was funded by the Miniserio de Economía y Competetividad, Madrid (grant number HAR ). References Bailey, G. and Spikins, P. (eds.) (2008) Mesolithic Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Berridge, P., Blockley, M. R., Quinnell, H. (1994) Excavations at Rhuddlan, Clwyd: Mesolithic to Medieval CBA Research Report No. 95. Berridge, P. and Roberts, A. (1994) The Mesolithic decorated and other pebble artefacts: synthesis. In Berridge, P., Blockley, M. R. and Quinnell, H. (eds.) Excavations at Rhuddlan, Clwyd: Mesolithic to Medieval CBA Research Report No. 95, Bonsall, C. (ed.) (1990) The Mesolithic in Europe. Edinburgh: John Donald. Clark, J. G.D. (1954) Excavations at Star Carr: an Early Mesolithic site at Seamer, near Scarborough, Yorkshire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clark, G. (1975) The Earlier Stone Age Settlement of Scandinavia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Clarke, A. (2004) The Coarse Stone Tools. In C. R. Wickham-Jones and K. Hardy (eds.) Camas Daraich: A Mesolithic site at the Point of Sleat, Skye Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 12 ( 46. Clarke, A. (2006) Stone Tools and the Prehistory of the Northern Isles, British Archaeological Reports 406, Oxford: Archaeopress. Clarke, A. (2007) Bevelled pebbles and other coarse stone tools. In C. Waddington (ed.) Mesolithic Settlement in the North Sea Basin: a case study from Howick, North-East England. Oxford: Oxbow books, Clarke, A. (2009) Craft specialisation in the Mesolithic of Northern Britain: the evidence from the coarse stone tools. In N. Finlay, S. McCartan, N. Milner and C. R. Wickham-Jones (eds.) From Bann Flakes to Bushmills Oxford: Oxbow Books, Clarke, A. (2011) An incised Mesolithic bevelled pebble and other stone tools from Camas Daraich excavations Unpublished report. David, A. and Walker, E. A. (2004) Wales During the Mesolithic Period. In A. Saville (ed.) Mesolithic Scotland and its Neighbours, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Gramsch, B. and Kloss, K. (1990) Excavations near Friesack: an Early Mesolithic Marshland Site in the Northern Plain of Central Europe. In C. Bonsall (ed.) The Mesolithic in Europe, Edinburgh: John Donald, Hardy, K. and Estevez, J. (eds.) (2011) Early prehistory of Isle of Skye and adjacent areas, : Data Structures Report, University of Barcelona. Hawkes, C. J., Tratman, E. K. and Powers, R. (1970) Decorated piece of Rib Bone from the Palaeolithic levels at Gough s Cave, Cheddar, Somerset. Proceedings of the University of Bristol Spelaeological Society 1970, 12 (2), Kozlowski, S. K. (2009) Thinking Mesolithic, Oxford: Oxbow Books. Mithen, S. J. (1990) Thoughtful Foragers. A study of prehistoric decision making. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oshibkina, S. V. (1990) The Material Culture of the Veretye-type Sites in the region to the East of Lake Onega. In C. Bonsall (ed.) The Mesolithic in Europe, Edinburgh: John Donald, Saville, A. (2004) The Material Culture of Mesolithic Scotland. In A. Saville (ed.) Mesolithic Scotland and its Neighbours, Edinburgh: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Sjöström, A. and Nilsson, B. (2009) Rulers of southern Sweden: technological aspects of a rediscovered tool. In S. B. McCartan, R. Schulting, G. Warren and P. Woodman (eds.) Mesolithic Horizons, Oxford: Oxbow Books, Waddington C. (ed.) (2007) Mesolithic settlement in the North Sea Basin. A case study from Howick, North-East England. Oxford. Wickham-Jones, C. R. and Hardy, K. (2004) Camas Daraich: A Mesolithic site at the Point of Sleat, Skye Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 12 ( ISSN