JAARBERICHT EX ORIENTE LUX '/-) ^ ),- VAN HET VOORAZIATISCH.EGYPTISCH GENOOTSCHAP

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1 N JAARBERCHT VAN HET VOORAZATSCH.EGYPTSCH GENOOTSCHAP EX ORENTE LUX GEVESTGD TE LEDEN OPGERCHT 22 }i4.et 1933 ANNUARE DE LA SOCETE ORENTE "EX ORENTE LUX" Editrial Cmmittee: G. vax Dnnl (Near Eastern Archaelgy); M.S.H.G. Hrenlr.c. vex Vss (Egyptlgy); K.R. Vrruun (Near Eastern Phillgy and Histry), Editr, addres: Assyrilgisch nstituut, Rijksuniversiteit Leiden, POB 9515, 2300 RA Leiden, Nederland. :/ \j.:,, ii /. '/) ^ ), h r'.. '(, TABLE OF CONTENTS Sme f the ldest cult symbls in archaic Uruk (tables 18) Knysryxe Szenzyftsra J Leprsy. New light frm Greek and Babylnian surces M. Srr The sequence f the "Overseers f the merchants" at Sippar and the date f the yearepnymy f Habilkenum Kraes R. VpsNur 32 The case system f WestSemitized Amarna Akkadian MeanrpN KssuaxN 38 The Edict f Bel5azzat. An alternative interpretatin G. vex Dnmr 6l Redating an early slar eclipse reccrd (KTU 1.78). mplicatins fr the Ugaritic calendar and fr the secular acceleratins f the earth and mn T. e JNc W.H. va.x Srr 65 A nte n the scalled "spinning bwls" (Figs. 17) Gnurx M. VcprsexcEesrwD 78 The SlarOsirian unity as principle f the thelgy f the "State f Amun" in Thebes in the 21st Dynasty (figs. 120) AxRzs NrwrNsru The cntributin f Semitic languages t linguistic thinking GrpN GrsNsnnc Jab and the Tekite wman K. JxcsrNc Structural reading n the fracture befween synchrny and diachrny J.P. FTTELMAN 123

2 SOME OF THE OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N ARCHAC URUK KnvsrvNe Sz.q.RzvNSKA (Wensew) Amng the archaic pictgraphs we can distinguish the grup f seven signs representing high ples tpped with varius elements in the shape f a ring, vlute, triangle r hrizntal dashes. These pictgraphs are presented in the table 1 under ns. t V. All the pictgraphs, n. V excluded, appear als in the archaic glyptic and plastic arts. Table 2 shws the mst imprtant graphical variants f the related pictgraphs appearing in varius kinds f dcuments. All the pictgraphs have the same basic shape f a high ple slendering upwarts. Several mnuments shw that ples in reality were made f high reed stalks bund tgether. We can see the bundles and the bnds marked n the ples represented in a wall fneze reiief, n stne vessels, and n sme cylinder seals (table 2, figs. 6, ll, 20 and 21). A gplain reed ple (withut additinal elements) is presented n a cylinder seal (table 2, fig. 34), and at present similar ples are srill cnstructed in suthern raq as vault supprts r decrative drpsts f the reed huts. Sme f the mst archaic pictgraphs have preserved als several details f the ple cnstructin (table 2, figs. 1,7,12, 13, 17, 18 and 3l). n the curse f time the ples began t be made f wd cvered with cpper platesas indicated by the gate clumn f,und in Tell (ancient Girsu) near the Urnan5e temple f the gd Ningirsu; this clumn seems t be clsely adequate t pictgraph (table 3). Similar clumns represented n the cylinder seals f the Farly Dynastic and Akkadian perids als seems t be made f wd rather than f reed. The clumn frm Tell and the stne mdel f the archaic Uruk tempie with traces f the similar clumns (table 5, fig. 5) prve that the ples tpped with varius elements and presented beside varius buildings and in cult scenes n the seal designs, reflect reality. Artists did nt create any abstractive signs but represented real bjects. These bjects belng t a specific grup f the archaic cult symbls made f reed. The relative pictgraphs als pictured the reality. The questin hw t distinguish between particular reed symbls must be settled because varius suggestins have appeared in mdern publicatins: l. The pictgraph mus, has always been recgnized as a symbl f the gddess nana. A Falkenstein and E. Heinrich suggested that the sign ATU n.2l0l2ll (symbl ) is the graphical variant f the sign MUS., but this identificatin seems t be wrng. Apart frm an imprtant difference between the shape f the bth signs, they appear simultaneusly in the same text in separate entries as independent

3 i JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX syrab. n typlcal signfrn n ia ATU ideat iflcat in r {{ 28/9 wsl i (x) f + rrr V rt+i 6 LJ rxri i ir lzasl unr, i i in uruk rv ' +i : cbdi cil t 249l ^ t f f 'trye trlt able 1. Signs f cults symbls in the archaic Uruk script (+ : signs attested nly in the archaic Uruk script). 2. designatins. Such texts, ATU n.324 and W 20676,7 frm the Uruk V stage f writing, are well preseryed and carefully inscribed. A scribe wuld nt use in the same text s different frms f ne and the same sign. especially nt t refer t the name f the gddess. Mrever, he culd nt repeat the same persn in tw different entries f the same cmmdity recrd. The sign ATA n. 2l0l2ll (symbl ), despite apparent similarity cannt be identified with the sign ATU n.248 (symbl f. The analysis f all related dcuments prves that there is a significant difference between the bth signs:

4 + g n{ tr (, r0 ul {J h6.j +) Pr h rl h0 q, E q + K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URLTK r tr. ]tr M Y g vt 1 3 E Lr f, n4 rp &7 r8 r t{ f t 1) s bts17 db qp E18 bj 22 k2) P2' Pzc tr1 r\ zj taa J T A!{ {v vv u11 r g llz, A ) d u 1!t 9P (99 db A /\ /^ / u & zl 10 1s LO 12. a +) l{ rd 'd d rl E 1l r,\ i[],g \tl1\l E \ 6 1t 14 t Qs) aa 3+ Table 2. Frms f the clumn symbis (examples. utline cpies). symbl represents ne reed bundle rlled int a vlute in the upper part, and the vlute hence was cnstructed f the same reed bundie as the shaft. Even in the script the vlute is engraved by the same cntinuus iine as the ple, r it is impressed by the rund end f the stylus always lrming the end l the ple (its tp never stands ut abve the vlute). Symbl represents a shaft always standing ut frm the ring (semiring), fastened t ne side f the shaft. Since the ED perid the shafts even had varius additinal decrative ends (see table 2, fig. 16, and table 5, figs. 4 and 6).

5 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX The sign,4tu n.244 (symbl V) accrding t sme authrs represents an archaic frm f the lggram ur3, and the sign,4 TU n. 246 (symbl V) similarly ne f the lggram 5p5. ndeed, all dcuments indicate that the sign n. 246 (with the "duble" triangle) represents the prttype f the lggram SES. Taking the sign n. 244 as the lggram LR3, hwever prbable since the Uruk stage, t me is dubtful fr the Uruk V stage f writing. The sign ATU n. 248 (symbl ), nt yet identified, must be als cnsidered in this cnnectin, because suppse that it represents the ldest frm f the lggram ur3. The three abve mentined signs already appear during the Uruk V stage; the sign n. 244 has a single triangle, the sign n. 246 a "duble" ne, and the sign n. 248 a ring r semiring fastened t the shaft. The change f the ring in t a triangle culd nt take place during the Uruk V stage; varius frms f the sign vrus, are attested during this perid (ring, semiring, square), but the triangle nly since the Uruk stage. Since the Uruk stage, accrding t the typical evlutin f the sign frms, the sign TU n.248 with the ring had t be transfrmed int the sign with the triangle (as if by the sign vrus.), s that since that mment niy ne sign with the single triangle appeared instead the tw primal signs ns 244 and 248. But nly ne meaning remained fr the new sign r. 244, namely R3. The questin remains hw t understand the signs ns 244 and 248 during the Uruk V stage, and which f them had the meaning ur3. The sign n. 248 is rather prly dcumented in the archaic texts, but it is frequent in the glyptic and plastic arts, where its functin f an apthrpaic symbl seems beynd dubt. This functin wuld be in agreement with the meaning f the lggram ur3, "care, prtectin", etc. if sign n. 248 during the Uruk V stage indeed rendered the lggram LR3, the simultaneus sign n. 244 cannt have had an identical meaning and must represent anther lggram. believe that the sign n. 244 dunng the Uruk V stage was ne f the graphical variants f the lggram 5rS. Since the ldest times the sign 5rS always cmprised varius lrms f the triangle, but it is knwn that the number and arrangement f the innerlines in archaic signs having the same basic shape, can vary (they may represent secndary graphic elements, see i.a. the different mdes f lining the reed symbls analysed in this article, the sign lrmjg, etc.). This fact permits us t assume that in the archaic perid there were many individual mdes f writing, and that the variety in frms f the triangie in the sign SpS was nt significant (table 3, figs. 25 t27). As already during Uruk stage the sign n. 248 (with.irg) changed int the sign with the single triangle and therefre the variant f the sign 5rS with the same frm (with a single triangle) had t be mitted. Eventualiy nly frms with the "duble" triangle were admitted fr the lggram 5rS, and in this way the bth signs ur3 and 5rS culd be distinguished and read withut hesitatin. Several hyptheses abut the frms and

6 UR, K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URUK meanings f symbls, V and V culd be put frward but, fr me the mst likely ne is the fllwing ne (see table 4): symbl during the Uruk V stage represented the lggram LRr3; since the Uruk stage the sign has taken the frm with a single triangle, becming identical with symbl V; symbl V in the Uruk V stage was ne f the graphical variants f the lggram 5r5; since the Uruk stage it began t represent the lggram LrR3; symbl V (SeS) since the Uruk stage stabiiized its frm with the "duble" triangle, in rder t be distinguishable frm the sign rr3. Tables 5 t 7 shw the typical arrangement f particular reed symbls in varius kinds f situatins. The mst cmplete dcumentatin is that n the cylinder seal designs. t prves that the reed symbls were placed in pairs by the sides r the gates f a temple (see symbls, and V in table 5). Similar juxtapsitins can be fund in the archaic writing: ertrus., e5rdmusr, nn.5rs : Urim, e2nlrn/e2. NUN : agrun. The arrangement f reed symbls n rfand by the reed huts f pens (turr) is typical fr the archaic perid (table 6). Bth kinds f surces, glyptic arts and archaic writing. shw that in the archaic perid ali reedsymbls were used t be Perid i Uruk fv SES Jmb1 f =ATU 248 t S1mb1 V ; SynbS Vf =ntu 244 i 0 =AT 244 AP,P =ATU 245 ditt = LAK,1 r &y =LAK 12 Table 3. Clumn frm GirsuiTell (recnstructin), 3.27 m. lng. Table 4. Eviutin f the frms l the signs un:, and SeS.

7 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX placed n/by the pens in rder t indicate their subrdinatin t a specific wner, in that perid a specific deity r its temple administratin. Cmmn pens, whse pictures are t be fund n sme cylinder seals, as well as in the script (see ATU sign n. 213 turr) are nt marked by symbls. Only the sign which represents a pen with symbl V (uun) remained in use in later script t indicate a big pen (tur.). The disappearance f ther signs f this grup was prbably caused by changes ccurring in the lcal cults as well as in the husbandry rganisatin and the related recrd system. A very general meaning f the lggram xlx ("prince, princely, lfty", etc.). mstly used as an epithet, culd explain why this symbl survived in the sign rt,ns x NlrN t indicate the big pen/herd (turr), withut speciflcatin f its subrdinatin t a deflnite administratin. The signs f reed symbls lten appear in the archaic texts as separate lggrams +) A,il h (l +a tl d d +) tr ri >J tr nt Y lr! Ytr f ffi/^ 9 JE Yllmnilmr/ lllilet tl, A@ [Jlrw Jr@ + 7 rffir8 An /\ / \, t0 _ rffi4r. +, d rl +, a 6 rf A ilthnh 5 6 Table 5. Clumn symbls beside temples, e, and e5. (examples, utline cpies).

8 K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URUK "P A,r E E E Y r m /O )+rr \ 9 & tr5 s A + lk / u\ 1q \4 ;'i ll,{r]r'll n.}n.n* ixf"il1'r,..i,\tnl FY{ffiF e db db r\ 4;/zr Y? +!d e >: A b0 4 5 r q 'Pi ha l" \', \ /44\ Aflx $/[!JTLUH.AliulJrJrlll)\ L 9A? l,l = lll lil at\ iu r\ ll 5 d )t t*l la '(*try 3 9.z(?(ll l0 AL +> 'r an.rl + ẹ 6 d A ffifffi ffi?'illl ikntttl A. %$"$ ###ffi,h(<,1. (+) ( ipl 1t Table 6. clumnsymbls n,/by pens (examples. utline cpies). in the particular cases. n glyptic art these symbls are ften presented as freestanding bjects in cult scenes (table 7, figs. 7, 4, 5, ll, 15,20,22), as symbls drawn n cult vessels (table 7, figs. 3, 14, 16, 21; table 2, figs. 21 and 29). n a gypsum blck f the undergrund cnstructin f the scailed "Steingebiude" in Uruk (table 7,,fig. 10). n a temple frreze (table 2, figs.6 and 11). and in the frm f small decrative bjects (table '1, figs. 8, 9, 17). Accrding t sme ther dcuments the reed symbls were smetimes placed n altars (table 7, figs. 2, 6,7). and as cult emblems in pairs n prcessin standards (table 7, figs. 12, 13 and 23)' n later times symbl was als represented beside deities r heres. The lack f representatin f symbl V (Nrrx) in the glyptic and plastic arts is t be stressed. Despite the fact that this lack culd be accidental, the very analgy in the archaic inscriptins between the symbl xun and ther reed symbls, as well as the ldest frm f the sign xun with the marks f the bnds n the ple (table 2, fig. 31) allw us t be certain that the sign xux belngs t the grup f the archaic reedsymbis. Mrever, the lggram NUN was mstly used as an abstract epithet and there was apparently n need t represent it in glyptic and plastic arts where, first f all, real bjects were rendered.

9 1 10 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX lg tr. 3.rt pa ss ifr h "tv Ltruk E' nlr U'ux E' niy Liruk E l u vtf, ld...t p;6sim Pr.. '^ vfr pa55lm s i d 'rl h r{ b0 L t jp ld l. i*l lp l0 1d z 5 fl t, *'?, r ffi r4 \ll ln^\ b,ilt] \ \/', \zh#itt l: lrs t l9? l" t 45..\l db, i lc 66) \1 L] 1t F //!tt Table 7. Freestanding cuit symbis (examples' utline cpies)' A // 47 Kz. r 21,\l 3kt 7\\,.,/r } r lh. r 5(\pr n texts all the symbls are attested in archaic Uruk' but symbls ' and V are restricred t that perid. The ther symbls (, v, v and v) als ccur in ater perids and in the whle f Sumer. n glyptic'and plastic arts the reed symbls (except ns V and V) are attested in archal Uruk' und f them als in ther '*t Surnerian cities (symbl in Tell Agrub, in Kisurra' V in Tutub' t v in Ur). Symbl 't.u* als in later"perids and in the whle f Sumer' Symbls and v were ars fund n sears in nthern Mesptamia (Te* Brak and Shibaniba during the Jemdet Nasr perid), but the seais in questin culd have been imprted '"T#1H"',$r,TTrTT":r*. f the reed symbis, as werl as the similaritv in places and mde f arrangement speak fr the.analgy in their general meaning' Fur symbls, which survived in further writing ' u" well knwn: MU53' V : urr., V 5r5. and V : NUN' Symbls 1' V/Y ano ]];metimes appear with the divine determinative dingir that determines rheir meaning.as symb1" _"1 deities. The signs MUS3 and SeS arj identified as symbls f the gddess nana and the gd Nannar respectively. Th;;, the hypthesis that all reed symbls represented

10 K, SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URUK l1 deities (at least during the archaic perid and in particuiar regins) seems pssible. As mentined, symbl : MUS. in Uruk was cnnected with the gddess nana. and symbl V : SrS with the gd Nannar. Bth symbls spread ut in the cuntry as symbls f the great astral gds f the cmmn Sumerian panthen. Other symbls culd have gne ut f use as pictgraphs when the names f the rlspective deities started t be written phnetically. Mrever, sme f the read symbis prbably were cnnected with lcal deities with a limited cult. sme f them wrshipped nly in the archaic perid and disappear frm the scene in curse f time. Tw symbls, uru. and Nlr.i, remained in use in later times, preserving their primarily abstractive meanings. n the archaic Uruk texts the reed symbls ften ccur in separate entries, in all prbabiiity directly indicating gds wh received, fr example. varius fferings. n ther texts the symbls may indirectly designate the administrative institutins r their staff subrdinated t these deities. The symbls, ften accmpanying varius fficial titles in this way indicate the cnnectin between specific persns and particular deities. Sme f the symbis can als enter int cmbinatins cnsidered t render persnal names. Tw symbls remain stiil unidentified: 1) Symbl, with a vlute n the tp f a ple. t was wrshipped in archaic Uruk nly, and it must be cnnected with a relatively imprtant and prbably astral deity. t appears n a temple frieze tgether with the nana symbl, with the determinative dingir alngside the gddess nana (in the mst archaic perid the determinative dingir was assciated with astral deities nly) and tgether with the title f the dienitary en, as well as with the lggram UNUG, mst prbably cnnected with the city f Uruk. t was als drawn n blcks f an archaic cult building, the scalled "steingebdude". situated near the Anu ziqqurrat, and it was ften shwn as divine symbl n sacred pens. The identificatin f symbl with the gd An deserves serius cnsideratin. 2) Symbl V, with pairs f rings n the ple. n the texts it appears tgether with the lggram ur, e.g. in the frequent persnal names cmpsed f ur ("hund, servant") + divine name, and tgether with the lggram A, ais typical fr archaic titles and persnal names. The symbl appears n the cult vessel frm Uruk drawn beside the symbl SeS f the gd Nannar. n the glyptic art we meet this symbl in cnnectin with the richly decrated temples t which prcessin bats apprach with fferings, and it was als placed n big cwpens. The cylinder seals with the abve mentined representatins were fund in Uruk, in Ur, in Tutub in the area f the Sin temple f the Jemdet Nasr perid, and in Shibaniba. All this favurs the assumptin that symbl V was cnnected with a deity with a relatively widespred cult. The presence l the herds f cattle near pens marked by symbl V can be used as a clue fr its identificatin. ieed symbls f curse did nt survive. The nly bject archaelgists have

11 t2 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX Late Uruk ur Archai.c 1 Fara LLK l:,, F & x Lz74 F &,M 1J<'lyglcal ta blets Uf 5j;61 il.r zt2i 55 ST4 )i st rl,{{ rr ;80 P ib' ncg (u{ t s{39r5 k > l6 h # sincc Tr<c pcrid (ur 2,Y) st 8t q1{ x\p prt{tta & S ",Y,:,:" Table 8. The writing f the gd's name Nannar. Ki <_b A 9> 6 fund were the remains f a gate clumn (symbl, presumably L'R3), in Tell f Urnan5e's time, arund 2500 B.C., thanks t the fact it was made f wd cvered with cpper plates. Fr ther symbls we nly have their representatins in glyptic and plastic arts and in the pictgraphic script n clay tablets. These dcuments, hwever, are accidental, incmplete and nt very numerus, and the archaic texts, mrever, mstly are simple ecnmic accunts in which cult symbls use as pictgraphic signs appear rareiy and withut additinal infrmatin. The kind f the dcumentatin permits t draw nly preliminary and hypthetic cnclusins. Finally, sme remarks abut the writing f the name f the gd Nannar (table 8). Already in the Uruk stage f writing we meet the writing 5e5Ne fr the name Nannar. The typical sign Ne is written in cmbinatin with the lggram 5e5, as its

12 K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URUK 13 phnetical cmplement indicating the reading f the sign SeS as Nannar (see tablets W 2A274,86; W 20274,50 and W 2A274,80). A similar u'riting f Nannar's name can be fund in the archaic texts frm Ur, as well as in the Fara dcuments. n the texts frm Ur and Fara the signs SpS and NA were always written as a ligature, and the small vertical dash (a hrizntal in the later texts) f the sign NA was attached t ne f the sides f the bttm f the sign 5r5. n Ur, since the late Fara perid. this dash as a rule was mitted by the scribes. The great list f the gd names f Fara (SF i and its tw partial duplicates SF 39 and SF 57) has the name Nannar written by means f the sign SeS + NA as a ligature, with the dash f the sign Ne. Only in the list SF 81 this dash was mitted. A. Deimel has shwn that in the late Fara perid this sign was written withut the vertical/hrizntal dash, but dubtlessly was identical with the sign N.a., because the essential part f the sign is just as in a typical xe (the heads f the upper wedges are directed twards each ther). believe that in later perids, when the small vertical dash f xe had been mitted fr a lng time, the sign became similar t K, althugh the typical shape f the latter was a little different (the heads f the tw upper wedges are nt directed twards each ther as in NA; see mble 8). The lack f the small dash f xe prved mre erffective that the small, f hardly visibie difference between xa and rt and this was respnsible fr the fact that the grapheme SeS + NA was transfrmed int SeS + ri, which became current since the late Fara perid. This explanatin has the advantage f making the evlutin f SeS + NA during the Uruk stage the writing f the name f Nannar int 5r5 + rr understandable. n itself the lggram SeS as grapheme fr the name f the gd did nt need any meaningful cmplement and the functin f an added K, "earth, place" is difficult t explain. Adding the phnetic cmplement NA t SeS in rder t indicate the crrect reading and prnunciatin f the lggram SES des make sense, and such prcedures were widely appiied during the Uruk stage. beiieve that the name f the gd Nannar was riginally written with the sign 5e5 nly r with dinsir$b$ and that the writing (aineir)is$na is later. Even thugh the writing by means f 5rS + K is nt crrect, this errr was cmmitted by the Sumerian scribes f the late Fara perid, as shwn in table 8. Warsaw 1986 ddenda (1988) n ZATU (M.W. Green H.J. Nissen, Zeichenliste der archaischen Texte aus Uruk. Archaische Texte aus {Jruk ) sme f the abve discussed symbis are identified differently frm my article.

13 t4 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX JO r) 2) 3) 4) Symbl (AL sign 2l0l2ll; ZATU sign 323) in ZATU is recgnized as a graphical variant f the sign LAGAR. d nt agree t that prpsitin, especially in view f frms f symbl shwing as wide straight "ple" with the vlute n its tp. The typical frm f the sign lecan in the Uruk V stage f writing has the frm presented by the sign eru 687. Once symbl appears with the determinative dingir (tablet W 20676,7), this infrmatin in ZATU is mitted. n ZA7'U (see sign 372) the cmpsitin f signs appearing in the text AT[/ n. 480 cl. 1 was read en+me+lagar. d nt agree t this reading because the sign ATU 210 has here a typical frm f the reed symbi; mrever, the sign ur written in successive cases f the text just belw the related numbers, here prbably indicates a kind f garment r clth (see K. Szarzynska, "Recrds f Garments and Clths in Archaic UruklWarka", Altrientalische Frschungen 15 n ). ' Symbl l (AU sign 248) and symbl y (ATU sign ) in ZATL were recgnized as graphical variants f the sign NUN (ZATU rr. 421). d nr agree t that prpsitin. Symbls and V represent, in my pinin, different signs: a circle never changes int a dash in the curse l the evlutin f the sign frms. Symbl Y (AU sign 244; ZAU sign 523) in bth stages f writing, Uruk V and Uruk, was read as 5rS in ZATU, althugh with reservatins; symbl V (ATU sign 246; ZATU sign 595) was read in ZAT( as ur3, althugh als with reservatins. insist n my interpretatin presented in this article (see table 4). n ZAT( sign n.375 with the reading vrus..gunfi was distinguished frm the sign n. 374 (vru5r/wane), but in my pinin bth sign frms represent the same lggram 'rci5./wexe,. The markings made n the sign ZATti n. 375 indicate nly sme details f the cnstructin f the ld reed symbl (see table 2). Lrsr r LLUSTRATTNS Abbreviatins ATL A. Falkenstein, Archaische Texte aus (Jruk (Berlin 1936) Amiet P. Amiet, La glyptique misptamienne archaique (Paris 1961) Heinrich E. Heinrich, Kleinfunde aus den archaischen Tempelschichten in Uruk (Beriin 1936) Parrt A. Parrt, Tell. Vingt campagnes de fuilles ( ) (Paris l94s) UE H.R. Hall C.L. Wlley, Al'Ubaid (Lndn 1927) (Ur Excavatins, ) UE L. Legrain, Archaic Seal mpressins (Lndn 1936) (Ur Excavatins, i) UET 11 E. Burrws, Archaic Texts (Lndn 1935) (Ur Excavatin Texts, ) UVB Yrldufiger Bericht iiber die vn der Ntgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft in Table 2 U ruk W ar k a unt ernmmenen Aus gr abungen (Berlin 930tr ) (1) Sign n the tablet W 19584a, Uruk V

14 l4 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX ]O l) 2)?) 4) Symbl l (ATL: sign 2l0l2ll; ZAU sign 323) in ZATU is recgnized as a graphical variant f the sign LAGAR. d nt agree t that prpsitin, especially in view f frms f symbl shwing as wide straight "ple" with the vlute n its tp. The typical frm f the sign iecan in the Uruk V stage f writing has the frm presented by the sign.tru 687. Once symbl appears with the determinative dingir (tablet W 20676,7), this infrmatin in ZATU is mitted. n ZATU (see sign 372) the cmpsitin f signs appearing in the text ATU n. 480 cl. 1 was read rx+me+lagar. d nt agree t this reading because the sign e.ru 210 has here a typical frm f the reed symbi; mrever, the sign ur written in successive cases f the text just beiw the related numbers, here prbably indicates a kind f garment r clth (see K. Szarzynska, "Recrds f Garments and Clths in Archaic Uruk/Warka", Altrientalische Frschungen 15 u )., Symbl (AU sign 248) and symbl y (A?"ti sign ) in ZAT(J were recgnized as graphical variants f the sign Nuu (ZATU r,'. 421). d nr agree t that prpsitin. Symbls and V represent, in my pinin, different signs: a circle never changes int a dash in the curse f the evlutin f the sign frms. Symbl Y (AU sign 244; ZAU sign 523) in bth stages f writing, Uruk V and Uruk, was read as 5r5 in ZATU, althugh with reservatins; symbl V (ATU sign246; ZATU sign 595) was read in ZAT( as ur3, althugh als with reservatins. insist n my interpretatin presented in this article (see table 4). n ZATU sign n.375 with the reading l',rus..gunfi was distinguished frm the sign n. 374 (vrut5r/wene), but in my pinin bth sign frms represent the same lggram vru5./tx,r.xe,. The markings made n the sign ZATL\ n.375 indicate nly sme details f the cnstructin f the ld reed symbl (see table 2). Lrsr r TLLUSTRATTNS Abbreviatins ATO A. Falkenstein, Archaische Texte aus (Jruk (Berlin 1936) Amiet P. Amiet, La glyptique mt4sptamienne archaique (Paris l96l) Heinrich E. Heinrich, Kleinfunde aus den archaischen Tempelschichten in Uruk (Beriin 1936) Parrt A. Parrt, Tell. Vingt campagnes de fuilles ( ) (Paris 1948) UE H.R. Hall C.L. Wlley, Al'Ubaid (Lndn 1927) (Ur Excavatins, ) UE lll L. Legrain, Archaic Seal mpressins (Lndn 1936) (Ur Excavatins, i) UET 11 E. Burrws, Archaic Texts (Lndn i935) (Ur Excavatin Texts, ) UVB Vrkiufiger Bericht iiber die vn der 'ltgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft in Table 2 U ruk W ar ka unternmmenen Aus gr abungen (Berlin 930tr ) (1) Sign n the tablet W 19584a, Uruk V

15 K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URUK l5 (2) Sign n the tablet ATU n' 78, Uruk V (3) Sign n the tablet ATt t n' 52, and passim Uruk V, JJ (4) Amiet Pl. 46 n. 653 (fragment) (5) Amiet Pl. 45 n. 651 (fragment), Uruk frieze frm the area f the "Red Temple", Uruk V (6) UVB W 5591 (7) Sign n the tablet ATU n. 480, Uruk V (8) Sign n the tablet W 2i878, Uruk, and passim (9) ttvb XXV/XXU W 22113, Uruk Q$ Amiet Pl.43 n. 632, Jemdet Nasr perid (l 1) UVB W 4999 cd ftteze frm the area f the "Red Temple", Uruk V (12) Sign n the tablet ATU n' 460. Uruk V (13) Sign n the tabiet W 2074A,7. tiruk V (14) LVB XV W 19729a; W 19733a; Uruk V/ (15) Amiet Pl.48 n. 681, Tell Agrab Temple f Shara (16) parrl 106. fig. 15 n. l7 and 26c clumn fund near the UrnanSe temple l Ningirsu in GirsuiTell (17) Sign n the tablet ATU n. 3i3, Uruk V (1g) Sign n the tablet published by W.A. strin. Vzniknvieniie i razvitiie pisma (Mskwa 1965) 130 fig.22 (19) UVB XX W Uruk V (20) Amiet Pl. 46 n.656. Shibaniba, Jemdet Nasr perid (21) LE, pl. XXXX/, OA 8842 sign n a stne vessel frm Ur, Jemdet Nasr perid (22) Sign n the tablet ATU n. 10. Uruk V (23) Sign n the tablet AT\J n. 499, and passim uruk v, [[ Qa) Amiet Pl. 58 n. 796, ttr archaic (SS 45) (25) Sign n the tabiet W 20907,4, Uruk V, and passim (26) Sign n the tablet W (Uruk V) and passim Uruk (27) Sign n the tablet AT(1 n. 332, Uruk V (28) L\ET tablet n. 335 (29) W clay vessel frm Uruk, Uruk V (30) n archaic script f Uruk passim (31) Sign n the tablet ATU n. '76, Uruk V (32) Sign n the stne tablet published in RA 14,93 (33) tie pictgraphs ns (34) Amiet Pl. 13 n. 221,lJruk Anu ziqqurrat lev' C Table 5 (l), (9), (1i) signs in archaic script f Uruk, passim (2) Amiet Pi. 48bis, A (fragment, pssibly frm Uruk), archaic Uruk perid (3) \JVB XV W 19729a, Uruk V/, cf. W 19733a, ibid'

16 1,6 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX (4) Amiet Pl. 62 n. 831, Ur archaic (SS 4) (5) UVB Ylfi pl. 48, W temple mdel f stne, Anu ziqqurrat (between lev. C and DE) (6) Parrt 106 fig. 15 n. 17 and 26c, see table 2, (7) Amier Pl. 13 bis, E,, Uruk V a (8) UVB XXV Taf. 42 a, W , Uruk (10) UE pictgraph n. 429 fig. (16) Table 6 (l) Amiet Pl. 42 n. 623, archaic Uruk perid (2), (8), (i3), (14) Signs in archaic script f Uruk passim {3) Amiet Pl. 10 n. 186, Uruk V (4) Amiet P1. 43 n. 632 (5) Amiet Pl. 47 n. 667 (6) Amiet Pl. 58 n.794, Ur archaic (SS a) (7) UE, temple frieze frm Ubaid (ED ) (9) avb XX W (flragment), Uruk Ya (10) AmietPl.42n.629 A, Tutub, Temple f Sin (Jemdet Nasr perid;cf. OC 20 T. p. 54 A Tutub, Temple f Sin) (11) UE. Pl. XXXX/, OA 8842 stne vessel, Jemdet Nasr perid (cf. UVB XV p. 55, cylinder seal f Uruk ) (12) Amiel Pl. 58 n.796, Ur archaic (SS a5) Table 7 (l) Amiet Pl. 43 n. 638, Uruk (2) Amiet Pl. 46 n. 655 (fragment), Uruk (3) Amiet Pl. 45 n. 644 (vase lrm Uruk ) (4) UVB XXV/XXVU W 22113, Uruk (5) Amiet Pl. 43 n. 633, Tell Brak (6) UVB XV Tf. 32 i, W 19418b, Uruk Va (7) UVB XXV Tf. 42 e, Uruk (8) HeinrichTf.33 VA small decrative element, Uruk small decrative element, Uruk (9) Heinrich Tf. 33 n W (i0) m, 22 Sign n sme blcks f the "steingebdude" in Uruk, Uruk V, cf. UVB XxxiXxX p. 16 (ll) Amiet Pl. 47 n. 667, Jemdet Nasr perid (12) Amier Pl. 46 n.658, Kisurra; cf. Amiet pl. 13 n.229 (i3) Sign ATU n (14) Parrt 236 (libatin vase f Gudea, symbls in the paws f the dragns) (.15) Amiet Pl. 42 n. 626 (15a) UVB XV Taf. 32 i, seal W b, Uruk Vai

17 K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URUK 17 (i6), (21) W clay vessel frm Uruk, Uruk V (17) HeinrichTf.33 q, W small decrative element. Uruk (18), (19), (22) CE pictgraphs ns.: 259^ 4A (20) LET i tablet n. 335 (23) Sign ATO n. 302 DcuvrExrATrN Archaic texts including signs f reedsymbis Abbreviatins ATL ATU na. sign T[t n. ED. EDLUA A. Falkenstein, Archaische Texte aus Uruk (Beriin 1936) Numbers f tablets published in ATL Numbers f signs in the ATU sign iist Early Dynastic perids ED lexical iist "Lu A" l fficial titles and prfessin names pubiished in MSL 12 (Rma 1969) M + number Numbers f tablets in the Register f raq Museum OrNs Orientalia, nva series RA Revue d'assyrilgie et d'archelgie Orientale VAT + number Numbers f tablets in the Register f the Vrderasiatisches Museum in Berlin W + number Field numbers f tablets/mnuments excavated in UrukWarka Symbl : tuu5./nana L vtus. alne, in a separ"ate entry; ATU ns. 94; 97 : 250; 280; 286; 3A2: 315; 324; 344; 355; 506; 533: 537 ; 559; W 19728a; W 2A676.7; perhaps als ATU ns. 388; 475; W l959la; w uus, in cmpsitins dlnanaun ATU ns 602; prbably als: 559; 600; 601; 604; W 16881; vat pzrndlnanaud W 2A274 77:86; W 20494,5;W dlnanastc ATU n. 606: prbably als: 605; 607; W Ezrxdlnanaslc W T; W 2A214,3i; W 20511,1 dlnananun ATU n. 334; prbably als: 307; 356;371" dlnanakurdug W 20274: 1l;24:34 ernunnanaf agrunnana W ,1.r.r/e5rdlnana W 20274: 9; 33 53; 89; 122; W 20494,9; W 2A573,1; W ; W 21045,1 ; W 21253,10: W 21446;W 21555; W 21662,2

18 18 JAARBERTcHT Ex RTENTE LUX er/e5.nanaslc W 20274: 6; 16;33; 78; 89; and prbably 100; W ; W 20494,1; W 20274,35 e2nadnana W 202'7 4,54; W 20494,9 uus.flnana plus varius fficial titlesinames xennana W19584a endlnanakurdug. W 20274: ll;24; 34 sexcndlnana W 17586;W 20274,5; prbably als W 20044,3 310dlnana W 13662f 444nara ATU n. 94 NrrAHNrnH:errx:l ]:mu5r/nana ATU n. 550 TE:NUN:enana ATU n. 96 KALMUS3lnana ATU n. 218 suuu5./nana ATU n. 220 PAB:HA:vn1S./nana AT{J n. 585 t. 2. Symbl : sign AT{/ n Symbl alne, in a separate entry AT\J ns.9l;252;324 W 20676,7; W (with uvuc); ATL 253 (prbably with rmtc) Symbl in cmpsitins en210 ATU n. 480 snr:nuc:210 W 21232;W 22115,7;W 22116,4 ca:210? W 21300,6 rlrs x 210 W 20274: 6; 25; 32; 33; 35; 40; 78; w 20493,5 Symbl : sign ATU n.248, presumably m:. t. Symbl alne, in a separate entry ATL n. 460; AO 7702lpubl. in Or,^/s 18 (1949) 419 Symbl in cmpsitins rrn248 W20740,7 2. Symbl V: sign ATU n Symbl V alne, in a separate entr)/ ATU ns. 248 ; 265; 280; 313

19 K. SZARZYNSKA OLDEST CULT SYMBOLS N URLK t9 2. Symbl V in cmpsitins un251 ATU n. 28'7 ser:251:t<.r.n?:x tablet publ. by W.A. strin, Vzniknvenije (Mskwa 1965) 130. fig.22 in the large inscriptin the tablet ATU n. 65 rurs x 251 W19408,44 i razt,itije pisma Symbl V: sign ATU ns A. Uruk V perid sign ATa n.244 : SpS S),mbl V alne, in a separate entry ATL n. l0; W 19408: 19; 80 Sl,mbl V in cmpsitins sanca:5e5:/.en W 21300,6 He:SeS W r.n:ses in: sa.r:kur;saur:5e5 ATU n. 235 B. Uruk perid sign ATU : LrRr. 1. Symbl V alne, in a separate entry tablet M n$a Symbl V: sign AT[/ n.246 : SeS Symbl V alne, in a seperate entry tablets:w 20907,4; W 21060,1 Symbl V in cmpsitins SsS:r ATU n.332 xeur:ses W 19408,55 ezex:ses W e5.en/: Urim W 21126;W ;W 20274,16; prbably als W 20511,2 dses in the large inscriptin (subscript)tabletw e5:Ntnq W 22ii5,1 SeS plus varius fficial titles/names: en:xnc,q.r:ses W en:ezen:dsrs:dug3 W Slra.cS:5e5/narneida?585/ W ,1 ALAL:rs:SES W 20274,5 un:ses W ensbsna W 2A274.86

20 20 JAARBERCHT EX ORENTE LUX p,q.ssesna W 20274,50 ensrsna PAB sanga W 20274,80 rurs x 5rS W 20274: 4;8;25;33;39;7g; gt: g9; 100; i06; 123;W 20367,3; W 20494: 1; 3; 9; W 21644; W 21733,3 i. 2. Symbl V: sign ATU 236 : NLrN Symbl V alne, in a separate en*y ATU ns. 80; 191; ; 3t5; 324; 340; 34t; 345; 349; 355 ; 359; 390; 531;prbabiy als 132; W 20676,7. Sltmbl V in cmpsitins rux plus varius fficial titlesinames UNKrN:NrN ATU n. 340 ca:nlrn ATU n. 340; W 20907,2; ATU n.322 (with ser) sanga:nun ATU n.349;w 21300,4; cf. ED Lu A l. 71 GAL:SANGA:NUN ATU ns sanga:nun:r[n]?:vrus. ATU r.. 76 sanga:xun(:ruc:m) in the large phrase n the W sanga:bu:nun W 14360, cf. ED Lu A l. 70 sanga:nln:hr.? W 13989a EN. NUN ATL ns. 279; 3l 1 ; 320; 345; 359; 50g ; w 20044,25; w 2073i,1; w 21049; tablet publ. in RA 14,93; prbably als ATU n. 503;w 19j7lh; w 19408:6; 8; w 14800c;w r4777c;w 271. cf. ED Lu A 1.93 EN.NUN.:DA W 19422b px.nun.:5u W 20423;W 14777c EN. r.{un. : 3 10 ATU n. 582; W 4lll W 157'15 GALEN. NLrlr tablet publ. in Rl 14,93 NrrAH: NrN ATL n. 532 sukal:nlr{ ATU n. 319 re:nlrl.i ATU ns. 95;96;9g (in the large subscripts) TLRs:NUN:LNUG ATU n :xr_,x ATU ns. 341; 34g sal:nun ATU n. 341 ; W 20044,9 nre. xun/nun. ME W 22100,3 ; cf. ED Lu A i :Nux W 22100,1 NAM2 :HUB2 :xun(:298) ATL ns. 602 ; 606 HA :NLli ATL' n. 349 NUN + A ATU ns. 1 12; 2ll; 494; W 2141g,5 rrrrd:nun W 20274: 9;33;35;73; W 20494,1 BrL2:NUN W 20274,77;W 20493,4;W 21671

21 K. szarzinska LDEST cult s)'mbls rn uruk 21 GURe x x: NUN W ,1 7: W ; W 20494,8 ; W en./:xr.rn tablet publ. in RA 14,93 GAR:NUN ATU n. 585 vrusr:xun/nananun ATU na rS :Nttx/Nannarnun W ernunferxux/rr.ntn : agrun ATU n. 585; W 14777c; W i5195; W 2A274: 1; 19; 124; i53; W 20327,3; W 20493,8; W 20511: l; 2; W 21418,4; W 21662,1 ; W 21733,1 AN:K:NuN(:DUG3) W 15733:W 20327,3;W 21116,l TUR5xlrtNtur. tur. alne, in a separate entry ATU ns. 340;582; W 10802; W ; W 2A274:25;53; W 20831,2; M tur. in cmpsitins turrs.e.nca:tur W tur.su,:rn W 19408,82 tur3ab2 ATU ns. 62: 238 turreer:en ATU ns. 209; 271 tur3en W10595;W10617 tur3+a W 20274: 16; 33; 78; 89;W 20494,3 cal:tur3 ATU n. 585; W Remark The ttal number f archaic Uruk tablets used as basic surce material fr this analysis, abut 1200 (580 lrm the Uruk V stage f writing, and 620 frm the Uruk stage), includes dcuments registered befre the year in the raq Museum, pubiished and unpublished. available t me. This grup includes nly tablets and fragments sufficiently well preserved t allw the interpretatin f their general cntents. The analysis uses als sme archaic tablets f unknwn prvenience, published in varius papers.