250,000-2,000 BCE GLOBAL PREHISTORY

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1 250,000-2,000 BCE GLOBAL PREHISTORY

2 GLOBAL PREHISTORY KEY POINTS Human expression existed across the globe Africa and Asia preceded and influenced other areas Gives us clues to human culture at the dawn of civilization

3 Earliest known African art dates to 77,000 bce - ochre decorated with a delicate geometric pattern

4 #1: APOLLO 11 STONES NAMIBIA. C.25,500-25,300 BCE CHARCOAL ON STONE CONTENT/VISUAL Animals shown in strict profile (all four legs, head and tail are visible) Most common representation of animals in Paleolithic era Most informative angle of the animal to make it identifiable Represents a double of the animal 7 slabs were found with various animals Stones were painted in charcoal, ocher, and white

5 #1: APOLLO 11 STONES NAMIBIA. C.25,500-25,300 BCE CHARCOAL ON STONE CONTEXT Oldest art in Africa Africa is home to the oldest images in the world Portable objects to accommodate nomadic lifestyle Proves that art is older than we thought Universal subject of animals Found in the Apollo 11 Cave Brought to this site from elsewhere

6 DAPPLED HORSES OF PECH-MERLE 25,000 BCE Uses natural form of the rock to create image Hand prints Created by blowing pigment or charcoal through hollow reeds or bones

7 #2: LASCAUX CAVES 15,000-13,000 BCE. ROCK PAINTING Twisted Perspective or Composite View Seeing more than one point of view at a time Usually to ensure complete understanding of the image (both horns are visible) Charcoal and powdered pigments to add contour and volume to animals Evidence of scaffolding from holes in walls Animals in profile seem to float in space Created by different painters at different times

8 #2: LASCAUX CAVES 15,000-13,000 BCE. ROCK PAINTING To guarantee a successful hunt (?) Many animals drawn with arrow piercing it Gouges in rock indicate spears were thrown at them These animals were essential to survival Evidence of a narrative

9 LASCAUX CAVES 15 13,000 BCE

10 LASCAUX CAVES Earliest appearance of a male figure Rare for a man to be depicted Rhino is very realistic Bison is depicted a bit distorted and angry Bowels are hanging out Unclear what man is doing Is he dead? Falling? Not even a part of the scene? Depicted with less care and detail than animals

11 Artists working on prehistoric caves used all of the following tools to create their images EXCEPT A. scaffolds to reach high areas in a cave B. paints made from ocher and natural materials C. brushes made of human hair D. flat stones as palettes

12 VENUS OF WILLENDORF 25,000 BCE Female statuettes Represent fertility and plentiful food Emphasis placed on reproductive aspects Stylized hair Simplification of natural forms Found from Spain to Russia to Mesopotamia

13 1950s Gestural abstraction References fertility figures and mocks images of goddesses WILLEM DE KOONING ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM

14 #3: CAMELID SACRUM IN THE SHAPE OF A CANINE CENTRAL MEXICO. 14,000-7,000 BCE BONE Earliest cultural item discovered in Mesoamerica Carved from the sacrum of a now extinct American relative of the camel Holes were cut into the end of the bone to represent nostrils, and the bone is also engraved Carefully carved and are perfectly symmetrical Sacrum bone was sacred in Egypt and India as well Original use remains unknown To house spirit of the animal? Ceremonial mask? Used later for religious ceremonies involving fertility Sacrum bone is slow to decay, dense Part of the pelvic area associated with reproduction

15 #3: CAMELID SACRUM IN THE SHAPE OF A CANINE TEQUIXQUIAC,CENTRAL MEXICO. 14,000-7,000 BCE BONE Long before Mayan, Incan and Aztec traditions were established The sacrum bone was the gateway from physical world to the spiritual world Sacrum was viewed as the second skull First look at humans manipulating the environment/found object Humans seeking to understand forces beyond their control Subtractive techniques Material is removed (carved)

16 ALTIMIRA CAVE 12-11,000 BCE

17 WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES? Lascaux Altimira

18 8,000 1,500 BCE NEOLITHIC PERIOD Early humans left caves to become herdsmen and farmers Steady food = shelter = architecture Crafts become decorative jewelry, and decorative surfaces

19 JERICHO SKULLS Skulls found that had plaster added Each is different as though to be a different person

20 ALGERIA

21 #4: RUNNING HORNED WOMAN ALGERIA. 6-4,000 BCE PIGMENT ON ROCK Horned female figure Smaller figures surrounding and behind her, some headless Rain cloud overhead (a request for rain?) Featureless face Parallel lines of dots on torso and limbs (body markings) Skirt and flowing fabric represent raffia worn during ceremonies Some figures can be seen through her (layers of images) Ceremonial markings Scarification Arm and leg bands

22 #4: RUNNING HORNED WOMAN ALGERIA. 6-4,000 BCE PIGMENT ON ROCK Horns are in composite view May document an event Depiction of humans-representing settled groups Horns represent a connection to animal spirits Historians debate the meaning of the horned woman: is she a horned deity or is she a woman in headgear? Contrast between light and dark areas Pigment on rock

23

24 #5: BEAKER WITH IBEX MOTIFS Susa, Iran BCE, painted on Terra Cotta Handthrown pottery Stylized decoration Reflects the agricultural community Aquatic birds Running dogs Probably used for hunting Meander May represent the division of crops Goat Stylized but with personal details Goatee, tail Motif in middle could be a family or clan symbol to identify it

25 #5: BEAKER WITH IBEX MOTIFS Found on the Susa acropolis Built out of bricks, created a high terrace Bodies of the dead were accumulated at the base Part of a secondary burial tomb Many pots found in graves Implies the need for cooking items in the afterlife Not sure if these were common items or just funerary Indicates the wealth of the Susas Susa, a prosperous city in the 5th millennium BC on the arrival of Islam, provides a rare opportunity to study the development of some of these villages, which, on the advent of writing, became political, economical and religious centers

26 Anthropomorphic Stele Anthropomorphic Resembling a human form Stele Upright stone slab 3 tall Over 60 found across 1400 miles

27 #6 ANTHROPOMORPHIC STELE Arabian Peninsula bce, Sandstone Saudi Arabia used to be lush and fertile Petroglyph below depicts people hunting ostriches Neolithic era saw the domestication of animals and trails to other settlements Allowed for an exchange of ideas, materials, and objects Commercial and cultural crossroads connecting the Ancient World The stelae share anthropomorphism of a male figure Originates in the area that Islam, an aniconic religion, demonstrates the existence of the dominance of the human figure prior to the religion s development

28 #6 ANTHROPOMORPHIC STELE Arabian Peninsula bce, Sandstone Probably associated with religious or burial practices Carved on both sides Belted robe and double bladed sword One of many found in Saudi Arabia Part of sanctuaries with tombs Steles were placed in a circle around the sanctuary Beginning of human representation in this area Function of stele differs by location Some were markers, others were buried with the dead

29 #6 ANTHROPOMORPHIC STELE Arabian Peninsula bce, Sandstone Anthropomorphic Resembling a human form Stele Upright stone slab Probably associated with religious or burial practices Belted robe and double bladed sword One of many found in Saudi Arabia Part of sanctuaries with tombs Steles were placed in a circle around the sanctuary Beginning of human representation in this area Function of stele differs by location Some were markers, others were buried with the dead

30

31 #7: JADE CONG Liangzhu, China bce, carved jade Jade is linked to durability, subtlety, beauty Geometric in shape with symmetrical patterns engraved Face pattern, which may refer to spirits or deities Combination of a man-like figure and a mysterious beast Cong Long, hollow pieces with triangular sides Circular center with a square outer section

32 #7: JADE CONG Liangzhu, China bce, carved jade Shape and iconography suggest it was used for ritual Square and circle = Earth and Heaven Links the natural and supernatural worlds Masklike imagery represents shamanistic or mythological figures Same imagery is used later in China in masks Used by the social elite Items used for divine power and witchcraft to control the subjects Funerary art All were found in tombs in large numbers Some broken or intentionally burned Function and meaning are unknown

33 Lots of jade objects found in this area from this time period Mostly cong, bi, and yue Stone workers used jade to make prestigious, beautifully polished versions of utilitarian stone tools, and also to make implements with possible ceremonial or protective functions The high status of jade continues throughout Chinese history Bi Round piece with hole in middle Yue Battle axe Cong

34

35 #8: STONEHENGE Wiltshire, UK. Neolithic Europe. C bce. Sandstone Megaliths large stone blocks Celestial Calendar Post & Lintel construction

36 POST AND LINTEL CONSTRUCTION Horizontal beam (Lintel) that is supported by two columns (Posts) Lintels of Stonehenge are curved slightly to echo the circular form

37 #8: STONEHENGE Wiltshire, UK. Neolithic Europe. C bce. Sandstone Built in 3 phases PHASE 1 A ditch six feet deep was dug with a bank of dirt within it about 360 feet in diameter, with a large entrance to the northeast and a smaller one to the south Henge: circular ditch and bank together Inside the henge, 56 pits were dug and either wooden posts or stone were placed in them Interior facing sides of stone are smoothly finished PHASE years later Wooden posts, possibly of a roofed structure, in the center of the henge, as well as more upright posts near the northeast and southern entrances Used for burial at this time Over 50 men were buried here All were yrs old, in good health, with little sign of hard labor or disease Suggests that they are the political elite of GB

38 #8: STONEHENGE Wiltshire, UK. Neolithic Europe. C bce. Sandstone Built in 3 phases PHASE years later A circle 108 feet in diameter of 30 huge and very hard sarsen stones were erected within the henge Stones were capped with 30 lintel stones Each stone was 13 tall, 7 wide, 25 tons Encircled 5 trilithons Trilithon: upright stone with a stone lintel tall, each weighs 50 tons A pathway is created that leads to a river Sunrise of the midsummer solstice is exactly framed by the end of the horseshoe of trilithons at the interior of the monument, and exactly opposite that point, at the center of the bend of the horseshoe, at the midwinter sunset, the sun is also aligned

39 STONEHENGE THE LAYOUT Heel stone marks the point of the sunrise on the summer solstice

40 STONEHENGE CONSTRUCTION

41

42 #9: AMBUM STONE New Guinea, 1500 bce, Greywacke CONTENT Stylized Simplification of form, but still recognizable Unique in the detail and sophistication of carving Composite figure Part human, part animal Stone is extremely hard and difficult to carve Would have taken a long time to achieve this level

43 #9: AMBUM STONE New Guinea, 1500 bce, Greywacke CONTEXT Purpose meaning unknown Later people of the area attributed shamanic attributes and supernatural powers to it Used in rituals for fertility and hunting Many would be brought together for ceremony Fertility of the earth Prosperity to community

44 #9: AMBUM STONE Greywacke, New Guinea, 1500 BCE Other works from this time period Pestles possibly for grinding body paint used in ritual

45

46 #10: TLATILCO FEMALE FIGURINE CENTRAL MEXICO, SITE OF TLATILCO, BCE CERAMIC CONTENT Displays the idea of duality Important concept to early American cultures Life and death together Cycle of life Rebirth Suggests shamanism This is an influence from early Asia Incised clay to create details Painted red, yellow, black VISUAL Intimate, lively poses and elaborate hairstyles are indicative of the already sophisticated artistic tradition Also suggests hairstyles were important to the culture Symmetrical no interest in the hands or feet

47 #10: TLATILCO FEMALE FIGURINE CENTRAL MEXICO, SITE OF TLATILCO, BCE CERAMIC CONTEXT Burial figures (funerary art) Many of this kind have been found, this is unique in its double face Most have narrow hips and wide hips

48 #10: TLATILCO FEMALE FIGURINE CENTRAL MEXICO, SITE OF TLATILCO, BCE CERAMIC Male versions are rare and typically would be depicted wearing masks and costumes Seemed to be valued more for their role as priests or religious specialists

49

50

51 #11: TERRA COTTA FRAGMENT OCEANIA:LAPITA. SOLOMON ISLANDS, REEF ISLANDS BCE TERRA COTTA CONTEXT People came from Southeast Asia The Lapita are known for their ceramics Patterns are incised into the clay before firing A comb-like stamp is used Each stamp had its own design to create intricate design This is the earliest known image of a human face for this area Anthropomorphic Decorated large vessels for cooking and food storage Similar designs can be found in modern Polynesian tattoos and barkcloth

52 #11: TERRA COTTA FRAGMENT OCEANIA:LAPITA. SOLOMON ISLANDS, REEF ISLANDS BCE TERRA COTTA CONTEXT People came from Southeast Asia The Lapita are known for their ceramics Earliest known image of a human face in this area Anthropomorphic Decorated large vessels for cooking and food storage Similar designs can be found in modern Polynesian tattoos and barkcloth

53 #11: TERRA COTTA FRAGMENT OCEANIA:LAPITA. SOLOMON ISLANDS, REEF ISLANDS BCE TERRA COTTA Similar designs can be found in modern Polynesian tattoos and barkcloth

54 In Peru Only visible from the sky NAZCA LINES 1,000 BCE

55 Geoglyphs Drawings on the ground made by removing rocks and earth to create a negative image Earthworks

56 NAZCA LANDING STRIP

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