APPENDIX Of Images and Tables

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1 APPENDIX Of Images and Tables INTRODUCTION Figure I.1: Finely Dressed, Bare-Breasted Women on the Impression Made by a Gold Signet Ring from Mycenae (CMS I.017) PAGE 160 Figure I.2: Women are Flowers 161 Figure I.3: Modern Flower-Wearing Female Tourists amid the LBA Ruins at Mycenae 162 Figure I.4: The Range in Scale of Seal and Signet Ring Impressions 163 CHAPTER 1 Vegetal Vocabulary: The Vegetal Elements and Their Units PAGE Figure 1.1: Floral Anatomy, The Major Units of Flowers 164 Figure 1.2: Arboreal Element Type 1, Trunks with bunches of foliage at top 165 Figure 1.3: Arboreal Element Type 2, Young, fruiting (?) or flowering (?) trees and tree growth 166 Figure 1.4: Arboreal Element Type 3, Palm trees 166 Figure 1.5: Arboreal Element Type 4, Long exposed trunk, Foliate Band at top 167 Figure 1.6: Arboreal Element Type 5, Long, straight branches spreading off of trunk, obvious roots 167 Figure 1.7: Arboreal Element Type 6, Massive, gnarled trunk and thick limbs 167 Figure 1.8: Arboreal Element Type 7, Fig or mulberry tree 168 Figure 1.9: Arboreal Element Type 8, Olive tree 168 Figure 1.10 A-G: Flowering Element Type 1, Lilies Figure 1.11: Flowering Element Type 2, Papyrus plants Figure 1.12: Flowering Element Type 3, Fanning petaloid lines 174 Figure 1.13: Photograph of Papyrus (Cyperus papyrus) 174 Figure 1.14: Flowering Element Type 4, Poppy capsules 174 Figure 1.15: Flowering Element Type 5, Crocuses and stigmas Figure 1.16: Flowering Element Type 6, Dots + a stem and/or leaves 177 Figure 1.17: Flowering Element Type 7, Roses and rosettes 178 [155]

2 Figure 1.18: Flowering Element Type 8, Iris 179 Figure 1.19: Flowering Element Type 9, Martagon lily(?) 179 Figure 1.20: Photogaphy of Actual Martagon Lily 179 Figure 1.21: Flowering Element Type 10, Y-shape with central lines and dots 180 Figure 1.22: Flowering Element Type 11, Stems with circular flower or coils 180 Figure 1.23: Flowering Element Type 12, Budding flower between basal leaves 180 Figure 1.24: Flowering Element Type 13, V-shaped flower 180 Figure 1.25: Other Vegetal Element Type 1, Branching line segments 181 Figure 1.26: Other Vegetal Element Type 2, Squills 182 Figure 1.27: Other Vegetal Element Type 3, Foliate Band elements Figure 1.28: Other Vegetal Element Type 4, Lanceolate element with dotted border 184 Figure 1.29: Other Vegetal Element Type 5, Stems and leaves 184 Figure 1.30: Other Vegetal Element Type 6, Sheaves 185 Figure 1.31: Other Vegetal Element Type 7, Reeds with rounded foliage 185 Figure 1.32: Other Vegetal Element Type 8, Reed or grass 185 Figure 1.33: Other Vegetal Element Type 9, Bushy, foliate Dreiblatt 186 Figure 1.34: Other Vegetal Element Type 10, Bulb with branching leaves 186 Figure 1.35: Other Vegetal Element Type 11, Cordiform/ ivy leaves 186 Figure 1.36: Other Vegetal Element Type 12, Curving leaves, possible Palm II units 187 Figure 1.37: Other Vegetal Element Type 13, Stems for palm fronds (?) 187 Figure 1.38: Other Vegetal Element Type 14, Saw branch 188 Figure 1.39: Other Vegetal Element Type 15, Long stick/staff with potential foliage at top 188 Figure 1.40: Other Vegetal Element Type 16, Staff with vegetal finial 188 Table 1.1: Vegetal Elements Present but Too Worn or Small to be Classified 189 CHAPTER 2 Maidens, Matrons, and Morphemes: The Female Figure and Her Units PAGE Figure 2.1: Hairstyles that Appear in Two or More Scenes within the Dataset Figure 2.2: Hairstyles that Are Unique to a Single Scene or Object within the Dataset Table 2.1 A: Head Depicted, No Hair Indicated 204 Table 2.1 B: No Human Head, Thus no Hair 204 [156]

3 Table 2.1 C: Hair Clearly Indicated but Hairstyle Unclear Due to State of Preservation 204 Table 2.1 D: Unclear if Hair is Depicted or Not Due to State of Preservation 205 Table 2.1 E: Presence of Hair and/or Hairstyle Unclear due to Image Quality or Ambiguous Marks within the Scene 205 Table 2.2: Female Figures Depicted with Well-Preserved and Well-Developed Breasts Figure 2.3 Breasts of Sexually Mature Female Figures from the Large-Scale Frescoes of Akrotiri 209 Figure 2.4: Two Contrasting Figures from the Thebes Frauenfries Fresco 210 Figure 2.5: CMS II Figure 2.6: CMS VS Figure 2.7: The Chests of the Saffron Gatherers, from Xeste 3, Akrotiri, Suggesting the Early Stages of Puberty 211 Figure 2.8: CMS II Figure 2.9: CMS I Figure 2.10: Breasts Visible Through Clothing 213 Figure 2.11: Breasts Visible, Perhaps Through Clothing 214 Figure 2.12: Variation in Exposure of Foot/Ankle/Lower Leg Units 215 Table 2.3 A-K: Variation in Exposure of Foot/Ankle/Lower Leg Units Figure : Image from an 1868 issue of Harper s Bazaar illustrating age-related conventions concerning skirt length for young women 221 Table: 2.4 A: Clothing On Torso Table 2.4 B: Female Figures for Which Presence of Absence of Clothing on Torso Cannot be Determined Due to State of Preservation or Very Small Size of Figure 232 Figure 2.13: Variation in Girdles/Waistbands 233 Table 2.5 A-M: Girdle Classification Figure 2.14: Bare Legs Visible Through Diaphanous and/or Form-Hugging Cuffed Pantaloons 238 Figure 2.15: Types of Garments Worn below the Waist 239 Figure 2.16: Hats 240 Figure 2.17: Headdresses 241 Figure 2.18 A: Hair Bindings Fillets and Headbands Figure B: Hair Bindings Ribbon Looped at Front of Head and Around Thick Tresses 244 Figure 2.18 C: Hair Bindings Fabric Wrapped Around or into Updo 244 [157]

4 Figure 2.19: Real and Artificial Vegetal Elements in Hair 245 Figure 2.20: Earrings 246 Figure 2.21 A: Beaded Necklaces of Spherical Beads 247 Figure 2.21 B : Beaded Necklaces of Other Bead Shapes and Combinations 248 Figure 2.21 C: Chokers 249 Figure 2.21 D: Obvious Garlands 250 Figure 2.21 E: Glytic and Ivory Single Necklace or Garland Indicated by Solid Line 251 Figure 2.21 F: Glyptic Two Necklaces Indicated by Solid Lines 252 Figure 2.21 G : Solid Choker 252 Figure 2.21 H: Solid Torque or Neck-ring 253 Figure 2.21 I: Two Lines Indicating Necklace(s) 253 Figure 2.22: Tassels and Dress Beads 254 Figure 2.23: Armbands 255 Figure 2.24: Bracelets 256 Figure 2.25: Anklets 257 Figure 2.26: Poses of Figures not Depicted Standing Upright 258 Figure 2.27 A: Female Figures of (Slightly) Different Heights as a Result of Attempts to Show Perspective 259 Figure 2.27 B: Scenes Including Small-Scale, Floating Female Figures Figure 2.27 C: Small-Scale Female Figures that do not Float above the Scene Apparently Youths (?) 262 Figure 2.27 D: Other Scenes Involving Distinctions in Relative Size among Female Figures Figure 2.28 A: Bird Women (with Human Heads, Skirts, and Feet + Bird Wings) Associated VE 264 Figure 2.28 B: Bird Women with Squill-like Head/Breasts 264 Figure 2.28 C: Fanning Petals Vegetal Elements above Skirts and Feet 265 Figure 2.28 D: Abstracted, Composite Female Figure Ivy Leaf as Torso and Pendant Motif as Skirt 265 Figure 2.28 E: Goat-Bird-Woman (?) with VE as Skirt 266 CHAPTER 3 The Language at Work: Syntax, Similies, Metaphors, and Meaning PAGE Figure 3.1: CMS VS1A Figure 3.2: Interplay Between the Impression and the Seal CMS VS1A Figure 3.3: CMS: I [158]

5 Figure 3.4: CMS VS1B Figure 3.5: CMS II Figure 3.6: The Relationship between the Arrangement of the Flowers and the Arrangement of Female Figures on CMS II Figure 3.7: Detail of NM Figure 3.8: Mycenaean Figurines of the Naturalistic Type. 272 Figure 3.9: A Terracotta Figure from Mycenae (Myc. Mus ) 273 Figure 3.10: CMS VI Figure 3.11: Ivory Mirror Handles with Girls Above Palm II Leaves 275 Figure 3.12: Line Drawings of Palm II Motifs from Other Mycenaean Ivory Objects 275 Figure 3.13: Photograph of Ivory Mirror Handle NM Figure 3.14: An Ivory Mirror Handle from Routsi Carved to Look Like a Bouquet of Roses, NM Figure 3.15: Composite Female Figures Made up of a Vegetal Element and Skirts with Feet 278 Figure 3.16: CMS I Figure 3.17: CMS II A and B 279 Figure 3.18: CMS XII.276b 279 Figure 3.19: Lion Hunt Dagger, Shaft Grave IV at Mycenae, Sides 1 and Figure 3.20: Red-Figure Alabastron (Kassel 551) Showing Association of Female Figure, Palm, and Altar in Classical Period Attic Vase Painting 281 Figure 3.21: CMS I [159]

6 Figure I.1: Finely Dressed, Bare-Breasted Women on the Impression Made by a Gold Signet Ring from Mycenae (CMS I.017) (Digitized archives of the Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel) 1 1 Unless otherwise noted, all images of seals, signet rings, sealings, and impressions labled with a CMS number have been downloaded from the newly digitized archives of the Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel. [160]

7 Figure I.2: Women are Flowers Four photographs from a project entitled Women are Flowers, metaphorically and iconically associating women with flowers. Based on the color of their skirts and the positioning of their legs, these women qua flowers signify different emotions: envy, passion, love, and kindness (from left to right starting in the top row). ( [161]

8 Figure I.3: Modern Flower-Wearing Female Tourists amid the LBA Ruins at Mycenae Three modern female tourists stand at the top of the ramp up to the palace at Mycenae. The woman on the left wears a pink floral-print hat and the woman on the right wears a floral-print dress. (The Author) [162]

9 Figure I.4: The Range in Scale of Seal and Signet Ring Impressions Impressions of some of the smallest and largest glyptic objects included within the dataset from the collection of the CMS archives are pictured here beside a metric ruler for scale. The impression of CMS I.017, pictured in Figure I.1, is shown here in the upper left corner. (The Author) [163]

10 Figure 1.1: Floral Anatomy, The Major Units of Flowers Briefly laying out some terminology regarding floral anatomy will facilitate our discussion: Flowers are made up of petals surrounding the male and female sexual organs of the plant. The male sexual organs, the stamens, are made up of filaments, or thin, stalk-like support structures, which are crowned by knob-like anthers, the pollen producing and releasing unit of the flower. The female sexual organ, the pistil, includes the stigma, a sticky tissue at the top of the pistil which first receives the pollen in the fertilization process, the style, through which the pollen travels, and the ovary, containing and protecting the ovules which develop into seeds when fertilized. The petals are typically surrounded by sepals, small, modified leaf units which protect the flower before it blooms, but on some species of plant, such as lilies, sepals are pigmented and appear like petals. 2 On some species, sepals are fused together at the base of the flower forming a calyx tube, a pronounced ring or cup-like structure. Additional supporting leaves or bracts may also occur beneath the flower. 3 It is important to note that floral anatomy is a particularly complicated topic and a great degree of variety occurs within the form these floral units take some species of crocus, for instance, have three style branches and stigmas, which are in turn attached to the ovary of the flower, 4 making them quite different from the generic flower diagram in Figure 1.1. Despite the complexity of floral anatomy and the fact that the definitions provided here are somewhat simplified, this discussion should at least provide adequate background information for the discussion in this chapter and should illustrate clearly how units of different types come together to form elements of different types. ( 2 Rebecca Irwin, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, personal communication, March Rebecca Irwin, Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, personal communication, March Porter 2000: 618. The term stigmas is used in discussing the saffron producing part of the branch, but in fact, the whole style branch (including the stigmas at the ends) is gathered. [164]

11 Figure 1.2: Arboreal Element Type 1, Trunks with bunches of foliage at top CMS I.117 CMS I.126 CMS I.219 CMS II CMS II CMS II CMS XI.028 CMS XI.029 CMS VS1B.114 CMS XII.264 HM 1700 HM 1700 CMS II CMS VI.279 CMS II CMS VI.281 CMS VS1A.176 CMS IS.114 CMS II CMS II CMS II HM 1629 HM 989 (HM 1700, 1629, 989= Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig.1, 14, 19, respectively) [165]

12 Figure 1.3: Arboreal Element Type 2: Young, fruiting (?) or flowering (?) trees and tree growth CMS I.514 (M) CMS II CMS VI.277 Figure 1.4: Arboreal Element Type 3, Palm Trees CMS VS1A.005 CMS VI.280 CMS VS1A.075 [166]

13 Figure 1.5: Arboreal Element Type 4: Long exposed trunk, Foliate Band at top CMS II Figure 1.6: Arboreal Element Type 5: Long, straight branches spreading off of trunk, obvious roots CMS XII.D012 Figure 1.7: Arboreal Element Type 6: Massive, gnarled trunk and thick limbs CMS VI.227 [167]

14 Figure 1.8: Arboreal Element Type 7: Fig or mulberry tree Pastoral Scene, Miniature Fresco, West House, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 26) Figure 1.9 Arboreal Element Type 8: Olive tree Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B. (Marinatos 1984: fig. 16) [168]

15 Figure 1.10: Flowering Element Type 1, Lilies A) Two Curving Petals with Three Stamens Flat Anthers: 1 per Filament CMS VS1B.113 CMS VS1B.113 Woman with Yellow Mantle, Xeste3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 133) Flat Anthers: 2 per Filament Round Anthers: 1 per Filament NM 1258 Thebes, Fresco Frag. Group 5 CMS VS3.243 CMS II (French 1971: fig. 3) (Reusch 1956: Taf. 2) B) Two Curving Petals Capped by a Line C) Two Curving Petals with a Teardrop-Shaped Central Unit CMS I.279 CMS I.017 Knossos Larnax Side A (Morgan 1987: fig. 4) D) Two Curving Petals with a Waz between Them E) Two Curving Petals with No Central Units* Tiryns Figurine with Tiryns Figurine with Knossos Larnax Kourion Ivory plaque, Xeste 3, Room 3b Pendant Cat. No.107 pendant Cat. No. 108 Window Crater Chania Mus. Mochlos (The Author) (The Author) (Morgan 1987: fig. 9) (Steel 2006: fig. 3a) (Aruz 2009: no. 263) (Catling : fig. 2a) *Note: The flower held by FF1 on the newly discovered ivory pyxis from Mochlos is also of this type. Our image is of too poor a quality to illustrate this clearly and thus has not been included here. [169]

16 F) Not Well Enough Preserved to Determine if a Central Unit Existed Kneeling Woman, Room 14, Villa, Ayia Triada * (Militello 1999: tav. C) Lady of the Lily, Cult Center, Mycenae (The Author) *Note that the large projections are buds of new flowers (see below), note the elliptical anthers on long filaments. The curving red line is thus half of a lily in bloom next to three buds. G) Ways of Indicating Budding or Immature Lilies Xeste 3, Room 3b Kneeling Woman Fresco, Room 14,Villa, Ayia Triada (Catling : fig. 2a) (Militello 1999: tav. C) CMS I.017 (image from ring rather than impression) CMS II [170]

17 Figure 1.11: Flowering Element Type 2, Papyrus plants A) No Internal Detail: Stemless waz B) No Internal Detail Saffron Gatherer 1, Dress Beads Knossos Fresco Frag. CMS XI.030 CMS V.728 CMS VS3.085 CMS II (Doumas 1992: fig. 121) (Cameron and Hood 1967: pl. 12b) C) Horizontal Division(s) D) Horizontal and Vertical Division(s) CMS VS3.243 CMS XI.020a K-AD 2359 Side B Myc KAD 2359, Side A (Steel 2006: fig. 8) (The Author) (Steel 2006: fig. 7) E) Vertical Divisions CMS XI.020a CMS VI.321 House of the Ladies, Akrotiri (w/detail) (Doumas 1992: fig. 2) Gold Pin from Myc. Shaft Grave 3 Gold Pin, Myc. Shaft Grave 3 CMS II (Higgins 1997: fig. 207) [171]

18 F) Three Bracts, No Top Border or Other Internal Detail CMS V.422b CMS II CMS XIII.039 CMS III.339 G) Three Bracts with Wavy Line Forming Top, H) Two Bracts Defining Fan Shape Border of Tuft No Top Border CMS VS1B.113 CMS V.422b I) Two or Three Bracts with Ornamental Internal Detail Ivory Mirror Handle NM 2899 (Photo: the Author, Line drawing: Poursat 1977: pl. 32) [172]

19 J) Possible Distinctions in Papyrus Maturity i) CMS VI.321 Distinctions in projections from tuft (none, dots, dots w/ line) ii) CMS III.339 VE 1 VE 2 VE 3 Distinctions in height of stem and presence or absence of spreading bracts. [173]

20 Figure 1.12: Flowering Element Type 3, Fanning petaloid lines CMS IX. 166 CMS IX. 167 Figure 1.13: Photograph of papyrus in nature (Cyperus papyrus) a. b. (a. b. Figure 1.14: Flowering Element Type 4, Poppy capsules A) B) HM 9305 CMS I.117 (Rethemiotakes 2001: pl. 38a) [174]

21 Figure 1.15: Flowering Element Type 5, Crocuses and stigmas Note: Crocus flowers (or, in most cases, the stigmas that remain from them) are so abundant in the frescoes of Xeste 3 and so similar from one depiction to the next, that there is no reason to include images of all the stigmas depcitions here. Instead, this figure considers what remains of some of the Xeste 3 crocus elements next to other crocus elements that occur in association with women. A) Growing in Clumps. Stigmas Indicated, Buds Indicated. Knossos, Larger Faience Dress Plaque Knossos, Smaller Faience Dress Plaque Ayia Triada Fresco Fragment (Polinger Foster 1979: fig. 17) (Polinger Foster 1979: fig. 17) (Militello 1999: tav. C) B) Growing in Clumps. Stigmas Indicated. Paint from C) Growing in Clumps. No Stigmas Flowers (and Possible Buds?) not Preserved. Indicated. Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Crocus from Room 3 HM 1629 (Doumas 1992: fig. 116) (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 14) D) Growing Near One Another on Short Stems but Not in Clumps. Stigmas Indicated. Knossos, Larger Faience Dress Plaque (Polinger Foster 1979: fig. 17) E) Picked and Held in the hand. No Stigmas Indicated. CMS I.017 CMS VS1B.114 CMS VS1B.114 [175]

22 F) Crocuses as Isolated Motifs on Clothing or Jewelry. Goddess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Veiled Girl, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Knossos Fresco Fragment, crocus-like pendant motif (Doumas 1192: fig. 125) (Doumas 1992: fig. 108) (Cameron and Hood 1967: pl. 12 b) I) Clear Example of Characteristic Flaring V-shape of Individual Stigma Pairs (Originally Projecting from Between Crocus Petals). Basket of Saffron Gatherer 3, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 130) G)Stigmas Gathered Into Tufts to Form Garland H) Stigmas Collected Into Clump Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Stigmas from Crocus Plants, West House, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 102) (Doumas 1992: fig. 25) [176]

23 Figure 1.16: Flowering Element Type 6, Dots + a stem and/or leaves CMS III.348 Bead in shape of FF, Ayia Triada (Effinger 1996: Taf. 5o) CMS III.358 CMS IS.134 [177]

24 Figure 1.17: Flowering Element Type 7, Roses and rosettes Older Woman with Yellow Mantel, Xeste3, Akrotiri Pylos 41 H sw 41 H sw reconstructed (Doumas 1992: fig. 133) (Lang 1969: pl. C) (Lang 1969: pl. 127) Pylos 51a H nws Fragment (detail) Pylos 51i H nws Fragment (Lang 1969: pl. 34) (Lang 1969: pl. E) Thebes, Frauenfries, Fragment Group 10 Frauenfries, Thebes, Fragment Group 30 (Reusch 1956: Taf. 2) (Reusch1956: Taf. 11) NM2898 NM2898 CMS III.352 (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) [178]

25 Figure 1.18: Flowering Element Type 8, Iris Wounded Woman, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 106) Figure 1.19: Flowering Element Type 9, Martagon lily(?) CMS I.017 Figure 1.20: Photogaph of Actual Martagon Lily (Warren 2000: fig. 11) [179]

26 Figure 1.21: Flowering Element Type 10, Y-shape with central lines and dots CMS III.349 Figure 1.22: Flowering Element Type 11, Stems with circular flower or coils CMS II Figure 1.23: Flowering Element Type 12, Budding flower between basal leaves CMS V.253 Figure 1.24: Flowering Element Type 13, V-shaped flower CMS VII.141 [180]

27 Figure 1.25: Other Vegetal Element Type 1, Branching line segments Simple Y-shaped Divided V CMS V.197 CMS XI.335 NM 2450 CMS VI.328 CMS XI.335 CMS IX.164 (The Author) Complex CMS III.354 CMS III.354 CMS XII.D012 CMS XI.347 Proto-Phi Figurine Frag. (French 1971: pl. 14c) CMS III.364 CMS III.364 CMS VS3.080 [181]

28 Figure 1.26: Other Vegetal Element Type 2, Squills CMS I.127 CMS II CMS II CMS I.127 CMS VI.278 CMS VS1A.180 CMS I.410 Squill-like: CMS II A CMS II.7.135B CMS VI.279 [182]

29 Figure 1.27: Other Vegetal Element Type 3, Foliate Band elements Double CMS II Ayia Triada, Villa Akrtoiri, Xeste 3, Wounded Woman (Militello 1999: tav. D) (Doumas 1992: fig. 106) CMS II NM 2899 NM 2399 (Poursat 1977: pl. 32) (The Author) Double, Stemless CMS I.126 CMS I.127 NM 2898 (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) CMS VS1B.261 [183]

30 (CONT) Single Foliate Band Variety Gold Pin,Shaft Grave III, Mycenae (detail) CMS I.410 (Higgins 1997: fig. 207) Figure 1.28: Other Vegetal Element Type 4, Lanceolate element with dotted border CMS I.127 Figure 1.29: Other Vegetal Element Type 5, Stems and leaves CMS I.086 [184] CMS VS1B.114

31 Figure 1.30: Other Vegetal Element Type 6, Sheaves NM 2473, Ivory Plaque, Mycenae (Poursat 1977: pl. 29) Goddess with Sheaves, Room of the Fresco, Mycenae (The Author) Figure 1.31: Other Vegetal Element Type 7, Reeds with rounded foliage CMS VI.281 Kneeling Woman, Room 14, Villa, Ayia Triada (Militello 1999: tav. C) Figure 1.32: Other Vegetal Element Type 8, Reed or grass CMS II [185]

32 Figure 1.33: Other Vegetal Element Type 9, Bushy, foliate Dreiblatt CMS I.086 Figure 1.34: Other Vegetal Element Type 10, Bulb with branching leaves CMS XII.276B Figure 1.35: Other Vegetal Element Type 11, Cordiform/ ivy leaves Tanagra Larnax 3 Tanagra Larnax 4a (fr) (Vermeule 1965: pl. 27a, 26b) (Vermeule 1965: pl. 27d) Pylos 53 H nws Jug from tholos tomb 2, Tanagra Laranx Routsi NM 8375 from Tomb 6 (Lang 1969: pl. 38)) (The Author) (Spyropolous 1970: fig. 12) [186]

33 Figure 1.36: Other Vegetal Element Type 12, Curving leaves, possible Palm II units Ivory Mirror Handle, NM 2898 (The Author) Ivory Mirror Handle, NM 2900 (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) Figure 1.37: Other Vegetal Element Type 13, Stems for palm fronds (?) A) B) C) CMS I.410 A) Impression, B) Ring, on which the lines at base of the element are more obviously linear rather than round units C) The comparable, more fully articulated/developed element on the other side of the field [187]

34 Figure 1.38: Other Vegetal Element Type 14, Saw branch CMS X.270 Figure 1.39: Other Vegetal Element Type 15, Long stick/staff with potential foliage at top CMS XI.347 Figure 1.40: Other Vegetal Element Type 16, Staff with vegetal finial CMS V.173 [188]

35 Table 1.1: Vegetal Elements Present but Too Worn or Small to be Classified Medium Object Name Too Small or Too Worn Glyptic: Metal CMS I.017 Vegetal Elements in hair of FF1-4: Too small to establish type CMS I.191 Too worn to establish type CMS III.358 Too worn to establish type Glyptic: Hard Stone CMS XI.335 Too worn to establish type Glyptic: Soft Stone CMS VS1B.261 Too worn to establish type CMS VI.328 Too worn to establish type CMS VII.141 Too worn to establish type CMS IX.164 Too worn to establish type CMS II (Sealing from Too worn to establish type Glyptic: Sealing, Seal Type Unknown Soft Stone) CMS VS1A.178 Too worn to establish type [189]

36 Figure 2.1: Hairstyles that Appear in Two or More Scenes within the Dataset Within this figure the short hairstyles are presented first with styles involving long hair worn down or partially down and partially up following the short hairstyles, and ponytails following the long hairstyles. Hairstyles appearing in more than one scene have been numbered with an RH-number, standing for recurring hairstyles, while the hairstyles that are unique to only one scene within the dataset are labeled with UH numbers, standing for unique hairstyle. RH-1) Shaved Head with Individual Locks a) Front and back locks (Davis Stage 1) b) Front, Back, Top, and Right Side locks (Davis Stage 2) Saffron Gatherer 1, Xeste 3 Priestess, West House Veiled Girl, Xeste 3 (Doumas 1992: fig. 121) (Doumas 1992: fig. 25) (Doumas 1992: fig. 108) RH-2) Short Curls Worn Close to the Head a) With additional locks (Davis Stage 3) Saffron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3 Saffron Gatherer 4, Xeste 3 Saffron Gatherer 3, Xeste 3 (Doumas 1992: fig. 119) (Doumas 1992: fig.124) (Doumas 1992: fig. 130) b) Without additional locks NM 2898 NM 2899 NM 2900 (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) (Poursat 1977: pl. 32) (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) [190]

37 RH-3) Hair Worn Close to the Head (No Obvious Curls) VS3.085 I.086 FF1-3 (identical) V.728 VI.321 XII.D012 II III.352 VS1A.055 II (Cr, H) IS.113 FF 2 III.364 (composite creature) VII.141 (composite creature) Myc. Mus HM 9305 (The Author) (Rethemiotakes 2001: pl. 38a) RH-3) Small Dots Rising from Top of Head, No Other Hair Indicated CMS II.3.051, FF 1 HM 1629, FF 2 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 14) [191]

38 RH-4) Long Hair Worn Down: Wavy Lock of Hair in front of the Ear 5 Goddess with Sheaves, Mycenae Lady with Lily, Mycenae Fragment Group 51 H nws, Pylos (The Author) (The Author) (Lang 1969: pl. O) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF at altar (Papaioannou 1989: pl. 15) Female Figure from Tiryns (The Author) RH-5) Long Hair Worn Down: Depicted in Multiple Curving Sections or Waves Female Figures from the House of the Ladies, Akrotiri CMS I.279 (Doumas 1992: fig. 9, 10) 5 In Helga Reusch s reconstruction of the Frauenfries from Thebes, the hair is depicted in a rather similar manner near the face, with two strands lying in front of the ear. I cannot determine which fragments justify such a reconstruction of the hair, or if the hair has simply been reconstructed this way based on the occurrence of this hairstyle on female figures in other Mycenaean frescoes. While acknowledging that hair is present in the relevant fragments for this project, I have decided this hair is too poorly preserved to classify. [192]

39 RH-6) Hair Worn in Loop at Back of Head with Lock(s) Hanging Down Below Loop CMS VS1B.113 FF1 CMS VS1B FF2 CMS VI.278 FF2 CMS VI.278 FF1 CMS XI.028 Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3 Wounded Woman, Xeste 3 (?) 6 (Doumas 1992: fig. 102) (Doumas 1992: fig. 105) RH-7) Long Lock at Back of Head, with Loop at the Top and Beading or Dots Along Lock. Lock Reaches to Lower Back. Goddess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri CMS I.126 CMS I.127 FF1 FF2 (Doumas 1992: fig. 125) 6 The hair of the Wounded Woman from Xeste 3 is not shown to be looped in the back, like that of the others, but Paul Rehak argues that the prominent pin in the Wounded Woman s hair suggests that her hair was held in a loop at the back of her head like the hair of her companion, the Necklace Swinger, and that the trauma of her wounding has caused her hair to become loose from the fillet and the hairstyle (Rehak 2004: 86-7). [193]

40 RH-8) Bun on Crown of Head with Dotted Strand Hanging Down to Lower Back CMS I.514 FF1 FF2 CMS II FF1 FF2 FF3 CMS II.3.052, FF5 RH-9a) Long Hair Worn Down: Single Row of Dots Following Curvature of Shoulders and Upper Arms CMS I.126 CMS I.219 CMS II NM 8375, Jug, Routsi (The Author) RH-9b) Related: One Line of Dots on Each Side, but Lines Flair Upwards as on Other Floating, Small-Scale Figures (see below) HM 1700, FF2 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) [194]

41 RH-10) Long Hair Worn Down: Segmented Locks Following the Curvature of (At Least) One Shoulder and Upper Arm, and Additional Locks Framing the Torso and Filling the Space between the Torso and the Arms. HM 989 HM1700, FF1 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 19) (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) RH-11) Long Hair Worn Down: Hair Rendered as Solid Mass Close to Head, Spitting into Long, Separate Locks at Base of Head or Neck Kourion Window Crater CMS VS1A.075 CMS I.017 FF5 (Steel 2006: fig.3a) RH-12) Several Large Segments Giving Way to Smooth, Curving Line of Ponytail CMS XI.264 CMS II.3.051, FF2 FF4 [195]

42 RH-13) Short, High Ponytail ChaniaMus K115 NM 2473 (Aruz 2008: no. 263) (Poursat 1977: pl. 29) RH-14) Wavy Hair on top of Head with Hanging Ponytail (Possibly Hats Rather Than Hair?) Tanagra Larnax 3 Tanagra Larnax 4a Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6 (Vermeule 1965: pl. 27a) (Vermeule 1965: pl. 27d) (Spyropoulos 1970: fig. 12) RH-15) Hair that Flairs Outwards (Dots or Solid Line) 7 Mochlos Pyxis, FF2 CMS II.3.051, FF 3 HM 1700, FF 2 (Soles 2011: part 4) (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) 7 This is arguably more of an effect than a style. While the figures included in this group here all have hair that flares outwards (as if windblown), the number of locks depicted differs as does the manner of depiction (one or more lines of dots vs. a solid line). That all of these demonstrate this same windblown effect is significant, and thus they are grouped together here, but this does not preclude their being considered together with other hairstyles as well, as HM 1700 F2 is. [196]

43 Figure 2.2: Hairstyles that Are Unique to a Single Scene or Object within the Dataset UH-1) Updo with Fabric in Hair Older Women, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 132,134; Televantou 1994: pl. 60) UH-2) Double Layer Bun on Crown of Head with Beaded or Segmented Hair Hanging Down CMS I.017 FF1 FF2 FF4 UH-3) Hair Pulled back into Ponytail Indicated by Dots and two Straight Lines at the Bottom CMS I.017 FF3 UH-4) Most of Hair Worn Close to Head, Single Row of Dots Hangs Down from Updo (Originating from Low Bun on FF1) CMS I.191 FF1 FF2 [197]

44 UH-5) Hair Indicated by Dots of Various Sizes Hanging Down CMS II UH-6) Long Hair Worn Down: Parted Down Middle, Cleary Distinguished Wavy Locks Beginning at Eye Level Gold Pin Ornament, Mycenae Shaft Grave III (Marinatos 1951: fig. 1) UH-7) Long Hair Worn Down: Hair in Wavy Locks, Crown of Bangs (?) at Front of Head Larnax from Knossos FF1 (Morgan 1987: fig. 4) FF2?-unclear due to preservation [198]

45 UH-8) Long Hair Worn Down: Indicated by a Combination of Large Segments and Small Dots Hanging Down as Far as Middle to Lower Back CMS XI.029, FF 1 FF2 FF3 UH-9) Long Hair Worn Down: Loose, Straight Locks Hanging Below Upper Arms HM 1700, FF3 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) UH-10) Long Hair Worn Down: Segmented Locks Close to Head and Neck, Loose, Straight Locks Visible between One Arm and Torso CMS VI.279 [199]

46 UH-11) Long Hair Worn Down: Pronounced Bangs, Single Line Indicating Hair from Bangs Down to Below Waist CMS VS1A.178, FF1 FF2 UH-12) Long Hair Worn Down: Thin, Lose Strands Visible Below Flat Hat CMS I.179 UH-13) Hair Piled on Head with Single Zig-Zag Lock Hanging Down CMS VS1B.114, FF1 [200]

47 UH-14) Long Hair Indicated by Seven Round Segments, Beginning with Bangs at Top of Forehead and Continuing Down to Top Portion of Upper Arm CMS VS3.243, FF1 UH-15) Long Hair Indicated by Four Large, Quasi-Elliptical Segments Beginning at Back of Head and Continuing to Middle of Upper Arm CMS VS3.243, FF2 UH-16) Long Hair Gathered into Thick Locks Divided into Cylindrical Segments, Two Locks Shown Framing the Torso HM 1700 FF4 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) UH-17) Long Hair Rendered as Solid Mass near Head and Neck, Separating at Base of Neck into Two Thick Locks Divided into Large, Quasi-Elliptical Segments CMS VI.277 bottom row FF 5 FF4 (Hampe and Simon 1981: fig. 288) [201]

48 UH-18) Long Hair Indicated by Various Lines and Irregularly Shaped Segments, Exact Hairstyle(s) Unclear CMS VI.277 top row FF 2 FF1 FF 3 bottom row FF6 FF 3 FF2 FF1 (Hampe and Simone 1981: fig. 288) UH-19) Updo: Bun, Single Layer CMS II UH-20) Updo: Bun, Double Layer CMS I.410 UH-21) Only Bang/Front Lock and Sideburn Visible beneath Hat Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF 5 (Marinatos 1984: fig. 16) [202]

49 UH-22) Short Hair Indicated by Lines Fanning out from Circular Head CMS XI.347 UH-23) Short Hair Indicated by Line Segments Fanning out from Narrow Section at Top of Head CMS III.354 UH-24) Wavy Hair above Fillet with Long Hanging J-shaped Ponytail Procession Krater, K-AD2359, Side A, 4-5; Side B 1 preserved FF (Steel 2006: fig. 7) UH-25) Wavy Hair Above Fillet, No Hanging Ponytail Procession Krater K-AD2359, Side A, FF 2-3 (Steel 2006: fig. 7) [203]

50 Table 2.1 A-E: Notes on Hair of Figures not Classified Above Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Table 2.1 A: Head Depicted, No Hair Indicated CMS V.173 FF 1 aniconic head CMS V.173 FF 2 aniconic head CMS V.197 FF 1 aniconic head CMS V.197 FF 2 aniconic head CMS V.197 FF 3 aniconic head CMS V.422b FF1 aniconic head CMS V.422b FF2 aniconic head CMS VI.277 top row FF 4, aniconic head CMS VI.277 top row FF 5 aniconic head CMS VI.280 FF1 aniconic head CMS VI.280 FF2 aniconic head CMS VI.281 aniconic head CMS III.339 aniconic head CMS VS3.080 FF1 semi-aniconic CMS VS3.080 FF2 semi-aniconic CMS XI.020a CMS III.348 aniconic head CMS III.349 aniconic head Glyptic: Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Glyptic: Sealing, Seal Type Unclear Faience Table 2.1 B: No Human Head, Thus No Hair CMS XIII.039 (no head) CMS IX.166 (Composite, no human head) CMS IX.167 (Composite, no human head) CMS XII.276b (Composite, no human head) CMS XIII.003 (Composite, no human head) CMS II.7.135A (Composite, no human head) (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS II.7.135B (Composite, no human head) (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS XII.174b (Composite, no human head) Faience Dress Plaques from Knossos (no human head) Table 2.1 C: Hair Clearly Indicated but Hairstyle Unclear Due to State of Preservation Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Soft Stone Fresco CMS III.358 CMS XI.030 FF1 CMS XI.030 FF2 CMS V.253 CMS IX.164 FF1 Thebes Frauenfries Fragments [204]

51 Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Soft Stone Ivory Table 2.1 D: Unclear if Hair is Depicted or Not Due to State of Preservation Terracotta Figures/Figurines Larnax/Sarcophagus Fresco HM 1629 FF 1 CMS IS.114 CMS II CMS II FF1 CMS II FF2 CMS II FF1 (Sealing from Metal) CMS II FF2 (Sealing from Metal) CMS II FF3 (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (Sealing from Metal) CMS II FF1 (Sealing from Metal) CMS II FF2 (Sealing from Metal) CMS II FF1 (Sealing from Metal) CMS II FF2 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.176 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.177 FF1 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.177 FF2 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.180 (Sealing from Metal) CMS IS.133 FF1 CMS IS.133 FF2 CMS IS.134 FF1 CMS IS.134 FF2 CMS II CMS VI.328 CMS IX.134 CMS IX.164 FF2 CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) NM 23 99, Mirror Handle Myc. Mus (Proto-Phi Fragment) NM 1258 (Proto-Phi Fragment) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF1-4 Ayia Triada Fresco Fragments Woman at Altar Ayia Triada Fresco Fragments, Kneeling Woman Knossos Fresco Fragments, Ladies in Blue Table 2.1 E: Presence of Hair and/or Type of Hairstyle Unclear Due to Image Quality or Ambiguous Marks within the Scene Glyptic: Metal CMS VS1B.114 FF2 CMS VS1B.114 FF3 Glyptic: Hard Stone CMS XI.335 Glyptic: Soft Stone CMS VS1B.261 CMS X.270 Jewelry Bead from Ayia Triada Ivory Mochlos Pyxis FF1 Glass NM 2450, Plaque of FF with Branch Terracotta Figurines Figure From Tiryns with Waz-Lily Pendant [205]

52 Table 2.2: Female Figures Depicted with Well-Preserved and Well-Developed Breasts Medium Object Exposed? [206] Number of Breasts Indicated Nipple(s) and or Areola(e)? Glyptic: M HM 989 Yes 2 Present: Single Dot (small) Glyptic: M HM 1629 (FF 2) Yes 1-frontal/3/4 Worn: not obvious profile Glyptic: M HM 1700 (FF 1) Yes 2 Present: Single Dot (small) Glyptic: M HM 1700 (FF 3) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M HM 1700 (FF 4) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M I.017 (FF 1) Yes 2 Present: Very Large Areolae Glyptic: M I.017 (FF 2) Yes 2 Present: Very Large Areolae Glyptic: M I.017 (FF 4) Yes 2 Present and somewhat pointed(?) Not as prominent of those of FF1 and FF2 Glyptic: M I.126 (FF 2) Yes 2 Present: Large Areola Glyptic: M I.127 (FF1) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M I.127 (FF2) Yes 1-profile Unclear due to image quality Glyptic: M (FF 1) Yes 2 Possible Single Dot Glyptic: M I.191 (FF 2) Yes 2 Possible Single Dot Glyptic: M I.219 Unclear 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M I.514 (FF 1) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M I.514 (FF 2) Yes 1-profile Possible (Small) Single Dot Glyptic: M II Yes 1-frontal, arm blocks proper right Worn: not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 1) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 2) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 4) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 5) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M II Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M II Yes 2 Worn: not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 1) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 2) Yes 2 Present, with central nipple dot? Glyptic: M II (FF 3) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M V.728 (FF 1) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M V.728 (FF 2) Yes 1-profile Worn: not obvious Glyptic: M VS1B.113 (FF 1) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VS1B.113 (FF 2) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VS1B.114 (FF 2) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VS1B.114 (FF 3) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VS3.243 (FF 1) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VS3.243 (FF 2) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.277 (FF 2 top) Unclear 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.277 (FF 3 top) Unclear 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.277 (FF 1 bottom) Unclear 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.277 (FF 3 bottom) Unclear 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.278 (FF 1) Unclear 1-frontal, arm blocks left Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.278 (FF 2) Yes or visible through clothes? 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M VI.279 Yes 2 Present: Prominent, proper right slightly elliptical, proper left is round Glyptic: M VI.281 Yes 1-profile Not obvious

53 Glyptic: M XI.028 Yes 2 Possible Single Dot. Glyptic: M XI.029 (FF 1) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M XI.029 (FF 3) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: M XI.030 (FF 1) Yes 2 Present: Prominent, and round Glyptic: M XI.030 (FF 2) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: M II (FF 2) (Sealing from Yes 2 Worn: not obvious Metal) Glyptic: M II (Sealing from Metal) Unclearstate of preservation Glyptic: M Yes Glyptic: M II (FF 1) (Sealing from Metal) VS1A.176 (Sealing from Metal) Yes [207] 2 Worn: not obvious 1-frontal, arm blocks proper left breast 1-frontal, arm blocks proper right breast Worn: not obvious Worn: not obvious Glyptic: HS I.279 Yes 2 Present: Prominent, large, and round Glyptic: HS II Yes 2 Single dot Glyptic: HS VS1A.075 Yes 1-3/4 profile, hand blocks left breast Possible small projection where arm starts, unclear Glyptic: HS VS3.080 (FF 1) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: HS VS3.080 (FF 2) Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: HS VS3.085 Yes 2 Present: Prominent, round, centered between top and bottom of breast Glyptic: HS XI.335 Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: SS V.253 No. Shape of 2 breast suggested Not obvious Glyptic: SS XI.347 Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: SS XII.264 Yes 1-profile Not obvious Glyptic: SS II.7.135A (composite) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: SS II.7.135B (composite) Yes 2 Not obvious Glyptic: seal type unknown Ivory Ivory XII.174b (composite) Yes 2 Worn: not obvious Chania Mus K115, Ivory Plaque with Female Figure and Lily NM 2473 Plaque of Female Figure with Sheaf Not obviously Not obviously Shape of 2 breasts suggested Shape of 2 breasts suggested Not obvious Not obvious Ivory Mochlos Pyxis (FF1) Yes 2 Unclear due to image quality Jewelry: Gold Pin Ornament, Mycenae Yes 2 Unclear due to image quality Gold Shaft Grave III Terracotta Vessel Jug from Tholos Tomb 2, Routsi Yes 2 Present: Prominent round dots at center of ivy spirals Terracotta Figurine Myc. Mus , Visible Through 2 n/a, blocked Terracotta Figure Terracotta Figurine Terracotta Figure HM 9305 (Female Figure with upraised arms and fillet with poppies) Myc.Mus Proto Phi Fragment Nafplion Mus. (Female Figure with double layer robe and Clothes Yes 2 Not obvious Yes 2 Not obvious Visible Through 2 Present: Prominent. Circles indicate areola and central dot indicates

54 Terracotta Figure Fresco waz -lily pendant, Cat. No. 107) Nafplion Mus. (Female Figure with skirt and waz -lily Pendant, Cat. No. 108) Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Saffron Gatherers, North Wall, "Goddess" Fresco Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Necklace Swinger" Fresco Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Wounded Woman" Fresco Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Room 3b, Older Woman with Red Mantle Fresco Fresco Fresco Fresco Fresco Akrotiri, House of the Ladies Fresco, Standing Lady Akrotiri, House of the Ladies Fresco, Bending Lady Akrotiri, West House, Miniature Fresco (FF1) Knossos Fresco Fragments, Ladies in Blue Pylos Fresco Fragments 51 H nws Clothes Visible Through Clothes nipple. 2 Present: Paint partially preserved on proper right breast suggesting large areola. Remnants of paint can perhaps be seen on proper left breast. Yes 1-3/4 profile Present: Single Dot, apparently raised. Width of raised dot and presence of areola unclear due to state of preservation. Yes 1-3/4 profile Present: Small raised nipple dot, no surrounding areola indicated. Yes 1-profile n/a, blocked (apparently) Yes 1, roughly 3/4 profile, plus partially covered Yes 1, barely shown, mostly blocked by arm Yes 1, very large and pendulous Present: Dark single dot (?), hint of circle of lighter paint around (?) not entirely clear due to state of preservation n/a, blocked Present: Prominent, raised red nipple depicted in profile, somewhat mushroom shaped. Surrounding lines suggest small areola. Yes 1-3/4 profile Unclear due to state of preservation Yes Present, Number Unclear due to state of preservation Yes 1,? Preservation np? Present: Central dot indicates nipple, smaller surrounding dots indicate areola. [208]

55 Figure 2.3 Breasts of Sexually Mature Female Figures from the Large-Scale Frescoes of Akrotiri A) Sagging Pendulous Breasts of the Bending Woman from the House of the Ladies (Doumas 1992: fig. 10) B) Well-Developed but not Excessively Large Breasts of Nubile Female Figures of Xeste 3 Left to Rigt: Goddess, Neckl ace Swinger, and Wounded Woman (Doumas 1992: fig. 125, 101, 106) C) Very Full but Not Sagging Breast of the Older Woman with the Red Mantle from Xeste 3 (Doumas 1992: fig. 131) [209]

56 Figure 2.4: Two Contrasting Figures from the Thebes Frauenfries Fresco (as restored by H. Ruesch 1948) (Immerwahr 1990: pl. 21) The Frauenfries fresco is highly fragmentary, and there are no extant fragments from the midchest area (where breasts might have been indicated) for either of the two flower-bearing figures. The known fragments (Fragments Groups 5 and 10), however, clearly show that these figures were depicted with frontal torsos and that they held their flowers up to their chests and thus would have partially obscured breasts if these were depicted. This frontal, chest-obscuring pose stands in marked contrast to the profile pose of two figures (at least one of whom carries a pyxis) which emphasizes the figures very large breasts and prominent nipples. These breasts are comparable to, but apparently even fuller than, those of the Older Woman with the Red Mantle from Xeste 3, Akrotiri. The fact that figures with distinctions in breast size that perhaps suggest distinctions in relative maturity are associated with different types of objects flowers and containers is perhaps significant. [210]

57 Figure 2.5: CMS II.3.326: Note how the breasts of FF1, though well-developed, are smaller and sit higher on the chest than those of FF3 which hang downwards on the body with deep breast folds. Though it is more difficult to compare the size of frontally rendered breasts to those depicted in profile, the breasts of the central FF2 also seem notably fuller than those of FF1. Significantly, this smaller breast size corresponds with the smaller relative height of FF1, though, unlike the Xeste 3 figures, no differences in hairstyle are evident among these three figures. Figure 2.6: CMS VS3.080: The breasts of FF1 are larger and sit somewhat lower than those of FF2, though FF2 is in fact depicted as slightly taller than FF1. The difference in the sizes of these full, well-developed breasts is perhaps not of great significance. Figure 2.7: The Chests of the Saffron Gatherers, from Xeste 3, Akrotiri, Suggesting the Early Stages of Puberty (Doumas 1992: fig. 124, 121, 119, 130) [211]

58 Figure 2.8: CMS II.6.001: While FF2 is depicted with large, full breasts, her half-sized companions are not apparently depicted with any indication of mature breasts; due to the wear on this sealing, we are unable to determine if the artists has made any attempt to indicate nipples suggesting breast buds on the otherwise mostly flat chests, as on the pubescent Saff ron Gatherers of Xeste 3. Figure 2.9: CMS I.017: The three full-grown female figures, FF1, 2, and 4, are depicted with large breasts with prominent areolae. The smaller-scale figures are depicted with no emphasis on the breast region, and both hold their arms in positions which obscure our view of the chest. Significantly, these smaller figures whose chests are not emphasized also wear different costumes than their mature companions, and their hairstyles also differ from those of both their older companions and of one another. That the hair of FF3 who participates in the central action of the scene and is associated with flowers in the same way as the older women is closer to their hairstyle than to that of FF5 is perhaps significant. [212]

59 Figure 2.10: Breasts Visible Through Clothing A) B) CMS I.279 Terracotta Figure, Tiryns (The Author) These two female figures are depicted with unambiguous necklines that lie above their breasts, which, despite being covered by clothing, are themselves clearly visible and depicted in particular detail. Both pairs of breasts are depicted with large areolae, and those of the terracotta figure from Tiryns, at right, are also shown with nipples distinguished inside of the areolae. Because the Akrotiri frescoes indicate that robes were sometimes made of diaphanous material, it is possible that in depicting the breasts beneath the relatively high-necked robe on the Tiryns figure, the artist might have attempted to suggest a diaphanous robe. In the case of CMS I.279, the combination of the high-necked garment and the detailed and fully visible chest and shoulders make it very unclear how such a garment would have worked or if the clothing depicted represents any realistic garment type. Clearly the artist had some particular interest in depicting the unusual horizontal neckline that runs from one upper arm to the other and also in emphasizing the breasts below, a point to which we will return in Chapter 3. C) D) Terracotta Figure, Tiryns (The Author) Myc. Mus , Terracotta Figure, Mycenae (The Author) How the rather unusual garments on these two female figures work is also somewhat unclear, though the presence of patterns above the breasts implies that the garments rise above the breasts of the figures. On the figure from Tiryns, at left, the horizontal line above the breast seems to indicate a high, horizontal neckline. In both cases, breasts are visible through the garments, and in the case of the Tiryns figure, remnants of paint at the center of both breasts suggest that prominent areolae were originally depicted. [213]

60 Figure 2.11: Breasts Visible, Perhaps Through Clothing CMS VI.278 (FF 2) CMS VI.279 Both of these female figures are depicted with ambiguous lines at the neck that could represent necklaces or that could represent high necklines. If these are intended to be necklines, then these two figures are also shown with prominent breasts fully visible through high-necked garments. [214]

61 Figure 2.12: Variation in Exposure of Foot/Ankle/Lower Leg Units A) B) C) D) E) F) G) A) No feet, ankles, or legs (CMS I. 127, FF2) B) Just feet (CMS II.3.051, FF2) C) Just feet and ankles (CMS VS1B.113 FF2) D) Just feet, ankles, and bottom portion of lower legs (CMS I.017, FF1) E) Feet, ankles, and most or all of lower legs (CMS V.277, bottom row, FF2) F) Feet, ankles, all of lower leg, and all/most of thigh (I.514, FF2) G) Lower legs but no feet (VS3.080, FF2) [215]

62 Table 2.3 A-K: Variation in Exposure of Foot/Ankle/Lower Leg Units Table 2.3 A) No Feet, No Ankles, No Lower Legs Glyptic: Metal HM 989 I.127 I.514 (FF 1) IS.114 II (FF 2) II V.173 V.197 V.422b V.278 VS1B.114 VI.278 VI.281 XI.028 XI.030 (FF1) VS1A.180 (Sealing from Metal) Glyptic: Soft Stone I.410 III.348 III.354 VS1B.261 IX.164 XIII.0003 II.7.135A (Sealing from Soft Stone) II.7.135B (Sealing from Soft Stone) Glyptic: Sealing, XII.174b Seal Material Unclear Faience Glass Plaques with Woman Holding Branch, NM 2450 Bead Terracotta Vessels Bead in the Shape of Female Figure with Incised Flower, Ayia Triada Jug from Tholos Tomb 2, Routsi Kourion Window Krater, with FF holding flower Procession Krater, K-AD 2359 Larnax Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6 (FF1) Terracotta Figures Female Figure with Poppy Capsule Fillet, HM 9305 Female Figure with Papyrus on Clothing. Mycenae Mus Tiryns Female Figure, wearing double layer robe and downward hanging "waz-lily" pendant. Nafplion Mus (Cat. No. 107) Tiryns Female Figure wearing skirt and highly stylized waz-lily pendant, Nafplion Mus. (Cat. No. 108) Fresco Akrotiri, West House, Miniature Fresco, North Wall FF1 NB: Where no female figure is specified, the categorization applies to all female figures in the scene. [216]

63 Table 2.3 B) Just Feet, No Ankles, No Lower Legs Glyptic: Metal II II (FF1) VI.279 VI.277 (Top row FF 1)* VI.280 (FF 1) II (Sealing from Metal) Jewelry Gold Pin Ornament, Shaft Grave III, Mycenae Larnax/Sarcophagus Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF1, 3-5) Fresco Akrotiri, House of the Ladies Fresco (FF 1-2) Akrotiri, West House, Miniature Fresco, North Wall (FF 2) Table 2.3 C) Just Feet and Ankles, No Lower Legs Glyptic: Metal I.017 (FF 3, 5) I.179 I.219 VS1B.113 (FF 1-2/2) VS3.243 (FF 2) XI.030 (FF 2) Glyptic: Hard Stone VS1A.075 VS3.085 Glyptic: Soft Stone Ivory IX.167 Chania Mus K115, Ivory Plaque with Female Figure and Lily NM 2899, Mirror Handle with two girls and large flowers Mochlos Pyxis (FF 3) Larnax/Sarcophagus Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 2) Fresco Fragments from Pylos Procession Fresco [217]

64 Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Ivory Larnakes/ Sarcophagus Fresco Table 2.3 D) Feet, Ankles, and Bottom Portion of Lower Leg (only) HM 1629 (FF2) HM 1700 (FF 1,2,4) I.017 (FF 1,2,4) I.086 I.126 II.3.114* VS3.243 (FF1) VI.277 (Top row FF 4-5)* VI.278 * XI.029 (FF 3) * I.279 II III.339 VI.321 XI.020a XI.335 (Sealing from Hard Stone) II III.349 III.364 IS.133 V.253 VII.141 IX.166 XI.264 XI.347 XII.D012 XII.264* II (Sealing from Soft Stone) II (Sealing from Soft Stone) NM 2473, Plaque of Female Figure with Sheaf, Mycenae NM 2900, Mirror Handle with Two Girls and Birds above Foliage, Mycenae Mochlos Pyxis (FF1) LM IIIa Larnax from Knossos Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6 (FF 2-4) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus (FF 6) Akrotiri, West House, Priestess Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Wounded Woman" Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Saffron Gatherers, Girls 1-4, Goddess Ayia Triada, Room 14, standing female figure * These female figures apparently wear form-hugging and/or transparent pantaloons through which all of the lower legs as well as the upper legs are visible. These figures have been classified here according to what portions of lower legs/ankles/feet are visible below the cuff of the pantaloons. [218]

65 Table 2.3 E) Feet, Ankle, and Most or All of Lower Leg Exposed Glyptic: Metal I.191 VI.277 (Bottom row FF 1-5, Top row FF 2-3) XI.029 (FF 1-2) Glyptic: Soft Stone Fresco IS.134 VI.328 XII.276 Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Veiled Girl" (All or most of the lower legs project from the flounced skirt the female figure wears; a transparent veil, however, hangs down to just above the figure s ankles) Table 2.3 F) Feet, Ankle, All of Lower Leg Exposed and Most of Upper Leg Exposed Glyptic: Metal I.514 (FF 2) Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Table 2.3 G) Lower Leg(s) but no Feet III.358 VI.277 (Bottom row FF 6 single, peg-like leg [?], no foot) VI.280 (FF 2) XIII.039 VS3.080 X.270 Table 2.3 H) Feet/Ankle/Lower Leg Region Obstructed from View Glyptic: Metal HM 1700 (FF 3) II Glyptic: Soft VS1A.055 Stone [219]

66 Table 2.3 I) Judgment Concerning Lower Legs, Ankles, Feet not Possible Due to State of Preservation Glyptic: Soft CMS III.352 Stone Ivory NM 2399, Mirror Handle with Seated Female Larnakes Tanagra Larnax 2 Tanagra Larnax 4a, Fragment Terracotta Myc.Mus , Proto-Phi Figurine with Branching Vegetal Element Figurines NM 1258, Proto-Phi Figurine with Lily Fresco Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Room 3b, Older Ladies Ayia Triada, Room 14, Kneeling Woman Knossos, Ladies in Blue Fresco Fragments Mycenae, Cult Center, "Lady with the Lily" Fresco Mycenae, Room of the Frescoes, Citadel House Area, Female Figure with Sheaves Thebes, Frauenfries Table 2.3 J) Upper Portion of Lower Legs Not Depicted, Judgment Concerning Bottom Portion of Lower Legs, Ankles and Feet Not Possible Due to State of Preservation Glyptic: Metal HM 1629 (FF1) CMS II (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (FF2) (Sealing from Metal) Glyptic: Hard CMS II (Sealing from Hard Stone) Stone Glyptic: Soft CMS IX.163 Stone CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) Glyptic: Sealing, Seal Material Unclear CMS VS1A.176(Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS VS1A.178 Ivory Mochlos Pyxis (FF 2) Fresco Arkrotiri, Xeste 3, Room 3, Older woman with Liles Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Necklace Swinger" Table 2.3 K) Feet and Ankles Possibly Depicted, Unclear Due to State of Preservation Glyptic: Metal CMS II CMS II (FF1) (Sealing from Metal) Ivory Mochlos Pyxis (FF4) [220]

67 Figure : Image from an 1868 issue of Harper s Bazaar illustrating age-related conventions concerning skirt length for young women. ( [221]

68 Table: 2.4 A: Clothing On Torso Cat. No. Object and Female Figure More than 1 Layer? Sleeve- Length Neckline Image 1 HM 989 No. Upper arm Below breast, (fabric seems to drape over outside half of proper left breast) 2 HM 1629 N/A Upper arm Not obviously indicated, but breast is clearly exposed. 3 HM 1700 (FF 1) No. Upper arm) Below breasts (necklace above) 3 HM 1700 (FF 4) No. Upper arm Below breasts (horizontal lines?) 5 CMS I.086 (FF 1) No. Upper arm/at elbow High, V-neck 5 CMS I.086 (FF 2) No. Upper arm/at elbow High, V-neck [222]

69 5 CMS I.086 (FF 3) 6 CMS I.126 (FF 2) No. No. Proper right sleeve: upper arm/elbow Proper left sleeve: Just below elbow At wrist? Long sleeves? High, V-neck Below breasts 7 CMS I.127 (FF 1) No. Long at wrist? Below breast 7 CMS I.127 (FF 2) No. Long at wrist? Below breast 8 CMS I.179 No. Upper arm/ at elbow Unclear due to stance. 13 CMS II N/A Upper arm Not obviously indicated but one breast is clearly exposed. [223]

70 14 CMS II (FF 1) No. Perhaps Sleeveless, or perhaps terminating at wrist Below breasts 14 CMS II (FF 2) No. Upper arm Below breasts 14 CMS II (FF 4) No. Upper arm Not obviously indicated, but one breast is clearly fully exposed. 14 CMS II (FF 5) No. Upper arm Not obviously indicated, but one breast is clearly fully exposed. 25 CMS VS1B.114 (FF 2) 28 CMS VI.278 (FF 1) N/A Upper arm, (Only indicated on proper right arm) Not obviously indicated, but breasts are clearly exposed. (Possible, somewhat crooked garland at neck) No. Upper arm Not obviously indicated. General shape of breasts indicated but breasts do not project outwards at all, and it is therefore impossible to determine that they are not covered by a thin layer. [224]

71 28 CMS VI.278 (FF 2) No. Upper arm?unclear: Breasts are prominently exposed, suggesting that the band at neck is a necklace rather than neckline. Deep neckline below breasts not obviously indicated. 29 CMS I.279 No. Upper arm?unclear: high horizontal neckline, but breasts clearly exposed 29 CMS VI.279 No. Upper arm/at elbow?unclear: Breasts and nipples clearly depicted so band at neck may be a necklace rather than a high neckline. 33 CMS XI.029 (FF 2) 33 CMS XI.029 (FF 1) 35 CMS II (FF 2) N/A No. Upper arm/ at elbow Upper arm/at 2elbow Not obviously indicated, but breasts are clearly exposed. Dotted line at neck is probably a necklace rather than a high neckline. Not obviously indicated. General shape of breasts indicated but breasts do not project outwards at all, and it is therefore impossible to determine that they are not covered by a thin layer. N/A Upper arm Not obviously indicated, but breasts are clearly exposed. 35 CMS II (FF 3) No. Upper arm Not obviously indicated, perhaps high (at garland) [225]

72 46 CMS VS3.085 N/A Upper arm Not obviously indicated, but breasts are clearly exposed. 61 CMS V.253 No. Upper arm? High 87 NM 2899, Ivory Mirror Handle with Two Female Figures and Papyrus Elements 94 Gold Pin Ornament, Shaft Grave III, Mycenae No. Upper arm Unclear due to state of preservation. No. Upper arm Below breast area (fabric drapes over outside edges of breasts, meets below breast) 97 Procession Krater K-AD 2359 No. No arms indicated High 98 Larnax from Knossos (FF 1) No. At wrist? Long sleeves? High 98 Larnax from Knossos (FF 2) Unclear. Unusual circular design at center of torso At wrist? Long sleeves? High [226]

73 99 Tanagra Larnax 3 (Niarchos Larnax) (Side 1, FF 1-3; Side 2, FF 1-4) No. Unclear seems to vary from figure to figure High, horizontal Side 2 FF1 FF2 Side 2 FF3 FF4 100 Tanagra Larnax 4a (fragment) No. Upper arm? (At elbow?) High, horizontal Torsos of FF 1-3 from Side 1 are depicted and clothed in the same manner, but are poorly preserved and a clear line drawing is not available 101 Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6 (FF 1-4) No. At end of arms-long sleeves High, horizontal 102 Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 5) Yes-2. Frontless Blouse over robe Upper arm/at elbow Layer 1: Unclear due to stance Layer 2: Frontless [227]

74 102 Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 6) 106 Myc. Mus Possibly 2. Frontless Blouse unclear if white on torso is skin or white bodice Upper arm Frontless, No. Unclear High? Possible high-necked under-layer below. 107 Figure from Lower Citadel at Tiryns, Nafplion Museum Yes-2. Robe open to ground over Highnecked robe covering breast Long? Layer 1: Comparatively high V-neck covering breasts Layer 2: Below breast 108 Figure from Lower Citadel at Tiryns, Nafplion Museum No. Lower-arm High, horizontal? 109 Godess, Saffron Gatherers Fresco, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Below breast 109 Girl 1, Saffron Gatherers Fresco, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Below breast area [228]

75 109 Girl 2, Saffron Gatherers Fresco, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Below breast area 109 Girl 3, Saffron Gatherers Fresco, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Below breast area 109 Girl 4, Saffron Gatherers Fresco, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Below breast area 110 Necklace Swinger, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Just below elbow Below breasts 110 Veiled Girl, Adyton, Xeste 3,,Akrotiri Yes-2. Upper Portion of Robe and Diaphanous Veil. Upper arm Below breast area [229]

76 110 Wounded Woman, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri No. Just below elbow Below breasts 111 Older Female Figure in Red Mantel, Room 3 b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Yes-2. Mantle over sleeved bodice Upper Arm Layer 1: Below breast Layer 2: Conceals popper right breast 111 Older Female Figure in Yellow Mantel, Room 3 b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Yes-2. Mantle over sleeved bodice Unclear due to state of preservation Layer 1: Below breast Layer 2: Covering proper right breast 112 Bending Lady House of the Ladies, North Wall, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Below breast(s) 112 Standing Lady House of the Ladies, South Wall,, Akrotiri No. Upper arm Unclear due to stance and state of preservation. 113 Priestess, West House, Akrotiri Yes-2. Mantle over sleeved bodice Upper arm/at elbow Layer 1:?Unclear, blue band at neck may be necklace or high neckline. Layer 2: Diagonal across body. [230]

77 114 Pastoral Scene, West House Miniature Fresco, North Wall, Akrotiri (FF 1) No. Unclear due to State of Preservation Below breast 114 Pastoral Scene, West House Miniature Fresco, North Wall, Akrotiri (FF 2) No. FF2: Upper arm/at elbow Unclear due to state of preservation. 115 Woman at Altar, Room 14, Villa, Ayia Triada No. Unclear due to state of preservation Below breasts 117 Female Figure with Sheaves, Room of the Fresco, Mycenae Yes-2. Mantle over sleeved bodice Upper arm/at elbow Layer 1:?Unclear: line at neck is perhaps necklace rather than neckline. Layer 2: Diagonal across body 118 Ladywith Lily, Cult Center, Mycenae 120 Processional Women, Pylos (based on fragments from 51 H nws) 121 Frauenfries, Thebes Unclear due to state of preservatio n. Unclear due to state of preservation, but not long Unclear due to state of preservation. No. Upper arm Below breast No. Upper arm Below breast? [231]

78 Table 2.4 B) Female Figures for Which Presence or Absence of Clothing On Torso Cannot be Determined Due to State of Preservation or Very Small Size of Figure HM 1700 (FF 1) CMS IS.114 CMS II (FF 3) CMS II CMS II (FF 1) CMS II (FF 2) CMS III.358 CMS XI.030 (FF 1) CMS XI.030 (FF 2) Glyptic: Metal CMS II (FF 1) (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (FF 1) (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (FF 2) (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (FF 1) (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (FF 2) (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.176 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.177 (FF 1) (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.177 (FF 2) (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.180 (Sealing from Metal) CMS IS.133 (FF 1) CMS IS.133 (FF 2) CMS IS.134 (FF 1) CMS IS.134 (FF 2) CMS II (FF 1) CMS II (FF 2) Glyptic: Soft Stone CMS III.354 CMS IX.163 CMS IX.164 (FF 1) CMS IX.164 (FF 2) CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) Glyptic: Sealing, Seal Type CMS VS1A.178 (FF 1) Unclear CMS VS1A.178 (FF 2) NM 2399, Mirror Handle with Seated Female NM 2473 Plaque of Female Figure with Sheaf NM 2898, Mirror Handle with Girls and bags of Flowers (FF 1, 2) Ivory NM 2899, Mirror Handle with two girls and large flowers (FF 1) Glass Larnakes/Sarcophagi Terracotta Figures and Figurines Fresco NM 2900, Mirror Handle with Two Girls and birds above foliage (FF 1, 2) Mochlos Pyxis (FF 3,4) NM2450 Glass Plaques with Woman Holding Branch Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 1) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 2) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 3) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 4) NM 1258, Proto Phi Fragment Myc.Mus Older woman with Liles, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri, Kneeling Woman, Room 14, Villa, Ayia Triada Knossos Fresco Fragments (?) [232]

79 Figure 2.13: Variation in Girdles/Waistbands A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I) J) A) Single girdle(vs1b.113) B) Double girdle (CMS VS1B.114) C) Triple girdle (CMS I.126) D) Girdle with four horizontal bands (Procession Krater K-AD 2359) (Steel 2006: fig. 7) E) Single girdle with single band hanging down (CMS II.6.001) F) Single girdle with bands hanging from front and back (CMS I. 127) G) Single girdle with multiple bands hanging down ( string skirt?) (CMS XI.029) H) Cord belt ( Saffron Gatherer 4, Xeste 3) (Doumas 1992: Fig 123) I) Girdle/waist region not visible (CMS I.017) J) No girdle (CMS VI.328) [233]

80 Table 2.5 A-M: Girdle Classification Glyptic: Metal Glyptic Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Glyptic: Sealing, Seal type unclear Ivory Terracotta Vessel Larnax/Sarcophagus Terracotta Figures Fresco Table 2.5 A) Single Girdle HM 1700 (FF 1-3) HM 989 CMS I.017 (FF 5) CMS I.086 CMS I.127 (FF 1) CMS I.191 (FF 2) CMS I.514 (FF 2) CMS IS.114 CMS II CMS II (FF 1,2,4) CMS II (FF 1) CMS V.173 CMS V.197 (FF 1) CMS V.278 CMS V.422b (FF 2) CMS VS1B.113 CMS VS3.243 CMS VI.277 (FF bottom row 1-6, top row 1-3) CMS VI.280 (FF 2) CMS XI.028 CMS XI.029 (FF 1) CMS XI.030 CMS II (FF 1) (Sealing from Metal) CMS I.279 CMS VI.321 CMS VS1A.075 CMS IS.133 CMS IS.134 CMS IX.164 CMS V.253 CMS VS1A.055 CMS VS1B.261 CMS XI.347 CMS XII.276 CMS XII.D012 CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS VS1A.178 NM 2399, Mirror Handle with Seated Female NM 2898, Mirror Handle with Girls and bags of Flowers NM 2900, Mirror Handle with Two Girls and birds above foliage Kourion Window Krater, with FF holding flower Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6 Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF 6 Naup.Mus. HM 9305 Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Necklace Swinger" Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Saffron Gatherers, East Wall, Girl 2 (?) Ayia Triada, Room 14, standing female figure Frauenfries, Thebes Pylos Fresco Fragments [234]

81 Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Larnax Table 2.5 B) Double Girdle CMS I.017 (FF 2,3,4) CMS I.219 CMS II (FF 3) CMS VI.278 (FF 2) CMS VI.279 CMS VI.281 CMS VS1B.114 CMS VS3.080 CMS III.352 CMS IX.163 CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) Large Faience Dress, Knossos, Temple Repository Small Faience Dress, Knossos, Temple Repository Tanagra Larnax 4a, Fragment Glyptic: Metal CMS I.126 Table 2.5 C) Triple Girdle Table 2.5 D) Girdle with 3-4 Horizontal Strips Terracotta Vessel Procession Krater, K-AD 2359 Glyptic: Metal Table 2.5 E) Single Girdle with Single Hanging Band CMS II (FF1, 3) (Sealing from Metal) Glyptic: Metal CMS I.127 (FF 2) Table 2.5 F) Single Girdle with Two Hanging Bands Glyptic: Metal Fresco Table 2.5 G) Single Girdle with Multiple Hanging Bands ( String Skirt -?) CMS XI.029 (FF2) Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Wounded Woman" (also wears cord belt) Fresco Table 2.5 H) Cord Belts Akrotiri, House of the Ladies Fresco Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Saffron Gatherers, Girl 1, 2, 3 Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Wounded Woman" Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Hard Stone Jewelry Ivory Table 2.5 I) Girdle/Waist Region Not Visible CMS I.017 (FF1) CMS VI.280 (FF 1) XI.335 (Sealing from Hard Stone) Gold Pin Ornament from Mycenae Shaft Grave III Chania Mus. K 115 Seated Female Figure with Lily [235]

82 Table 2.5 J) Girdle/Waist Region Visible, No Girdle HM 1629 (FF 2) HM 1700 (FF 4) CMS I.179 CMS II CMS II (FF 2) Glyptic: Metal CMS III.358 CMS V.197 (FF 2-3) CMS V.422b (FF1) CMS VI.277 (FF top 4-5) CMS XI.029 (FF 3) CMS III.339 Glyptic: Hard Stone CMS XIII.039 CMS III.348 CMS III.354 CMS III.364 CMS VI.328 CMS IX.166 Glyptic: Soft Stone CMS IX.167 CMS XII.264 CMS XIII.0003 CMS II.7.135A (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS II.7.135B (Sealing from Soft Stone) CMS II (Sealing from Soft Stone) Glyptic: Sealing, Seal type unclear CMS XII.174b Faience NM2450 Glass Plaques with Woman Holding Branch Jewelry: Bead Bead in the Shape of Female Figure with Incised Flower Terracotta Vessel Jug from Tholos Tomb 2, Routsi Sarcophagus Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF 5 Myc. Mus , Female Figure with Papyrus on Dress/Robe Terracotta Figures Nafp. Mus., Tiryns Terracotta Figure Cat. No. 108 Akrotiri, West House, Priestess Fresco Fresco Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Room 3b Older Woman with Red Mantle Table 2.5 K) Unclear: Depiction Includes Line(s) That Could be Interpreted as Girdles, But Placement or Thickness of Line(s) Do Not Obviously Suggest Girdles Glyptic: Metal CMS I.514 (FF1) CMS II CMS II Glyptic: Hard Stone CMS VS3.085 CMS XI.020a Glyptic: Soft Stone CMS III.349 Ivory Chania Mus. K 115, Plaque of FF with Sheave [236]

83 Table 2.5 L) Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Hard Stone Glyptic: Soft Stone Girdle Apparently Indicated, Cannot be Classified Due to State of Preservation II (Sealing from Metal) II (Sealing from Hard Stone) I.410 (Ivory) Table 2.5 M) Glyptic: Metal Glyptic: Soft Stone Ivory Larnakes/Sarcophagus Terracotta Figurine Fragments Fresco Unclear or Impossible to Determine Based on State of Preservation HM 1629 (FF1) CMS I.191 (FF1) CMS II CMS II (Sealing from Metal) CMS II (FF 2) (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.176 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VS1A.180 (Sealing from Metal) CMS VII.141 CMS X.270 NM 2473 Plaque of Female Figure with Sheaf NM 2899, Mirror Handle with two girls and large flowers Larnax from Knossos Tanagra Larnax 3 Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B (FF 1-4) Myc.Mus Proto-Phi Figure Fragment NM 1258: Proto-Phi Figure Fragment Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Adyton, "Veiled Girl" Akrotiri, Xeste 3, "Goddess" Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Saffron Gatherer 3 Akrotiri, Xeste 3, Room 3b, Older Ladies Arkrotiri, Xeste 3, Room 3, Older Woman with Liles Ayia Triada, Villa, Room 14, Kneeling Woman Knossos, Ladies in Blue Fragments Mycenae, Cult Center, "Lady with the Lily" Mycenae, Room of the Frescoes, Female Figure with Sheaves [237]

84 Figure 2.14: Bare Legs Visible Through Diaphanous and/or Form-Hugging Cuffed Pantaloons CMS XI.029 CMS VI.278 HM1700 CMS XII.264 CMS II (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) CMS VI.277 top row FF1 FF4 FF5 [238]

85 Figure 2.15: Types of Garments Worn below the Waist A) B) C) D) E) F) G) H) I) J) A) Skin-tight pantaloons (CMS VI.278, FF2) B) Kilt with skirt/robe under-layer (CMS I.127, FF1) C) Just kilt (CMS I.017 (FF1) D) Just skirt (CMS II (FF3) E) Unclear if kilt or skirt (Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6, Side 2, FF1) (Spyropoulos 1970: fig. 12) F) Bottom of robe (CMS I.219) G) Bottom of mantle ( Priestess West House, Akrotiri) (Doumas 1992: fig. 24) H) Hide skirt (Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF6) (Papaioannou 1989: pl. 15) I) Skirt with Rectangular Apron (?) (LM IIIA Larnax from Knossos, FF2) (Morgan 1987: fig. 7) J) Male kilt (CMS I.514, FF2) [239]

86 Figure 2.16: Hats A) Tall, Narrow Rounded Hat i) i) CMS II.3.051, FF 1 B) Short, Flat Hats with Red, Central Ornaments i) ii) i) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, Side B, FF 5 (Marinatos 1984: fig. 16) ii) Godess with Sheaves, Room with the Fresco, Mycenae (The Author) C) Short, Flat Hats with no Central Crowning Ornament i) ii) i) CMS I.179 ii) Female Figure from Tiryns with waz pendant (The Author) D) Posible Hats: Short with Wavy Top Border and Hanging Tail i) ii) iii) i) Tanagra Larnax 3 (Vermeule 1965: pl. 27a) ii) Tanagra Larnax 4a (Vermeule 1965: pl. 27d) iii) Tanagra Larnax from Tomb 6 (Spyropoulos 1970: fig. 12) [240]

87 Figure 2.17: Headdresses A) B) A) Gold Pin Ornament from Mycenae Shaft Grave III (Higgins 1997: fig. 207) B) CMS XIII.039 [241]

88 Figure 2.18 A: Hair Bindings Fillets and Headbands Short, terminating at ear i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) i) Saff ron Gatherer 1, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 121) ii) Saf fron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 119) iii) Saff ron Gatherer 3, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 130) iv) Saff ron Gatherer 4, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 124) v) Goddess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 125) vi) Vei led Girl, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig.25 ) vii) Girls with Bags of Roses, Ivory Mirror Handle, Mycenae (NM 2989) (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) viii) Girls with Waterfowl, Ivory Mirror Handle, Mycenae (NM 2900) (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) (Figure Continues, Next Page) [242]

89 Figure 2.18 A: Hair Bindings Fillets and Headbands (CONT.) Continuing beyond Front of Ear ix) x) xi) xii) xiii) xiv) (?) ix) Terracotta Figure with Fillet with Poppies, Gazi (HM 9305) (Rethemiotakes 2001: pl. 38a) x) Lady with Lily, Mycenae (The Author) xi) Ivory Plaque, Female Figure with Sheaf, Mycenae (NM 2473) (Poursat 1977: pl. 29) xii) Ivory Plaque, Seated Female Figure with Lily (Chania Mus. K115) (Aruz 2008: no. 263) xiii) Terracotta Figurine with Waz-Lily Pendant, Tiryns (Cat. No. 107) (The Author) xiv) Procession Krater (K-AD 2359) (Steele 2006: fig. 7) [243]

90 Figure B: Hair Bindings Ribbon Looped at Front of Head and Around Thick Tresses i) ii) i) Wounded Woman, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 105) ii) Necklace Swinger, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 102) Figure 2.18 C: Hair Bindings Fabric Wrapped Around or into Updo i) ii) iii) i) Older Woman with the Red Mantle, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig.132) ii) Older Woman with the Yellow Mantle, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig.134) iii) Older Woman with Lilies, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Televantou 1994: pl. 60) [244]

91 Figure 2.19: Real and Artificial Vegetal Elements in Hair i) ii) iii) iv) v) i) Acropolis ring, Mycenae, CMS I.017 FF1, 2, 4, 3 ii) Older Woman with Lilies, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Televantou 1994: pl. 60) iii) Older Woman with the Red Mantle, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 132) iv) Wounded Woman, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 105) v)terracotta Figure with Poppy Capsule (Rethemiotakes 2001: pl. 38a) [245]

92 Figure 2.20: Earrings A) B) C) D) E) F) A) Simple Round Earring with no Ornamentation Bending Lady, House of the Ladies, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 10) Standing Lady, House of the Ladies, Akrotiri Saffron Gatherer 4, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Female Figures with Bags of Flowers, Ivory Mirror Handle from Mycenae, NM 2898 B) Simple Round Earring with Ribbing Saffron Gatherer 1, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 120) Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3, Akrotiri C) Simple Round Earring with Granulation Wounded Woman, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 105) Goddess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri D) Simple Round Earring with Spiky Granulation Saffron Gather 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 119) E) Wheel Earring with Internal Spokes Priestess, West House, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 25) F) Earring of Two Interlocked Rings Saffron Gatherer 3, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 130) Female Figures with Waterfowl, Ivory Mirror Handle from Mycenae, NM 2900 [246]

93 Figure 2.21 A-I: Necklaces Figure 2.21 A: Beaded Necklaces of Spherical Beads Single Strand of Spherical Beads i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) Two Strands of Spherical Beads vii) viii) Strands of Spherical Beads Together With Strands of Other Beads or Other Necklace Types ix) x) xi) xii) i) Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig 101) ii) Saf fron Gatherer 3, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 130) iii) Ivory Mirror Handle with Girls and Papyrus, Mycenae, NM 2899 (Poursat 1977: pl. 32) iv) CMS XI.029 (FF3) v) CMS V.253 vi) CMS I.126 vii) Terracotta Figure with Papyrus on Dress, Mycenae (The Author) viii) Older Woman with Yellow Mantle, Xeste3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 134) ix) Terracotta Figure with Skirt and Waz -Lily Pendant, Tiryns (Cat. No. 108) (The Author) x) Terracotta Figure with Double Layer Robe and Waz -Lily Pendant, Tiryns (Cat. No. 107) (The Author) xi) Ladies in Blue Fresco Fragments, Knossos (Cameron and Hood 1967: pl. 12 b) xii) CMS I.179 [247]

94 Figure 2.21 B : Beaded Necklaces of Other Bead Shapes and Combinations Short Cylindrical Beads i) ii) Longer Cylindrical Beads Combined with Spherical Beads iii) iv) Amygdaloidal Beads Waz-Shaped Beads v) vi) Crocus -Shaped Beads Teardrop-Shaped Beads vii) viii) X-Shaped Beads Duck-Shaped Beads ix) x) i) Saffron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 119) ii) Godess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 125) iii) Ladies in Blue Fresco Fragment, Knossos (Cameron and Hood 1967: pl. 12b) iv) Saffron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 119) v) Frauenfries, Thebes (Reusch 1956: Taf. 1) vi) Frauenfries, Thebes (Reusch 1956: Taf. 2) vii) Ladies in Blue Fresco Fragment, Knossos (Cameron and Hood 1967: pl. 12b) viii) Ivory Plaque, FF w/ Sheaf, NM 2473 (Poursat 1977: pl. 29) ix) Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 102) x) Godess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 125) [248]

95 Figure 2.21 C: Chokers i) ii) iii) iv) v) (?) i) Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 102) ii) Veiled Girl, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 108) iii) Goddess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 125) iv) Older Woman with Lilies, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Televantou 1994: pl. 60) v) Priestess, West House, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 25) [249]

96 Figure 2.21 D: Obvious Garlands i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) i) CMS V.173 (FF 1-2) ii) CMS II (FF 1,3) iii) VS1B.114 (FF 1-3) iv) Terracotta Figure with Upraised Arms and Poppy Diadem, Gazi (Rethemiotakes 2001: pl. 38a) v) Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 102) vi) CMS V.253 (?-Possibly a Strand of Beads) vii) Garlanded Statue from Kea: Possible Parallel for Garlands worn by female figures pictured in Figrure D: i-iii (Caskey 1986: pl. 8a) [250]

97 Figure 2.21 E: Glytic and Ivory Single Necklace or Garland Indicated by Solid Line i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) ix) x) xi) i) HM 1700 (FF 1) (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) ii) I.086 (FF 2) iii) I.086 (FF 3) iv) VI.278 (FF 2) v) VI.279 vi) XI.030 (FF 1) vii) I.017 (FF 1) viii) I.127 (FF 1) ix) I.127 (FF 2) x) II (FF 2) xi) Mochlos Pyxis (FF 1) (Soles 2011: part 4) [251]

98 Figure 2.21 F: Glyptic Two Necklaces Indicated by Solid Lines i) ii) iii) iv) i) HM 989 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 19) ii) CMS I.017 (FF 2,4) iii) CMS V.728 (FF 1-2) iv) HM 1700 (FF4)-somewhat unclear, top line is solid but bent like single line in HM 1700 FF 1 (see below), bottom line is faint and low on the chest. (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) Figure 2.21 G: Solid Choker i) ii) i) Saffron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 119) ii) detail [252]

99 Figure 2.21 H: Solid Torque or Neck-ring i) ii) i) Older Woman with Red Mantle, Room 3b, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 132) ii) detail Figure 2.21 I: Two Lines Indicating Necklace(s) i) ii) iii) iv) v) i) Gold Pin Ornament, Shaft Grave III, Mycenae (Marinatos 1951: fig. 1) ii) Standing Lady, House of the Ladies, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 9) iii) Fresco Fragments 51 H nws, Pylos (Lang 1969: pl. O) iv) Ivory Mirror Handle with bags of flowers, Mycenae, NM 2898 (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) v) Ivory Mirror Handle with waterfowl, Mycenae, NM 2900 (Poursat 1977: pl. 35) [253]

100 Figure 2.22: Tassels and Dress Beads A) B) C) D) E) A) Two Strands with Papyriform Beads Saffron Gatherer 1, Xeste 3 (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 121) Veil ed Girl, Xeste 3 (proper right arm only?) B)Two Strands with Several Pairs of Beads Bending Lady, House of the Ladies (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 10) Standing Lady, House of the Ladies (only partially preserved) C) Single Strand of Spherical Beads Female Figure 5, Isopata Ring, CMS II (pictured) D) Three Bunches of Individual Strands, Divided into Segments and Flaring at the Ends Saffron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3 (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 118) E) Thick Group of Free-flowing Strands Necklace Swinger, Xeste 3 (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 101) Saff ron Gatherer 4, Xeste 3 (in red) Wounded Woman, Xeste 3 (in red) [254]

101 Figure 2.23: Armbands A) B) A) Simple Armlets Worn by Saffron Gatherers 1 and 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig.118, 120) B) More Complicated Armlets Worn by the Goddess from Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 125) [255]

102 Figure 2.24: Bracelets A) U-Bracelets B) Strand(s) of Spherical Beads Lady with Lily, Mycenae (The Author) Veiled Girl, Xeste 3 (Doumas 1992: fig. 107) Saffron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3 (Doumas 1992: fig. 118) Terracotta Fig. with Papyrus, Myc. (Cat. No. 106) (The Author) Tiryns Figurine wear skirt and waz pendant (Cat. No. 108) (The Author) C) Simple Straight Lines (Single, Double, or Triple) CMS I.127 (FF1) CMS I.179 (double and triple; image from ring) D)Bracelets made of more than one band of more than one color E) Cords with and without visible lentoid seal Veil ed Girl, Xeste 3 (Doumas 1992: fig. 107) Female figure with Sheaves, Mycenae (The Author) Priest ess, West House (Doumas 1992: fig. 25) Ayia Triada Sarcophagus, FF5 (Marinatos 1984: fig. 16) F) Miscellaneous group: strands of beads of various shapes Frauenfries, Thebes (Reusch 1956: color foldout) Ivory Plaque of FF with Sheaf, Mycenae, NM 2473 (Poursat 1977: pl. 29) Knossos Fresco Fragments (Cameron and Hood 1967: pl. 12 b) [256]

103 Figure 2.25: Anklets A) B) C) A) Blue Curving Anklet with Dots (Granulation?) Saff ron Gatherer 1, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Saff ron Gatherer 4, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 123) B) Gold Curving Anklet with Dots (Granulation?) Saff ron Gatherer 2, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 118) Saff ron Gatherer 3, Xeste 3, Akrotiri C) Plain Blue Curving Anklet Veil ed Girl, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (pictured, Doumas 1992: fig. 107) [257]

104 Figure 2.26: Poses of Figures not Depicted Standing Upright A) B) C) D) E) A) Sitting HM 1629, FF2 HM 1700, FF1 CMS I.017, FF3 CMS I.179 (pictured) CMS IS.114 CMS II CMS II CMS V.253 CMS VI.277, top row FF 1 CMS VI.321 CMS XI.030 Chania Mus. K115, Ivory Plaque of FF with Lily NM 2399, Ivory plaque with Seated FF Mochlos Ivory Pyxis FF1 Goddess, Xeste 3, Akrotiri Wounded Woman, Xeste 3, Akrotiri B) Crouching/squatting CMS II (pictured) CMS VI.277, top row FF 2 (?) NM 2473, Ivory Plaque of FF with Sheaves C) Kneeling on the Ground CMS VI.277, top row FF 4,5 CMS VI.278 (pictured) CMS XI.029 Kneeling Woman, Room 14, Villa Ayia Triada D) Hanging or Pulling on Tree HM 1700, FF4 (pictured. Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) CMS I.017 CMS I.514, FF2 (pulling pose, top of tree not shown) CMS III CMS XII.264 E) Standing and Bending at the Waist CMS I.126, FF1 (pictured) CMS II (rather slight bend) Bending Lady, House of the Ladies, Akrotiri [258]

105 Figure 2.27 A-D: Differences in Relative Size Among Female Figures Figure 2.27 A: Female Figures of (Slightly) Different Heights as a Result of Attempts to Show Perspective i) ii) CMS V.728 CMS VS1B.113 iii) iv) CMS V.173 HM 1700 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) i) The increase in the heights of both the female figures and the shrines from left to right across the impression suggests that the female figures are moving from a more distant shrine, at left, to a closer shrine, at right. ii) The difference in the relative heights of FF1 and FF2 and the corresponding decrease in the heights of the flowers from the left side of the impression to the right seem to add some dimmensionality to a scene that at first glance appears to be somewhat flat. The heights of the figures and plants suggest that the elements at the left side of the impression are somewhat closer than those at the far right side. iii) The slight difference in size between the two figures gives the impression that FF1 is slightly upstage of FF2. iv) HM 1700 employs a rather different type of perspective, variously refered to as Cavalier Perspective (Stevenson Smith 1965) or Mountai n View Perspective (Crowley 1989). The relatively small size of FF3 on the boat suggests she is further away from and further below the vantage point. (See figure B for the size of the floating FF 2.) [259]

106 Figure 2.27 B: Scenes Including Small-Scale, Floating Female Figures i) ii) HM 1629 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 14) HM 1700 (Dimopoulou-Rethemiotaki and Rethemiotakes 2004: fig. 1) iii) iv) CMS II CMS II v) vi) CMS II CMS VI.280 [260]

107 Figure 2.27 B: Scenes Including Small-Scale. Floating Female Figures (CONT.) vii) Ivory Pyxis from Mochlos (Soles 2011: part 4) Related Figure: viii) CMS XIII.039 [261]

108 Figure 2.27 C: Small-Scale Female Figures that do not Float above the Scene Apparently Youths (?) i) ii) CMS II CMS I.017 Figure 2.27 D: Other Scenes Involving Distinctions in Relative Size among Female Figures i) CMS II ii) CMS VI.278 iii) CMS XI.030 [262]

109 Figure 2.27 D: Other Scenes Involving Distinctions in Relative Size among Female Figures (CONT) iv) Saff ron Gatherer 4 with Seated Goddess, North Wall, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 122) v) Adorant s fresco, Adyton, Xeste 3, Akrotiri (Doumas 1992: fig. 108) [263]

110 Figure 2.28 A-E: Composite Figures with Units of Female Human Figures Figure 2.28 A: Bird Women (with Human Heads, Skirts, and Feet + Bird Wings) Associated VE CMS III.364 CMS VII.141 Units: Human heads with Recurring Hairstyle # 3, necks (long on VII.141), long bird wings, skirts with horizontal lines, human feet.. Figure 2.28 B: Bird Women with Squill-like Head/Breasts CMS II.7.135A CMS II.7.135b CMS XII.174b Units: Bird wings, skirt-like bird tail below wai st, large breasts, depicted as if in profile. Linear projections like basal leaves in lieu of head. Together breasts and projections from head bear some resemblance to squills, thus explaining the inclusion of this object in the dataset. [264]

111 Figure 2.28 C: Fanning Petals Vegetal Elements above Skirts and Feet CMS IX.166 CMS IX.167 Units: Fanning Petals Vegetal Elements, s treamer or bract-like projections, skirt, human(?) feet. Figure 2.28 D: Abstracted, Composite Female Figure Ivy Leaf as Torso and Pendant Motif as Skirt NM 8375, Jug from Tholos Tomb 2, Routsi (The Author) Units: Cordiform (ivy) leaf with curving ends forming breasts with prominent areolae, skirt formed by pendant motif. [265]

112 Figure 2.28 E: Goat-Bird-Woman (?) with VE as Skirt CMS XII.276b Units: Head and torso of goat (?), bird wings, flounced kilt apparently made up of a vegetal element, curving legs. [266]

113 A) B) Figure 3.1: CMS VS1A.075 A) Impression of seal B) Likeness of constitutent units of plam tree and female figure. [267]

114 Figure 3.2: Interplay Between the Impression and the Seal CMS VS1A.075 [268]

115 Figure 3.3: CMS: I.279, A hard stone lentoid from Myrsinokhori, on which, through the unusual rendering of several units of both the female figure and the lilies and through the juxtaposition of these elements, the artist creates a striking visual simile, showing how the female figure is like the flowers. [269]

116 Figure 3.4: CMS VS1B.113, A gold signet ring from Aidonia on which female figures are likened to flowers through the formal similarities and syntactical proximity between the flounced skirts and the spreading flowers and through the emphasis on the calyx/bracts of the flowers drawing parallels between the flowers and the unusually rendered torsos above the single girdles. Figure 3.5: CMS II.3.051, The Isopata ring, on which the visual likening of female figures is achieved through the corresponding numbers of the female figures and flowers, the corresponding syntactical positions (see Figure 3.6 below), the formal similarity of the flowers to the units of Female Figures 1 and 2, and syntactical emphasis on the left side of the composition where these likening of units plays out. [270]

117 a) b) Figure 3.6: The Relationship between the Arrangement of the Flowers and the Arrangement of Female Figures on CMS II If the flowers were to be reflected from their original position (a) across a vertical axis running just to the left side of Female Figure 2, the new positions of the flowers (b) would approximate those of the female figures. The relationship is not exact (due, it seems, to spatial limitations on the left side of the pictorial field which cause the two smaller vegetal elements to be stacked on top of one another more than Female Figures 3 and 4 are), but it is noteworthy nonetheless and seems to reinforce the one-to-one correspondence of female figures to vegetal elements. It is also worth noting that this relationship is most obvious when the flowers are reflected across an axis just to the left of center. But if we were to reflect the flowers over a central vertical axis (creating the mirror image of the impression, in other words, the image on the ring itself) the general effect would be the same. This scene thus appears to provide an unusual eliptical example of a glyptic scene in which the artist might have considered the interplay between the seal and the impression and exploited that relationship to convey meaning concerning the female figures and vegetal elements as we discussed above with respect to CMS VS1A.075 (p. 263). [271]

118 Figure 3.7: Detail of NM 8375 A LH IIA beaked jug from Routsi on which ivy leaf motifs and pendant motifs are combined to create the abstract forms of three skirted female figures with bare breasts and dotted hair following the contours of their heads, sloping shoulders, and arms. (The Author) Figure 3.8: Mycenaean Figurines of the Naturalistic Type Note the way the arms slope downwards from the neck and curve up under the breasts creating a cordiform shape like that formed by the ivy motif on NM (E. French 1971: fig. 2, h-j) [272]

119 Figure 3.9: A Terracotta Figure from Mycenae (Myc. Mus ) Stylized papyrus plants are superimposed onto the form of the female figure and appear to grow up the body creating a visual metaphor. (The Author) [273]

120 Figure 3.10: CMS VI.278 A female figure in skintight, semi-transparent pantaloons kneels over a squill with two exaggeratedly large bulbs. The formal similarity and syntactical proximity between the thigh of the female figure and the bulbs create a sort of metaphorical play blurring the distinction between female figure and squill. [274]

121 a) b) Figure 3.11: Ivory Mirror Handles with Girls above Palm II Leaves a) NM 2899, Chamber Tomb 55, Mycenae b) NM 2900, Tholos of Clytemnestra, Mycenae (Poursat 1977: pl. 32, 35) Figure 3.12: Line Drawings of Palm II Motifs from Other Mycenaean Ivory Objects Note how, in all instances, shorter sprouting leaves or fronds are depicted above the distinctively S-curved leaves. (Furumark 1972: fig. 39.a-c) [275]

122 Figure 3.13: Photograph of Ivory Mirror Handle NM 2899 (The Author) [276]

123 Figure 3.14: An Ivory Mirror Handle from Routsi Carved to Look Like a Bouquet of Roses, NM (Poursat 1977: pl. 41) [277]

124 CMS IX.166 CMS IX.167 Figure 3.15: Composite Female Figures Made up of a Vegetal Element and Skirts with Feet Figure 3.16: CMS I.159 The impression form an agate lentoid from the Lower Town at Mycenae showing a female figure with various streamers projecting from her torso, not altogether unlike those projecting from between the skirts and vegetal elements of the figures on CMS IX.166 and 167 in the preceding figure. [278]

125 CMS II A CMS II B Figure 3.17: CMS II A and B, Hybrid female figures with strap-like leaves for heads that, together with the breasts, bear resemblance to double-bulbed squills Figure 3.18: CMS XII.276b, A composite creature whose garment apparently a flounced kilt coming to a point between the legs is, in fact, an unusual branching vegetal element. [279]

126 Figure 3.19: Lion Hunt Dagger, Shaft Grave IV at Mycenae, Sides 1 and 2 (Xenaki-Sakellariou and C. Chatziliou 1989: pl.1, 2) [280]

127 Figure 3.20: Red-Figure Alabastron (Kassel 551) Showing Association of Female Figure, Palm, and Altar in Classical Period Attic Vase Painting The young woman carries a phiale in her right hand and a kanoun, or basket, in her left hand. The resemblance of the kanoun to horns of consercration occuring on altars with palms in LBA Aegean iconography must be mere coincidence. (Sourvinou-Inwood 1991: fig. 13) [281]

128 Figure 3.21: CMS I.410, A carved ivory ring from Phylakopi on Melos, depicting a female figure before an altar-like construction. Foliate vegetal elements that resemble palm fronds spring up behind her, and lines suggesting the growth of new fronds appear below the altar-like construction (see p. 54 for a discussion of the resemblance of these elements to those behind the female figure). The vegetal element the female figure holds in her hand appears most like a squill and has been interpreted by others as such (e.g. Wedde 1999:176). [282]

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