Trace Evidence: Hair. Forensic Science

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1 Trace Evidence: Hair Forensic Science

2 Hair is A slender threadlike outgrowth from the follicles of the skin of mammals Found all over our bodies Head Eyebrows and Eyelashes Beard and Mustache Underarm Body Pubic region 2

3 Structure Major constituents Keratin is a protein that makes up most of the hair shaft. Melanin is a pigment that gives hair its color. Redheads have pheomelanin instead of melanin. 3

4 Structure (continued) 4

5 Structure (continued) Cortex the main body (wooden portion) Medulla the central cell of the cortex that is not always present in every hair (lead) Cuticle a layer of scales covering the hair shaft (yellow paint) Pencil vs. Hair 5

6 Sample Photomicrographs Continuous Clear Medulla Continuous Opaque Medulla Wafer Medulla 6

7 Sample Photomicrographs Discontinuous Medulla Bubbly or Cellular Medulla Coarse Cellular Appearance 7

8 Characteristics Pigment Colors light, medium, dark; reddish-brown, brown, black, etc. Sizes fine, moderate, large Density light, moderate, heavy Distribution random, peripheral, even, central, one-sided Dyed Human Hair 8

9 Characteristics (continued) Various Pigment Distributions One-Sided Peripheral in Human Hair Random in Animal Hair Central in Red Human Hair 9

10 Roots Hairs that are forcibly removed often end up with a follicular tag (a soft tissue from the follicle) attached to the roots. The follicular material may be suitable for nuclear DNA analysis. telogen root without follicular tag telogen root with follicular tag 10

11 Roots (continued) Postmortem Root Band (aka "Dead man's root ) a dark band that may appear near the root of the hair originating from a decomposing body 11

12 Racial Origin European/Caucasian moderate shaft diameter with very little variation light to moderate pigment density with even distribution Oval or round-shaped cross-section 12

13 Racial Origin (continued) European Head Hair cross-section European Head hairs 13

14 Racial Origin (continued) Asian/Mongoloid Coarse, straight shaft diameter streaky pigments with heavy density pigment thick cuticle Large, round cross-section 14

15 Racial Origin (continued) Asian Head Hairs 15

16 Racial Origin (continued) African/Negroid fine to moderate shaft diameter considerable variation throughout the hair shaft with prominent twists and curls heavy pigment density with aggregate pigment clumpings flat cross-section 16

17 Racial Origin (continued) Negroid/African head hairs 17

18 Variations Why do we need to examine each hair sample from root to tip? Five Regions of a single head hair 18

19 Variations (continued) One person's head hair One person of multiple race 19

20 Somatic Origin Hairs from different parts of the body exhibit different characteristics: Head hairs Typically much longer than other hairs on the body Usually circular or elliptical in cross-section Generally soft and most likely to have artificial treatment (bleaching, dyes) Pubic hairs Typically coarse in diameter with wide variations Tend to be oval or triangular Buckling is a special characteristic found in pubic hairs 20

21 Somatic Origin (continued) Facial hairs (beard/mustache) Very coarse diameter with triangular cross-sections Very broad and continuous medulla Medulla may be double Stiff texture Beard hair 21

22 Somatic Origin (continued) Body hairs Fine diameter with little variation Elliptical or triangular depending on shaving Tips are usually tapered, often blunt and abraded, rounded scale ends due to wear Soft texture Eyebrows and Eyelashes Eyebrow stubby, saber-like appearance (circular) Eyelash short and stubby, with a saber-like appearance (circular) 22

23 Human & Animal Hair 3 Main differences Pigment Medulla Scale Structure Human Hair remains constant in its color and pigmentation throughout the length of the shaft thin, taking up no more than 1/3 of the hair shaft diameter; amorphous has overlapping imbricate (or flattened) scales with narrow margins Animal Hair often exhibits rather rapid and radical color changes very wide; its structure is very regular and welldefined (with certain patterns) some have coronal (crown-shaped) scales or spinous (petal-shaped) scales 23

24 Human & Animal Hair (continued) Human Animal Medulla 24

25 Human & Animal Hair (continued) Rabbit hair Uniserial Ladder Medulla Multiserial Ladder Medulla 25

26 Scales Imbricate Scales Human Imbricate Scales Coronal Scales Diagram Bat Hair 26

27 More Examples Spinous Scales Diagram Mink hair Cellular Medulla In opossum hair Isodiametric Scales In Deer hair 27

28 Animal Hairs Identification 3 major groups identified by microscopic appearance Deer and antelope family Commercial fur animals Domestic animals 2 types of animal hairs Fur hair fine diameter; designed for insulation Guard hair coarse diameter; designed for protection 28

29 Deer and Antelope Family Distinguished based on their isodiametric scales (like fish) and wineglass-shaped root Deer Caribou Elk Moose Antelope 29

30 Commercial Fur Animals Rabbit Mink Muskrat Chinchilla Seal Raccoon Fox Beaver Bear rabbit muskrat seal 30

31 Domestic Animals Generally amorphous medulla Characteristic root shapes Dog Cat Cattle Horse cat dog 31

32 Domestic Animals (continued) It is usually necessary that the root be present in order for one to distinguish between dog and cat (or between cattle and horse). Root of cat hair Root of dog hair Elongated No distinct shape Fibrils frayed at base of root Spade-shaped root 32

33 Domestic Animals (continued) Cattle hair Very coarse diameter Abundance of ovoid bodies: pigment masses Medullae continue into the elongated root area Horse hair Few ovoid bodies Bulb-shaped root 33

34 Hair Comparisons Information NOT provided by a hair examination Age Gender Unless nuclear DNA analysis is performed on its follicular tag Information provided by a hair examination Is it human or animal hair? What is the possible race of the donor? What area of the body did it come from? Could it have originated from the donor of the known standards? Hair can also be used to distinguish between identical twins (who cannot be distinguished based on their DNA). because of the environmental effects on hair such as weather exposure, diet, artificial treatment, etc. 34

35 Hair Comparisons (continued) 3 basic conclusions that can be reached in hair comparisons: 1) Similar microscopic characteristics the questioned hairs could have originated from the source of the known hair standards 2) Dissimilar microscopic characteristics the questioned hairs could not originate from the source represented by the known hair standards 3) Both similar and slightly different microscopic characteristics inconclusive 35

36 Hair Comparisons (cont) Comparison microscope 2 compound microscopes connected together with an optical bridge Enables side-by-side comparisons Typical magnification from 100X to 250X 36

37 Significance of Hair Evidence The frequency of contact between a victim and a suspect, as well as the crime scene, is a big factor in interpreting the significance of hair evidence. Examples The pubic hair of a recent ex-boyfriend found at the scene of a sexual assault A husband who is suspected of murdering his wife at home A missing child's hair in the backseat of a former nanny's car A missing child's hair in the backseat of a cleaning lady's car A stepfather's head hair found on a little girl's underwear A stepfather's pubic hair found in the crotch area of a little girl's underwear 37

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