A Ranking-Theoretic Account of Ceteris Paribus Conditions
|
|
- Samson Woods
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A Ranking-Theoretic Account of Ceteris Paribus Conditions Wolfgang Spohn Presentation at the Workshop Conditionals, Counterfactual and Causes In Uncertain Environments Düsseldorf, May 20 22, 2011
2 Contents Four Readings of Ceteris Paribus Conditions Four Problems for Explaining Normal Conditions Eight Interpretations of Normal Conditions (1) - (2) Going for the Epistemic Interpretation Very Brief Basics of Ranking Theory (1) - (5) Explicating Normal Conditions: the Set-up (1) - (2) Normal and Exceptional Conditions (1) - (3) The Final Explication (1) - (3) Concluding Remarks (1) - (3) Bibliographical Note Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 2
3 Four Readings of Ceteris Paribus Conditions That something a claim or assertion, a law, etc. holds ceteris paribus may mean four things: that it holds other things being equal (equal to what?); then it means something like the general law of causality: equal causes, equal effects, or equal conditions, equal outcomes whatever equal means here, other things being absent; then it assumes that other relevant variables have or take a natural zero value, other things being ideal; then the topic should rather be dealt with under the heading idealizations in science or other things being normal; this is perhaps the most common reading that finds the largest interest; in any case, it is the only one I will consider here; so, for the purposes of this talk ceteris paribus = normal conditions. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 3
4 Four Problems for Explaining Normal Conditions Most explanations of cp (= normal) conditions founder at least at one of the following problems: that according to the explanation (1) a cp claim is too vague to be useful, (2) a cp claim is too easily true, (3) in particular, both cp, F s are G and cp, F s are non-g are true, (4) a cp claim is too easily false. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 4
5 Eight Interpretations of Normal Conditions (1) That something a claim or assertion, a law, etc. holds given normal conditions has received at least the following eight interpretations: the natural interpretation: cp, F s are G means usually or mostly, F s are G. This has problem (1). the statistical interpretation: tries to replace the vague usually by a precise statistical probability. However, everybody rejects this idea; cp claims are not statistical. Moreover, usually means usually for us and is hence indexical and hardly amenable to statistics. the eliminativistic interpretation: cp, F s are G is to be replaced by under conditions C, all F s are G. This has problem (4); under all replacements actually proposed cp claims thereby turn out false. There is only a hope that one day one might find the right conditions. the trivial interpretation: cp, F s are G means F s are G, unless they aren t. This has problem (2). Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 5
6 Eight Interpretations of Normal Conditions (2) the existential interpretation: cp, F s are G means there are suitable conditions C under which all F s are G. Most efforts went into this interpretation and in particular into specifying suitable. However, all proposals have problems (2) and (3). the causal interpretation: cp, F s are G means being F is a partial cause of, or plays a causal role for, being G. Has again problems (2) and (3). Also, one might say, if that s the right understanding, then better stop trying to explaining cp and turn to causal analysis. the conditional interpretation: that interprets the conditional in cp, F s are G as some kind of non-monotonic conditional (there are various options). the epistemic interpretation: the unusual or exceptional is the unexpected, and the usual or normal is the not unexpected. Hence, cp, F s are G roughly means under conditions which are not expected to be violated, all F s are G. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 6
7 Going for the Epistemic Interpretation The epistemic interpretation avoids problem (1), as we shall see, problem (3), obviously, and problems (2) and (4), though apparently in too radical a way, namely by refusing (objective) truth values to cp claims and rendering them as expressions of our beliefs or expectations. I shall discuss the point at the end of my talk. In the epistemic interpretation, cp clauses referring to normal conditions somehow express, and are tied to, conditional belief. Therefore we should first consider conditional belief. My quarrel with the conditional interpretation is this: it is burdened with, but remains indeterminate about the mysteries of the interpretation of the conditional, and if it determinately takes the epistemic side, it does not use the most preferable account of conditional belief. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 7
8 Very Brief Basics of Ranking Theory (1) For, the most preferable account of conditional belief is offered by ranking theory. Here are the required basics: Ranking theory is a theory of degrees of belief and thus of inductive inference or defeasible reasoning. In contrast to probability theory it is able to adequately represent not only belief or acceptance, but also conditional belief or acceptance. Thereby it is able to provide a full dynamic theory of belief. These basic features have widely ramifying consequences, and one will be in the analysis of normal conditions, as I will be going to explain. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 8
9 Very Brief Basics of Ranking Theory (2) Let W be a possibility space or a set of possible worlds and A be a complete algebra of propositions over W. κ is a (negative) ranking function iff κ is a function from W into N + = N { } such that κ(w) = 0 for some w W. Alternatively, we can define κ as a set function. Then κ is a (negative) ranking function for A iff κ is a function from A into N + such that the following axioms hold: (a) κ(w) = 0 and κ( ) =, (b) κ(a B) = min (κ(a), κ(b)), [the law of disjunction] (b') for any B A κ( B) = min {κ(a) A B} [the law of (infinite) disjunction], (c) κ(a) = 0 or κ(~a) = 0 [the law of negation]. If the point function is A-measurable, the two definitions come to the same via the relation: κ(a) = min {κ(w) w A} for all A A. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 9
10 Very Brief Basics of Ranking Theory (3) Ranking functions are gradings of disbelief. κ(a) > 0 says that A is disbelieved or taken to be false (to some degree), κ(a) = 0 says that A is not disbelieved (and perhaps believed). κ(a) = 0 and κ(~a) = 0 represents suspense of judgment w.r.t. A. κ(~a) > 0 says that A is believed or taken to be true. Axioms (a) and (b) entail that belief is consistent and deductively closed. One might also define a positive ranking function β by β(a) = κ(~a) expressing belief directly. However, negative ranking functions are the theoretically most fruitful version. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 10
11 Very Brief Basics of Ranking Theory (4) If κ(a) <, the conditional rank of w given A and of B given A is defined as κ(w A) = κ(w) κ(a) if w A and = otherwise, and as κ(b A) = min {κ(w A) w B} = κ(a B) κ(a). Thus, κ(~b A) > 0 represents the conditional belief in B given A. This definition is the crucial advance of ranking theory over its predecessors (such as Shackle s functions of potential surprise as also used by Levi or Cohen s Baconian probability) and in my view the adequate representation of conditional belief entailing all the further strengths of ranking theory. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 11
12 Very Brief Basics of Ranking Theory (5) The definition of conditional ranks is equivalent to (d) κ(a B) = κ(a) + κ(b A) [the law of conjunction]. One might also axiomatize ranking theory by that law of conjunction and (e) κ(b A) = 0 or κ(~b A) = 0 [the conditional law of negation]. This shows that ranking theory assumes nothing but conditional consistency besides the definition of conditional ranks. If one recalls how successfully the dynamics of subjective probabilities can be explained on the basis of the notion of conditional probability, then it is plausible that an equally successful dynamics of belief can be explained on the basis of the notion of conditional ranks. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 12
13 Explicating Normal Conditions: the Set-up (1) Although cp talk seems to speak about open-ended possibilities consisting of don t know-whats, we need to refer to fixed conceptual frame, a fixed set W of possibilities (= small worlds) and a well-defined algebra A over W; otherwise theorizing cannot start. More precisely, let A be generated by (random) variables on W, as is familiar from probability theory. Specifically, we will have to refer to two target variables X and Y and one (comprehensive) background variable Z (that may decompose in many component variables). So, we may conceive of small worlds as triples x, y, z of possible values of X, Y and Z. X, Y, and Z are only about a given single case, a specific application. Of course, we can generalize by repeating the set-up (just as in probability theory, where we generalize from a single throw of a die to an infinite series of throws). Here, we may focus only on the single case. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 13
14 Explicating Normal Conditions: the Set-up (2) We have, i.e., (tentatively) believe in a hypothesis H (a law) about the relation between the target variables X and Y. That is, H is a proposition that is X-Y-measurable (i.e. only about X and Y), but neither X- nor Y-measurable (i.e. it makes no claims about single variables). We also think that the relation between X and Y somehow depends on the background variable Z. We will have to study how. In any case, our beliefs or rather our doxastic attitude concerning this set-up are represented by some ranking function ξ for A. That the hypothesis H is conjectured according to the ranking function ξ means that H is the strongest proposition about X and Y believed according to ξ, i.e., ξ(~h) > 0 and for no X-Y-measurable H' H ξ(~h') > 0. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 14
15 Normal and Exceptional Conditions (1) The basic observation now is this: Even if the hypothesis H is unconditionally believed in ξ, i.e. ξ(~h) > 0, it need not be believed under all conditions. There will be a background condition, i.e., a Z-measurable proposition N that is unsurprising or not excluded; that is, ξ(n) = 0. In this case, we still have ξ(~h N) > 0; the hypothesis H is still held under such a condition N, which we may provisionally call a normal condition. However, there might also be a condition E about the background Z, given which the hypothesis H about X and Y is no longer held, i.e., such that ξ(~h E) = 0. This entails ξ(e) = ξ(~h E) ξ(~h); i.e., such a background E must be at least as disbelieved as the violation of H. We may therefore provisionally call E an exceptional condition with which we do not reckon according to ξ. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 15
16 Normal and Exceptional Conditions (2) So far I have suggested: (1) The condition N for the variable Z is normal iff ξ(n) = 0, (2) the condition E on Z is exceptional iff ξ(~h E) = 0. One should think that E and ~E cannot both be exceptional. This is implied by (2). One should allow that N and ~N are both normal. (1) does this. One should think that E is exceptional iff ~E is normal. (1) and (2) do not satisfy this. Therefore one might suggest to replace (1) by: (3) The condition N on Z is normal iff ξ(~h N) > 0. However, this closely resembles the trivial interpretation of normal conditions. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 16
17 Normal and Exceptional Conditions (3) Moreover, we are used to speaking of the normal conditions and the exceptional conditions. This might mean, respectively, the weakest normal and the weakest exceptional condition. Here, we find that (2) and (3) imply: (4) if N and N' are normal, N N' is normal, too, (5) if E and E' are both exceptional, then E E' is exceptional, too. It might also mean, respectively, the strongest normal and the strongest exceptional condition. However, (2) and (3) do not guarantee that: if N and N' are normal, N N' is normal, too, if E and E' are both exceptional, then E E' is exceptional, too. Rather, we might have ξ(~h E E') > 0. Then, E E' would be normal according to (3), while intuition would like to call E E' doubly exceptional, because the judgment about H is reversed twice. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 17
18 The Final Explication (1) These considerations allow me to introduce the explication I want to finally endorse: First, we may use (5) to define: (6) E 1 = {E E is exceptional} as the (weakest) exceptional condition, and correspondingly, (7) N 0 = ~E 1 as the normal condition (still to be justified). Next, I have suggested: (8) E E 1 is doubly exceptional iff ξ(~h E) > 0, i.e., iff the hypothesis H is in turn supported by E. Then, we may use (4) to define: (9) E 2 = {E E 1 E is doubly exceptional} as the (weakest) doubly exceptional condition. And so on. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 18
19 The Final Explication (2) So, the general proposal is this: (10) We set E 0 = W, the whole possibility space considered. For odd n we define E n = {E E n-1 ξ(~h E) = 0}, for even n we set E n = {E E n-1 ξ(~h E) > 0}, and we call E n the exceptional condition of degree n. (11) E n = E n E n+1. Thus, N 0 defined in (7) is the same as E 0. The sequence E 0 = N 0, E 1, E 2, forms a partition of W. Let [z] denote the proposition that the background variable Z takes the specific value z. [z] may be called a maximal condition. The sequence thus provides a classification of maximal conditions: the maximal condition [z] is exceptional to degree n (and normal if n = 0) iff [z] E n. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 19
20 The Final Explication (3) Thereby, we finally arrive at a classification of all background conditions: (12) A proposition or condition E about Z is exceptional to degree n iff n is the minimal degree of exceptionality among the maximal conditions [z] E. If n is even, we have ξ(~h E) > 0, and if n is odd, we have ξ(~h E) = 0. A condition N that is exceptional to degree 0 is normal. Thus, the normal condition N 0 is believed in any case, while a normal condition N may even be disbelieved. Moreover, we have: (13) [z] N 0 iff ξ([z]) < ξ(~h). (14) 0 = ξ(e 0 ) ξ(e 1 ) ξ(e 2 )..., and for even n: ξ(e n+1 ) > ξ(e n ), for odd n: ξ(e n+1 ) max {ξ([z] [z] E n } ξ(e n ). Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 20
21 Concluding Remarks (1) This proposal is an explication of the epistemic interpretation of ceteris paribus or normal conditions. It escapes problem (1), i.e., it is precise, because the underlying formal epistemology is precise. It avoids problem (3), since the hypothesis H and its negation cannot be held true at the same time. It avoids the trivial interpretation. The normal condition N 0 does not simply contain all the maximal conditions [z] under which H is held true. It is stronger by excluding the doubly, fourfold etc. exceptional maximal conditions under which H is also held true. Indeed, this proposal is, as far as I know, the only one that can deal with the phenomenon of multiply exceptional conditions. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 21
22 Concluding Remarks (2) If we would refer the other interpretations, in particular the trivial, the eliminativistic, the existential, or the causal one, to a fixed setup, i.e., a fixed background Z, their inadequacy is salient. They derive their prima facie plausibility from their reference to open background conditions, which, however, are theoretically unmanageable. By contrast, the proposed epistemic interpretation has something substantial and reasonable to say already given any fixed background (that may then be assumed to hold for open backgrounds as well). The epistemic interpretation entails that a ceteris paribus law does not make a specific claim, i.e. has no objective truth condition; the notion of normality it involves is epistemically relativized. This need not make it disrespectable. Indeed, I think this is how it is with laws in general (but this is another issue). Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 22
23 Concluding Remarks (3) Still, there are certain beliefs associated with a ceteris paribus law or with normal conditions. In the set-up X, Y, Z, ξ, we first have ξ(~n 0 ) > 0, i.e., the normal condition is held true. The second characteristic belief is ξ(~h N 0 ) > 0, i.e., the conditional belief in the hypothesis given the normal condition. Both entail the belief in H & N 0. Moreover, the belief in N 0 can be true or false, the normal condition may actually obtain or not. The conditional belief in H given N 0 is usually not something that can be true or false. There is, however, an objectification theory for ranking functions, which explains the extent to which conditional beliefs can be (objectively) true or false. Hence, the proposed account of ceteris paribus laws need not be stuck in the epistemic relativization. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 23
24 Bibliographical Note The talk is taken from chapter 13 of my book The Laws of Belief. Ranking Theory and Its Philosophical Applications (ca. 770 pp.), to appear at OUP. Spohn, Ceteris Paribus Conditions 24
What is econometrics? INTRODUCTION. Scope of Econometrics. Components of Econometrics
1 INTRODUCTION Hüseyin Taştan 1 1 Yıldız Technical University Department of Economics These presentation notes are based on Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (2nd ed.) by J. Wooldridge. 14 Ekim
More informationPostdoctoral Research Fellow, AHRC Metaphysics of Science Project in. Junior Research Fellow, Worcester College, Oxford University
A Lewisian Theory for Special Science Laws Markus A. Schrenk Postdoctoral Research Fellow, AHRC Metaphysics of Science Project in Birmingham Bristol Nottingham; Junior Research Fellow, Worcester College,
More informationthe supple mind and its connection with life Mark Bedau Reed College
the supple mind and its connection with life Mark Bedau Reed College two clues 1. all forms of life have mental capacities sense the environment behavior contingent on environmental information inter-organism
More informationThe Possibility of Coherentism and the Stringency of Ceteris Paribus Conditions
The Possibility of Coherentism and the Stringency of Ceteris Paribus Conditions Jonah N. Schupbach Received: 12/06/14 Final Version: 26/11/14 BIBLID 0495-4548(2015)30:1p.43-52 DOI: 10.1387/theoria.11725
More informationAssessment Schedule 2016 Economics: Demonstrate understanding of producer choices using supply (90985)
NCEA Level 1 Economics (90985) 2016 page 1 of 6 Assessment Schedule 2016 Economics: Demonstrate understanding of producer choices using supply (90985) Assessment Criteria Demonstrate understanding involves:
More informationFirst Steps in Description Logic,
First Steps in Description Logic, Patrick Blackburn INRIA Lorraine, Nancy, France Description Logic Day LORIA 24 September 2003 First Steps in Description Logic, DLD, LORIA, Nancy, 23 September 2003. 1
More informationMachine Learning. What is Machine Learning?
Machine Learning What is Machine Learning? Programs that get better with experience given a task and some performance measure. Learning to classify news articles Learning to recognize spoken words Learning
More informationCOSMETICS EUROPE: COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION ON THE EFFICACY OF SUNSCREEN PRODUCTS AND THE CLAIMS MADE RELATING THERETO
COSMETICS EUROPE: COMMISSION RECOMMENDATION ON THE EFFICACY OF SUNSCREEN PRODUCTS AND THE CLAIMS MADE RELATING THERETO SEPTEMBER 2006 26.9.2006 Official Journal of the European Union L 265/39 COMMISSION
More informationChapter 2 Relationships between Categorical Variables
Chapter 2 Relationships between Categorical Variables Introduction: An important field of exploration when analyzing data is the study of relationships between variables. A lot of thought has been put
More informationCommon Core Correlations Grade 8
Common Core Correlations Grade 8 Number ELACC8RL1 ELACC8RL2 ELACC8RL3 Eighth Grade Reading Literary (RL) Key Ideas and Details Cite the textual evidence that most strongly supports an analysis of what
More informationRestrictions on the Manufacture, Import, and Sale of Personal Care and Cosmetics Products Containing Plastic Microbeads. Overview
Restrictions on the Manufacture, Import, and Sale of Personal Care and Cosmetics Products Containing Plastic Microbeads Overview In order to facilitate exfoliation and cleaning, enterprises have commonly
More informationThe Economics of Fashion: Status Motives for Conspicuous Consumption
The Economics of Fashion: Status Motives for Conspicuous Consumption Rachel A. J. Pownall October 9, 2013 Abstract The current paper reviews the concept of status motives driving conspicuous consumption.
More informationRESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
CHAPTER 6 RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION 6.1 INTRODUCTION Chapter 6 deals with the factor analysis results and the interpretation of the factors identified for the product category lipstick and the three advertisements
More informationCAN CAPACITIES RESCUE US FROM CETERIS PARIBUS LAWS?
CAN CAPACITIES RESCUE US FROM CETERIS PARIBUS LAWS? ABSTRACT Many philosophers of science think that most laws of nature (even those of fundamental physics) are so called ceteris paribus laws, i.e., roughly
More informationDispositions and subjunctives
Philos Stud (2010) 148:323 341 DOI 10.1007/s11098-008-9325-y Dispositions and subjunctives Jesse R. Steinberg Published online: 10 January 2009 Ó Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2009 Abstract It is
More informationREACH AND ITS IMPACT ON PRINTERS
May 2008 REACH AND ITS IMPACT ON PRINTERS In June 2007, the European Union s Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (the so-called REACH
More informationDRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD
DEAS 346: 2012 ICS 71.100.70 HS 3302 DRAFT EAST AFRICAN STANDARD Labelling of cosmetics General requirements EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY EAS 2012 First Edition 2012 DEAS 346: 2012 Copyright notice This EAC
More informationProduct Information File & Cosmetic Product Safety Report
Product Information File & Cosmetic Product Safety Report October 2015 Compliance with Cosmetic Regulation EC No. 1223/2009 Product Information File and Cosmetic Product Safety Report Regulation EC No.
More informationOPEN CALL. WoSoF - WORLD SYMPOSIUM FOR FASHION. JEWELLERY. ACCESSORIES. Deadline : 10th November TONGJI University D&I, SHANGHAI 16th/DEC/2018.
OPEN CALL Deadline : 10th November 2018 WoSoF - WORLD SYMPOSIUM FOR FASHION. JEWELLERY. ACCESSORIES TONGJI University D&I, SHANGHAI 16th/DEC/2018. Call for Abstracts till November 10th, 2018. The College
More informationREACH AND ITS IMPACT ON COSMETICS
September 2008 REACH AND ITS IMPACT ON COSMETICS In June 2007, the European Union s Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (the REACH
More informationMinimum Bisection is fixed-parameter tractable
Minimum Bisection is fixed-parameter tractable Marek Cygan 1, Daniel Lokshtanov 2, Marcin Pilipczuk 2, Micha l Pilipczuk 2, Saket Saurabh 2,3 1 Institute of Informatics, University of Warsaw, Poland 2
More informationAn Patterned History of Ta Moko Stephanie Ip Karl Fousek Art History 100 Section 06
An Patterned History of Ta Moko Stephanie Ip 23406051 Karl Fousek Art History 100 Section 06 As we have seen thus far in our course on Art History, there is almost always a deeper meaning behind a culture
More informationCurrent calls for papers and announcements
Current calls for papers and announcements The craft + design enquiry blog site Further information about craft + design enquiry is available online on the c+de blog at craftdesignenquiry.blogspot.com.au
More informationSampling Process in garment industry
Sampling Process in garment industry Sampling is one of the main processes in garment manufacturing and it plays vital role in attracting buyers and confirming the order, as the buyers generally places
More informationCosmetic product claims
Cosmetic product claims Regulatory framework and the common criteria Manuela Coroama Cosmetics Europe Contents 1. Introduction 2. The EU regulatory framework for cosmetic product claims 3. The scope of
More informationCopyright in Tattoos:
Copyright in Tattoos: What a tangled web we weave Associate Professor Alex Sims APCA Conference 27-28 November 2015, Auckland 2 or The case for why tattoo artists rights must be limited under the Copyright
More informationGrowth and Changing Directions of Indian Textile Exports in the aftermath of the WTO
Growth and Changing Directions of Indian Textile Exports in the aftermath of the WTO Abstract A.M.Sheela Associate Professor D.Raja Jebasingh Asst. Professor PG & Research Department of Commerce, St.Josephs'
More information"Giffen's Paradox and Falsifiability," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Bd. 107, Heft 1 (1971), pp
"Giffen's Paradox and Falsifiability," Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Bd. 107, Heft 1 (1971), pp. 139-146. by Gordon Welty Wright State University Dayton, OH 45435 USA [//139] The problems of falsifiability
More informationREACH AND ITS IMPACT ON COSMETICS
REACH AND ITS IMPACT ON COSMETICS January 2007 The European Union has just adopted Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (the REACH
More informationTips for proposers. Cécile Huet, PhD Deputy Head of Unit A1 Robotics & AI European Commission. Robotics Brokerage event 5 Dec Cécile Huet 1
Tips for proposers Cécile Huet, PhD Deputy Head of Unit A1 Robotics & AI European Commission Robotics Brokerage event 5 Dec. 2016 Cécile Huet 1 What are you looking for? MAXIMISE IMPACT OF PROGRAMME on
More informationFILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 04/21/2014 INDEX NO /2012 NYSCEF DOC. NO. 266 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 04/21/2014. Exhibit 4
FILED: NEW YORK COUNTY CLERK 04/21/2014 INDEX NO. 651472/2012 NYSCEF DOC. NO. 266 RECEIVED NYSCEF: 04/21/2014 Exhibit 4 HILLER, PC Attorneys at Law 600 Madison Avenue New York, New York 10022 (212) 319-4000
More informationRestrictions on the Manufacture, Import, and Sale of Personal Care and Cosmetics Products Containing Plastic Microbeads.
Restrictions on the Manufacture, Import, and Sale of Personal Care and Cosmetics Products Containing Plastic Microbeads Overview of Draft In order to facilitate exfoliation and cleaning, enterprises have
More informationEnglish for Fashion Design Syllabus
Week 1 Introduction to the Fashion Industry Overview of industry; Creation of idea; Sketching it out; Pattern Making; Sample Making; Business Terms and Transactions Vocabulary: colors, patterns, fashion
More informationDfT Terms & Conditions
DfT Terms & Conditions Terms and Conditions for the fashion talent award "Designer for Tomorrow" by Peek & Cloppenburg Düsseldorf and Fashion ID as part of the Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week Berlin in July
More informationExtension of Fashion Policy at Purchase of Garment on e-shopping Site
Advances in Computing 2015, 5(1): 9-17 DOI: 10.5923/j.ac.20150501.02 Extension of Fashion Policy at Purchase of Garment on e-shopping Site Takuya Yoshida 1,*, Phoung Dinh Dong 2, Fumiko Harada 3, Hiromitsu
More informationCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION. A. Research Background. such as Dolce and Gabbana, Prada, or Channel. In 2003, the fashion industries in
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Research Background Fashion in America cannot be separated from the domination of famous brands such as Dolce and Gabbana, Prada, or Channel. In 2003, the fashion industries in
More informationStrengthening the Compliance to the Malaysia Cosmetic Regulation & Requirements
Strengthening the Compliance to the Malaysia Cosmetic Regulation & Requirements 1 Presentation Outline Introduction Post Market Surveillance : Challenges New updates : directives, circular & guidelines
More informationWWWWW. ( 12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub. No.: US 2017 / A1. 19 United States
THE MAIN TEA ETA AITOR A TT MA N ALUMINIUM TIN US 20170266826A1 19 United States ( 12 ) Patent Application Publication ( 10 ) Pub. No.: US 2017 / 0266826 A1 Kole et al. ( 43 ) Pub. Date : Sep. 21, 2017
More informationPREFERENCE-BASED ANALYSIS OF BLACK PLASTIC FRAME GLASSES
KEER2010, PARIS MARCH 2-4 2010 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON KANSEI ENGINEERING AND EMOTION RESEARCH 2010 PREFERENCE-BASED ANALYSIS OF BLACK PLASTIC FRAME GLASSES Tzu-Kang Huang, *, Min-Yuan Ma, and Wei-Chung
More informationIntelligent Fashion Forecasting Systems: Models and Applications
Intelligent Fashion Forecasting Systems: Models and Applications Tsan-Ming Choi Chi-Leung Hui Yong Yu Editors Intelligent Fashion Forecasting Systems: Models and Applications 123 Editors Tsan-Ming Choi
More informationA Study on the Usage of Hair Styling Products Across Genders
Reflections Journal of Management (RJOM) Volume 6, January 2017 Available online at: http://reflections.rustomjee.com/index.php/reflections/issue/view/reflections%20- %20Journal%20of%20Management/showToc
More informationapts.ac.uk Week 2: University of Nottingham
apts.ac.uk Week 2: University of Nottingham 16th April 2018 20th April 2018 Welcome to Nottingham! Workshop registration: Registration for the APTS week will take place between 11.00am and 12.30pm on Monday
More informationThis thesis seeks to examine how Burberry s use of cross media communication constructs additional identities to the company s corporate identity.
ABSTRACT This thesis seeks to examine how Burberry s use of cross media communication constructs additional identities to the company s corporate identity. As the media landscape has become more and more
More informationDow Consumer & Industrial Solutions DOWANOL DiPPh Glycol Ether
Dow Consumer & Industrial Solutions Glycol Ether Offers excellent degreasing performance with minimal streaking and filming in a variety of cleaning applications. qualifies for the LVP exemption, making
More informationDecorative Styles. Amanda Talaski.
Decorative Styles Amanda Talaski atalaski@umich.edu Both of these vessels are featured, or about to be featured, at the Kelsey Museum. The first vessel is the third object featured in the Jackier Collection.
More informationHigher National Unit Specification. General information for centres. Fashion: Commercial Design. Unit code: F18W 34
Higher National Unit Specification General information for centres Unit title: Fashion: Commercial Design Unit code: F18W 34 Unit purpose: This Unit enables candidates to demonstrate a logical and creative
More informationC. J. Schwarz Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University December 27, 2013.
Errors in the Statistical Analysis of Gueguen, N. (2013). Effects of a tattoo on men s behaviour and attitudes towards women: An experimental field study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1517-1524. C.
More information-2- profit margins as a consequence of the relentless penetration of imports in the domestic market. Consider these shocking statistics: From 1968 to
TESTIMONY OF RONALD ANSIN, VICE CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL AFFAIRS COMMITTEE, AMERICAN FOOTWEAR INDUSTRIES ASSOCIATION, BEFORE THE TRADE POLICY STAFF COMMITTEE, OFFICE OF THE SPECIAL REPRESENTATIVE FOR TRADE NEGOTIATIONS,
More informationANEC position on claim of defective standard
POSITION PAPER EN 16708 Beauty salon services ANEC position on claim of defective standard September 2016 Contact Person: Michela Vuerich, Sustainability & Services Programme Manager (tel. 02 743 24 70,
More informationUsing Graphics in the Math Classroom GRADE DRAFT 1
Using Graphics in the Math Classroom GRADE 7 thebillatwood@gmail 2013 DRAFT 1 Problem Solving Problem solving often invokes an image of a chess player thinking for hours trying to find the right move,
More informationASMI COMPLAINTS PANEL FINAL DETERMINATION Meeting held 10 November, 2009
ASMI COMPLAINTS PANEL FINAL DETERMINATION Meeting held 10 November, 2009 Hamilton Laboratories ( HL ) v. Johnson & Johnson Pacific ( JJP ) Neutrogena Ultra Sheer Dry-Touch Sunscreen Lotion 1. HL complains
More informationBY KATSUNARI OKAMOTO - FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES: 2ND (SECOND) EDITION BY KATSUNARI OKAMOTO
BY KATSUNARI OKAMOTO - FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES: 2ND (SECOND) EDITION BY KATSUNARI OKAMOTO DOWNLOAD EBOOK : BY KATSUNARI OKAMOTO - FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES: 2ND (SECOND) EDITION BY
More informationAustralian Archaeology
Australian Archaeology Full Citation Details: Frankel, D. 1980. Munsell colour notation in ceramic description: an experiment. 'Australian Archaeology', no.10, 33-37. MUNSELL COLOUR NOTATION IN CERAMIC
More informationAS/NZS 4399:1996 AS/NZS
AS/NZS 4399:2017 Australian/New Zealand Standard Sun protective clothing Evaluation and classification Superseding AS/NZS 4399:1996 AS/NZS 4399:2017 AS/NZS 4399:2017 This joint Australian/New Zealand standard
More informationMULTICENTER CLINICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL STUDY FOR THE EVALUATION OF EFFICACY AND TOLERANCE OF AN INTRADERMAL INJECTABLE PRODUCT AS A FILLER AND A
MULTICENTER CLINICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL STUDY FOR THE EVALUATION OF EFFICACY AND TOLERANCE OF AN INTRADERMAL INJECTABLE PRODUCT AS A FILLER AND A BIOREVITALIZER FOR THE AGING FACE PURPOSE Aim of the study
More informationSubject:- Hair and Beauty Head of Department: - Mr Larigo Teachers in this department: - Mrs Bullen and Mrs Morgan General overview
m Subject:- Head of Department: - Teachers in this department: - Hair and Beauty Mr Larigo Mrs Bullen and Mrs Morgan General overview The VTCT Level 2 Certificate in Hairdressing and Beauty Therapy (VRQ)
More informationFACIAL SKIN CARE PRODUCT CATEGORY REPORT. Category Overview
PRODUCT CATEGORY REPORT FACIAL SKIN CARE Category Overview How much do we value the quality of our skin? Apparently, quite a lot. Skin care is one of the fastest-growing and lucrative categories within
More informationProject Management Network Diagrams Prof. Mauro Mancini
Project Management Network Diagrams Prof. Mauro Mancini e-mail: Mauro.Mancini@polimi.it tel.: +39-02-23994057 POLITECNICO DI MILANO Department of Management, Economics and Industrial Engineering Mauro
More informationHyalurosmooth. by Beauty Creations. Natural fine line and wrinkle filler
Hyalurosmooth by Beauty Creations Natural fine line and wrinkle filler Hyalurosmooth Botanical alternative to hyaluronic acid Smoothing and filling of fine lines and wrinkles by injecting «fillers» such
More informationDr. Matteo Zanotti Russo
Dr. Matteo Zanotti Russo Angel Consulting - Italy CRCC Berlin, October 2017 What s on EU Commission Report on product claims Are we complying with EU Regulation no. 655/2013 What are Authorities inspecting?
More informationTHE SEGMENTATION OF THE ROMANIAN CLOTHING MARKET
Bota Marius THE SEGMENTATION OF THE ROMANIAN CLOTHING MARKET Faculty of Business, Babe -Bolyai University, Horea Street No. 7, 400174 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Phone: +40-264-599170, E-mail: botimar@tbs.ubbcluj.ro
More informationCase 1:16-cv Document 1 Filed 02/09/16 Page 1 of 18
Case 1:16-cv-00982 Document 1 Filed 02/09/16 Page 1 of 18 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK ) BURBERRY LIMITED, ) a United Kingdom Corporation ) ) BURBERRY LIMITED, ) a New York
More informationIntravenous Access and Injections Through Tattoos: Safety and Guidelines
CADTH RAPID RESPONSE REPORT: SUMMARY OF ABSTRACTS Intravenous Access and Injections Through Tattoos: Safety and Guidelines Service Line: Rapid Response Service Version: 1.0 Publication Date: August 03,
More informationResearch on Branded Garment Design from the Perspective of Fashion Information
2017 International Conference on Social Sciences, Arts and Humanities (SSAH 2017) Research on Branded Garment Design from the Perspective of Fashion Information Yixuan Guo School of Business Administration,
More informationTROUSERS MARKET IN INDIA
TROUSERS MARKET IN INDIA Second only to shirts as a category in men s apparel, the steady growth of the trousers market in india continues unabated. And the overall trousers market also remains over-whelmingy
More informationClothing longevity and measuring active use
Summary Report Clothing longevity and measuring active use Results of consumer research providing a quantitative baseline to measure change in clothing ownership and use over time. This will inform work
More informationThis discussion outlined our first challenge, which was to solidify the terminology related to the Potsdam colors.
SUNY Potsdam Brand/Color Report April 2014 On October 7, 2013, stakeholders from across campus convened to address an increasing discrepancy between College constituents in the use of color. In attendance
More informationMinister Application of Tiffany M. LeClair
Minister Application of Tiffany M. LeClair What do you see as your major strengths or talents? My forte is not in what I know, but what I am capable of figuring out. There will always be someone who knows
More informationtattoo Subculture TATTOO SUBCULTURE AMONG AALBORG UNIVERSITY STUDENTS AT Written by: Nikolaj Berger Supervisor: John Hird
tattoo Subculture A QUALITATIVE CASE STUDY OF TATTOO SUBCULTURE AMONG STUDENTS AT AALBORG UNIVERSITY Written by: Nikolaj Berger Supervisor: John Hird Aalborg University, 10th Semester Master s Programme
More informationPhiladelphia University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences First Semester, 2017/2018. Course Syllabus. Course code:
Philadelphia University Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences First Semester, 2017/2018 Course Syllabus Course Title: Cosmetics Course Level: 5 th year Course code: 0520420 Course prerequisite
More informationTESTIMONY OF STEVE MAIMAN CO-OWNER, STONY APPAREL LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA IN OPPOSITION TO H.R U.S
TESTIMONY OF STEVE MAIMAN CO-OWNER, STONY APPAREL LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA IN OPPOSITION TO H.R. 2033 U.S. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY, SUBCOMMITTEE ON COURTS, THE INTERNET, AND
More informationAustralian/New Zealand Standard
AS/NZS 2604:2012 AS/NZS 2604:2012 Australian/New Zealand Standard Sunscreen products Evaluation and classification AS/NZS 2604:2012 This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
More informationBABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, CLUJ NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, CLUJ NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS CHRISTIAN GEMS IN THE ANCIENT CHURCH (1st-4th c.) APPARITION, PLACES OF PRODUCTION, SPREADING, SUBJECTS,
More informationMORRIS STECCERDA MORRIS STEGGERDA
BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS 42 1 has been cited in explanation of this condition is their method of hairdressing, in which the hair is combed back and pulled very tightly and then is tied securely. As far as
More informationSix Thinking Hats. American Business Book Café J/E. Relax. Learn. Grow.
J/E American Business Book Café Relax. Learn. Grow. Six Thinking Hats Author: Edward De Bono Publisher: Back Bay Books by Little, Brown and Co. 1999 ISBN: 0 316 17791 1 173 American Business Book Café
More informationH 7915 S T A T E O F R H O D E I S L A N D
LC00 0 -- H S T A T E O F R H O D E I S L A N D IN GENERAL ASSEMBLY JANUARY SESSION, A.D. 0 A N A C T RELATING TO FOOD AND DRUGS - RHODE ISLAND FOOD, DRUGS, AND COSMETICS ACT Introduced By: Representatives
More informationEXPANDING OUR GLOBAL FASHION LUXURY GROUP CAPRI HOLDINGS LIMITED
EXPANDING OUR GLOBAL FASHION LUXURY GROUP CAPRI HOLDINGS LIMITED FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS This presentation contains statements which are, or may be deemed to be, forward-looking statements. Forward-looking
More informationImproving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology
Abstract Improving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology V. E. KUZMICHEV* 1,2,3, Zhe CHENG* 2 1 Textile Institute, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, Ivanovo, Russian Federation; 2 Institute
More informationBoise Art Museum 2018 Art in the Park Prospectus WELCOME
Boise Art Museum 2018 Art in the Park Prospectus WELCOME Thank you for your interest in applying to exhibit as an artist at Boise Art Museum's 64th Annual Art in the Park to be held September 7-9, 2018.
More informationThe EU Cosmetics Regulation
The EU Cosmetics Regulation Cosmetics Europe s Guidelines on the Product Information File Manuela Coroama Cosmetics Europe Contents The Product Information File (P.I.F.) requirement in the Cosmetics Regulation
More informationRock Only Visual Identity Standards
Rock Only Visual Identity Standards August 2007 Table of Contents Logo Standards and Guidelines Rock Only logo.......................................................................... 1 Rock Only logo
More informationCopyright 2017 Naturalislabs Pte Ltd. All rights reserved. Published by Eric Kelly.
UltraFX10.com 1 Copyright 2017 Naturalislabs Pte Ltd. All rights reserved. Published by Eric Kelly. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form
More information9AM 4PM, Beijing time. Dandong, Liaoning, China
Background Statement for SEMI Draft Document 5775A New Standard: Specification for Sapphire Single Crystal Ingot Intended for Use for Manufacturing HB-LED Wafers Notice: This background statement is not
More informationWORLD OSTRICH ASSOCIATION. Ostrich Green Skin and Finished Leather Grading. Copyright of the World Ostrich Association, all rights reserved
WORLD OSTRICH ASSOCIATION Ostrich Green Skin and Finished Leather Grading Introduction The Klein Karoo Cooperative (KKLK) originally set the standards for ostrich skins as the only suppliers of the product,
More informationStudy of consumer's preference towards hair oil with special reference to Karnal city
International Journal of Academic Research and Development ISSN: 2455-4197 Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 www.academicsjournal.com Volume 2; Issue 6; November 2017; Page No. 749-753 Study of consumer's preference
More informationADVANCED DIPLOMA OF BUSINESS BSB60215
ADVANCED DIPLOMA OF BUSINESS BSB60215 BSBADV602 Develop an Advertising Campaign A Johnson & Johnson case study The effectiveness of an advertising campaign Introduction Johnson & Johnson (J&J) is well
More informationWELCOME. On Boarding Event Hair & Beauty Apprenticeships. Spring 2017
WELCOME On Boarding Event Hair & Beauty Apprenticeships Spring 2017 AGENDA: 1. Apprenticeship update 2. Levy & Funding 3. Changing Apprenticeship Assessment Approach 4. Hair Professional Apprenticeship
More informationHazard. Communication 29 CFR
Sample Written Program For Your Company Hazard Communication 29 CFR 1900.1210 Provided By: P.O. Box 2136 Slidell, LA 70458 Phone: 985-781-1444 Fax: 985-718-4957 Email: info@se-safety.com 29 CFR 1910.1200
More informationAustralian/New Zealand Standard
AS/NZS 4399:2017 AS/NZS 4399:2017 Australian/New Zealand Standard Sun protective clothing Evaluation and classification AS/NZS 4399:2017 This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint
More informationBT2A2. Make Up Art Standards Authority. VTCT Level 2 MASA Award in Make-up Principles MASA. award. Learner name: 603/0905/2. Learner number: BT2A2_v1
MASA award Make Up Art Standards Authority BT2A2 VTCT Level 2 MASA Award in Make-up Principles name: 603/0905/2 number: BT2A2_v1 Qualification at a glance This is an Assessment Record which should be used
More informationCHAPTER Introduction
CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction This section will talk about the background of this research, the problem statement and the aim and purpose of this research. Also, a few literature review, the scope and method
More informationMathematical Material for Chapter V. Freckleham
Mathematical Material for Chapter V Freckleham 160 MATHEMATICAL MATERIAL V The "Freckleham" theme forms the basic material with which three-dimensional goal description as prepared by us will be demonstrated.
More informationCommon Core Correlations Grade 11
Common Core Correlations Grade 11 Number ELACC11-12RL1 ELACC11-12RL2 ELACC11-12RL3 ELACC11-12RL4 Reading Literary (RL) Grades Eleven/Twelve Key Ideas and Details Cite strong and thorough textual evidence
More informationThe Iron Handle and Bronze Bands from Read's Cavern: A Re-interpretation
46 THE IRON HANDLE AND BRONZE BANDS FROM READ'S CAVERN The Iron Handle and Bronze Bands from Read's Cavern: A Re-interpretation By JOHN X. W. P. CORCORAN. M.A. Since the publication of the writer's study
More informationNatural Cosmetics and EU Claims Legislation
NATRUE Assembly Meeting Berlin, Germany, June 1st 2016 CALLAGHAN CONSULTING INTERNATIONAL Natural Cosmetics and EU Claims Legislation Compliance, Issues and Future Perspectives www.ccintl.eu Dr. Theresa
More informationCommon Core Correlations Grade 12 (Senior English)
Common Core Correlations Grade 12 (Senior English) Number ELACC11-12RL1 ELACC11-12RL2 ELACC11-12RL3 ELACC11-12RL4 Reading Literary (RL) Grades Eleven/Twelve Key Ideas and Details Cite strong and thorough
More information類別資料視覺化 吳漢銘國立臺北大學統計學系.
類別資料視覺化 吳漢銘國立臺北大學統計學系 大綱 2/34 Visualizing Categorical Data Fourfold Display for 2x2 Tables Association Plots Mosaic Display Simple Correspondence Analysis Multiple Correspondence Analysis Visualizing Categorical
More informationCenser Symbolism and the State Polity in Teotihuacán
FAMSI 2002: Saburo Sugiyama Censer Symbolism and the State Polity in Teotihuacán Research Year: 1998 Culture: Teotihuacán Chronology: Late Pre-Classic to Late Classic Location: Highland México Site: Teotihuacán
More informationASSEMBLY, No STATE OF NEW JERSEY. 209th LEGISLATURE INTRODUCED MAY 25, 2000
ASSEMBLY, No. STATE OF NEW JERSEY 0th LEGISLATURE INTRODUCED MAY, 000 Sponsored by: Assemblyman LEONARD LANCE District (Warren, Hunterdon and Mercer) SYNOPSIS Provides for skin care specialty services
More informationCourse Information. Description. Textbooks
125 Cosmetology II Course Information Credits 8 Campus Washburn Institute of Technology Address 5724 SW Huntoon City/State/Zip Topeka, Kansas 66604 Office Fax 785-273-7080 Description The primary purpose
More information