The Bridge School, Sprites Lane, Ipswich, Suffolk BSD 018

Transcription

1 The Bridge School, Sprites Lane, Ipswich, Suffolk BSD 018 Client: Concertus Design and Property Ltd. Date: April 2015 Archaeological Excavation Report SACIC Report No. 2015/12 Author: Linzi Everett SACIC

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3 HER Information Report Number: 2015/12 Site Name: Planning Application No: The Bridge School, Sprites Lane, Belstead PL/0220/13 (B/13/00855) Date of Fieldwork: July 2014 Grid Reference: TM Commissioned by: Curatorial Officer: Project Officer: Oasis Reference: Concertus Design and Property Ltd. Matthew Brudenell Linzi Everett suffolkc Site Code: BSD 018 Digital report submitted to Archaeological Data Service: Prepared By: Linzi Everett Date: April 2015 Approved By: Position: Date: Signed: Dr Rhodri Gardner Director

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5 Contents Summary 1. Introduction 1 2. Geology and topography 1 3. Archaeology and historical background 1 4. Methodology 3 5. Results 3 6. Finds and environmental evidence Discussion Archive deposition 31 List of Figures Figure 1. Site location 2 Figure 2. Site plan 4 Figure 3. Post hole group, SE corner of site 7 Figure 4. Sections 9 Figure 5. Sections 10 Figure 6. Sections 11 List of Tables Table 1. Bulk finds quantities 13 Table 2. Prehistoric pottery by fabric 14 Table 3. Late Iron Age & Roman pottery by fabric 15 Table 4. Post-Roman pottery by fabric 17 Table 5. CBM by type 18 Table 6. CBM by fabric 18 Table 7. Fired clay by fabric 19 Table 8. Quantities of flints by type 21

6 List of Plates Plate 1. Section 7 through ditches 0016 and 0047, looking north 8 Plate 2. Section 21, ditch 0022, looking south east 8 List of Appendices Appendix I. Context list 33 Appendix II. Bulk finds 42 Appendix III. Pottery by context 44 Appendix IV. CBM catalogue 48 Appendix V. Worked flint catalogue 49 Appendix VI. Plant macrofossils 51 Appendix VII. OASIS summary 52 Appendix VIII. WSI 55

7 Summary In 2013, a trial trench evaluation identified a series of ditches and possible Roman occupation evidence at The Bridge School, Belstead. As a result, an area of c.0.29 hectares was fully excavated as a condition of planning permission to construct a new school building. A number of ditches were observed, only a few of which contained significant quantities of datable evidence and are likely to represent field boundaries. In the north west corner of the site, one ditch may be part of an enclosure, and contained Early Iron Age pottery. A line of four post holes immediately west of this features terminal end could be associated, perhaps related to an entrance. The enclosure was cut by a later ditch containing Late Iron Age pottery, giving some indication of when the earlier feature had gone out of use. Roman features in the south east corner of the site included a large ditch and several pits or post holes. These contained material dating largely from the Early Roman period up to the 3rd century and point towards relatively modest occupation in the vicinity, possibly developing from an Iron Age background. Notable finds include part of a later Roman annular bracelet and building material from a reasonably well appointed building likely to have been nearby.

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9 1. Introduction Following a trial trench evaluation in 2013, part of a proposed new school site at The Bridge School, Belstead (BSD 018; TM ) was subject to open area excavation. The total area of the proposed building footprint (hereafter referred to as the site ) totalling c.0.29 hectares, was subject to excavation, focussing on the positive results of the evaluation. The excavation was carried out as a condition of a planning application, according to a Brief issued by Matthew Brudenell, which outlined the manner of the fieldwork, and a Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) detailing the archaeological methodology (Gardner 201, Appendix VIII). The excavation was conducted by the Field Team of the Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service (SCCAS) in July 2014, and reporting completed by Suffolk Archaeology CIC. The site has been recorded with the County Historic Environment Record (HER) code BSD Geology and topography The site is located on glacial chalky clay deposits on the northern valley side of Belstead Brook, a tributary of the River Orwell, at a height of approximately 36m OD. It is bounded by Sprites Lane on the east and housing to the south, west and north. The underlying glaciofluvial drift geology of the site comprises deep loam and sandy soils, locally flinty and in places, over gravel. 3. Archaeology and historical background The sites potential for investigation was based on its location on a south facing slope overlooking the valley of Belstead Brook, a topographically favourable location for early settlement. It also lies close to a Bronze Age cremation cemetery (SPT 035), a spread of Roman and Anglo Saxon material (WSH 012) and a scatter of Roman pottery (WSH 003). 1

10 Norfolk A Thetford B SUFFOLK Bury St. Edmunds Ipswich A Ipswich Essex Chelmsford 0 25 km 0 25 km 0 2 km B Ward Road N The Bridge School Site Cottingham Road Sprites Lane Crown Copyright. All rights reserved. Suffolk County Council Licence No m Figure 1. Site location. Monitored areas shown in blue 2

11 4. Methodology A uniform layer of plough soil c. 0.35m m thick sealed a layer of subsoil between c.0.15m- 0.3m thick. These deposits were stripped from the excavation area to the level of archaeological deposits or natural subsoil under the direction of an archaeologist. The natural subsoil within the stripped area comprised a pale yellow silty sand with patches of pale greyish brown sandy silt. Hand drawn plans were made on site at a scale of 1:50, with sections drawn at 1:20 on gridded drawing film. A digital photographic record was made of each feature excavated, consisting of high-resolution.jpg images. Levels were calculated by reference to a benchmark of 38.34m OD. Written records (context descriptions, etc.) were made on pro forma context sheets. Selected deposits were sampled for environmental analysis. The site was recorded under the Suffolk HER code BSD 018. All elements of the site archive are identified with this code, continuing the numerical context sequence used during the evaluation. An OASIS record (for the Archaeological Data Service) has been initiated and the reference code suffolkc has been used for this project. 5. Results The significant results of the excavation are summarised below, with a comprehensive list of contexts included as Appendix I, to be read in conjunction with this site narrative was an approximately NNE-SSW aligned ditch, slightly irregular in plan and with a profile which varied between shallow with gently sloping sides to a deeper, open v - shape. It was first identified during the evaluation in Trench 3. Its fill generally comprised a mid-dark grey brown clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks from which predominantly Early Iron Age pottery was recovered, with some later Iron Age/Early Roman sherds (also allocated cut number 0052) was a SE-NW aligned ditch, curving quite sharply north at its northern end, located in the north west corner of the site. It was shallow at its butt end where it was cut by ditch 0020 but deeper and with an open v - shaped profile elsewhere. No finds were recovered from the southern end of the ditch 3

12 N S S.2 S.3 S.4 S S S S S S S.22 unexcavated 0114 S.45 S S S S S S S S S S.17 S S S S S S S S S.28 S S.34 over cut S S.40 S S S.25 S.27 S S S.38 S S S.32 S m Plan Scale 1:100 Figure 2. Site plan 3

13 and only two fills from excavated sections elsewhere produced finds which could be said to be uncontaminated by other contexts with any level of confidence. These were fills 0049 and 0054, both of which contained pottery dating from the Early Iron Age. A group of finds assigned the context number 0051 were collected during machining from an area approximately above Section 7, but before any ditch cut was visible. With hindsight, it seems likely that these finds, predominantly a substantial assemblage of Early to Late Iron Age sherds, were derived from an upper fill of 0047 and perhaps 0016 which was not visible within the subsoil at a higher level was a NE-SW aligned ditch, first identified in the eastern end of Trench 5. It had generally rounded sides and a slightly concave base and was filled by a fairly uniform grey brown silty sand. No finds were recovered from any of its excavated sections was a NW-SE aligned ditch initially recorded in the southern end of Trench 6. It was fairly shallow, with edges which slope gradually on its southern side, but are steeper on the northern side. Its fill was generally a mid-dark grey brown sandy silt with occasional prehistoric and Roman finds from the northern end and a greater density of Roman finds from its southern end and terminus was only partially exposed in the northern part of the site and may be a continuation of 0020, but not enough was exposed to be sure they represent the same feature. One sherd of Bronze Age/Early Iron Age pot was recovered from the mid greyish brown sandy clay silt fill was a narrow, shallow ditch with an open v -shaped profile, seen in Trench 6 during the evaluation. It was filled by a pale greyish brown silty sand from which a single sherd of Late Iron Age pottery was recovered. Three further sherds from the same decorated jar were identified in context 0051, associated with ditches 0016 and was a small length of NW-SE aligned ditch cutting the NE corner of the site. It was narrow and shallow, with a rounded profile, and had been heavily disturbed by roots. No finds were recovered from its loose, silty sand fill was a NW-SE aligned ditch or gully with moderately sloping concave sides down to a flattish base. It was slightly variable in both width and depth, and neither end formed a satisfactory terminus, rather they shallowed out and the feature could not be traced any further. Three sherds of Bonze Age or Early Iron Age plus one sherd of 2ndmid 3rd century Roman pot were found in fill 0109, the only excavated section to produce finds. The mixed finds and somewhat irregular form of this feature casts some doubt over its archaeological origins, but the fact it is parallel with 0020 could lend it some significance. 5

14 0093 was a NNW-SSE aligned feature only partially exposed in the south east corner of the site. It was narrow with concave sides break sharply to a concave base. A rounded terminus opposed the southern terminus of ditch 0020, which along with their shared alignment, suggests a possible association between the two features despite the difference in dimensions. It was filled by a mid greyish brown silty sand from which three sherds of Roman pottery were recovered was a shallow feature observed between the eastern edge of site and the terminal end of ditch What little was exposed appeared linear in plan, E-W aligned, with a shallow, rounded profile. It was cut by ditch 0020 and did not continue west of the ditch. No finds were recovered from its mid-dark greyish brown sandy silt. A concentration of features were recorded in the south east corner of the site and along the southern limit of excavation which included post holes, pits and what could be partially exposed ditch termini (Fig. 3), a number of which contained a quantity of Roman pottery. These features were located immediately around the eastern end of Trench 8 where Roman post holes and a significant quantity of Roman finds were found during trenching. Four additional post holes (0094, 0098, 0105 and 0120) were revealed during the excavation, clustered around the previously recorded post hole 0012 and west of three further post holes identified in the same evaluation trench. They are likely to be associated, and further examples could survive beyond the edge of site but the group exposed form no obvious structure or pattern. Roman pottery was recovered from the mid grey brown silty sand fill of post hole A number of Roman finds including pottery, lava quern and CBM, were collected during machining from an area approximately between Sections 36 and 40 of ditch 0020, and were assigned the context number It is not clear whether these were from a subsoil layer or from an upper fill of the ditch where the cut was not visible in plan above the stripped level. Included in this assemblage was part of a copper alloy annular bracelet (small find 1002), dating from the 3rd-4th century, notable since the pottery from the site suggests limited activity beyond the 3rd century. In the north west corner of the site, four post holes were recorded forming an approximate NW-SE line. 0037, 0039, 0041, 0042 were all of similar dimensions and roughly equally spaced, and their location immediately west of the terminal end of what may be an enclosure ditch, 0047, could be significant. A small fragment of Early-Middle Iron Age pottery was found in the fill of 0037, a mid greyish brown clay silt with 6

15 b b b b b b N 0020 Excavation Area Trench m Figure 3. Plan of features in the SE corner of the excavation area, including post holes identified in Trench 8 7

16 occasional charcoal flecks, along with burnt stone which may represent packing material. Pits 0055 and 0067 were excavated, but thought likely to be natural features or tree boles, whilst 0070 looked like a possible feature adjacent to ditch 0020 in plan but on excavation, it appeared to be a natural/glacial hollow filled with a homogenous, sterile subsoil. A large rim and shoulder sherd from an Early-Middle Iron Age bowl was found on the surface of this layer. 0079, 0081 and 0087 were investigated as possible features cut by ditch Excavation proved each to be quite uneven in depth and profile, with the southern limits of 0079 and 0081 gradually shallowing out and becoming untraceable. No finds were recovered from the excavated sections and it was felt that these features may be of natural origin or the result of animal burrowing. Two small areas were stripped to construct crane pads adjacent to the excavation area (locations shown on Fig. 1). Neither were excavated fully through the subsoil to expose the natural subsoil and as such, none of the ditches observed within the main site were visible on the stripped surface or in the exposed sections. Plate 1. Section 7, ditches 0016 and 0047, looking north. 1m scale Plate 2. Section 21, ditch 0022, looking south east. 20cm scale 8

17 S.1 S.2 S.3 S.4 SE NW SE NW SE NW SE NW m OD m OD m OD m OD S.5 S.6 W E W m OD E m OD W S E m OD SSE S NNW m OD 0052 NW S.9 S.10 S.11 SE W E NW SE m OD m OD m OD N S.12 S.13 S W E m OD m OD W S E m OD S.15 SW NE N S m OD m Plan Scale 1:20 Figure 4. Sections 9

18 W S.16 E S.17 NE SW m OD m OD S.18 S.19 W E N S m OD NE S SW m OD NE S S.22 SW NE SW m OD m OD N 0004 S S m OD SW S NE m OD 0022 E S W m OD NW SE NE S.26 S.27 SW E W m OD m OD SSW 0081 NNE S.28 NNW SSE m OD SSE S.29 NNW m OD NW 0089 S SE m OD SW 0081 S NE S.32 S.33 NE SW E W m OD m OD m OD m Plan Scale 1:20 Figure 5. Sections 10

19 S.34 S.35 SW NE m OD E W m OD W 0102 S E m OD E S W m OD S.38 SW NE m OD 0103 N S S m OD SW S NE m OD N S S m OD 0108 S.42 NE SW S.43 S.44 S.45 W E SW NE SE NW m OD m OD m OD SE S.47 S.48 NW W E m OD m OD m Plan Scale 1:20 Figure 6. Sections 11

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21 6. Finds and environmental evidence Stephen Benfield Introduction Bulk finds dating to the prehistoric, Roman, middle Saxon and post-medieval periods were recovered. The finds are predominantly of Iron Age and Roman date with a small quantity of worked flint. Some of the flint can be dated as Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic; other flints are not closely dated but are more typical of later (Bronze Age-Iron Age) flint working. The types and quantity of the bulk finds are listed in Table 1 and are listed by context in Appendix II. In addition there are two metal (copper alloy) objects, one Roman and one post-medieval, which were individually recorded as small finds. Find type No Wgt/g Pottery CBM Fired clay 8 39 Worked flint 29 - Burnt flint 3 59 Lava quern stone Iron nails 4 32 Pottery Table 1. Bulk finds quantities A total of 240 pottery sherds were recovered, with a combined weight of 3,070g. The pottery dates to the Prehistoric, Roman, Saxon and post-medieval periods. The most significant quantities of pottery are of prehistoric (Iron Age) and Roman date, with just a few sherds dated to the Middle Saxon and post-medieval (post-roman) period. The Roman and post-roman pottery was recorded using the Suffolk fabric series (unpublished). Roman pottery vessel forms were recorded using the Suffolk Roman type series (unpublished) and the Colchester Camulodunum (Cam) type series (Hawkes & Hull 1947, Hull 1958). The quantity of pottery for each context is listed in Appendix III. Prehistoric pottery There are 133 sherds of hand-made prehistoric pottery with a combined weight of 799g (average sherd weight 6g). The pottery is listed by fabric in Table 2. 13

22 Fabric Code No No% Wgt/g Wt% EVE Hand-made flint tempered ware HMF Hand-made flint tempered sandy ware HMFS Hand-made sand tempered ware HMS Hand-made flint-tempered sandy ware with some grog HMFS(G) Totals Table 2. Prehistoric pottery by fabric The majority of the pottery is flint-tempered. There are few diagnostic pieces and there is no decoration recorded on any of the sherds. However, the nature of the flinttempered fabrics indicates that the majority of the assemblage is of Early Iron Age (EIA) date (c. 7th-4th century BC). The flint inclusions are mostly relatively well sorted and are well embedded in the surfaces, which often have a slightly sandy feel. A few, rather more coarse flint-tempered sherds (0084, 0109 & 0118) might be earlier in date (Neolithic-Bronze Age) but there is nothing to clearly indicate this. Of the more diagnostic sherds one base from 0050 is heavily gritted on the underside, which is typical of the Late Bronze Age (LBA) -EIA period, while another from 0122 is not gritted. Both could be accommodated within an EIA date range. A small, everted rim sherd from 0065 is also difficult to date closely within a LBA-Iron Age (IA) date range, although an IA appears more likely. Only one pot is represented by a significant proportion of the vessel. This is part of the upper half of a bowl from 0070 of which there is one large sherd and another joining rim sherd. Although the bowl is flint-tempered, the form is similar to that of vessels broadly dated to the Late EIA or MIA. A vessel of very similar appearance in an organictempered fabric (presumably of MIA date) is illustrated by Martin (1999, fig 3.17, no 28). A dating of Late EIA-Early MIA (c. 5th-4th/3rd century BC) is probably appropriate for the pot here. There is also a group of forty-six quantity of sand-tempered sherds among the unstratified finds (0051) which are typical of later Iron Age assemblages. This pottery can be dated to the period of the 4th century BC-early 1st century AD. The lack of other clear Middle Iron Age pottery from the site could indicate that this is of late Iron Age date (1st century BC-1st century AD) and could possibly date to the same period as a small quantity of more closely dated Late Iron Age (grog-tempered) pottery recovered from the site described below. 14

23 Late Iron Age and Roman pottery In total 104 sherds of Late Iron Age (LIA) and Roman pottery with a combined weight of 2160g were recovered from the site (average sherd weight is 20g) The pottery is listed by fabric in Table 3. Fabric Code No. No % Wt(g) Wt% EVE EVE% Imported finewares Les Martres-de-Veyre samian ware SAMV Central Gaulish samian ware SACG East Gaulish samian ware SAEG < Sub-total Imported coarsewares Amphorae AA Local and Regional coarsewares Colchester buff ware COLB Colchester buff mortaria COLBM Sub-total Unsourced coarsewares (local or regional) Black surfaced wares BSW Grey micaceous wares (black surface) GMB Grey micaceous wares (grey surface) GMG Grog tempered wares GROG Handmade grog-tempered ware HMG Miscellaneous sandy grey wares GX Shell-tempered ware SH Storage jar fabrics STOR White-slipped oxidised wares WSO Sub-total Total Table 3. Late Iron Age & Roman pottery by fabric A small but significant number of grog-tempered sherds typical of the Late Iron Age (LIA) were recovered. These consist of ten sherds which are partly hand- made or were made on a slow wheel or turn-table (HMG) and nine sherds are (or appear to be) from wheel thrown pots (GTW). The part hand-made sherds, recovered as unstratified finds (0051), include a rim from a jar with an uneven band of stab decoration on the shoulder, similar to Cam forms 263A & 264B and a sherd from a carinated pot similar to bowls of Cam Activity at the Camulodunum (Sheepen) site, from which the Cam type series originates, begins around c. 5 AD (Niblett 1985). The wheel thrown sherds include a base from a large jar from the same context (0051) which is well finished with a neat footring. Grog-tempered Belgic pottery appears on domestic sites from the late 15

24 1st century BC and remains current into the mid 1st century AD, probably continuing in use on some rural sites into the Early Roman period. While the jar rim and the carinated pot (Fabric HMG) are probably date to the first half of the 1st century AD, the base sherd from the large jar (Fabric GTW) indicates a date in the early-mid 1st century. The shell-tempered sherds (SH) can also be dated to the first century AD and are a component of many LIA and Early Roman assemblages in the south of the county, much of this pottery probably originating from around the area of the Thames estuary. The majority of the Roman pottery was recovered as small quantities from ditch fills, most contexts producing less than five sherds. The largest groups of stratified sherds are twelve from one ditch context 0084 and fourteen from pit fill Much consists of relatively undiagnostic Romano-British coarseware body sherds, notably Black surface wares (BSW) and Micellaneous grey wares (GX). The identified forms of pots in these fabrics are jars and bowls, which where closely dated, belong to the period of the mid 1st-3rd century. Recorded forms from the Suffolk Type series are 4.1 & 4.5 (jars), 5.11 (jar/deep bowl) and 6.1 & 6.18 (bowls). Two sherds can be identified as from the regionally important pottery at Colchester. One from 0086 is from a mortaria of form Cam 501, which probably dates here to the period of the mid 2nd-early/mid 3rd century as the market area and supply of Colchester products may shrink in the 3rd century (Going 1987). Another is from a carinated bowl (6.10) in a buff fabric decorated with vertical comb bands which can be dated as Flavian. It should be noted that the mortaria has a small hole from a repair indicating curation of this pot after it had cracked or broken, possibly indicating difficulty in replacing the vessel either through lack of availability or cost. Also possibly of regional origin are coarseware sherds in micaceous fabrics (GMB & GMG) which are typical of East Anglian assemblages. A provenance is not established for the pots in these fabrics here, but potteries producing distinctly micaceous fabrics are especially associated with the Wattisfield area in the north of the county (Moore 1988, 60-62). Fine wares identified among the assemblage consist entirely of imported samian. The samian dates to the second century or later, the earliest piece is a small sherd from 0084 which appears to be from Les Martres de Veyre (Trajanic-Hadrianic) and is from a dish, probably of form Dr 18/31. Other sherds are from Central Gaul (Lezoux) consisting of an abraded piece from a Dr 37 decorated bowl (mid-late 2nd century) (0091) and 16

25 from a dish of form Dr 31 (later 2nd century) (0104). One sherd (0065) is from an East Gaulish source and can be dated to the early-mid 3rd century. One other import type is represented. There are two sherds of Dressel 20 type amphora which originate in Spain and were made specifically as ceramic containers for transporting olive oil. This type of amphora in Britain can be broadly dated to the period of the mid 1st-early 3rd century. Post-Roman pottery Only three sherds of post-roman pottery (weight 104g) were recovered. All are unstratified (0001). They are listed by fabric in Table 4. Fabric Code No. Wt (g) Middle Saxon Sandy Ipswich ware SIPS 1 70 Post-medieval Glazed red earthenware GRE 1 28 English stoneware ESW 1 6 Total Table 4. Post-Roman pottery by fabric The most significant of the post-roman pottery is a sherd of Middle Saxon Ipswich ware (SIPS) from the base of a jar. Ipswich ware, which is the earliest post-roman wheel thrown pottery, is currently dated to c (Blinkhorn 2012, 8). Two other post- Roman sherds are both post-medieval, probably dating from the period of the late 17th/18-19th century and are of limited archaeological significance. Ceramic building material In total twenty-nine pieces of ceramic building material (CBM) with a total weight of 4,575g, were recovered. Almost all of this can be identified as Roman. The CBM is listed by type in Table 5. 17

26 CBM type Code No No% Wgt/g % Roman tegula FLT Roman imbrex RI Roman box flue BFT Roman brick RB Roman brick & tile (general) RBT Peg-tile PT Totals Table 5. CBM by type Apart from pieces from one tile which are reduced or heat affected, all of the CBM is red or orange-red in colour. Taking the Roman CBM, the fabrics are mostly very similar, being medium coarse sand with rare small stones (msrss) with other pieces in similar medium coarse sand fabric (ms), suggesting that most, if not all is from the same source. A few pieces are in a fine sand fabric (fs), one with red ferruginous inclusions (fsf). The fabric quantities are listed in Table 6. Fabric Code No No% Wgt/g Wt% Fine sand fs Fine sand with ferrous inclusions fsf Medium sand ms Medium sand with rare small stones msrss Totals Table 6. CBM by fabric All of the Roman CBM is fragmentary. There is some abrasion to edges and surfaces indicating they are residual in the contexts in which they were found. Most was recovered from groups of unstratified surface finds (0086, 0091 & 0123), although a few pieces came from ditch contexts (0101 & 0107) one associated with pottery broadly dated to the early-mid Roman period (0107). The range of tiles types represented includes roof tiles (tegula & imbrex) as well as thicker pieces from bricks (RBT). One of the tegula pieces retains a lower cut-away. Of particular interest are a significant number of pieces from box flue tiles with combed surfaces (made as a key for mortar) which are used in hypocaust systems in heated rooms. Two of these have dark discolouration internally indicating they have probably come from a functioning hypocaust system. Overall, the Roman CBM suggests the possibility of a well-appointed building within the wider area and which included either heated rooms or possibly a bath suite. Although two pieces of flue tile were recovered 18

27 from ditch fill 0107, almost all of the Roman CBM was recovered as unstratified finds including spoil from the machined upper parts of features. This suggests that it was not present in any quantity during the early-mid Roman period and may not have appeared on the site until the mid- late Roman period possibly following demolition of a nearby building. However, the quantity of tile is not large and there is no other building material among the finds such as mortar, wall plaster or stone. This absence of other building materials suggest that if it is from a demolished building then it was selected and transported to the site for reuse although this may only have been a short distance. The low incidence of imbrex tile also suggests selection of more useful flat tile rather than part of debris from a demolished roof. A small number of pieces of CBM are probably post-roman. Three small pieces of relatively thin tile (13mm thick), which together weigh 16g, were recovered from The pieces are all from the same tile with a medium coarse sand fabric (ms) and are discoloured or have been fired to a dark grey colour throughout. The thinness of the tile and their different appearance from the identified Roman tile recovered from the site indicates they are probably from a peg-tile and can be dated to the medieval or postmedieval period. It can be noted that a second piece of tile from the same context is also slightly different in appearance to the Roman CBM and might also possibly be post-roman, however, the fabric (msrss) is the same as the majority of the Roman tile and a Roman date appears probably most likely. Fired clay A few small pieces of fired clay (eight in total with a combined weight of 39g) were recovered from a pit context 0077, from two ditch contexts (0084 & 0118) and as surface finds (0051). The pieces are in either a medium sandy fabric or fine sand/silt fabric, both with some inclusions of pale silt/clay. The fabrics are listed in Table 7. Fabric Code Colour No Wgt/g Fine sand/silt with some pale clay/silt FSPC Orange/buff 1 14 Medium sand with some pale clay/silt MSPC Red and buff 7 25 Totals 8 39 Table 7. Fired clay by fabric All of the pieces are small (average weight 4.8g) and abraded and are likely to have some previous history of deposition before arriving in the contexts from which they were 19

28 recovered. The single buff coloured piece is from a ditch fill 0118 associated with pottery dated as Late Bronze Age-Iron Age. Other pieces are associated with 2nd century Roman pottery (0077) and with a surface collection of finds dating from the Early Iron Age-Roman period (0051). Lava quern Twenty-one pieces of imported Rhineland lava quernstone (total weight 1,791g) were recovered as a group of unstratified finds during machining on the southeast part of the site (0086). All are abraded and the surfaces are flaking. Although the two large pieces do not join seems little reason to doubt that they are all of the same quern. The quern may have been associated with ditch 0020 and a small quantity of Roman pottery was recovered with it. The pieces consist of one large section (1,501g) form the edge of the quern, a separate, smaller edge piece (199g) and small irregular pieces (91g). The largest piece is a section of the upper stone. There is a low collar or kerb (top 30 mm wide) projecting above the upper surface around the edge. Although the surfaces are abraded the upper surface can be seen to be decorated with cross-cut tooling, while the grinding surface is slightly dished and appears smooth. The edge of the stone is decorated with vertical tooling. The curvature of the edge indicates the stone had a diameter of approximately 420mm. The thickness of the stone at the edge is 50mm, tapering to approximately 20mm thick 120mm in from the edge toward the centre. Although essentially unstratified, and although lava querns were imported in the mid Saxon period and throughout the medieval period and beyond (Buckley & Major 1983) there is no significant doubt that the quern is Roman. Worked flint A total of twenty-nine pieces of worked flint was recovered from sixteen contexts. In general there are only one or two flints from each of the contexts, the majority of which are ditches and associated with Roman pottery - so that most of the flints can be seen to be residual. The largest groups are five flints recovered from a ditch context (0050) associated with pottery dated to the Late Iron Age and four from another ditch context 20

29 (0109) associated with Roman pottery. All of the flints are listed and described in Appendix V. Although the majority of the flints are flakes, four can be classified as blades and there is one recognised tool which is a scraper (Table 8). Flint type No of frags Scraper 1 Blade 4 Flake 24 Total 29 Table 8. Quantities of flints by type A number of the flints in the assemblage are typical of Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic flint working. These include four blades as well as flakes which have evidence of platform preparation and a number of relatively thin flakes. One of the flakes from 0057 with platform preparation also has a small area of invasive retouch across the surface at the distal end and at least one flake appears to have been struck with a soft hammer (0109). The latter is one of a group of three flints from that context which can be dated as Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic. The absence of any clear Mesolithic pieces might suggest that these flints are of Early Neolithic date. However, many of the flints are thicker flakes, or squat flakes with larger striking platform which are more typical of later (Bronze Age or Iron Age) flint working or are undiagnostic. These include a small group from one ditch context (0118) and probably a snapped scraper from 0114, made on a flake with continuous edge retouch along the surviving side. There are indications that some of the flints could have seen reuse, either during the Neolithic or later. The surface flaking covering the dorsal surface of one thick flake from 0048 suggests it may have come from a broken axe, while another snapped flake from 0051 has a heavily damaged area on the broken edge. This could suggest a curative element to the use of flint on the site and later reuse of pieces. Some of the small, but significant number of pieces with some cortex, suggest the use exploitation of local gravel flints which is supported by two pieces of distinctive Bullhead (Thames basin) flint (0050 & 0060) which would have been collected from local gravels deposited by the ancient Thames river course. It is also noted that two pieces (0001 & 0114) are in a grey coloured flint. 21

30 Overall the flint assemblage suggests a Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic element, some of which may have been reworked, with other flints which are more typical of the later prehistoric (Bronze Age-Iron Age) period. The scattered nature of the flints in ditch and pit fills suggests they are probably all residual. Burnt flint and heat altered stone A small quantity of heat altered (burnt) stone (total seven pieces) was recovered from four contexts. This consists of sandstone/quartzite and flint. There are three pieces of sandstone/quartzite (577g) from a post hole context (0038), all from different cobble size stones. Single pieces of white calcinated or crazed, burnt (heat altered) flint were recovered from two ditch contexts (0044) (22g) & (0074) (36g) and a pit (0068) (1g). It is difficult to interpret such a small quantity of burnt stone; although it can be noted that much of this material from archaeological sites is commonly of prehistoric date, being considered mostly to have been used to indirectly heat water. Typically here the broken sandstone/quartzite pieces are larger than the flints, having better thermal properties, but as a stone type it is much rarer than flint among the parent gravel subsoil. That on occasion these superior properties were valued can be demonstrated by cashes of burnt stones in prehistoric pits which are entirely or predominantly sandstone/quartzite (Crummy et al 2007, 18-21). That the pieces of quartzite/sandstone were recovered from post hole fill could suggest that they had been reused as postpacking. Iron nails A few corroded iron nails were recovered from two contexts. There are three nails (20g) from ditch fill 0079 (including one from bulk sample 9) and one probable nail (12g) from a post hole context 0099 (recovered from bulk sample 11). Both contexts also contained Roman pottery. Assuming the nails to be Roman, one from the ditch 0079 can be classified as Manning Type 1b (1985, 134-5) defined as having a flat sub-rectangular or rounded head and a shank less than 150mm. The heads of the two others from this context have been broken, giving them the appearance of having a T shaped heads (Manning Type 3 & 4) but are also almost certainly Type 1b. The iron object from the post hole 0099 is also almost certainly the shank of a nail. A small area at one end of the shaft suggests part 22

31 of a rounded head and again (assuming a Roman date) is probably of Manning Type 1b. Quantification and assessment of the small finds archive Date, range and context Two copper alloy objects from the site were allocated individual small find numbers. Both are unstratified. One (SF 1002) is Late Roman (0086), the other (SF1001) is postmedieval (1001). Condition The Roman bracelet fragment has surface corrosion which obscures part of the pattern. The post-medieval object has only light surface corrosion. Methodology The small finds were initially catalogued on the database, with basic features and dimensions recorded. The Roman bracelet will require to be cleaned/conserved to reveal the exact decorative design for a full description. Small finds by period Roman Half of a Roman copper alloy annular bracelet (SF 1002) was recovered as an unstratified find associated with Roman pottery dated to the 2nd-3rd century (0086). The bracelet is decorated with transverse grooves on the upper surface, but the precise pattern much beyond the area of the surviving terminal is obscured by corrosion. Broadly dating to the 3rd-4th century, while not unusual on Roman occupation sites bracelets are probably most commonly recovered accompanying late Roman (late 3rd- 4th century) female inhumation burials. SF 1002 (0086) Unstratified. Copper alloy (7g). Broken annular bracelet, approximately half present as a single intact piece. Rectangular section with flattened, broader terminal. Decorated with transverse grooves. Roman, 3rd-4th century. 23

32 Post-medieval The other small find (SF 1001) is also unstratified (1001). This is part of a copper alloy crotal bell (also referred to as a rumbler bell). These were attached to the collars of domesticated animals and also onto horse trappings. The piece preserves the suspension handle (showing signs of wear from use) and part of one of the usual two openings in the upper body. There is an illustrated similar complete example from Colchester (Crummy 1988, fig 91, no 3250). SF 1001 (0001) Unstratified. Copper alloy (5g). Part of the top half of a crotal bell. Handle complete, slightly worn from use. Part of circular opening (7mm dia.) in the side of the bell. Dated post-medieval c. 16th-19th century. The potential and significance of the finds data Pottery The main significance of the pottery is in helping to date periods of activity or occupation and their duration. For the Late Iron Age and Roman period the assemblage does not suggest any significant status for the site above the average of Roman rural establishments. While a few sherds of coarse flint-tempered pottery might possibly be contemporary with the worked flint (Neolithic-Bronze Age) they are not closely dated, and most (if not all) of the flint-tempered pottery recovered can be dated to the Early Iron Age (c /350 BC). There are few diagnostic pieces, but the nature of the fabrics and the appearance and feel of the sherds is considered to provide a confident dating. Part of a bowl was recovered among this pottery. While the form of this is most typical of the Middle Iron Age, the flint-temper could also indicate a date late in the Early Iron Age period. However, the use of flint-temper is known to persist into the Middle Iron Age, although being steadily replaced by sand as a tempering agent (Martin 1999, 80). The bowl could indicate that the Early Iron Age occupation extends into the Early Middle Iron Age period and there are a number of unstratified sand-tempered sherds typical of Middle Iron Age assemblages. However, these sherds could be part of the Late Iron Age occupation here so that the nature and level of activity in the later Iron Age (c.400/ BC) is not clear. 24

33 Pottery closely dated to the Late Iron Age pottery is represented by grog-tempered sherds which can be dated to the period of the late 1st century BC and early-mid 1st century AD. The sherds include a rim from a partly hand-made or slow wheel turned pot similar to early forms at the Sheepen (Camulodunum) site in Colchester. The pottery suggests that the Iron Age occupation here could continue into the post-conquest period developing into a Romano-British settlement. The earliest closely dated sherd of Roman-British pottery comes from a bowl which belongs to the Flavian period. This is a product of the major potteries at Colchester, which were also the source of a 2nd or early 3rd century mortarium recovered from the site. During the period of the 2nd-3rd century wider links are represented by imported samian, the earliest piece probably dating from the Trajanic-Hadrianic period and by sherds from one or more Spanish olive oil amphorae broadly dated to the mid 1st-early 3rd century. The absence of closely dated late Roman vessel forms and products from major Late Roman pottery industries suggests that there is little or no significant activity here in the late Roman period beyond the 3rd century. Also of significance is a sherd of Middle Saxon Ipswich ware (c AD). Together with a sherd of Pingsdorf ware (dated 10th-13th century) recovered during the evaluation (Everett 2013, 19) this indicates occupation close by in the Middle Saxonearly medieval period. CBM Most of the small quantity of Roman CBM is unstratified, some probably machined from the upper fill of features suggesting it mostly arrived on the site in the mid Roman period or later. It includes several pieces from box flue hypocaust tiles as well as roof tiles and undiagnostic tiles/bricks. This material could represent demolition material from a nearby building, especially as two of the box flue tile pieces appear possibly to have been in use in a functioning hypocaust. However, the quantity of tile is not large and there is no indication that any had previously been mortared into position or plastered over, also there are no finds of mortar or wall plaster. This suggests that the tile was transported to the site for reuse although this may only have been a relatively short distance. 25

34 Fired clay All of the pieces of fired clay are small and abraded indicating a history of deposition before arriving in the contexts from which they were recovered. As such none is closely dated. No pieces were are able to be identified so as to provide any additional information relating to the function they served, either in building, structures such as ovens or objects. Lava quern Pieces of lava quern, recovered together, are almost certainly all part of one quern. This is an import from the Rhineland and is the only indication among the bulk finds of a specific activity at the site during the Roman period. It would have been used for the domestic milling of grain, presumably for flour. Worked flint Finds of worked flint are significant in that they represent the earliest archaeologically recognisable activity on the site. The style of working of some pieces can be dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic; although a number are more typical of later flint working and probably date to the later prehistoric period of the Bronze Age-Iron Age. While it might be possible that some pieces could be contemporary with the Early Iron Age occupation, there is no indication other than that the flints are residual in the contexts from which they were recovered. Burnt flint and stone A small quantity of heat altered (burnt) stone consists of both sandstone/quartzite and flint. The significance of this material lies in its common use in prehistory, suggesting a prehistoric date, when it is considered to mostly to have been used to indirectly heat water. Its association with dated prehistoric activity and occupation here is not clear, although given the assemblage of flint-tempered Iron Age pottery it might be mostly of Iron Age date. Iron nails The few corroded iron nails were recovered are associated with Roman pottery. None are large and all appear to be of Manning Type 1b (1985, 134-5). The small number 26

35 does not suggest any significant building or structures here involving the use of nails; although of course old timbers (with any nails attached) may be removed for reuse and timber structures can be assembled without nails. Small finds The Roman copper alloy annular bracelet (SF 1002) is of significance as, being closely dated to the 3rd-4th century, it is the latest closely dated Roman artefact recovered from the site. It can be associated with a female, and probably indicates a modest level of wealth and culture within Late Romano-British society. The post-medieval crotal/rumbler bell (SF 1001), probably from the collar of a domesticated animal or horse trappings, is of limited significance other than to show some activity on the area during that period. Animal bone The complete absence of bone among the bulk finds assemblage is notable and suggests that the soil conditions on the site are not conducive to its survival. Plant macrofossils and other remains Val Fryer (December 2014) Introduction and method statement Excavations recorded pits, ditches and other discrete features, many of which were thought to be of Iron Age or Roman date. Samples for the retrieval of the plant macrofossil assemblages were taken from across the excavated area and ten were submitted for assessment. The samples were bulk floated by SCCAS staff and the flots were collected in a 300 micron mesh sieve. The dried flots were scanned under a binocular microscope at magnifications up to x 16 and the plant macrofossils and other remains noted are listed in Appendix VI. Nomenclature within the table follows Stace (2010). All plant remains were charred. Modern roots, seeds, arthropod remains and fungal sclerotia were also recorded. Results The recovered assemblages are all small (i.e. <0.1 litres in volume) and most are very limited in composition. However, cereals, chaff, weed seeds and nutshell fragments are 27

36 recorded, although mostly as single specimens within an assemblage. Preservation is generally poor. Many of the grains are severely puffed and distorted (probably as a result of combustion at very high temperatures) as well as being very fragmented, and it is also noted that the charcoal is often highly comminuted and abraded. Barley (Hordeum sp.) and wheat (Triticum sp.) grains are noted along with a number of grains which are too poorly preserved for close identification. Of the wheat, both elongated drop form grains typical of emmer/spelt (T. dicoccum/t. spelta) type and rounded hexaploid type grains of probable bread wheat (T. aestivum/ compactum) type are recorded along with both emmer and spelt glume bases. Weed seeds are exceedingly scarce and most are quite poorly preserved. Segetal weeds are predominant, with taxa noted including brome (Bromus sp.), small legumes (Fabaceae), grasses (Poaceae), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare), dock (Rumex sp.) and corn spurrey (Spergula arvensis). Small and highly abraded fragments of hazel (Corylus avellana) nutshell are present within the assemblages from tree bole 0069 (Sample 6) and from ditches 0020 (Sample 7) and 0047 (Sample 14). Charcoal/charred wood fragments are present throughout, but as mentioned above, the material is both highly comminuted and abraded, almost certainly indicating that the remains were exposed to the elements for some considerable period prior to inclusion within the feature fills. Although the assemblages are generally sparse, all ten include black porous and tarry residues, most of which are hard and brittle, possibly indicating that they are bi-products of the combustion of coal. Small pieces of coal (coal dust ) are also present throughout at a moderate density. It is currently unclear whether these remains are contemporary with the features from which the samples were taken or whether all are later contaminants. Such material (which is frequently recorded where night soil was spread on the land during the post-medieval period or where steam implements were used during the early modern era) is readily incorporated into features which have been disturbed by modern roots or other forms of bioturbation. Other remains are scarce, but do include small fragments of abraded bone, pellets of burnt or fired clay and globules of vitreous material, with the latter probably being derived from the high temperature combustion of straw/grass or silica rich ash. 28

37 7. Discussion Linzi Everett and Stephen Benfield Whilst there was no definite evidence for occupation within the excavation area itself, a series of field boundaries or drainage ditches demonstrate activity from at least the Early Iron Age through to the early 3rd century. The finds suggest that occupation must have been close by, with a pattern of distribution which clearly shows an Iron Age focus to the north west and a Roman focus to the south east. In the case of the Roman features, a cluster of post holes were recorded, suggestive of some kind of structure but not forming any immediately obvious pattern. A possible focus for the Iron Age activity could be ditch 0047 which may be part of an Early Iron Age enclosure, although with such a small portion revealed by the excavation, it is impossible to be sure. However, although smaller, its form is not dissimilar to an Iron Age enclosure excavated at Thurleston on the north west outskirts of Ipswich (IPS 504, SCCAS/SACIC report, forthcoming), where finds were most abundant in the terminal ends of each part of the enclosure, as is the case here. A row of four small post holes west of the ditch terminus could be associated, perhaps as part of some kind of structure related to an entrance. Whatever the function of ditch 0047, it had gone out of use by the time 0020 was cut across it, with the later ditch backfilled with material dating from the Early to Late Iron Age. An interesting assemblage of finds were recovered during the excavation but they were not always abundant enough to provide reliable dating evidence for features. The earliest activity is represented by residual finds of worked flint. Some of the flints can be dated to the Late Mesolithic-Early Neolithic; although a number are more typical of later flint working, probably dating to the later prehistoric period of the Bronze Age-Iron Age. A few sherds of coarse flint-tempered pottery might possibly be contemporary (Neolithic-Bronze Age) but are not closely dated. There is no indication other than that these finds are residual in later contexts. A significant quantity of flint-tempered pottery results from occupation here in the Early Iron Age (c /350 BC). The only large sherds recovered among this are part of a bowl, the form of which is most typical of the Middle Iron Age although a date late in the Early Iron Age may also be possible. Sherds of sand-tempered pottery, typical of Middle Iron Age assemblages, are present among the unstratified finds. However, these sherds 29

38 could be part of the Late Iron Age occupation and overall the nature and level of activity in the later Iron Age (c. 400/ BC) is not clear. Activity in the Late Iron Age is represented by sherds of grog-tempered pottery. This can be dated to the period of the late 1st century BC and early-mid 1st century AD. Grog-tempered pottery is typical of the Late Iron Age Trinovantian tribal heartlands to the south and suggests links or close ties with that area. This may be part of a settlement pattern in the Iron Age similar to that recorded for the Fynn and Deben Valleys and for Wherstead Parish, where sites are situated on high ground, looking over the valleys, at about half-mile intervals (Gill et al 2001, 28). The main focus for the Iron Age finds is the north western corner of the excavation area. The nearby Iron Age occupation appears likely to continue into the post-conquest (Roman) period, developing into a Romano-British settlement. The quantity of Roman pottery recovered is predominantly distributed through the south eastern part of the site and suggests occupation either on the site or immediately adjacent to it. The earliest closely dated sherd of Roman-British pottery comes from a bowl which belongs to the Flavian period. The main period of Roman settlement here appears to date to the Earlymid Roman period (mid 1st-3rd century). A Roman lava quern stone, an import from the Rhineland, indicates the domestic milling of grain, presumably for flour. There is a small amount of Roman ceramic building material which includes pieces from box flue hypocaust tiles. Most of this is unstratified, some probably machined from the upper fill of features suggesting it mostly arrived on the site in the mid Roman period or later. The quantity of tile is not large and brought onto the site for reuse although this may only have been over a relatively short distance. There is nothing among the pottery to suggest any significant activity here in the late Roman period beyond the 3rd century. However, part of a Roman copper-alloy bracelet was recovered which can be closely dated to the period of the 3rd-4th century and which (as an artefact type) are probably most typical of the late 3rd-4th century. Overall the Roman finds recovered suggests a relatively modest farmstead (rather than a specialised industrial or production site), possibly developing from an Iron Age background. It does not appear to have remained a significant focus in the Late Roman period. However, there is some indication from the tile that there may have been a relatively well appointed building in the vicinity and a find of a Late Roman bracelet may indicate some activity here (otherwise undetected) in the Late Roman period. More 30

39 broadly a number of rural settlements are recorded from the area as well as a large Roman building in the north of Ipswich at Castle Hill (Moore et al 1988, 47 & fig III.27), and a specialised Early Roman pottery production site at Bourne Hill, Wherstead, a few kilometres to the southeast (Gill et al, 2001). Of significance among the small quantity of post-roman finds is a pottery sherd from a Middle Saxon Ipswich ware jar (c ). It can be noted that a sherd of Pingsdorf ware (dated 10th-13th century) was recovered during the evaluation (Everett 2013, 19). These indicate occupation close by in the Middle Saxon-early medieval period. The environmental assemblages are so small and sparse, it would appear most likely that the few remains which are recorded are largely derived from scattered or winddispersed refuse/midden waste, a proportion of which may have remained unburied for some considerable time. 8. Archive deposition The archive for this project will be submitted to the Suffolk County HER under the HER reference BSD 018. A summary of this project has also been entered onto OASIS, the online archaeological database, under the reference suffolkc

40 Bibliography Blinkhorn, P., 2012, The Ipswich ware project: Ceramics, trade and society in Middle Saxon England, Medieval Pottery Research Group, Occasional Paper 7 Brudenell, M.J., 2012, Pots, practice and society: an investigation of pattern and variability in the post-deverel Rimbury ceramic tradition of East Anglia. Unpublished PhD thesis, York University Buckley, D., & Major, H., 1983, Quernstones in Crummy, N., The Roman small finds from excavations in Colchester , Colchester Archaeological Report (CAR) 2 Crummy, N., 1988, The post-roman small finds from excavations in Colchester , Colchester Archaeological Report (CAR) 5 Crummy, P., Benfield, S., Crummy, N., Rigby, V., & Shimmin, D., 2007, Stanway: an elite burial site at Camulodunum, Britannia Monograph Series No. 24 Everett, L., 2013, The Bridge School, Sprites Lane, Ipswich, Suffolk. BSD 018 Archaeological Evaluation Report SCCAS Report No. 2013/139 (unpublished) Gill, D., Plouviez, J., Symonds, R., & Tester, C., 2001, Roman pottery manufacture at Bourne Hill, Wherstead, EAA Occasional Paper No. 9 Hawkes, C., & Hull, M., 1947, Camulodunum, first report on the excavations at Colchester , RRCSAL 14 Hull, M., 1958, Roman Colchester, RRCSAL 20 Jacomet, S. et al, 2006, Identification of cereal remains from archaeological sites. Archaeobotany Lab IPAS, Basel University Martin, E., 1999, Suffolk in the Iron Age in Davis, J & Williamson, T., eds. Land of the Iceni, the Iron Age in northern East Anglia, Studies in East Anglian History 4, Manning, W., 1985, A catalogue of the Roman-British iron tools, fittings and weapons in the British Museum Moore, I., Plouviez, J., & West, S., 1988, The archaeology of Roman Suffolk Nibblett, R., 1985, Sheepen, An early Roman industrial site at Camulodunum, CBA Research Report 57 Stace, C., 2010, New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press 32

41 Appendix I Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Unstratified Unstratified fnds Yes No Topsoil Layer Dark brown loamy silty sand topsoil present over the whole site, measuring 0.35m-0.45m thick. No No Likely to be at least in part associated with landscaping of the school playing field, and therefore may be imported or reused from the school building site Subsoil Layer Layer of buried topsoil or imported soil associated with landscaping the school playing field No No present in trenches 9&10. Contains modern building rubble Subsoil Layer Pale greyish brown silty sand subsoil present in varying depths within most of the trenches, Yes No sealing the natural subsoil. Cut by various features Pit Cut Probable pit in north end of Tr 10, large, uncertain plan. Sealed by subsoil Appears to No No relate to an anomaly identified by geophysical survey Pit Fill Dark, charcoal rich silty sand at base of pit 0005 Yes No Pit Fill Mid greyish brown sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks No No Finds Spoil heap finds likely from fill of pit 0005 Yes No Pit Fill Mid grey brown loose silty sand with heat altered clay/daub lumps and rounded cobbles No No Pit Fill Mid-pale greyish brown sandy silt, very similar to subsoil layer on southern side of the pit- no cut No No visible Pit Fill Thin layer of compacted heat altered clay/daub lumps, likely demolition waste from a building or Yes No structure such as oven dome Posthole Cut Small, circular post hole in Tr 8, with steep sides breaking gradually to a generally flattish base No No Posthole Fill Mid-pale brown silty sand. 100% sampled Yes Yes Pit Fill Basal fill of pit Pale yellowish brown fine sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks Yes No finds Finds from spoil of Tr 8. Discrete area around post hole 0012, likely to be from subsoil 0034, no Yes No cut features visible in plan during machining until seen cutting natural. 33

42 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Ditch Cut Slightly curvilinear ditch in southern end of Tr 3, gradual slope on the south side, steeper No No northern side, shallow. Similar profile to Ditch Fill Mid greyish brown sandy silt, graduating to a paler brown on the southern edge- no clear Yes Yes horizon to imply distinct fills Ditch Cut Shallow SW-NE ditch in the eastern end of Tr 4. Generally flattish base. Same as 0024 in Tr 5? No No Ditch Fill Mid orangey brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Cut NW-SE in southern end of Tr 6. Fairly shallow, gradual slope on the south side, steeper No No northern side- similar profile to Ditch Fill Mid-pale brown compact sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks. Relationship with subsoil Yes Yes uncertain Gully Cut Narrow NW-SE aligned gully, shallow with an open v-shaped profile No No Gully Fill Mid orangey brown silty sand No No Ditch Cut NE-SW aligned ditch in eastern end of Tr m wide, 0.3m deep, rounded sides and a slightly No No concave base. May be same as 0018 in Tr Ditch Fill Pale brown compact silty sand Yes Yes Ditch Cut NE-SW aligned ditch in eastern end of Tr 9. Northern edge difficult to define No No Ditch Fill Mid grey brown silty sand, gradually paler towards the base Yes Yes Posthole Cut Small, circular post hole, fairly steep sides, open v-shaped profile No No Posthole Fill Mid brown silty sand No No Posthole Cut Oval post hole, steep sides, w-shaped profile. Possibly two intercutting post holes or evidence of No No repair replacement, but no cut visible 34

43 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Posthole Fill Mottled mid-pale brown silty sand, gradual change to darker, siltier fill in the two deeper extents. Yes No No difference in fill on either side of the feature to suggest two features Posthole Cut Small post hole, generally circular but with a shallow scoop on the eastern side. Steep sides, No No breaking gradually to arounded base. Generally u-shaped profile Posthole Fill Mid greyish brown silty sand Yes No Subsoil Layer Layer of subsoil in Tr 8. Dark greyish brown loamy silty sand. Possibly the origin of spoilheap No No finds Feature Layer Mid brown loamy silty sand with occasional charcoal flecks filling four possible post holes Yes No visible in the south section of Tr 8, south of post hole 0012 (could be differential water retention). Possibly the origin of spoilheap finds Posthole Fill Mid greyish brown clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks No No Posthole Cut Approximately circular posthole with steep, concave sides beaking to a flattish base. Shallow No No Posthole Fill Mid greyish brown clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks Yes No Posthole Cut Approximately circular posthole with steep, concave sides beaking to a flattish base. Shallow No No Posthole Fill Mid greyish brown clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks No No Posthole Cut Approximately circular posthole with steep, concave sides beaking to a flattish base. Shallow No No Posthole Cut Approximately circular posthole with steep, concave sides beaking to a flattish base. Shallow No No Posthole Fill Dark grey brown firm clay silt No No Ditch Fill Mid-dark grey brown clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks Yes No Ditch Cut Probable ditch, NW-SE aligned, only partially exposed in the northern part of the site. Shallow, No No rounded profile 35

44 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Ditch Fill Mid greyish brown sandy clay silt Yes No Ditch Cut Curvilinear ditch in NW part of site. Same as 0052 No No Ditch Fill Pale-mid grey brown sandy silt, mottled with red-brown sand and silt. Yes No Ditch Fill Mottled fill of pale grey and brown sand and silt mixed with firm dark brown clay Yes No Ditch Fill Mid-dark grey brown clay silt with occasional charcoal flecks Yes No Finds Finds recovered during machining in discrete area around ditch 0047/0016 junction. Recovered Yes No from subsoil, no feature visible in plan at the depth at which they were found but likely to be from an upper fill of ditch Ditch Cut Ditch partially revealed in W part of site, later found to be continuation of ditch 0047 No No Ditch Fill Mid brown sandy silt, diffuse horizon with subsoil No No Ditch Fill Pale-mid grey brown sandy silt, mottled with red-brown sand and silt. Very diffuse horizon with Yes No edges of cut Pit Cut Elongated oval pit, slightly irregular in plan with generally flattish but slightly irregular base and No No shallow sloping sides. Likely tree throw Ditch Fill Pale brown silty sand No No Ditch Fill Pale-mid grey brown sandy silt, mottled with red-brown sand and silt. Yes No Pit Fill Pale brown silty sand No No Ditch Fill Pale-mid grey brown sandy silt, mottled with red-brown sand and silt. No No Ditch Fill Mid-dark greyish brown sandy silt Yes No 36

45 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Ditch Fill Mottled mid and pale brown sand, friable, some animal disturbance noted. No No Ditch Fill Mid brown silty sand No No Ditch Fill Mid-dark greyish brown sandy silt No No Ditch Fill Mottled mid and pale brown sand, friable. Test slot excavated to confirm presence of feature No No where it looked most convincing in plan. When confirmed, a section was excavated to the north to establish relationship with This section not recorded Ditch Fill Mid-dark grey brown sandy silt Yes No Ditch Fill Mid-dark grey brown sandy silt No No Pit Cut Slightly irregular oval pit, concave sides, fairly flat base. Likely tree throw No No Pit Fill Mid-dark brown silty sand with charcoal content. Diffuse horizon with 0069 Yes No Pit Fill Pale brown sand No No deposit Layer Layer of silt adjacent to ditch Looked like a possible feature in plan and pottery present on Yes No the surface but on excavation, appeared to be a natural/glacial hollow filled with homogenous subsoil Ditch Fill Pale greyish brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Cut NW-SE aligned ditch cutting the NE corner of the site. Narrow, shallow, with rounded profile No No Ditch Fill Pale grey brown silty sand No No Ditch Fill Pale greyish brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Fill Pale greyish brown silty sand No No 37

46 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Pit Cut Partially exposed in southern limit of the site, what is visible appears oval in plan with a shallow, No No concave profile. Could be ditch terminus Pit Fill Dark grey brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Fill Mid brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Cut Narrow NE-SW ditch. Shallow, with rounded profile. Parallel with Terminates or truncated Yes No approx. 6m W of ditch Ditch Fill Pale brown silty sand No No Ditch Cut Narrow NE-SW ditch. Shallow, with flattish base and steep sides. Parallel with No No Terminates or truncated approx. 6m W of ditch Ditch Fill Pale brown silty clay sand No No Ditch Cut Probable linear partially exposed in the southern limit of the site. N-S aligned, terminating just N No No of the LOE. Steep, concave sides break to a flattish base Ditch Fill Mid-dark grey silty sand with some paler gravelly sand against interface with natural- likely Yes No slump material Ditch Fill Mid brown silty sand with slight clay content and occasional charcoal flecks Yes No Finds Other Finds collected during machining in the SE corner of the site. Likely to be from surface or upper Yes No fill of ditch 0020 where not visible in plan at a higher level. EoS cleaned to see if cut visible at a higher level in section but no sign Ditch Cut Ditch terminus on E side of ditch Slightly irregular, shallow, undulating base. May be No No terminus of Ditch Fill Mid brown sandy clay silt No No Ditch Fill Mid brown sandy silt with some clay content No No Ditch Fill Mid brown sandy silt with some clay content No No 38

47 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Finds Other Finds recovered from lower subsoil during machining. No features nearby but close to where Yes No finds 0015 were collected during evaluation Ditch Fill Mid greyish brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Cut NNW-SSE, rounded terminus at northern end, continuing beyond southern EoS. Concave sides No No break sharply to a concave base Posthole Cut Small sub-circular posthole, fairly shallow with a slightly irregular base No No Posthole Fill Primary fill. Mid grey brown silty sand mottled with orange natural sand No No Posthole Fill Mid-dark grey brown silty sand with large CBM frag. Upper fill/possible post pipe Yes No Ditch Fill Mid brown sandy silt with some clay content and occ charcoal flecks No No Posthole Cut Sub-oval posthole in SE corner of site. Fairly steep sides breaking fairly sharply to an irregular No No base Posthole Fill Mid grey brown silty sand Yes No Ditch Cut Shallow feature observed between EoS and ditch Appears linear in plan, approx E-W No No aligned, with a shallow, rounded profile. Cut by terminus of ditch 0020 and not present W of Ditch Fill Mid-dark greyish brown sandy silt. Diffuse horizon with 0102 Yes No Ditch Fill Mid-dark grey brown sandy silt Yes No Pit Cut Partially exposed in S LOE, appears to be oval in plan with shallow, concave profile. May be ditch No No terminus Pit Fill Dark grey brown sandy silt Yes No Posthole Cut Small, sub-circular posthole near S LOE. Shallow, uneven base No No 39

48 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Posthole Fill Mix of mid grey brown silty sand and pale orange natural sand No No Ditch Fill Mid brown sandy silt Yes No Ditch Cut N-S aligned, moderately sloping concave sides down to a flattish base. Variable width and depth No No Ditch Fill Pale mottled grey sandy silt, diffuse horizon with natural Yes No Ditch Fill Pale mottled grey sandy silt, diffuse horizon with natural No No Ditch Fill Mid greyish brown silty sand No No Ditch Cut NW-SE with a rounded terminus at the N end. Profile has a sharp break of slope with concave No No sides and a broad, slightly concave base. Same as Ditch Fill Pale and mid mottled brown sandy silt No No Ditch Fill Mid grey brown silty sand Yes No 0115 not used No No 0116 Not used No No 0117 Not used No No Ditch Fill Mottled fill of pale grey and brown sand and silt mixed with firm dark brown clay Yes No Ditch Fill Pale-mid grey brown sandy silt, mottled with red-brown sand and silt. Yes No Posthole Cut Sub-val posthole, shallow with a sharp break of slope to a near flat base No No 40

49 Context No Feature No Feature Type Description/Interpretation Finds Env Posthole Fill Mid greyish brown silty sand No No Subsoil Layer Layer of subsoil in SW corner of site. Pale brown sandy silt Yes No Finds Other Unstratified finds from SE corner of the site Yes No 41

50 Appendix II Context No Pot No Pot Wt (g) CBM No CBM Wt (g) F Clay No F Clay Wt (g) Iron Nails No Iron Nails Wt (g) W Flint No W Flint Wt (g) BFlint/St No BFlint/Stone Wt (g) FC =msc (same as 0011) lava quern 1-483g FC =daub 1FS, msc (rounded mixed size chalk SS proc Flint=Retf w HF -LPreh Stone= Quartzite 165 x12 x80mm -tabular looks natural SS proc pot & flint SS proc finds only SS proc. finds only SS proc. only charcoal at 1g Stone No Stone Wt (g) Notes 42

51 Context No Pot No Pot Wt (g) CBM No CBM Wt (g) F Clay No F Clay Wt (g) Iron Nails No Iron Nails Wt (g) W Flint No W Flint Wt (g) BFlint/St No BFlint/Stone Wt (g) quern at 1791g Stone No Stone Wt (g) Notes 43

52 Appendix III Ctxt Period Fabric Sherd Form Dec No Wt(g) Eve Abr Comments Spotdate 0001 PREH HMF b 1 13 F com/abun s-m, ox surface Preh 0001 PREH HMF b 1 1 F com s-l, ox surface Preh 0001 PMED GRE r * L17-19C 0001 PMED ESW b 1 6 handle scar, prob ESW L17/18-19C 0001 Sax SIPS ba 1 70 (*) thickish sherd, sagging base, fine sandy grey ware mid Sax 7-9C 0001 ROM BSW ba b 3 31 Rom 0001 ROM GX r 6 bowl bowl rim (poss L Sax/Med but most prob Rom) Rom 0001 ROM GX b 1 5 Rom 0038 PREH HMSF b 1 1 S fine, F occ s-m, re grey surface EIA-MIA 0044 PREH HMF b 1 18 F com s-m, os surface. Single broken sherd (join) EIA 0044 PREH HMS b 1 3 (*) S fine, poss some dark grog, re grey fabric, mod thin sherd M-LIA 0046 PREH HMF ba 1 16 * F com s-m(l), ox surface BA-EIA 0048 PREH HMF b 3 32 F com s-m (l), ox surface EIA 0048 PREH HMF b 1 13 F com s-m (l), re surface EIA 0049 PREH HMF b 2 9 F mod s-m (l), ox surface EIA 0049 PREH HMSF b 1 2 S fine, F com s (suface only) M-LIA 0050 PREH HMF b F com s-m, ox surfaces EIA 0050 PREH HMF b 1 13 (*) F com s-m, ox surface, surface wipe marks EIA 0050 PREH HMFS b 2 4 F sparse s, S fine, re fabric E-MIA 0050 PREH HMSF b 2 17 (*) F sparse s-m, S fine, re fabric E-MIA 0050 PREH HMF b 5 16 F com s-m, re surfaces/fabric EIA 0050 PREH GTW b 1 1 red & dark grog, re fabric LIA 0050 PREH HMF ba 1 9 F com s-m (l). Ox surface, dense flint on under side EIA 0050 PREH GTW ba 4 jar 1 89 * com dark grog, large jar, footring edge to base LIA-E Rom 0051 PREH HMG r jar * jar rim, evt rim, S profile, smoothed, dec on shoulder area with stab row ELIA 0051 PREH GTW b 4 22 LIA 0051 PREH HMSF b 3 33 F sparse s, S fine, ox surfaces E-MIA 0051 PREH HMF b F com s-m, ox surface EIA 0051 PREH HMS b sherds and a number of small frags, dark fabric, with dark or brownish smoothed surfaces ELIA 0051 PREH HMG ba 2 13 dark fabric with grog feel (as for jar rim), smoothed surface ELIA 0051 PREH GTW ba 1 8 LIA 44

53 Ctxt Period Fabric Sherd Form Dec No Wt(g) Eve Abr Comments Spotdate 0051 ROM GX b jar/bowl 1 6 greyware sherd from jar/deep bowl Rom 0051 LIA HMG b 3 23 carinated body sherds (LIA) LIA 0051 LIA HMG b 1 5 LIA 0051 PREH GTW ba 1 10 LIA 0054 PREH HMF b 4 8 F com s-m, ox surface BA-EIA 0057 PREH GTW b 1 5 LIA-E Rom 0057 PREH HMSF/G b 1 8 * F sparse s, S fine, some red grog LIA 0057 PREH HMF b 1 3 F com s-m ), ox surface EIA 0057 PREH HMF b 1 10 F com s-m (l), re surface EIA 0065 PREH HMSF r 1 1 F sparse s, sand fine, dark fabric, small everted rim E-MIA 0065 ROM SAEG r bowl? * small rim sherd, prob EG, rim broken, poss from a (plain) bowl M2-M3C 0070 PREH HMF r bowl F com s-m, dark fabric, part pot, rim, shoulder, necked bowl, smoothed body E-MIA 0071 PREH HMG r jar sherd from same pot as the dec jar in 0051 LIA 0077 ROM STOR b storage jar prob from two pots Rom (M1-2/3C) 0077 PREH STOR b storage jar 1 7 * abraded body sherd, grog-temper, prob from a storage jar LIA-E Rom 0077 ROM GX r bowl joining sherds, deep bowl rim, prob L2-4C M-L2C+ (?) 0077 ROM GX ba 4 jar/bowl 1 14 S8 Rom 0077 ROM GX b 1 1 Rom 0077 ROM BSW b 4 jar/bowl 2 51 S8 large jars or bowls, prob E-M Rom Rom M1-2C? 0077 ROM COLB b 6.10 bowl 1 6 S8 carinated bowl with bands of vertical combing Rom L1-E2C 0077 PREH HMF b 1 7 S8 BA-EIA 0077 ROM GMB b jar/bowl 1 8 Rom 0077 ROM BSW b 3 26 (*) more than one pot, one sherd abraded Rom 0078 ROM STOR b 1 70 * grog tempered LIA-E Rom 0079 ROM GMB r 6 bowl deep bowl/jar Rom 0079 PREH HMSF b 1 10 S fine, F m sparse IA 0084 ROM GX r 4.5 jar everted rim, poss 1-2C Rom (M1-2C?) 0084 ROM GX b 4 26 (*) more than one pot, some sherds abraded Rom 0084 ROM BSW b 6 25 (*) more than one pot, some sherds abraded Rom 0084 PREH HMF b 1 4 (*) F sparse s, ox surface BA-EIA 0084 PREH HMF b 1 6 (*) F s-m, ox surface BA-EIA 0084 PREH HMF b 1 3 F com s-m, reduced fabric LBA-EIA/EIA 0084 ROM SAMV ba Dr orange fabric, few inclusions (prob MDV), prob from a Dr 18/31 or 31 bowl E2C 45

54 Ctxt Period Fabric Sherd Form Dec No Wt(g) Eve Abr Comments Spotdate 0086 ROM STOR b storage jar joining as two sherd groups, all same vessel, sandy fabric and prob not amphora Rom (M1-2/3C) 0086 ROM GX b 4 48 one with crazed burnt/scorched or overfired(?) surface Rom 0086 ROM BSW r 4 jar (*) plain everted rim from large jar, poss scorched, prob E-M Rom Rom (M1-2C) 0086 ROM BSW ba 4 jar 1 25 Rom 0086 ROM WSO b 1 5 * prob a white slipped oxidised ware Rom 0086 ROM BSW b 1 7 * surface abraded away Rom 0086 ROM AA b amph D sherd from an amphora, probably Dressel 20 M1-2/E3C 0086 ROM COLBM r 7 mort (*) Cam 501, small, neat 'repair'(?) hole in wall just below flange near sherd edge, poss not later than E3C (Going 1987) 0091 ROM AA r amph D (*) pointed rim profile, prob L1-M2C (Tyers 1996 broadly 2C) L1-M2C M2-E/M3C 0091 ROM SACG b bowl Dr * Dr 37, sherd, very abraded, vague indications of decorative figures E/M2-L2C 0091 ROM GX b 1 4 * Rom 0092 ROM BSW b 4 jar 1 40 Rom 0092 ROM GX b 1 2 Rom 0092 ROM GX r 6.18 bowl 1 24 (*) grey, abraded M2-3C 0097 ROM BSW b 3 5 S9, small sherds from sample, Rom (soft)?m1-2c Rom (M1-2C?) 0099 ROM GMB b 1 14 Rom 0099 ROM BSW b 1 3 Rom 0099 ROM SH b 1 1 shell dissolved out leaving voids, LIA- E Rom? LIA-E Rom (1C AD) 0102 PREH HMSF b 1 7 S fine F sparse s-m MIA 0102 ROM GX b 2 13 Rom 0102 ROM GX ba jar/bowl 1 40 Rom 0104 ROM SACG b bowl Dr sherd prob Dr 31 bowl M-L2C 0104 ROM BSW r 6.1 bowl cordoned bowl, prob. M1-2C M1-2C 0107 ROM GX b 1 10 (*) Rom 0107 ROM STOR b storage jar 1 54 some grog temper M1-E2C 0107 ROM GX r 4.1 jar (*) light abrasion, distinct neck, high shoulder(?) prob E-M Rom M1-E/M2C 0107 ROM BSW r jar/bowl * quite abraded Rom (M1-2/3C?) 0109 PREH HMF b 1 2 F com s-m, ox surface LBA-IA 0109 PREH HMF b 2 8 F com s-m(l), ox surfaces Preh (BA-IA?) 0109 ROM GX r 6.18 bowl * bead rim bowl, elongated bead M2-E/M3C M2-E/M3C 46

55 Ctxt Period Fabric Sherd Form Dec No Wt(g) Eve Abr Comments Spotdate 0118 PREH HMF b 2 2 F com s-l, re surface Preh 0118 PREH HMF b 3 10 F com s-m, ox surface LBA-IA 0119 PREH HMSF b 1 1 S f-m, F sparse s, re surface IA 0119 ROM BSW b 1 4 sand fabric with traces of black burnished surface Rom 0122 ROM BSW b 1 2 Rom 0122 PREH HMF b 1 10 F sparse s-m, sandy feel, ox surface E-MIA 0122 PREH HMF b 1 7 F com s-m, re surface EIA 0122 PREH HMF b 1 17 F sparse s-l, ox surface Preh 0122 PREH HMF ba 1 24 F com s-m, flat base, not heavy gritted, ox surface EIA 0123 ROM BSW b 1 9 * red sandy fabric, dull red surface interior (but most prob Rom) Rom 0123 ROM BSW ba 1 22 Rom 0123 ROM GX ba 1 24 base slightly drooping poss med? Rom (?) 0123 ROM SH b 1 4 shell dissolved out, LIA-E Rom? LIA-E Rom (1C AD) 0123 ROM BSW ba b 3 8 SV, base sherd, one body sherd decorated with stab row Rom (M1-2C?) 0123 ROM BSW b 1 1 * Rom 0123 ROM GX b 1 13 Rom 0123 ROM GMG b 1 5 Rom 47

56 Appendix IV Ctxt Period Fabric Type No Wt/g Thick Marks Abr. Notes Date 0077 ROM FS RBT 1 14 flake from a prob Rom brick/tile surface Rom 0086 Rom FS RFT * flange tile, lower cut away, 50 mm long, similar Warry Type C5/Type D (L2C+)?M/L2C Rom MSRSS RFT * flange, base 18mm Rom 0086 Rom MSRSS RFT (*) joining base pieces, almost certainly tegula. 17mm thick Rom 0086 Rom MSRSS BFT (*) combed, 18mm thick, heat affected interior Rom 0086 Rom MSRSS RB (*) corner, thickness 40mm Rom 0086 Rom MSRSS RB edge, 34mm thick Rom 0086 Rom MSRSS RBT (*) brick/tile piece Rom 0086 Rom MSRSS RFT * flange tile, base 16mm Rom 0091 Rom MSRSS RB corner of a Rom brick, prob a hypocaust brick (Bessalis-Pedalis) Rom 0091 Rom MS BFT (*) box FT edge piece, part of square-cut aperture, some dark heat discolouring/sooting internal 0091 Rom MSRSS RFT? * (*) sig arch at edge, prob teg. 23mm thick Rom 0091 Rom MSRSS BFT? (*) prob RFT, box FT, sdge piece, some dark discolouring internal Rom 0096 Rom FSF RB * Rom 0096 Rom MS RFT * flange broken away Rom 0101 Rom MS RI Rom 0107 Rom MSRSS BFT * box flue, one piece combed face Rom 0107 Rom MS BFT? (*) prob from a flue tile Rom 0123 Rom MSRSS BFT 1 97 * poss flue tile, might poss be p-rom? But in fabric same type as Rom pieces Rom? 0123 Med+ MS PT overfired or burnt(?) grey-black med Rom MSRSS RB (*) Rom 0123 Rom MSRSS RFT? prob from a teg tile, but might poss be flue tile Rom 0123 Rom FS RBT 1 43 * Rom 0123 Rom MS RBT 2 51 * Rom Rom 48

57 Appendix V Ctxt Type cat No Pat Description Spot date 0001 flake flak 1 large broad flake in a pale grey flint, small area of retouch and some limited edge wear or edge damage Later Preh 0038 blade blad 1 proximal end of snapped blade, some platform preparation (?) cortex along one edge, some use wear(?) along other edge and on shoulder 0038 flake flak 1 squat, triangular shatter piece or thick flake, large striking platform, use wear or edge damage around edges Later Preh 0044 flake flak 1 small snapped flake or shatter piece in pale grey flint, large striking platform Later Preh 0048 flake flak 1 cortex covering most of one face, fine edge?damage along exposed non cortex edge Later Preh 0048 flake flak 1 squat, thick flake, flaked across dorsal face, small notch on one edge with limited retouch around it - possibly removed (reused) from an axe 0050 flake flak 1 snapped flake with cortex around surviving edge, retouch or use wear on shoulder, small area of use wear or retouch on snapped edge (reused), flake scarring across dorsal face 0050 flake flak 1 snapped at one end with traces of hinge fracture, cortex along one side, edge damage or use wear along exposed non cortex edge - Bullhead flint from parent Thames river gravels 0050 flake flak 1 snapped flake, patinated on broad striking platform, grey flint, edge damage or use wear along both edges, shallow striking angle 0050 flake flak 1 thin flake, hinge fracture, /use wear or edge damage along one edge, other edge snapped, small notch at one end of this (reused?) E NEO NEO? or later reuse NEO? Later Preh Later Preh Later Preh 0050 flake flak 1 small, snapped flake, cortex on striking platform, some fine edge damage or use wear Later Preh 0051 flake flak 1 thin flake, some platform preparation(?), snapped on side and distal end, use wear or edge damage along original edge, area of heavy retouch(?) or area of heavy damage on snapped side (reused?) 0057 flake flak 1 cortex covering dorsal face, one edge of flake snapped away Later Preh 0057 blade blad 1 proximal end of snapped blade long flake, platform preparation, cortex along one side, some retouch or use wear along other edge with small, single flake notch (?) or damage near distal end 0060 flake flak 1 thin flake in grey flint, platform preparation, area of invasive retouch at distal end, retouch and?usewear around edges, retouched notch on one side 0060 flake flak 1 snapped blade or blade-like flake cortex at distal end, fine retouch?use wear along both edges - Bullhead flint from parent Thames river gravels 0068 flake flak 1 small, thin piece from a snapped flake or possibly a blade NEO? 0071 blade blad 1 * thick, triangular section blade, area of patination of dorsal face, step platform preparation and hinge fracture from earlier removal in on dorsal face in front of striking platform, retouch on one edge, use wear or damage on other 0085 blade blad 1 snapped(?) crested(?) blade, triangular cross section, cortex on distal end, areas of retouch and use wear along both edges, small notch(?) toward distal end on one edge 0092 flake flak 1 blade like flake with hinge fracture at distal end, platform preparation, use wear or edge damage on both edges E NEO 0109 flake flak 1 thin flake, soft hammer, some platform preparation, use wear or edge damage on edges E NEO 49 NEO? E NEO E NEO E NEO? E NEO E NEO

58 Ctxt Type cat No Pat Description Spot date 0109 flake flak 1 thins, slightly curving flake, some platform preparation, use wear or damage along edges E NEO 0109 flake flak 1 thin flake, cortex at distal end, parallel flake scars on dorsal face, area of fine retouch(?) and use wear along one edge 0109 flake flak 1 small flake, some platform preparation(?) some use wear or damage on edges E NEO? 0114 flake scr 1 one half of a snapped scraper in grey flint, made on a relatively thin flake, retouched around al of surviving edge E NEO Later Preh? 0118 flake flak 1 Thick flake with cortex at distal end Later Preh 0118 flake flak 1 small flake with patinated striking platform and hinge fracture Later Preh 0118 flake flak 1 small, thick, irregular flake with low angle hinge fracture and battered area of striking platform, fragment of a hammer stone? 0123 flake flak 1 broad, relatively thin flake with some cortex on both edges retouched notch and retouch at distal end, are of retouch(?) on one edge, some usewear or edge damage on both edges Later Preh NEO? 50

59 Appendix VI Sample No Context No Cut No Feature type TB Ditch Ditch Pit Ditch ph Ditch Ditch Ditch Ditch Cereals Hordeum sp. (grains) x xcf Triticum sp. (grains) x x x xcf (glume base) x (spikelet bases) x x x (rachis internodes) x T. dicoccum Schubl (glume base) xcf T. spelta L. (glume bases) x x x Cereal indet. (grains) x x x x x x x Herbs Bromus sp. xcf Fabaceae indet. x x x x Lamiaceae indet. xcf Plantago lanceolata L. xcf x Large Poaceae indet. x x x Polygonum aviculare L. x Rumex sp. x x R. acetosella L. x Spergula arvensis L. x Tree/shrub macrofossils Corylus avellana L. x x x Other plant macrofossils Charcoal <2mm xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxxx xxx xxx xxxx xxx Charcoal >2mm xx xx x xxx xx xx x xx xx xx Charcoal >5mm x x x xx x x x x x x Charred root/stem x x x x Indet.fruits/seeds x x x x Other remains Black porous 'cokey' material xx xxx xxx xx xxxx x xxx x x xxx Black tarry material x xx xx xx xx x x x x xx Bone x x x Burnt/fired clay x x x x Ferrous globule x Small coal frags. xx xx xx xx xx xx x x xx xxx Small mammal/amphibian bone xb Vitreous material x x xx x Sample volume (litres) Volume of flot (litres) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 % flot sorted 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Key: x = 1 10 specimens, xx = specimens, xxx = specimens, xxxx = 100+ specimens. cf = compare, b = burnt, ph = post hole, TB = tree bole 51

60 Appendix VII OASIS ID: suffolkc Project details Project name Short description of the project BSD 018 The Bridge School Excavation, Sprites Lane, Belstead Excavation Project dates Start: End: Previous/future work Any associated project reference codes Any associated project reference codes Type of project Site status Current Land use Monument type Monument type Monument type Monument type Significant Finds Significant Finds Significant Finds Significant Finds Investigation type Prompt Yes / Not known B/13/ Planning Application No. BSD Sitecode Recording project None Community Service 1 - Community Buildings DITCH Roman DITCH Iron Age PIT Roman PIT Iron Age CERAMIC Iron Age CERAMIC Roman BRACELET Roman QUERN Roman '''Full excavation''' Direction from Local Planning Authority - PPS Project location Country Site location Study area England SUFFOLK BABERGH BELSTEAD BSD 018 The Bridge School Excavation, Sprites Lane 0.29 Hectares Site coordinates TM N E Point Project creators Name of Organisation Project brief originator Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Local Authority Archaeologist and/or Planning Authority/advisory body 52

61 Project design originator Project director/manager Matthew Brundenell Rhodri Gardner Project supervisor Linzi Everett Type of sponsor/funding body Local Authority Name of sponsor/funding body Concertus Design and Property Ltd. Project archives Physical Archive recipient Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Physical Archive ID BSD 018 Physical Contents Digital Archive recipient ''Ceramics'',''Metal'',''Worked stone/lithics'' AHDS Digital Archive ID BSD 018 Digital Contents Digital Media available Paper Archive recipient ''other'' ''Images raster / digital photography'',''text'' Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Paper Archive ID BSD 018 Paper Contents Paper Media available ''other'' ''Unpublished Text'',''Correspondence'',''Photograph'',''Plan'' Project bibliography 1 Grey literature (unpublished document/manuscript) Publication type Title 2015/12 BSD 018 The Bridge School Excavation, Belstead Author(s)/Editor(s) Everett, L. Other bibliographic details 2015/12 Date

62 54

63 Appendix VII Bridge School, Belstead Archaeological Excavation Written Scheme of Investigation Safety Statement and Risk Assessment Prepared by Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service June

64 56

65 Document Control Title: Bridge School, Belstead Date: 19 th June 2014 Issued by: Author: Issued to: Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service Field Team Rhodri Gardner Matthew Brudenell (SCCAS Conservation Team), Mark Taylor (ISG) Contents 1. Background 2. Project Details 3. Archaeological Method Statement 4. Risk Assessment Figures 1. Site location 2. Excavation area Appendices 1. SCC Health and Safety Policy 2. Risk Assessments 3. SCC Insurance Certification 57

66 58

67 1. Background 1.1 The Field Team of the Suffolk County Council Archaeological Service (SCCAS) have been asked by Concertus Design and Property Consultants to prepare documentation for a programme of archaeological fieldwork to be carried out prior to construction at the Bridge School, Belstead (Fig. 1). This Written Scheme of Investigation (WSI) covers that work only. Any further stages of archaeological work that might be required in relation to the proposed development would be subject to new documentation. 1.2 Following a trial trench evaluation of 5% of the site (Everett, 2013) the LPA has required that the footprint of the proposed new building be subject to further archaeological mitigation. This will involve preservation by record of the all archaeological deposits within the area of the footprint (via controlled archaeological excavation). The area covered is c. 0.29ha (see Figure 2) 1.3 The work is to be undertaken by a condition of planning consent (application B/13/00855). This is at the request of the local planning authority, following guidance set out in the National Planning and Policy Framework (2012). 1.4 The archaeological investigation will be conducted in accordance with a Brief and specification produced by Matthew Brudenell of the SCCAS Conservation Team. 1.5 This WSI complies with national and regional guidance Standards and Guidance for Archaeological Excavation (IFA, 1995, revised 2008) and Standards for Field Archaeology in the East of England (EAA Occasional Papers 14, 2003). 59

68 Crown Copyright. All Rights Reserved. Suffolk County Council Licence No Figure 1. Site location 60