BRITISH HISTORY (-,1603) Lukáš Čejka Kultura a reálie anglofonních zemí a ČR APIN LS 2017/18

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1 1 BRITISH HISTORY (-,1603) Lukáš Čejka Kultura a reálie anglofonních zemí a ČR APIN LS 2017/18

2 2 OVERVIEW OF EARLY BRITISH HISTORY Stone Age The Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age The Romans The Invasions Anglo Saxon, Jutes, Vikings The Normans The Middle-Ages The beginning of Parliament The Tudors

3 3 NEOLITHIC ~ BC At the end of the last Ice Age (~8300 BC) people crossed into Britain and settling mostly in the East and South of England. Until around 6500BC, when the English Channel was formed. The initial settlers were hunter-gatherers. Land joining Eurasian landmass and todays British Isles

4 4 THE FIRST BRITONS The first 'Britons' were an ethnically mixed group From all parts of the Caucasoid population of Europe. The varied environment of Britain encouraged a great diversity of cultures Depiction of first homes Stonehenge

5 5 BRONZE AGE ~ BC Hunter-gatherers started to farm animals and grow crops Improved farming The population of Britain ~1400 BC was ~one million Tools of the Bronze Age Tools of the Bronze Age

6 6 THE IRON AGE ~700 BC 45 AD Iron replaces bronze Britain is a collection of indigenous tribes The many regional cultures of the British Iron Age grew out of the preceding local Bronze Age Weapons of the Iron Age

7 7 IRON AGE CELTS Clothes Body paint with blue woad. Celtic tribes were led by hereditary Kings and warlords The Kings were supported by a warriors who enslaved most of the peasants. Warfare was common between tribes Confrontations tended to be brief. Celtic warrior

8 8 Britain is a land of agricultural and mineral wealth Roman Emperor Claudius invasion South Britain quickly occupied THE ROMANS Map of Roman Britain (often referred to as Britannia)

9 9 THE ROMAN EMPIRE Roman soldiers Map of the Roman empire

10 10 BRITAIN AND THE ROMANS Population of Britain ~3 million Roman invasion Natives adopted Greco-Roman civilization Britons became Roman citizens, culturally and legally. 300 AD majority of 'Britannia' was Roman Scotland untouched Roman soldiers

11 11 THE ROMANS & THE CELTS South East pro-roman Celtic art Roman-Celtic syncretism (= combining of different beliefs, schools of thought. Depiction of a fight between a Celt and a roman soldier

12 12 ROMAN DEPARTURE FROM BRITAIN Rome invaded The Romans had left Britain by 410. British inhabitants LARP (Live Action Roleplay) of a depiction of a roman soldier

13 13 AFTER THE ROMANS Return of ancient cultural trends of the Iron Age. Sixth century, 'Germanic' kingdoms. The Romano-British were slaughtered or driven west by invading Anglo-Saxons Western-most parts of Britannia Population changes Germanic dialects replaced Latin or Celtic Loose knit and feuding hereditary kingships Germanic immigrants were mostly pagan and illiterate, the process was not well recorded

14 14 ANGLO-SAXONS The tribes who invaded Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries are known as the Anglo-Saxons. Map of Anglo-Saxon movement circa 5-6 th century

15 15 Unknown impulse Possible reasons include: Often floods in their native land Farming difficulties Migration period ANGLO-SAXONS Depiction of an Anglo-Saxon family

16 16 The Anglo-Saxons took control of most of Britain Scotland, Wales or Cornwall remained unconquered Country divided into kingdoms, each with its own royal family. By around 600 AD the five main Anglo-Saxon kingdoms were Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, Kent and Anglia. ANGLO-SAXONS Kingdoms of England circa 600 AD

17 17 WHAT HAPPENED TO THE ANGLO-SAXONS? 8th and 9th century - Vikings Anglo-Saxon accounts describe terrible Viking raids in records By the end of the 870s, the Vikings occupied most of eastern England. Lindisfarne Stone

18 Viking raids began VIKINGS In 865 a 'Great Army' of Danish Vikings invaded England. In the end the Vikings conquered all of northern, central and eastern England, and seized much of the land for their own farms. During the same period, Norwegian Vikings sailed to northern and western Scotland. Division of England circa 8-10 th century

19 19 VIKINGS The Vikings came from three countries in Scandinavia: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. They were also known as the Norse people. They were mostly farmers, but some worked as craftsmen or traders. Map showing Viking movement from their homeland to the British Isles

20 20 ALFRED THE GREAT By 878 the Vikings had conquered all of England except Wessex. Wessex remained Anglo-Saxon Retaking back Britain 11 th century King Knut Division of England circa 8-10 th century

21 21 THE END OF THE VIKINGS Vikings in Scotland remained for hundreds of years They were driven from the mainland in the mid-12th century, Illustration of a Viking ship Example of Viking coin found on the English mainland

22 22 THE END OF THE ANGLO-SAXONS The Anglo-Saxon period came to an end in Duke William of Normandy (France) This was the beginning of the Norman period in English history. The Bayeux Tapestry

23 23 NORMANS The Normans were originally Vikings ( North Men ) from Scandinavia They settled in a part of France called Normandy The Normans were the last people to successfully invade England Map showing the approximate area referred to as Normandy

24 24 THE NORMAN CONQUEST (1066) In 1066 the Anglo-Saxon King of England died without an heir Two people claimed the Kingdom: 1.Harold, The Earl of Wessex 2.William, The Duke of Normandy William defeated Harold at the Battle of Hastings (Oct ). William on his horse in the Bayeux tapestry

25 25 WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR William was crowned in Westminster Abbey on Christmas Day England was divided among 180 Norman tenants in chief (basically Lords ) William brought about many changes in British culture William shown as Duke of Normandy in the Bayeux tapestry

26 26 ANGLO-NORMANS ( ) Normanisation of England, Wales and lowland Scotland. William's victory brought England into closer contact with western Europe. Stone castles became a common sight LARP inspired by the Anglo-Norman era

27 27 WHAT THE NORMANS DID There were considerable changes in the social structure of the British kingdoms as a new aristocracy was introduced Anglo-Saxon central and local governments and judicial system were retained The English language Written English slowly reappeared in the 13th century. Page of the Anglo-Saxon chronicle

28 28 Feudalism The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism 1. Lords (Land owners), 2. Vassals (Knights) KNIGHTS & FEUDALISM 3. Fiefs (Land). In exchange for use of the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. Knights Portrait for Walther von Klingen in the Codex Manesse

29 29 THE DOMESDAY BOOK (1086) Result of a great survey by William the Conqueror He sent officials to 13,418 places to find out who lived there and what they owned. Purpose: tax collection, title & land disputes Domesday was the most complete record of any country at that time Illustration of the Domsdey Book being written

30 THE MIDDLE AGES ( ) 30 England and Scotland focusing on self development. There were large constitutional changes Wales was conquered by the military campaigns of Edward I but his wars in France, Scotland and Ireland were less successful. Great Seal of Henry III

31 31 THE BEGINNING OF PARLIAMENT ( ) First reference in 1236 In 1254, the first meeting of a parliament took place Representatives were two knights from each shire. Parliament development Depiction of the parliament

32 32 LATE MEDIEVAL ( ) Hundred Years' War Black Death (bubonic plague) and its impact Edward III Parliament continued to develop and English rather than French became the language of daily use A new dynasty - the Stewarts Men on the battlefield during the Hundred Years Way

33 33 THE BLACK DEATH (1348) 1348, southern coast ports. spread by fleas living in the fur of rats. The plague reached London by September 1348 and Scotland, Wales and Ireland in the winter of Between 10-30% of the population died The plague returned periodically until the seventeenth century. Poorer land was simply abandoned Victims of The Black Death

34 34 TUDORS ( ) Known as the Early Modern period of British history. The Tudors ruled in England and the Stuarts in Scotland. Henry VIII of England and James IV of Scotland were both cultured, educated Renaissance princes with a love of learning and architectural splendour. The early modern period was an era where women exercised more influence: Catherine de Medici in France, Elizabeth and Mary in England and Mary in Scotland ruled as their male counterparts had done before them. Henry VIII of England Typical Tudor era house

35 35 RULERS OF THE TUDOR DYNASTY Henry VII of England ( ) Henry VIII of England ( ) Edward VI of England ( ) Lady Jane Grey (uncrowned) (1553) (deposed, died 1554) Mary I of England ( ) Elizabeth I of England ( ) Henry VII of England Henry VIII of England Henry VI of England Lady Jane Grey Mary I of England Elizabeth I of England

36 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION 36

37 QUESTIONS? 37

38 38 SOURCES onicle22jpg-original.jpg _Manesse_052r_Walther_von_Klingen_%28detail%29.jpg/800px- Codex_Manesse_052r_Walther_von_Klingen_%28detail%29.jpg and-all-that-how-the-normans-shaped-britain.html