A History of Knowledge
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1 A History of Knowledge Oldest Knowledge What the Sumerians knew What the Babylonians knew What the Hittites knew What the Persians knew What the Egyptians knew What the Indians knew What the Chinese knew What the Greeks knew What the Phoenicians knew What the Romans knew What the Barbarians knew What the Jews knew What the Christians knew Tang & Sung China What the Japanese knew What the Muslims knew The Middle Ages Ming & Manchu China The Renaissance The Industrial Age The Victorian Age The Modern World 1
2 What the Phoenicians knews Piero Scaruffi Copyright
3 What the Phoenicians knew Bibliography Glenn Moore: Phoenicians (2000) Barry Cunliffe: The Ancient Celts (1997) 3
4 Phoenicians and Greeks 4
5 What the Phoenicians knew No name for Phoenician" people ("phoenician" means "purple people" in Greek) Canaanites (Northern Semitic people, ancestors of both Phoenicians and Hebrews, 2500 BC BC) El chief god of the Canaanites, and his wife Anat 5
6 What the Phoenicians knew 1800 BC-1400 BC: Phoenicia occupied by Egypt tin and lapislazuli from Afghanistan to Egypt copper from Cyprus to Egypt timber from Phoenicia to Egypt 12th c BC: Collapse of Egyptian and Mesopotamian economies Reshaping of the old trade routes Phoenician merchants became the protagonists not the serfs of international trade 6
7 What the Phoenicians knew 1200 BC: Phoenicians move from Arabia to the Mediterranean coast Shipbuilding (1200BC) and navigation (north star) 11##: founding of trading post in Tunisia (Utica) 1104 BC: founding of trading post on the Atlantic (Cadiz): tin, gold, copper 11th c BC: urban expansion and commercial expansion abroad Sea trade Colonization Silver of Spain prompts the creation of a series of ports from Lebanon to Spain Trinity of gods: the father El/Baal, creator of the universe; the son Baal/Melqart, responsible for the 7
8 What the Phoenicians knew Ossuary of Azor, Canaan 3-4,000 BC shaped like a building of the era (Metropolitan Museum) 8
9 Cyprus Vessel of diabase stone (5,500 BC) Terracotta amphor (2,000 BC) Lebanon: copper statue (2500 BC) Copper lingot ( BC) (Metropolitan Museum) 9
10 Cyprus 2500 BC 2000 BC 1650 BC (Getty Villa) 10
11 What the Phoenicians knew Byblos 11
12 What the Phoenicians knew Byblos Golden age 3rd millennium BC Most important trading post in the Mediterranean Crossroads of Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Egypt Exporting cedar wood, resin, oil, wool, boats (eg boat for king Snofru) Importing gold, linen, papyrus ("byblos"= collection of sheets in Greek) from Egypt, ebony (Sudan), lapislazuli (Mesopotamia), copper (Cyprus) 2150 conquered by Amorites 1725 by Hyksos 1580 by Egypt 12
13 What the Phoenicians knew Cosmogony of Philo of Byblos Elioun first god, father of Uranus and Ge, grandfather of El El is father of all gods, husband of Asherah and is dethroned by his son Baal Elioun = Hittite god Alalu Uranus = Hittite god Anu El = Hittite god Kumarbi = Greek god Kronos = father of all gods Baal = Teshub = Zeus 13
14 What the Phoenicians knew Language 1500 BC: Canaanites develop an alphabet of 24 symbols by removing the vowels from the old Semitic cuneiform alphabet 1000 BC: Byblos condenses original 30 signs to 22 Written from right to left Ahiram sarcophagus from Byblos (10th c BC) with oldest Phoenician inscription (Beirut National Museum) Right to left writing because stonemasons used a chisel in the left hand and a hammer in the right hand 14
15 What the Phoenicians knew Oldest alphabetical inscription Sarcophagus of king Ahiram of Byblos, 1000 BC 15
16 What the Phoenicians knew Phoenician: Greek: Hebrew: 16
17 What the Phoenicians knew Sumerian Phoenicians use their letters to mean numbers. Greek Attic system Hebrew Ionic system (after 100BC, from Phoenician numbers) 17
18 What the Phoenicians knew 18
19 Ugarit Independent city-state between BC Cosmopolitan center with palaces, temples, vaulted tombs, archives in several languages Trade with Egypt, Mesopotamia, Aegean islands and the Hittites (Anatolia) 1,500 BC: alphabet First alphabet, 1400 BC (Damascus museum) Ugarit, 1350 BC (Damascus Museum) 19
20 What the Phoenicians knew Arameans or Syriacs Semitic, nomadic people of Mesopotamia Settled in Syria in the 14th century BC Small tribes that never unified in an empire 20
21 What the Phoenicians knew Aramaic Aramaic language (originally a dialect of Akkadian) written with the Phoenician alphabet International trade language of the Middle East between 1000 and 600 BCE Official language of the Persian Empire ( BC) Aramaic used as far as Egypt and China Aramaic becomes the language of the Jews in Palestine (Jesus preaches in Aramaic) 21
22 What the Phoenicians knew Aramaic Aramaic evolves into Christian Aramaic, Syriac (4th to 7th c. AD) Aramaic declines with the Arab conquest (7th c. AD) Aramaic survives as the languages of Christian communities in Syria, Lebanon, Turkey, Iraq, Iran 22
23 Aramaic What the Phoenicians knew 850 BC: 22-character alphabet derived from Phoenician Basalt stele in Aramaic (750 BC) from Sfire (Syria), a treaty between two kings, one of the oldest Aramaic inscriptions (Damascus Museum) 23
24 What the Phoenicians knew City-states (Tyre, 950 BC; Carthage, 814BC) Straits of Gibraltar Celts 605 BC: Babylonian occupation (Nebuchadnezzar II) 600 BC: Phoenicians circumnavigate Africa 333 BC: Alexander annexes all Phoenician cities 198 BC: the Phoenician cities fall under Seleucid rule 146 BC: Rome destroys Carthage 64 BC: the Phoenician cities are conquered by Roman general Pompey 24
25 What the Phoenicians knew Carthage (Kart-Hadasht) before the Punic wars Founded by Tyre 9th BC Independent after Nebuchadnezzar s invasion of Palestine Metal trade Society of merchants, not warriors Duty to sacrifice first-born Army of mercenaries Numidians Libyans Spaniards Gauls Italians Greeks 25
26 What the Phoenicians knew 26
27 What the Celts knew Megalithic culture (Western and Northern Europe, BC) 15,000 megalithic tombs found so far Originally developed in France 5,000 BC, then spread to Iberia, British Isles (3,500 BC) 27
28 What the Celts knew Megalithic culture Barnenez/Finistere (France, 3800 BC) Gavrinis gallery-type dolmen (France, 3500 BC) New Grange s tomb (Ireland, 3400 BC, 90mx15m) Carnac (Britain, 3000 menhirs, 3kms long) Stonehenge s cromlech (Britain, 2300 BC) Ashdown (Britain) Soto dolmen (Spain) Los Millares necropolis (Spain) Ggantija Temples (Malta, BC) Nuraghi of Sardinia (Italy) 28
29 Newgrange, Ireland Megaliths Ggantija Temples, Malta, BC oldest free-standing structures in the world Gavrinis Island, Brittany, France, 3,500BC Monte d'accoddi (Sardinia, 2700 BC) 29
30 What the Celts knew Malta Hal Saflieni Hypogeum (Malta Tourism Authority) 30
31 What the Celts knew Megaliths Menhir Cromlech (a group of menhirs set in a circle) Dolmen 31
32 What the Celts knew Megaliths Cult of the Dead: the house of the dead are built of stone (the house of the living are built of wood) Ritual communion with the ancestors The megaliths might be substitute bodies for the dead 32
33 What the Celts knew Megalithic cultures of the 20th century Indonesia Melanesia 33
34 What the Celts knew Vinca culture (Balkans, 4000 BC) Non-IndoEuropean Proto-writing 34
35 What the Celts knew Urnfield culture (Central Europe, BC) Non-IndoEuropean Agriculture Bronze Cremation Horse as a status symbol Atlantic region Network of trading communities Copper from Ireland, Iberia, Wales Tin from Brittany, Galicia, England Gold from Ireland, Iberia, Wales 35
36 What the Celts knew Hallstatt culture (Central Europe, BC) IndoEuropean Hallstatt C: early Iron Age ( BC) Vehicle burials for the aristocracy (Rhine to Bohemia) Cavalry sword 36
37 What the Celts knew Hallstatt culture (Central Europe, BC) Hallstatt D ( BC) Hill forts Linking the river systems of the Rhone, Rheine, Seine, Danube Four-wheel funerary wagon Trade with Etruscans of the Po Valley Trade with Greeks via Massalia/Marseilles 37
38 What the Celts knew Hallstatt culture (Central Europe, BC) Celtic hill fort of Bopfingen 38
39 What the Celts knew LaTerre Culture ( BC) Decline of hill forts Two-wheel chariot as a funerary cart 39
40 What the Celts knew Celts Burials Four-wheeled chariot Iron Indo-European language Druids (both priests, scholars and teachers) Human sacrifice Naked warriors War chariot Endemic warfare 40
41 What the Celts knew Celts Dualism between the male god of the tribe (Dagda) and the female god of the land (Morrigan) Many other gods appearing in many guises 41
42 What the Celts knew Celts 400 BC: Migration into the Po Valley 390 BC: Celts/Gauls defeat the Roman army 4th c: Celts migrate east through the Danube valley 225 BC: Battle of Telamon/Talamone between the Gauls and the Romans (last European battle with chariots) 42
43 Celts 6th-5th century Celtic Homeland 2nd century 4th century 2nd century 3rd century Cultural Atlas of the World - Greece - page
44 Scythians 44
45 Scythians Maps 7th c BC BC 45
46 Scythians Nomadic herders of the steppes north of the Black Sea Persian linguistic group 46
47 Scythians Art Scythian golden bottle of 6th-4th c BC (Hermitage, St Petersburg) cythian object of unknown purpose of h-4th c BC (Hermitage, St Petersburg) Scythian golden comb with Greek influence of 6th-4th c BC 47 (Hermitage, St Petersburg)
48 Scythians Art Scythian mirror with Chinese, Persian and Greek motifs of 6th-4th c BC (Hermitage, St Petersburg) 48
49 Piero Scaruffi Copyright
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