TEMPLATE LAND TO THE NORTH-EAST OF LITCHFIELD DRIVE WALNUT TREE MILTON KEYNES HERITAGE STATEMENT

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1 TEMPLATE LAND TO THE NORTH-EAST OF LITCHFIELD DRIVE WALNUT TREE MILTON KEYNES HERITAGE STATEMENT

2 LAND TO THE NORTH-EAST OF LITCHFIELD DRIVE WALNUT Document 2004/47 TREE MILTON Project HFC KEYNES 1002 HERITAGE STATEMENT Project: MK3147 Document: 2017/81 Version 1.0 Compiled by Jo Barker Approved by Drew Shotliff Issue date: 19th May 2017 Produced for: Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP Copyright 2017, all rights reserved

3 Contents List of Figures... 2 Preface... 3 Version History... 3 Structure of this Document... 3 Key Terms... 4 Non-technical Summary INTRODUCTION Planning Background Site Location and Description OBJECTIVES OF THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT National Policy Framework Research Frameworks Methodology KNOWN HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS Introduction Previous Archaeological Investigations Designated Heritage Assets Undesignated Heritage Assets Cartographic Evidence and Historic Landscape Character Setting and Modern Landscape Character Assessment of Potential and Significance IMPACT ASSESSMENT The Proposed Development Impacts on Heritage Assets and Mitigation Impacts on the Setting of Heritage Assets Summary Confidence Rating for the Current Study

4 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES Appendix 1 Undesignated Heritage Assets within the Study Area Appendix 2 Events within the vicinity of the PDA Appendix 3 List of Cartographic Sources Appendix 4 Significance and Impact Criteria List of Figures Figure 1: Site location Figure 2: Heritage assets within 500m of the proposed development area Figure 3: Map of Walton 1838 Figure 4: First edition OS map 1880 Figure 5: OS map 1924 Figure 6: OS map 1950 Figure 7: 1945 aerial photograph showing medieval ridge and furrow in the vicinity of the PDA Figure 8: Proposed development layout: Option 1 Figure 9: Proposed development layout: Option 2 Figure 10: Proposed development layout: Option 3 Plate 1: View of the PDA from the north-west corner Plate 2: View of the western side of the PDA, with the Greensand Ridge in the background Plate 3: View of the PDA from the south-east corner, with a linear earthwork just visible The figures and plates are bound at the back of the report. 2

5 Preface All statements and opinions in this document are offered in good faith. Albion Archaeology cannot accept responsibility for errors of fact or opinion resulting from data supplied by a third party, or for any loss or other consequence arising from decisions or actions made upon the basis of facts or opinions expressed in this document. This document was researched and written by Jo Barker (Project Officer). The figures were produced by Joan Lightning (CAD officer) and Jo Barker. Albion Archaeology projects are under the overall management of Drew Shotliff (Operations Manager) and Hester Cooper-Reade (Business Manager). acknowledges the assistance of Nick Crank, Senior Archaeological Officer of Milton Keynes Council, and the staff at the Local Studies and Archives section at the Central Library in Milton Keynes. is grateful to Peter Molloy of the Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP for commissioning the report. Six-inch Ordnance Survey maps were provided by the National Library of Scotland. St Mary s Church St Mary s Street Bedford, MK42 0AS : office@albion-arch.com Version History Version Issue date Reason for re-issue /05/2017 n/a Structure of this Document Section 1 provides the planning and geographical background to the potential development. Section 2 lists the relevant planning policies and research frameworks and also states the aims and methodology of the heritage asset assessment. Section 3 contains the assessment of all heritage assets within the vicinity of the PDA while Section 4 focuses on the impact of the potential development on known and potential assets within the development area. Section 5 is the bibliography. The appendices in Section 6 list in detail the HER records and cartographic sources used in this study. 3

6 Key Terms Throughout this report the following abbreviations are used: CIfA EMK HE HER MKC MMK NHLE NLS NPPF OS PAS PDA Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Events Milton Keynes Historic England (formerly English Heritage) Historic Environment Record for Milton Keynes Unitary Authority Milton Keynes Council Monuments Milton Keynes National Heritage List for England National Library of Scotland National Planning Policy Framework Ordnance Survey Portable Antiquities Scheme Proposed development area 4

7 Non-technical Summary Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP is gathering baseline information in support of a planning application (14/01840/PREMED) for the development of land to the north-east of Litchfield Down, Walnut Tree, Milton Keynes. The proposed development area (PDA) has been allocated for residential use in the local plan. In accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF) this heritage statement characterises the nature, likely date and potential for survival of known and potential heritage assets within the proposed development area. It is based on the review of all known heritage assets within a study area of 500m around the PDA. It also assesses the significance of the assets and the likely impact of the development on them and on the setting of heritage assets in the vicinity of the PDA. Walnut Tree is a residential district of Milton Keynes and is situated in the civil parish of Walton. Central Milton Keynes lies c. 4.9km to the north-west. The PDA is situated in the eastern half of the Walnut Tree grid square, on the east side of Litchfield Down road. It comprises a 0.36ha area of grassland. The majority of the heritage assets listed in the HER for the study area are artefacts retrieved through metal-detecting or fieldwalking. Intrusive archaeological investigations within the study area comprise a trial trench evaluation, followed by an open-area excavation at Wavendon Gate (MMK 304 and MMK 308). Here late Iron Age roundhouses, a large ditched Roman enclosure, inhumation cemetery and Saxon remains were identified. The only non-intrusive event in the study area was a fieldwalking survey carried out along the Walton to Wavendon Road. (EMK1057). A scatter of Roman pottery was recovered. Heritage assets of prehistoric date comprise worked flint of possible early Mesolithic to late Bronze Age date. Mid-late Bronze Age metal artefacts and Iron Age pottery has also been found. The PDA is situated 3km north-east of Roman Watling Street (modern A5) and c. 500m south-west of Roman settlement remains uncovered at Wavendon Gate. Roman settlement evidence has also been identified c. 1km to the north-west of the PDA at Walton Hall. Roman activity in the study area has been indicated by numerous findspots of Roman artefacts. The main concentrations lay towards the known Roman settlement activity at Walton Hall and Wavendon Gate. Walton does not appear in Domesday Book (1086) and is first mentioned in Walton medieval village comprised two ends: the northern end, situated around the 13th-century church of St Michael, and the southern end, situated at the T-junction of the Wavendon to Walton and Brickhill to Newport Pagnell roads. The remains of the deserted medieval settlement of Walton are still visible in fields to the south-east of the church and further remains were identified at the T-Junction, c. 700m north-west of the PDA, during an analytical survey (MMK11). During the medieval period the PDA formed part of the open field system of Walton and extant ridge and furrow are visible on an aerial photograph taken of the PDA and surrounding fields in Up until 1950 the PDA still formed part of a field. 5

8 Medieval and post-medieval heritage assets within the study area comprise metal artefacts and pottery found in similar locations to the Roman heritage assets. The finds most likely represent artefacts lost by people traversing and working the landscape or spread through manuring. The PDA lies in a part of Milton Keynes that is entirely modern. No extant heritage assets, such as scheduled monuments or listed buildings, lie in any historical or visual relationship with the PDA. The large-scale development of Walnut Tree since 1950 is likely to have already significantly truncated any archaeological remains that might once have existed on the PDA. These factors have been taken into account in the period-based assessment of archaeological potential below. The potential for and significance of heritage assets on the PDA has been assessed as no more than moderate for all chronological periods. The potential impact of the proposed development has been assessed as slight to substantial harm. The significance of this impact (before mitigation) ranges from insignificant to significant. The following table summarises the potential for, significance of any impact on archaeological heritage assets that might survive within PDA. Heritage assets Potential for heritage assets Significance of potential archaeological remains Potential impact of development Significance of impact (without mitigation) Slightly to moderately significant Slightly significant to Prehistoric (pre-ad 43) Low Low Slight to moderate harm Roman Low to Low to moderate Slight to (AD 43-c. 400) moderate moderate harm significant Anglo-Saxon to Negligible to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly to moderately Medieval low moderate harm significant (c ) Negligible to Negligible Slight to Insignificant (c ) low moderate harm Modern Negligible Negligible Slight to Insignificant (1900 present) moderate harm Setting - - No change Neutral If required by the LPA, any direct impact of the development on potential buried archaeological remains could be mitigated by measures to investigate and record the presence/absence, nature and significance of potential archaeological assets prior to or during construction. The requirement for such works could be in the form of a condition attached to a planning permission. 6

9 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Planning Background Milton Keynes Development Partnership LLP is gathering baseline information in support of a planning application (14/01840/PREMED) for development of land to the north-east of Litchfield Down, Walnut Tree, Milton Keynes. The proposed development area (PDA) has been allocated for residential use on the Local Plan Proposals Map 1, providing that the principle of residential development in this location is considered appropriate. has been commissioned to prepare this desk-based heritage statement; it characterises the nature, date and likely survival of known and potential heritage assets within the PDA) and assesses their significance. It also assesses the likely impact of any potential development on those heritage assets and the setting of heritage assets in the vicinity. This Assessment has been drafted in accordance with the National Planning Policy Framework (NPPF), which was issued by the government in March Site Location and Description Walnut Tree is a residential district of Milton Keynes and is situated in the civil parish of Walton. Central Milton Keynes lies c. 4.9km to the north-west; the M1 is situated c. 7km to the east and the A5 is c. 4.5km to the west. The Walnut Tree grid square is bordered by A4146 Tongwell Street (V11) to the east, Bletcham Way to the south, Groveway (H9) to the north and Brickhill Street to the west. The PDA is situated in the eastern half of the Walnut Tree grid square, on the east side of Litchfield Down road. It comprises a 0.36ha area that is currently grassland. Residential development at Huckleberry Close lies to the south, Litchfield Down forms the western boundary, a Redways path and cycle track forms the northern boundary and the eastern side is bordered by a small carpark. The PDA is centred on grid reference SP and the underlying solid geology is Oxford Clay Formation Mudstone. The overlying superficial deposits comprise Mid Pleistocene Sand and gravel

10 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE HERITAGE ASSESSMENT 2.1 National Policy Framework This assessment aims to implement the vision for the historic environment as set out in the National Planning Policy Framework Section 12: Conserving and enhancing the historic environment (NPPF) that was published on 27 March 2012 (DCLG 2012). Annex 2 of the NPPF defines heritage assets as: A building, monument, site, place, area or landscape identified as having a degree of significance meriting consideration in planning decisions, because of its heritage interest. Heritage assets include designated heritage assets and assets identified by the local planning authority (including local listing) (NPPF, Annex 2). Designated assets comprise, amongst others, Scheduled Monuments, Listed Buildings, Registered Parks and Gardens and Conservation Areas. Undesignated assets are any heritage assets that may formally be identified by the local planning authority to be important for the area, for example through local listing or as part of the plan-making process. These undesignated assets are still material in planning decisions and evidence of local listing and information on these heritage assets is held in the local Historic Environment Record (HER). According to the NPPF the significance of heritage assets is demonstrated by their value to this and future generations because of their archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic interest and their setting. The NPPF is accompanied by a set of Good Practice Advice notes, issued by Historic England (HE 2015a, b and c). 2.2 Research Frameworks English Heritage has produced an extensive library of national guides covering a wide range of topics, and most of these are available for free download from the Historic England website 3. Milton Keynes Unitary Authority is adjacent to several geographical areas which are part of regional archaeological research frameworks. The most relevant research frameworks are the Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas (Hey and Hind 2014). The Solent-Thames research framework covers the five counties of Buckinghamshire, Oxfordshire, Berkshire, Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, providing a north to south transect across Central Southern England. The proximity of Milton Keynes to the county boundary with Bedfordshire to its south-west means that the principles and aims of the Bedfordshire 3 8

11 Archaeology. Research and Archaeology: Resource Assessment, Research Agenda and Strategy (Oake et al. 2007) can also be applied. These documents provide a comprehensive chronological review of the historic environment as investigated so far within Buckinghamshire, Bedfordshire and the eastern counties, as well as establishing a research agenda and strategy for future investigations and for consolidating and integrating current knowledge. They are, therefore, vital tools for the assessment of any heritage asset within its local, regional and national historic environment setting. 2.3 Methodology This desk-based assessment was carried out in accordance with the Chartered Institute for Archaeologists Standard and guidance for historic environment desk-based assessment (CIfA 2017). All known heritage assets within a 500m study area around the PDA were reviewed for this assessment. All assets are listed in the appendices and are shown on Figure 2. The criteria for assessing significance and impact are based on those formulated by the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges, Volume 11, Part 3 (Cultural Heritage) 4 but have been reformulated to fit in with the terminology used by the National Planning Policy Framework. They are listed in Appendix 4. During the preparation of this document, the sources of information listed below were consulted Milton Keynes Historic Environment Record (HER) This is a database of archaeological information containing written and pictorial records of known archaeological monuments, previous archaeological investigations ( Events ), find-spots, including Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) data, and buildings of historical and archaeological significance. The Milton Keynes HER does not provide data on designated heritage assets which are managed by Historic England (see below). The HER contains information specific to Milton Keynes Unitary Authority and is maintained by Milton Keynes Council, Milton Keynes. A recent report for English Heritage/Historic England has advised that locally maintained HERs should be the first point of call for and primary trusted source of investigative research data and knowledge (Oakleigh Consulting 2015). This document, therefore, uses the HER reference numbers for identifying heritage assets. 4 Available at: [Accessed 18/05/2017] 9

12 2.3.2 The National Heritage List for England (NHLE) The database for designated heritage assets (listed buildings, scheduled monuments, protected wrecks and registered parks, gardens and battlefields) is managed by Historic England and made available online through the National Heritage List for England. The Heritage List is the only official and up-to-date database of all nationally protected historic buildings and sites in England 5. Designated heritage asses in this assessment are given the prefix NHLE Cartographic data Early maps and other illustrations of an area can be a very productive area of research. Often they indicate dramatic changes in land use during the postmedieval and modern periods. They can also be very helpful in assessing how building complexes and their surrounding grounds and landscape have developed and changed over time. The principal sources consulted in this case were the National Library of Scotland s online archive of historic Ordnance Survey maps and Milton Keynes Local Studies and Archives department in the Central Library. A list of the cartographic sources consulted for this assessment is given in Appendix Site walk-over A preliminary walk-over of the site was undertaken on 17th May2017 with the following aims: To verify, where appropriate, the results of the desk-based study. To examine any areas of archaeological potential identified during research for the assessment, in particular with a view to gauging the possible survival or condition of any remains present. To consider the significance of any above-ground structures and historic buildings. To assess the present ground conditions, with a view to the appropriate deployment of evaluative fieldwork techniques, if required. To assess the impact of the proposed development on the setting of heritage assets on site

13 3. KNOWN HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSETS 3.1 Introduction This section describes the archaeological and historical heritage assets as well as the results of previous archaeological investigations listed in the HER for the PDA and the surrounding 500m-radius study area. Based on this information it provides an assessment of potential for and significance of further archaeological heritage assets to be present on the PDA. Assets are discussed in chronological order. This section should be read in conjunction with Figure 2; all assets are also listed in numerical order in Appendix Previous Archaeological Investigations The majority of the heritage assets listed in the HER for the study area are artefacts retrieved through metal-detecting or fieldwalking (Appendix 2). The metal-detecting surveys are not listed as events in the HER, but the finds data has been recorded by the Portable Antiquities Scheme and added to the HER database. Intrusive archaeological investigations within the study area comprise a trial trench evaluation, followed by an open-area excavation at Wavendon Gate (MMK 304 and MMK 308). Here late Iron Age roundhouses, a large ditched Roman enclosure, inhumation cemetery and Saxon remains were identified. The only non-intrusive event in the study area was a fieldwalking survey carried out along the Walton to Wavendon Road. (EMK1057). A scatter of Roman pottery was recovered. 3.3 Designated Heritage Assets There are no scheduled monuments, registered parks and gardens, historic battlefields, listed buildings or conservation areas within the study area. 3.4 Undesignated Heritage Assets Prehistoric (pre-ad 43) Find-spots of early prehistoric date comprise three struck flakes of possible early Mesolithic to late Bronze Age date (MMK1089) found c. 380m to the west of the PDA. A flint waste flake (MMK 1523) and small square-shaped scraper (MMK 1524) were found c. 340m north-west and c. 250m north-east of the PDA, respectively. Four find-spots of metal Bronze Age objects have been recorded between c. 460m and c. 495m north-west of the PDA. They comprise part of a small bronze socketed axe head (MMK 1913), part of a mid-late Bronze Age spearhead (MMK1916), a plain spearhead (MMK1914) and the head of a discheaded pin (MMK1915). Late Iron Age heritage assets comprise roundhouses revealed during trial trench evaluation and open-area excavation at Wavendon Gate (EMK 304 and EMK 308). The find-spot of a sherd of Iron Age pottery bearing stick or bone impressions (MMK 1525), has also been recorded c. 250m north-east of the 11

14 PDA. Remains of an Iron Age iron attachment, possibly a bucket handle mount, were found c. 500m to the north-west of the PDA (MMK 1570) Roman (AD 43 c. 400) Roman activity in the study area has mainly been indicated by numerous findspots of Roman artefacts. The PDA is situated 3km north-east of Roman Watling Street (A5) and c. 500m south-west of Roman settlement remains uncovered at Wavendon Gate (MMK 304 and MMK 308; Williams 1989, 18 21). Roman settlement evidence has also been identified c. 1km to the northwest of the PDA at Walton Hall (Zeepvat 1990). Within the study area the only archaeological sub-surface remains have been found at Wavendon Gate (EMK 304 and EMK 308), c. 500m to the north-east. These comprised a ditched enclosure that superseded a late Iron Age settlement. A Roman inhumation cemetery was also identified. A fieldwalking survey, c. 260m north-east of the PDA, identified an extensive scatter of Roman pottery and quernstone (EMK1057; MMK 1811, MMK 1812 and MMK 1813). Further to the north-east, c. 460m from the PDA, finds of tile, daub and pottery, including samian, have been found (MMK1504, MMK 1505, MMK 1506, MMK 1507 and MMK 1508). These find-spots most likely indicate the westerly continuation of Roman settlement remains investigated at Wavendon Gate (EMK 304 and EMK 308). A number of artefacts have been uncovered during a metal detector survey (MMK 1919) on land c. 420m west of the PDA, closer to known settlement activity at Walton Hall. They comprised six coins (MMK 1923, MMK 1926, MMK 1935, MMK1936), a bronze ring (MMK1927), a bronze fibula spring (MMK 1925), a bronze pin (MMK 1924), the head of a bronze fibula (MMK 1921), Roman pottery (MMK 1922). A large number of Roman pottery sherds (MMK 1907) and a tinned bronze spoon were also found by metal detector c. 450m to the south-west of the PDA Anglo-Saxon (c ) Anglo-Saxon find-spots comprise six sherds of pottery (MMK 2064) found on the surface of a field c. 370m north-east of the PDA. They included a handmade quartzite gritted rim sherds of possible late Saxon date. Saxon occupation remains were also identified during archaeological investigations at Wavendon Gate (EMK 304 and EMK 308), c. 500m to the north-east of the PDA Medieval ( ) Walton is not mentioned in Domesday Book (1086) and is assumed to have been included in land held by Walter Giffard in Bow Brickhill (Page 1927). The first mention of Walton is in 1201 (ibid.); at this time it existed as two manors. Walton medieval village comprised two ends: the northern end, situated around the 13th-century church of St Michael, and the southern end, 12

15 situated at the T-junction of the Wavendon to Walton and Brickhill to Newport Pagnell roads. The remains of the deserted medieval settlement of Walton are still visible in fields to the south-east of the church and further remains were identified at the T-Junction, c. 700m north-west of the PDA, during an analytical survey (EMK 11; Croft and Mynard, 1993, 165 8). No medieval settlement remains have so far been identified within the study area and all of the HER records refer to find-spots. These comprise a scatter of seven medieval pottery sherds (MMK 2743) found on the surface of a field c. 230m north of the PDA. Nine sherds of pottery were also found during a metal detector survey on land c. 500m to the north-west of the PDA (MMK2745). In the same area a number of metal artefacts were also found by metal detector: a strap handle (MMK 2744), strap end (MMK 2747), bronze French Jetton (MMK2746), bronze fixing (MMK 2748), a silver gilt annular brooch (MMK 2749), silver long cross penny (MMK 2750) and a pilgrim badge (MMK 2751) ( ) heritage assets within the study area comprise metal artefacts found during a metal detector survey (MMK 3050), c. 495m to the north-west of the PDA, comprising part of an iron and bronze clock cog, possible bronze pin, bronze stud, bronze annular brooch, bronze plate handle, buttons, rings, buckles, bronze thimble and coins (MMK 3046, MMK 3047, MMK 3048, MMK 3049 and MMK 3051). A number of similar items have also been found c. 380m to the south-west and c. 400m to the north-west of the PDA and have been recorded in the HER under MMK 4056, MMK 4057, MMK , MMK and MMK Objects including a spoon handle, lead pot and pottery sherds were also found c. 435m to the south-west of the PDA (MMK 4282). Closer to the PDA a scatter of post-medieval pottery (MMK 3287) was found c. 240m to the north-east, whilst two pewter buttons, a lead fragment and lead weight (MMK 3288) were found during metal detecting c. 65m north-east of the PDA. Four iron fragments were also found c. 330m to the south-east of the PDA (MMK 4244 and MMK 4245) Modern (1900 to present day) There are no modern heritage assets recorded within the study area and there is no potential for such assets on the PDA. 3.5 Cartographic Evidence and Historic Landscape Character Map of Walton 1838 (Figure 3) The layout of Walton in 1838 reflected the medieval ends, although the settlement had reduced in size. A number of farms, a public house and residential buildings were situated at the T-junction of two roads: Great Brickhill to Newport Pagnell and Walton to Wavendon. The church, rectory and Walton Hall, situated adjacent to the River Ouzel, formed a second 13

16 settlement focus in Walton. To the west of the T-Junction the land was divided into fields and some of the medieval strip fields are still visible on either side of the Walton to Wavendon road. The PDA corresponds to a field on the south side of the Walton to Wavendon road. At this time it was undeveloped inch Ordnance Survey maps (Figures 4 6) By 1880 development in Walton has been minimal. The greatest change has been the alteration of field boundaries, which, based on their straight alignments, are probably the product of enclosure. Some medieval strip fields are still visible and have been preserved either by field boundaries or lines of trees. The PDA continues to correspond to an undeveloped field, but since 1838 the field has been subdivided. Walton remains largely unchanged between the 1880 first edition OS map and 1950 OS map. The PDA remains undeveloped and occupies part of a field. 3.6 Setting and Modern Landscape Character The NPPF defines setting as: The surroundings in which a heritage asset is experienced. Its extent is not fixed and may change as the asset and its surroundings evolve. Elements of a setting may make a positive or negative contribution to the significance of an asset, and may affect the ability to appreciate that significance or may be neutral (NPPF 2012, Annex. 2). The PDA lies in a part of Milton Keynes that is entirely modern. No extant heritage assets, such as scheduled monuments or listed buildings, lie in any historical or visual relationship with the PDA. The PDA comprises an area of grassland with a mature hedge on the western side (Plate 1 and 2). The land on the PDA slopes down to the south-east, which affords good views of the Greensand Ridge. The ground surface of the PDA is uneven and at least two low, linear earthworks are visible running north-east to south-west (Plate 3). The alignment of extant ridge and furrow visible on Figure 7 indicates that the current earthworks on the PDA are on a different orientation and are likely to post-date 1960s development in this area of Milton Keynes. 3.7 Assessment of Potential and Significance This section assesses the potential for the survival of archaeological heritage assets in the light of the evidence discussed above. The large-scale development of this area since 1950 (Figure 6) is likely to have already significantly truncated any archaeological remains that might once have existed adjacent to the PDA. The PDA has remained undeveloped since at least the medieval period, but earthworks on the PDA indicate that some disturbance has occurred. 14

17 These factors have been taken into account in the period-based assessment of archaeological potential below. The criteria for assessing significance are listed in Appendix Prehistoric heritage assets No prehistoric heritage assets have yet been recorded on the PDA. A number of find-spots have been recorded in the wider study area, however, including early prehistoric struck flints, Bronze Age metal artefacts and Iron Age pottery. The majority of these are situated some m from the PDA, but a flint scraper (MMK 1524) and Iron Age pottery (MMK 1525) have been recorded c. 250m from the PDA. Part of a late Iron Age settlement was also investigated c. 500m to the north-east of the PDA at Wavendon Gate (EMK 304 and EMK 308). In light of this evidence the potential for heritage assets dating to the prehistoric period to be present on the PDA is assessed as low. The PDA is situated on the edge of the river valley of the Ouzel, 1.4km to the west, and 700m north of the Caldecote Brook. The Solent-Thames Research Framework has highlighted the palaeo-environmental and geo-archaeological significance of river valleys, as well as stream courses and valleys. They have the potential to contain evidence of human activity, attracted by the water and food resources, as well as containing waterlogged plant remains, insects and sediments (Allen 2014, 19). More focus is needed on settlement form, function, distribution and shift and how these factors and how these influence or are influenced by socioeconomic status, region, chronology and geology (Lambrick 2014, 150 1) Should any prehistoric remains be present at the PDA, they would probably be of low significance, depending on their exact nature Roman heritage assets The nearest sub-surface archaeological remains of Roman date to the PDA are those investigated at Wavendon Gate, c. 500m to the north-east (EMK 304 and EMK 308). However, concentrations of pottery, quernstone and metal artefacts could suggest further settlement within the study area. The closest find-spots to the PDA are pottery and quernstone (MMK1811, MMK 1812 and MMK1813) found during fieldwalking c. 260m to the north-east. In light of this evidence there is a low to moderate potential for heritage assets dating to the Roman period to be present on the PDA, depending on the level of disturbance by adjacent development. Settlement characterisation, its density and variability are all research topics highlighted for the Roman period in the regional research framework (Fulford 2014, 181). Investigation of find-spots is also highlighted as a research theme; 15

18 do they correspond to previously unknown settlement remains? (Fulford 2014, 181). Should any Roman remains be present on the PDA, they would probably be of low to moderate significance, depending on their exact nature Anglo-Saxon and medieval heritage assets Anglo-Saxon heritage assets comprise archaeological remains discovered at Wavendon Gate, c. 500m north-east of the PDA, and six sherds of pottery (MMK 2064) found in a field c. 370m north-east of the PDA. In light of this evidence, the potential for heritage assets dating to the Anglo-Saxon period to be present on the PDA is assessed as negligible to low. Medieval heritage assets within the study area comprise find-spots of pottery and metal artefacts found by metal detectorists. The location of many of these lay at least 450m north-west of the PDA, close to the former site of Walton Manor. An aerial photograph taken in 1945 of Walton (Figure 7) shows an extensive area of medieval ridge and furrow on either side of Walton Road. Part of the PDA corresponds to one of these areas of ridge and furrow. The potential for medieval assets, other than those relating to agricultural use, within the PDA is, therefore, assessed as low. The regional research framework states that there is huge potential for further research into topics such as field systems, enclosures, roads and trackways, in particular utilising historic maps and documents (Munby 2014, 256). The Solent-Thames Research Framework also highlights that a better understanding of agricultural intensification in the early medieval period and the origins of open field systems is needed (Dodd et al. 2014, 229). The significance and ability of any physical remains on the PDA to feed into this research aim is likely to be low to moderate, depending on their exact nature heritage assets find-spots comprise metal artefacts and pottery found by metal detectorists. The majority are located some m from the PDA. The closest find-spot to the PDA, c. 65m north-east, comprised pewter buttons, a lead fragment and lead weight (MMK 3288). Cartographic sources indicate that the PDA formed part of a field from at least 1838 (Figure 3) and remained undeveloped at least to 1880 (Figure 4). The potential for heritage assets dating to the post-medieval period to be present on the PDA is assessed as negligible to low. If any were found, they would most likely comprise further stray artefacts and their significance would be negligible. 16

19 3.7.5 Modern heritage assets There are no modern heritage assets recorded within the study area. Cartographic sources indicate that the PDA formed part of a field up until 1950 (Figure 6). The large-scale development of this area of Milton Keynes began in 1967, although the PDA was retained as open grassland to the present day. The potential for heritage assets dating to the modern period to be present on the PDA is assessed as negligible. If any were found, they would most likely be construction-related and their significance would be negligible. 17

20 4. IMPACT ASSESSMENT 4.1 The Proposed Development The PDA has been allocated for residential use on the Local Plan Proposals Map 6. Three options have been proposed for the development layout on the PDA (Figures 8 10), which have been worked around key principles: The proposed development will be located in a key location at the centre of the community in Walnut Tree; there is an opportunity for the development to add to the character of the Local Centre. Efforts should be made for properties to overlook the Local Park to the North of the site, making pedestrian / cycling routes feel safer. The location of buildings on the site and designs should consider existing building lines and the built form context within Walnut Tree. Building heights are likely to be between 2-3 storeys. Building entrances are to be suitably articulated. The buildings that require the greatest attention to detail are those that front onto Hindhead Knoll and any other areas of public realm and parking areas (MKDP 2014). 4.2 Impacts on Heritage Assets and Mitigation Archaeological heritage assets The potential impact of the proposed development on potential below-ground heritage assets will be restricted to new foundations of the proposed residential units, parking areas and any service trenches. The PDA has remained undeveloped since at least the medieval period, but earthworks visible on the surface of the PDA indicate that some disturbance occurred during the large-scale development of the surrounding area (see above, Section 3.6). This has been taken into consideration when assessing the potential impact of the proposed development on sub-surface heritage assets. The potential for heritage assets on the PDA and their significance varies by period (Table 1) but has been assessed as no more than moderate for all chronological periods. The potential impact of the proposed development has been assessed as slight to moderate harm. The significance of this impact (before mitigation) ranges from insignificant to significant. A summary of significance of, and impact on, potential archaeological heritage assets of any period is given in Table 1. If required by the LPA, any direct impact of the development on potential buried archaeological remains could be mitigated by measures to investigate and record the presence/absence, nature and significance of potential archaeological assets prior to or during construction. The requirement for such works could be in the form of a condition attached to a planning permission

21 4.3 Impacts on the Setting of Heritage Assets The PDA is not part of the setting of, or in any direct visual or historical relationship with, any designated heritage assets in its vicinity. Therefore, the proposed development will have neutral on the setting of any heritage assets. 4.4 Summary The following table summarises the potential for archaeological remains being found within the PDA. Heritage assets Prehistoric (pre-ad 43) Potential for heritage assets Significance of potential archaeological remains Potential impact of development Low Low Slight to moderate harm Significance of impact (without mitigation) Slightly to moderately significant Slightly significant Roman Low to Low to moderate Slight to (AD 43-c. 400) moderate moderate harm to significant Anglo-Saxon to Negligible to Low to moderate Slight to Slightly to Medieval low moderate harm moderately (c ) significant Negligible to Negligible Slight to Insignificant (c ) low moderate harm Modern Negligible Negligible Slight to Insignificant (1900 present) moderate harm Setting - - No change Neutral 4.5 Confidence Rating for the Current Study This assessment carries a rating of reasonable confidence. As a general rule, desk-based assessments cannot be used as a predictive tool for the precise location and characterisation of sub-surface archaeological deposits. The nature of desk-based studies means that they rely on artefacts being reported and logged in the HER and information from intrusive investigations in the vicinity of the subject site and the wider landscape. The unpredictable nature and presence of sub-surface and therefore non-visible archaeological remains has to be borne in mind. 19

22 5. BIBLIOGRAPHY Allen, M., 2014 An introduction to the Geoarchaeology, palaeoenvironmental and archaeological science of the Solent-Thames subregion, in Hey, G. and Hind, J., Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas Croft, R.A. and Mynard, D.C., 1993 Walton in The Changing Landscape of Milton Keynes, Bucks Archaeol. Society Monograph Series 5, DCLG, 2012 National Planning Policy Framework Dodd, A. and Crawford, S., 2014 The Early Medieval Period: Research Agenda, in Hey, G. and Hind, J. (eds), Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas Fulford, M., 2014 The Roman Period: Resource Assessment, in Hey, G. and Hind, J., Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas. Hey, G. and Hind, J. (eds), 2014 Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas Historic England 2015a. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 1 The Historic Environment in Local Plans. Available: Accessed: 18/05/17 Historic England 2015b. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 2 Managing Significance in Decision-Taking. Available: Accessed: 18/05/17 Historic England 2015c. Historic Environment Good Practice Advice in Planning Note 3 The Setting of Heritage Assets. Available: Accessed: 18/05/17 Lambrick, G., 2014 The Later Bronze Age and Iron Age: Research Agenda, in Hey, G. and Hind, J. (eds), Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas 20

23 MKDP 2014, Outline Pre-Application Walnut Tree, Litchfield Drive. Available: Walnut-Tree-Lichfield-Down-Pre-App-Final.pdf Munby, J., 2014 The Later Medieval Period: Resource Assessment, in Hey, G. and Hind, J., Solent-Thames Research Framework for the Historic Environment: Resource Assessments and Research Agendas Oake, M., Luke, M., Dawson, M., Edgeworth, M. and Murphy, P., 2007 Bedfordshire Archaeology. Research and Archaeology: Resource Assessment, Research Agenda and Strategy. Bedfordshire Archaeology Monograph 9 Oakleigh Consulting, 2014 Heritage Information Access Strategy: Business Process Mapping of Historic Environment Information, Report for English Heritage, final version 9 March 2015 (Manchester) Page, W., 1927 Parishes: Walton, in A History of the County of Buckingham vol. 4, Available: Accessed: 18/05/17 Williams, R.J Wavendon Gate Iron Age, Roman and Saxon Settlement: An Interim Report, S. Midlands Archaeol. 19 (CBA 9), Zeepvat, R.J Walton Hall: Archaeological Site Evaluation, Milton Keynes Archaeology Unit. Available: h /dissemination/pdf/buckinghamshire/gl13015.pdf Accessed: 18/05/17 21

24 6. APPENDICES 6.1 Appendix 1 Undesignated Heritage Assets within the Study Area Monuments and find-spots HER no. Name Long description Period MMK1089 Unassigned Three struck flakes, all fairly indeterminate; one maybe part of a core. Found in Walton parish MMK1504 Unassigned Tile and daub fragments and sherds. Finds scatter indicates occupation site Prehistoric Roman MMK1505 Unassigned Tile fragments, indicate occupation site Roman MMK1506 Unassigned Fragment of daub. Indicates occupation site Roman MMK1507 Unassigned Samian sherd Roman MMK1508 Unassigned Grey/black ware sherds, shell tempered. Buff/orange ware sherds; grog tempered ware sherds Roman MMK1523 Unassigned Waste flake Prehistoric MMK1524 Unassigned Small square scraper on snapped blade; squared end with retouch Prehistoric MMK1525 Unassigned Handmade sherd with stick/bone impression Prehistoric MMK1570 MMK1811 MMK1812 MMK1813 MMK1906 MMK1907 Walnut Tree, Walton Walton- Wavendon Road Walton- Wavendon Road Walton- Wavendon Road Litchfield Down, Walnut Tree Litchfield Down, Walnut Tree Celtic head: flat back with remains of iron attachment. Bucket handle mount? Quite extensive scatter of Roman pottery and other finds. No building stone or tile, but probably is an occupation site Scatter of Roman sherds, including shell tempered grey/black wares- buff/orange wares. Grog tempered (similar to Caldecotte kiln) Nene Valley? Also quernstone fragment. Associated with dark soil and gravel spreads occupation? Fragments of quernstone. Also Roman sherds. Associated with dark soil and gravel spreadsoccupation? Tinned bronze spoon of pear shaped form with normal cranked handle. Found by metal detector somewhere along the line of Litchfield Down. Large number of sherds during metal detector survey over the north side of Litchfield Down. Includes two samian sherds, shelly ware, greyware, colour coated, orange ware and fragments of soft pink grog from a narrow necked jar. Two fragments of tile. MMK1913 Unassigned Part of small bronze socketed axe head. Only cutting edge and part of socketed shaft survives; very pitted surface. Trace of casting flash still evident. Blade width 32mm; max surviving length 54mm. Prehistoric Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman Prehistoric 22

25 HER no. Name Long description Period MMK1914 Walnut Tree Plain spearhead, broken off at base of blade with socket missing. Blade is broken in two and shows signs of having been bent in antiquity. Overall surviving length 295mm. MMK1915 Walnut Tree Head of disc headed pin with lines across top - shaft broken off and bent. May be part of a dispersed middle-late bronze age hoard (found with spearhead). MMK1916 Walnut Tree Part of central rib and sides of middle-late Bronze Age spearhead. Broken at both ends and badly corroded. Found by Brian Tattingham, BHSS, during metal detector survey over stripped area to east of self-build plots at Walnut Tree. MMK1919 Walnut Tree Metal detecting surveys by G Heritage, D Colliass, G and C Cobbett, G Allen, J Hinds locate a bronze coin hoard, coins, two fibulae, a pin and sherds during development of housing plots. MMK1921 Unassigned Head of bronze fibula broach found during metal detector survey by Dick Colliass of area around discovery of Bronze Age spearhead. MMK1922 Walnut Tree Six Roman body sherds found during metal detector survey of area around discovery of Bronze Age spearhead. MMK1923 Walnut Tree Three bronze coins; part of silver washed coins found during metal detector survey of area around discovery of Bronze Age spearhead. MMK1924 Walnut Tree Bronze pin with part broken off rounded flattened head with 2 concentric cordons below. Found during metal MMK1925 MMK1926 MMK1927 Walnut Tree: Crest Homes Walnut Tree: Crest Homes Walnut Tree: Crest Homes detector survey to north of Holly Tree Cottage. Bronze fibula spring found during a metal detector survey over Crest Homes building site, OS parcel no. S684/4282. Denarius, Mark Antony, 30 BC; also a corroded coin, to be identified after cleaning. Found during a metal detector survey over the Crest Homes building site, OS parcel no. 5684/4282. Bronze ring with tiny broken projections evenly distributed around the outer edge. Found during a metal detector survey over the Crest Homes building site, OS parcel no. 5684/4282. MMK1935 Walnut Tree Corroded Roman coin, to be identified after cleaning. Found during metal detector survey. MMK1936 Walnut Tree Roman coin - very good condition. Found during a metal detector survey at Walnut Tree. Prehistoric Prehistoric Prehistoric Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman Roman MMK2064 Unassigned Six sherds of probable Saxon origin, from surface of Saxon-medieval ploughed field: One handmade quartzite gritted rim sherd, one (late Saxon?) wheel turned quartzite gritted rim sherd, one grass tempered sherd, three quartzite gritted body sherds. MMK2743 Unassigned Scatter of seven sand tempered medieval sherds from Medieval surface of ploughed field. Midden deposit? No evidence of earthworks or structures. MMK2744 Unassigned Medieval strap handle with diagonal deep slashing. Medieval MMK2745 Walnut Tree Nine sherds found during metal detector survey over development to north of Holly Tree Cottage. Medieval 23

26 HER no. Name Long description Period MMK2746 Walnut Tree Bronze French 14th-15th century jetton found during metal detector survey over development to north of Holly Tree Cottage. MMK2747 Walnut Tree Part of bronze strap end found during metal detector survey over development to north of Holly Tree Cottage. MMK2748 Walnut Tree Riveted bronze fixing for handle of late medieval hanging bowl Found during metal detector survey over development to north of Holly Tree Cottage. MMK2749 Walnut Tree Silver gilt annular brooch with filigree overlay. Early C13. MMK2750 MMK2751 Walnut Tree, OS No 5684/4282 Field east of Walton Hammered silver long cross penny, Edward I, class 9b (1300-2), York Mint. Very badly worn. Found during md survey over Crest Homes building site. Pilgrim badge. Surviving fragment is a crowned 'm' (for maria); complete badge would have had a bust of the virgin. MMK3046 Walnut Tree Part of iron and bronze clock cog; bronze pin? With pierced head and threaded base; bronze stud; bronze annular brooch, pin missing; bronze plate handle attachment for bronze sheet cauldron. MMK3047 MMK3048 MMK3049 MMK3050 MMK3051 MMK3287 MMK3288 MMK4056 MMK4057 MMK4160 North of Holly Tree Cottage North of Holly Tree Cottage North of Holly Tree Cottage North of Holly Tree Cottage North of Holly Tree Cottage OS Field south 6600, 0003 Walnut Tree Grid Square Walnut Tree: Crest Homes Walnut Tree Building Site Walnut Tree Grid Square Fifteen copper alloy/pewter buttons; three bronze rings - annular buckles?; two bronze buckles; handmade bronze thimble, 16th century; top of machine made thimble; two misc. bronze objects. Found during metal detector survey over development of Walnut Tree. Lead musket balls; two pierced lead weights; small lead container - powder measure?; Lead disc with impression of George II 1/2d. Found during md survey over development of Walnut Tree. Five Georgian/Victorian copper coins. Found during metal detector survey over development of Walnut Tree. metal detecting assemblage. Sixteen 18th-20th century bronze coins; one rose farthing; three badly corroded jettons. Also other finds. Found during metal detector survey over developed area of Walnut Tree. Scatter of sherds including Staffordshire, Potterspury, green glazed wares. No evidence of structures: midden deposit. Two small pewter buttons; lead fragment; discoid shaped lead weight 8oz. Found during metal detecting over area of topsoil disturbance. Clay pipe bowl and stem; 2) two metal alloy buttons; 3) fragment of curved bronze sheet; 4) metal alloy object; 5) silver tag with suspension loop. Found during metal detecting survey over building site: OS parcels 5684 / Bronze crotal; 2) commemorative medallion. Found by Mr and Mrs B M Lewis opposite the early 1900s cottages. metal detecting assemblage. Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval Medieval 24

27 HER no. Name Long description Period MMK4161 MMK4162 MMK4163 MMK4164 MMK4165 MMK4166 Walnut Tree Grid Square Walnut Tree Grid Square Walnut Tree Grid Square Walnut Tree Grid Square Walnut Tree Grid Square Walnut Tree Grid Square Twenty-four 18th/20th century copper pennies / halfpennies; 9) four brass 16th century tokens; 12) rose farthing; 13) four badly corroded bronze coins (Roman?). Nine assorted lead weights; 5) biconical lead spindle whorl; 10) two circular lead discs: early tokens?; 15) bowl of pewter spoon; 18) two misc. lead objects. Nine pewter/copper alloy buttons; 6) small bronze vessel foot; 7) copper alloy circular dome; 8) two 17th-century brass tokens. Found in metal detector searches of various building sites. metal detecting assemblage. Parts of two iron horseshoes. Found in metal detector searches of various building sites. Terminal of copper alloy spur delicately tapering to a slight collar and two piercings one above the other in a heart-shaped terminal. 17th century? And a heavily corroded iron 'spud' with folded ferrule and single nail hole. MMK4167 Walnut Tree Two musket balls; 4) lump of lead with perforation through centre. Repair? Or loomweight? Found during metal detecting survey. MMK4168 Walnut Tree Two copper alloy/pewter buttons; 3) one leather stud with dome shaped head; 5) fragment of bronze; 6) copper alloy spoon handle; 7) copper alloy object 53mm, flat on one side, curved on other - spatula? 10) copper alloy strip; 11) two misc. copper alloy objects. MMK4169 Walnut Tree 8) two badly corroded coins; 9) one George IV penny found during metal detecting survey. MMK4170 Walnut Tree area Bronze crotal: slightly damaged with sunburst decoration on lower half. Found in metal detecting survey. MMK4171 Walnut Tree metal detecting assemblage. MMK4172 Walnut Tree Jetton "lyon. In. Red b--". Found during metal detecting survey. MMK4174 Walnut Tree One metal alloy button; 2) hose hook, badly corroded; 4) piece of copper alloy, possibly part of a handle; 5 ) metal alloy object. Found by Chris Clarke during metal detector survey. MMK4175 Walnut Tree Lead disc shaped object (source brooch?). Upper surface is decorated with a raised flower. Lower surface has a small broken projection, possibly from a catch pin. Found by Chris Clarke during metal MMK4178 MMK4179 Behind Walnut Tree Farm Behind Walnut Tree Farm detecting survey. Four lead musket balls; 4) fragment of lead rod; 5) rusty penknife; 6) iron tool. Found in metal detecting survey. Four metal alloy buttons; 3) 2 buckles. Found in metal detector survey. MMK4180 Unassigned Decorative anchor-shaped buckle; used for shoes and knees throughout the 1600s-1720s. Found in metal detector survey. 25

28 HER no. Name Long description Period MMK4244 Opposite Wavendon Gate Site Two iron pattern fragments. Found by G Wayman in metal detecting survey over field opposite Wavendon Gate site MK145. MMK4245 Unassigned Two iron objects found by G Wayman in metal detecting survey over Walton grid square. MMK4246 MMK4282 Between Walton and Wavendon Bow Brickhill, Lichfield DN metal detecting assemblage. Objects including spoon handle, lead pot, copper alloy vessel fragments and pottery sherds found by Barry P. Lasom during metal detector survey over area north of Lichfield Down. Location of finds not stated. 6.2 Appendix 2 Events within the vicinity of the PDA Event ID Name/type Description Contractor/date EMK 11 EMK1057 EMK304 EMK308 Walton Medieval Village Earthworks: Analytical earthwork survey Walton-Wavendon Road: Unsystematic fieldwalking survey Wavendon Gate: Trial trench Wavendon Gate: Excavation Village earthworks surveyed revealing an east-west track way with 5 crofts to the north and 2 crofts to the south. Field walking revealed an extensive scatter of Roman pottery, but no building stone. Twenty-seven evaluation trenches, both sides of Isaacson Drive, defined a large ditched Roman enclosure, a late Roman inhumation cemetery, the pennanular drainage ditches of a late Iron Age settlement and some Saxon features. Iron Age occupation site with unenclosed roundhouses replaced by roundhouses within enclosures. This was replaced in the Roman period by a large ditched enclosure covering approximately 3 ha. Two pottery kilns were found and some Saxon features. 6.3 Appendix 3 List of Cartographic Sources Milton Keynes Archaeology Unit/ Milton Keynes Archaeology Unit/ 1980 Milton Keynes Archaeology Unit/ 1988 Milton Keynes Archaeology Unit/ Location and ref Milton Keynes Local Studies and Archives, Central Library National Library of Scotland Description Map of Walton Cabinet 4 6-inch Buckinghamshire OS map ref: XV.NE 26

29 6.4 Appendix 4 Significance and Impact Criteria Criteria for assessing the importance of heritage assets Importance Designation of Assets Definition of Importance of Asset High World Heritage Sites Places of international importance due to their outstanding universal value. Scheduled monuments Listed buildings (Grade I or II*) Registered parks/gardens (Grade I or II*) Battlefields Places or structures of national importance. Undesignated heritage assets and archaeological remains of potentially equivalent value. This includes assets which: are rare in the historic environment record; or are a good example of a type site; or have a high potential to add to regional Moderate Listed buildings (Grade II) Registered parks and gardens (Grade II) Conservation areas Undesignated and national research criteria. Places or buildings of regional or high local importance. This includes assets which: are more commonly found in the historic environment record; or have particular regional associations or may have important associations on a local or parish level (e.g. they have meaning to local population or embody something of the special identity of a locality); or have moderate potential to add to local and regional research criteria. Low Undesignated Assets which: are relatively poorly preserved; or have limited significance on a local level; or have a low potential to add to local and regional research criteria. Negligible Undesignated Places or buildings that have no known archaeological, historical or cultural importance. Sufficient investigation must have been undertaken to demonstrate that there is a low risk that any as yet unknown heritage assets might survive, or where any potential surviving remains have no value within the context of the current study. Uncertain Undesignated Sites where there is evidence that a heritage asset may exist, but where there is insufficient information to determine its nature, extent and degree of survival given current knowledge (e.g. cropmarks untested by fieldwork or random finds spots). 27

30 6.4.2 Criteria for assessing the setting of assets Value of Setting Attribute High Moderate Slight Neutral Slightly Intrusive Moderately Intrusive Highly Intrusive Effect on Significance of Heritage Asset Makes a major contribution to the significance of the heritage asset, for example because it is itself a significant heritage asset or because it is a very prominent feature of the setting. Substantial change to this attribute would almost certainly considerably reduce the significance of the setting as it relates to the asset and would not normally be reversible. Makes a moderate contribution to the significance of the heritage asset, for example, because it is itself a locally significant heritage asset or a notable feature of the setting. Substantial change to this attribute would almost certainly reduce the integrity of the asset s setting and to some degree reduce the significance of the setting as it relates to the asset. Such changes may be temporary or reversible, but might persist for a longer term. Makes a minor contribution to the significance of the asset, for example having no heritage value in itself or comprising a small element in the setting. Substantial change to this attribute might lead to a slight loss of its overall integrity or significance of the setting of the asset. The changes may be short term. Makes no apparent contribution to the setting of the asset. Comprises a small intrusive element in the setting of the asset, or one that is itself a heritage asset. The intrusiveness may be limited to a short term. Removal of the attribute would not normally be justified but mitigation would be beneficial. Detracts somewhat from the significance of the heritage asset, but is not a very prominent feature of the setting and does not involve large-scale activities or emissions. The attribute itself may have some heritage value, thus offsetting its intrusiveness. Removal or mitigation of the intrusion would increase the significance of the setting in relation to the asset. Detracts highly from the significance of the heritage asset and has no heritage value in its own right. This might be because it is a very prominent feature of the setting, involves large-scale activities or produces copious emissions. Removal or mitigation of the intrusion would almost certainly increase the significance of the setting in relation to the asset Criteria for assessing the magnitude of development impacts on assets Magnitude of Impact on asset Substantial Harm Moderate Harm Effect of Impact Causes total destruction of, or permanent change to, most key elements of the asset that results in major loss of integrity and reduction in significance. Substantial change to the setting of the asset. Any such change would almost certainly result in total loss of significance of the asset and would not normally be reversible. Either: causes permanent change to, or loss of many key elements of, the asset that lead to a moderate loss of its overall integrity and reduction in significance. Or: temporarily causes major loss of integrity and significance, e.g. through restricting accessibility and visibility, or by altering the setting of an asset. 28

31 Magnitude of Impact on asset Slight Harm No change Slight Benefit Moderate Benefit Substantial Benefit Effect of Impact Either: causes permanent change to some key or peripheral elements of the asset, or changes to the setting of the asset, that lead to a slight loss of its overall integrity or significance. Or: temporarily causes moderate loss of integrity and significance, e.g. through restricting accessibility and visibility, or by altering its setting. No appreciable change to the asset or its setting. Either: delivers some improvement to the asset that does not increase its overall integrity or significance. Or: arrests an existing process of adverse change. Either: causes long-term improvement of the asset, involving some increase in its integrity or significance. Or: reverses an existing process of adverse change. Causes major benefit to the asset that increases its integrity and significance. Such change would almost certainly increase the significance of the asset Significance of effects matrix Importance of asset High Insignificant Significant Moderate Low Insignificant Insignificant Moderately Significant Slightly Significant Highly Significant* Significant Moderately Significant Negligible Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant Uncertain Unknown (Insignificant?) No Change Unknown (Significant?) Slight Harm Unknown (Highly Significant?) Moderate Harm Very Highly Significant** Highly Significant* Significant Slightly significant Unk. (V. Highly Significant?) Substantial Harm Magnitude of impact (on the asset or its setting) * Highly significant impacts will require exceptional development justification ** Very highly significant impacts will require wholly exceptional development justification Otherwise, judgements should be balanced with regard to the scale of any harm or loss and the importance of the heritage asset 29

32 Milton Keynes Milton Keynes Newport Pagnell Proposed development area 40 Milton Keynes m 5 km Figure 1: Site location This map is based upon Ordnance Survey material with the permission of Ordnance Survey on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office Crown Copyright. Unauthorised reproduction infringes Crown Copyright and may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. Central Bedfordshire Council. Licence No (2011)

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