Iran Iron Age, warfare-defensive and invasive ( BC. M.)

Transcription

1 International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 2013 Available online at ISSN X / Vol, 4 (7): Science Explorer Publications Iran Iron Age, warfare-defensive and invasive ( BC. M.) Nahid Dadras 1, Hossein Mehrpouya 2 1. Department of Art History, University of Sistan and Baluchestan,Zahedan,Iran 2. Assistant Professor of Art and Architecture, University of Sistan and Baluchestan,Zahedan,Iran Corresponding author nahid.dadras@yahoo.com ABSTRACT:Iron Age is the integration of invasive cultures and ethnic groups of migratory tribes and in Iran. This era, is the era of change in the middle of the second millennium by invading tribes of Iran. The areas and arenas of Iron Age is of four type: north west, north, west and central plateau. Iron Age is divided into three periods: First period: BC. Second period: BC.Third Period: BC. Generally speaking, Weapons of this era is divided into two categories can be aggressive and defensive and sex they of gunmetal set, iron, and copper-gold for decoration, and sometimes also used. Method of making them build a breakdown and connect together and practices has been molded, as well as weapons from the direction of the plays and the decoration simple to two categories and the emblem are divided. In this era of weapons on natana. Hunt that human war finds application types together and man in these circumstances should seek change and developments in the manufacture of weapons, weapons in this period, all of the metal would have been that remain stable, but other weapons and help all k of material was wood and leather or the passage of time gone. Of course other weapons application use them in ritual, ceremonial and religious parts, that its deep conviction of man in that period to win in all ways of life. Of course, it should make it in mind that when you speak of is not the purpose of this iron age gets all of the tools and implements of war and non-war materials of iron, but the order is that the understanding and discovery of iron utilization of this element in this period, but the bronze and gunmetal set because of the irons and the tahadodi copper and gold are also used. Keywords: Weapon-invasive-defensive-tools INTRODUCTION From the time humans initiated their life and life began on earth for their own survival and the survival of its three basic housing, food and clothing to be considered for life. A normal man without shelter, food and clothing cannot continue to live at their first show, but besides the three mentioned above and may have to fulfill their needs of food and clothing since the subsistence economy (Neolithic) to the Plains is turned. To this end, defensive and invasive weapons began seeing, and to protect themselves against external factors such as wild animals with no choice but to defend and no invasive devices. Although it can be said that an invasive weapon in its simplest form of human life than they used to preserve the hunting has been used. Another method of hunting that day, fans surrounded the area impassable and forcing the animal to animal in the long jump and was hunting. In addition, it can have defensive aspect. Man initially sided or double-sided sharpening stone, close by a long throw with a fan that has hunting or self-defense. There was some action on the game humanity, as including eating meat and using animal skins or selfdefense. The sudden rise of the Iron Age in the Iranian plateau we see changes in the structure and culture of immigrant groups created by these changes, especially in the second millennium BC. We happened to two fundamental characteristics (common clay, gray) and (burial in the cemetery of the dead). Early Iron Age, the Assyrian era, the military incursion into the surrounding areas have migrated to other tribes and invading the Plateau (Iran) and follow the process from the other side and preserve its fixed position and the other, for Avrartvyy ethnic wars, Scythian, Assyrian, Babylonian, and Guti both within the borders of West and North West shelf. Research Objectives The purpose of the collection and research on this technology and how to build and develop the tools to understand and evaluate this course is as follows: 1. Understanding gender, forms and instruments of war.

2 2. Decoration and design of tools. 3. Understand the types of invasive and defensive weapons. Literature Review Since comprehensive study was done about motifs and form of warfare since the Iron Age, and only a limited number of theses and books scattered about the things they say, therefore, this study tried to identify the extent of knowledge and use of weapons in in a variety of defensive and invasive weapon and be paid to evaluate and classify them. All data based on scientific research and university libraries, and archaeological investigations have taken place. Definition and classification of weapons Because the role of guns in people's lives can be picky or impact and use of such weapons is also common in the Iron Age, we are on the invasive and defensive weapons can be divided into two general groups. 1) Defensive weapon: it refers to the device that be vulnerable against opponents of strokes (one - attackers) to eliminate or reduce impacts; hereby infested person or nation is immune from the impacts of invasive people. It must be paid to the fact that the Iron Age tribes or ethnic groups or tribes have used an aggressive defensive weapon, if defensive weapons in a Name, we can look to tools like ((Shield)) ((helmet)) ((armor)) named. In addition to the Iron Age defensive weapons for defensive places we like (silk) Iron Age people lives for the better opposition striker used by people, This place is a fortress, a castle was built on a high podium-like maneuver would reduce migratory tribal and ethnic groups can benefit from close range enemy target. Or reference to the Iron Age defensive weapon when it is simply the name we expect to have explaining which weapons are made of iron - is essential, because the building tools - even weapons - from the Bronze and Iron Age bronze long the family has spread. On the other hand all defensive weapons of the era could not possibly be the only metal weapons made of wood or leather has worn away over time. Meanwhile, it must be mentioned that agreement among the invasive or defensive weapons, depending on the definition, defining a circular argument, the author claims to resources and references available. For example, Mr. Dinn believes that defensive weapons are the ones which cover human (warrior) and animal (horse). They divided spear among defensive weapons. Defensive weapons and various forms of gender can exist, for example in the Iron Age Scythian (Vmsttyly rounded bumpers) can see the bumpers in an overall classification of the types ((oval)) ((rectangle)) ((Rectangular)) and ((round)) is visible. And bronze alloys, bronze or iron, or other material such as wood or leather can be managed, as in the historical era of wars with Greek shields armies of Xerxes was a willow wand (Girshamen, 1996). Division of Defensive Weapons Spear Defensive means to shield vulnerable, an attacker blows most (people attacked), while the right-hand invasive weapons have been used in the left hand. Although, due to some reasons such as ((Shield)) is a defensive weapon in mind that with the advent of the Iron Age tribes striker will undergo major changes in all aspects and areas has lost its importance, and because ethnic groups and attacked from the other side of the shield should be used. And more primitive relatives of people who were aggressive to the point of having metal techniques maybe used wooden or leather shields were worn out by the passing of time, and it can be said that ((shield)) in areas with very little or no suit or two that might just be the seventh century BC. M. Are noted. Two circular plates of bronze tablet-like objects discovered in the central portion of both the shield is believed to be the central part of two spears. Ayaz and silver pieces of other designs featured dates to be cut from the same place, which is probably part of the decorations Pool bumpers. Another case: the spears that was probably belonged to the king of clay, but imitate those who through their shields as a cream prominently embodied, was without doubt belongs to the king, given that it is not a local nursery ornaments are hidden. Pieces of bronze coffin were accompanied by the objects that are found in the coffin. But in between two pieces of slate tablets obtained from the treasure chest and back to the tank has been covered; Probably these two pieces, one of which is related to the chest and one to the rear by a semi-circular shaped parts with similar motifs have been linked together. These parts are placed on their shoulders and they were stitched on leather strips, and it is possible small pieces of gold which has four holes in the armor and the armor underneath the parties have completed. It features two rectangular plates similar topics Assyrian, Scythian, including the family of Scythian armor used on many different types of armor that is common to them being greedy. The armor is made in a variety of short and long and the shoulders and muscles also protects against some of the armor is the belt. This point must be mentioned that some of the fighters were equipped with armor their horses Bank. Some of the armor into two pieces and a board from the front and back by opening stanza are connected (Girmishen, 1965). 1672

3 The Division of Invasive Weapons Being aggressive and warlike spirit attacks and immigrants from other communities (living in the North and North-West and West) for other occupied territories makes Iron Age sites that we face more offensive weapons to defensive weapons. All forms of offensive weapons we briefly enumerated (Wandenburgh, 1969). What is an invasive weapon? It can be said that invasive weapon refers to those war tools that are used by humans for butting and paralyzing their opponents and battle's competitors and to winning over them or paralyzing him. Dirk Dagger in various areas such as Lorestan, Azerbaijan (Hasanlu, Marlik, GPS, AMLASH, effort) of belonging to the Iron Age has been discovered. Bayonet As penile military bayonets of the three different blades, shoulders and bayonet end (the part where the wood is placed in the handle) are formed. Bayonet blade often seen in the middle of knob. More likely it is built for strength and efficiency of the existing portfolio Bronze is used exclusively in the manufacture of bayonets. Due to the construction of iron weapons were first given the extremely low ratio of iron to copper and bronze were made, and is mostly used by the ruling party. Therefore, it can be said that more general application is then bayonets and other weapons of the Iron Age of ancient weapons. On how the building should be molded and made the all parts of the integrated bayonet; however, the actual military application is completely unknown. But it can be considered for different applications. Compared with the limited number of bronze weapons and bronze weapons were discovered in Persia and the Near East, which have been the rational use of limited instruments of war, including sites belonging to the Iron Age in Iran and then the bayonet, including Tape Hesar Tourang Tapeh, Marlik, Talesh, Kherovin and Silk Cemetery (Talaie, 1995). Wand Some instances of stone wands have been obtained from excavations in Iran, including two wands from the premises of Lorestan obtained in Ancient Iran museum store and a wand belonging to the Amlash. This wand belongs to the ages (9 to 8 AM. M), which has been made of Bronze of three human heads. On the other part of this wand, human head from top to bottom covers almost the entire screen and big eyes, eyebrows, nose and lips drawn into a given show. Two sides of wand related to Lorestan are smooth and made up of stone, and its end is gash to place wood or a steel that functions as its sheaf. Not only in the Near East region, for example a rock sample Sarkoz obtained from the excavations of Babylon, which contains an inscription with the name alamburish Half Empty is carved on it. The precise application of wands is like spears, but because their inner parts is hollow and the possibility that a wood is inserted within them and it was not unlikely that it was used as a weapon. However, because we see the face of human's head in the wand, it can be a sign of a tribe or a social class in different events. Much probably, the bunch that is inside the stone wand was stone. Because the stone suggests it dates back more than most of which can be made of metal; on the other hand, the antiquity of the wand can be older than other artifacts. The reason for this issue is that we can observe the wands that cannot be a strong reason, but in the second millennium (7 and 8 AM. M) and the early first millennium BC. M. metal wands of the Lorestan area were the result of Mr. Mouri and Wandenburgh. The first instances of metal wands in Iran were discovered from the excavations of Tapeh Hesar in the late third millennium BC. Other examples of metal belonging were in middle and late second millennium BC in Lorestan, Chaghazenbil, Marlik and Sagz Abad. The images of wands in the late second millennium BC to early first millennium was in different forms, including the torso of an animal, cylindrical upper section of some cylinder and the lower part was simple. Some were in circle and simple that there were two holes in top of it and probably another material was placed in it for more strokes. An example can be seen in the figure of wands and three rams with horns mounted on both sides of the back. The head of wands was obtained from an area in Lorestan (7th and 8th centuries BC) was cylindrical that the salient part was slightly lower than the top of the cylinder has been made in various forms. However, in view of the fact that the metal wands are divided into two parts, it is reminding of its decorativeness and simplicity. It is often decorated with heads of animals or humans. The best example of this can be seen in Marlik and Lorestan. It is often decorated with heads of animals or humans (vandenberghe.1979). Head of Arrow Arrow means the same as used in the war and in the hunt for first and second millennia B.C. was used; metal arrows are formed of two tab and the blade is molded and seamless. The initial and old instances of metal arrow in Class III was discovered in the second millennium and its use was continued in various forms. 1673

4 Ax On the other side of the Iron Age artifacts and weapons from the site, particularly in the area of the graves discovered in Lorestan both sites both axes relative to other areas has more diversity and proliferation. Axes and bronze pick that was most likely to have been used both in combat and in other jobs. The axes and pick at random from Lorestan region obtained during an illegal excavation is the oldest examples of these objects is that they can be Lorestan region between BC. M. Find Tbrha dating and pick a discharger not easy, but, according to studies. These kinds of materials have used been used in the last century of the second millennium BC. Meter in North (Morrey, 1965). The axes are divided into four categories, which will be the next issue to be mentioned. Different kinds of Iran's bronze axes and picks are created in the late first millennium. These axes (Bronze) can be studied based on its appearance in four main groups. 1. Bronze axes that have one-side blade. 2. Bronze axes that usually have tin and triangular blade. 3. The axes that are much like axes and nowadays hatchet. 4. The axes that are crescent-shape and flat unlike other groups. Making arrows was kept on in the late second millennium BC. It also continued the first millennium of the precise dating and typology of bronze arrows is not easy. Early in the first millennium, a new form of metal used car that has been known to tripetalous dart. The arrows are achieved from some of the ancient sites including Khourin, Selik, Marlik, Hesar, etc. Using the tripetalous arrows with the evidence before 675,650 years BC was not very common in Iran and was used about for four centuries. Another interesting problem is the car for four high school cutting blade arrows of this type is generally square in shape and the tabs are relatively long and most archaeologists such as the arrows were introduced Arrow or bayonet. But according to their size as well as explore other examples of arrows around with a bow drilling Marlik, they are now used as a car is proven (Negahban, 1964). Group 1 These axes is made of metal and are one-way blade, blade relatively long and narrow blade is curved in the Body Piercing category, and the other shoulder is made up of four teeth. Some examples of very sharp teeth (peg and St are a) the decoration of some of the teeth of the animals can be observed (chirshman, 1966). Areas of Ghorun in Lorestan (1210 BC. M.) and Khouzestan in 13th century BC was the place where these kind of axes are used. The discussion regarding Lorestan's bronzed axes has been mentioned by different scientists as Muray. He believes that the main origin of these rackets (Bullet) is a region of Syria and Palestine. By comparing the axes discovered from these areas with those of Loreatsan, these kinds of axes should be considered as the end of the second millennium BC (Moorey, 1969). Murray to enter Syria to Iranian plateau through the rack axes Elam knows. Picks and axes iron or bronze, often decorated with images of animals or parts of animals are obtained. Axes that usually have narrow and triangular blade On this basis of axes bottom blade is almost straight, and the cutting edge of an ax blade narrows gradually from the center to the sides, the bottom of the blade, the blade is at the base of the tooth is made up of 5 to 9. There is a hole in the bottom of one of the sides of the ax blade. Cutting edge curved blade shape seems to be the central part of the overall performance of the application cannot be considered specific for ax. The discovery of axes was in Khurin, Marlik and the set of (Ashmolean). Since the advent of the Marlik is more specific than the others, only this sample (sample Marlik axes) can be the names on this type of investment. According to the fact that Dr. Negahban used history for the construction and usage of these kinds of ax, southern parts of the Caspian Sea were discovered ax. It can be said that this type of ax not get in other places, is probably produce this kind of ax in Marlik. If there is evidence of a dent we can make this type of axes in Syria and Palestine, and older Lorestan said. These axes were made of bronze in the late second millennium and early first millennium BC. Meter is used. It is a manufacturing center in Western Asia and in the excavations ax in Marlik and Amlash achieved. Other areas of the country that is more Marlik ax. Crescent-shaped and flat axes The primary ax is evolved was simply a bronze crescent and a wooden handle is attached to it. Such examples of axes no role and is a journalist and simple (Young, 1994). The ax is created in the second Sardv ( ) BC. The Silk Cemetery axes of Lorestan and B (b) belong to the early first millennium BC. M is also obtained. CONCLUSION As well as being a clever human being is poor and the needy. That is why we see different times during the same needs exist among all human beings. This issue should not be forgotten that the point of war is not 1674

5 merely to defend human services. The body's defense against diseases and vaccinated to provide shelter to escape the cold, deadly biological agents to combat nature encompasses. Due to the fact that our regarded discussion is about the analysis and conclusion about the weapons of Iron's age, it must be said that humans of Iron Age has not except from the characteristics of defense and invasion from getting rid of the bottlenecks and being familiar with a wider and more safe world. Leather belts or vehicle involved in the construction of the early wood decay and disappear with little evidence. These tools are made up of iron not only in the people of the Iron Age and the Bronze and Iron Age bronze battle tools are used, But considering the next step in his shield texture of wood, Iron Age peoples, according to the spirit of both offensive and defensive weapons have helped, The peoples of the ancient articles of wood used in making more and simple. Some defensive weapons for self-defense and the use of some offensive weapons, including defensive dirt, shield, armor and helmet could be named the offensive weapons mace, mauls, swords and daggers can be named. Iron Age and discovered weapons on campus should be noted that most of the graves from the Iron Age weapons, but the point to remember that weapons discovered along with the graves of this period, with daily life as well as other objects and artifacts have been found. Iron Age sites, including weapons that can be obtained, especially graves defensive and offensive weapons pointed. Weapons of invasive can be daggers, spears, arrows and arrow heads, mace, ax in a variety can be named. But it must be said that these weapons are defensive weapons in the hands of the very low and often on the works of this period such as ceramics crystallized. Weapons of war on the battlefield are not only places of worship but also a vow to have taken advantage of the gift of arms. Therefore we must say that division arms weapons, weapons of war, ritual and ceremonial have emigrated for worldly thoughts and otherworldly journey with open arms has its way. REFERENCES Akbarzade R Master Thesis, Lorestan bronze instruments in history, Ghirshman - Novel of Art, Cultural and Scientific Publications, Ghirshman - novels, from the beginning of Islam, Tehran, Morrey prs pichistoric copper and bronze metailurgy in western iran. Negahban E excavations preliminary report, Tehran, Tehran University Press, Shahmirzadi - Sadegh M Iran prior to the date of the publication, Talaie H art and archeology of the first millennium BC, the publication, Vanderberg - Louis, archeology, ancient Iran, translated by Issa B., Tehran, Young - Thomas Kaylr,'s Iron Age, Kamyar Abdi, Heritage Press,