Women, Weaponry and Warfare in Ancient Egypt: A Brief Examination of Available Evidence. Rebecca Dean. BA MA University of York
|
|
- Winfred Marsh
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 1 Women, Weaponry and Warfare in Ancient Egypt: A Brief Examination of Available Evidence Rebecca Dean BA MA University of York 4 th year PhD Student University of York The subject of women involved in warfare in ancient Egypt is one that has been little-studied within the discipline of Egyptian archaeology in the past. It is particularly noticeable that many previous works covering Egyptian warfare fail to make any mention of women in a military context. Recent doctoral work by the author has endeavoured to remedy this state of affairs. 1 With regard to the subject of ancient Egyptian women involved in warfare, it is worth scrutinising some of the female pharaohs, such as Hatshepsut, Nefertiti and Tawosret, given the apparently warrior-like sensibilities of some of these female monarchs. If such women could hold positions of political power, it is possible that some women may also have held positions of military power, or at least had some involvement in warfare. It could certainly be argued that it is not a coincidence that one of the most important deities in ancient Egyptian religion was Sekhmet, the lioness goddess of warfare. One of the earlier Egyptian goddesses, Neith, was also a deity of warfare and hunting, and was even represented by a symbol comprised of two arrows crossing a shield. 2 There was a great emphasis in ancient Egyptian society on balance and duality within the universe. One key example of this is the female deity Ma at, who was the symbol of cosmic order, and was in charge of maintaining order and stopping chaos from taking over. 3 Ma at is a deity who personifies truth, justice and the essential harmony of the universe. 4 Ma at was key in judging the pharaoh in the afterlife; she laid down the rules by which each king must govern, 5 and the pharaohs were believed to rule through her authority. 6 If a female deity held so much power in the ancient Egyptian belief system, it is possible to postulate that this could, at times, filter down into the society. There is certainly evidence for female pharaohs and women who had some association with warfare. Evidence for the involvement of ancient Egyptian women with warfare and/or weaponry comes from a range of 1 Dean Shaw and Nicholson 1997, 200; Lesko 1996, 7 3 Fletcher 2004, Shaw and Nicholson 1997, Fletcher 2004, Shaw and Nicholson 1997, 166
2 2 artistic portrayals, textual sources, and artefactual sources, such as burial goods. examples of these sources will be discussed below. Some Firstly, it is worth examining evidence from female burials that contained weaponry. In this instance, the involvement of women with weaponry, and therefore potentially with warfare, dates back to Predynastic Egypt. Burials such as grave 1488 at Naqada revealed that women could be buried with functional weapons. Petrie and Quibell state that the occupant of burial 1488 was definitely female, and that it contained two mace-heads: one piriform (pear-shaped) mace-head of alabaster and one conical (discoid) mace-head of syenite. 7 In Petrie and Quibell s work, there is no suggestion that either weapon was a votive object. Similarly, a Predynastic Naqada burial, grave 1401, contained the body of an adult female accompanied by three stone mace-heads and a flint knife. 8 It could well be that these maces were only votive objects, but it should also be considered that they could be functional weapons. The potential for the functionality of these styles of mace-head were demonstrated by experimental archaeology carried out at the University of York in 2009, where replica Predynastic maces were used to strike pig heads in order to test the effectiveness of the mace as a weapon. 9 At the same site as grave 1401 was yet another female weapons burial, grave This grave is very interesting, as the grave goods not only included a painted limestone conical mace-head, but also several flint knives. 10 The burial also included an ivory comb, a bone comb, a bird top and a Hathor-head top, 11 which, along with the decorated limestone mace-head could potentially suggest that this burial was that of a high-status individual in the Predynastic Naqada society. 12 Moving forward to examples from Dynastic Egypt, there is a particularly interesting 12 th Dynasty Middle Kingdom burial at the site of Lisht: the burial of Senebtisi. This burial contained an array of weaponry, which included an alabaster piriform mace with a gold-mounted shaft, a conical rock crystal mace-head, 13 and a several other weapons to serve as talismans protecting her against the supernatural. 14 This refers to the ceremonial, non-combat staves that were found in the burial, but there was also present a dagger that appears to not be ceremonial, complete with a wooden sheath, and partially overlaid with gold foil. 15 This dagger could potentially have been used as a functional weapon, but this theory has yet to be tested archaeologically. 16 Hayes admits that it would have been possible for the alabaster mace to also have been actively used 7 Petrie and Quibell 1896, 28 8 Mallory-Greenough 2002, 89 9 Dean Baumgartel 1970, Pl. XLII 11 Baumgartel 1970, Pl. XLII 12 Dean 2013, Hayes 1978, 283; Mace and Winlock 1916b, ; Mace and Winlock 1916a, 259; Mace and Winlock 1916b, ; ; Hayes 1978, Hayes 1978, 283; Mace and Winlock 1916b, Dean 2013, 96
3 3 as a weapon, 17 but again this is a theory that requires testing through the use of experimental archaeology. Remaining in the 12 th Dynasty, an internment within the pyramid of Amenemhat III contained the remains of two middle-aged queens from Amenemhat III s reign. The queens were buried with granite and alabaster mace-heads. 18 Again, these mace-heads could possibly have been used as functional weapons, a theory that could be tested in future research. 19 In examining the involvement of ancient Egyptian women in warfare, one of the most important examples is that of Queen Ahhotep. Queen Ahhotep was a highly significant figure in the events of the late 17 th Dynasty-early 18 th Dynasty, when some parts of Egypt were fighting the Hyksos rulers of the Second Intermediate Period. Ahhotep s burial provides some crucial evidence. The queen s burial goods included three daggers and thirteen axes 20 bearing both the names of Ahhotep s sons, Ahmose I and his elder brother Kamose (Fig. 1). 21 Although these weapons, which also included a javelin head and an archer s brace, could potentially be votive instruments, they were discovered along with some other objects that emphasise the military character of the burial deposit associated with Queen Ahhotep. 22 These were three golden Flies of Valour military decorations which were only awarded to someone who personally excelled in battle. 23 A textual reference to Ahhotep s military prowess will be discussed below. A slightly different type of burial evidence for an ancient Egyptian woman being involved with a potentially military role comes from the Sixth Dynasty necropolis of Teti at Saqqara. 24 At this site was the burial of the lady Merinebti. 25 This lady also held several interesting titles, including acquaintance of the king and tenant landholder. 26 The tenant landholder was usually responsible for the provisioning of the palace or temple. 27 More recently, however, this title (ḫntjš), which is traditionally translated as tenant, has been re-translated as employee or attendant. 28 Kanawati points out that this title is usually held by those who are described as 17 Hayes 1978, Fletcher 2004, Dean 2013, Lesko 1996, Jánosi 1992, Lesko 1996, Lesko 1996, Kanawati 2001; Dean 2013, Kanawati 2001, 66; Dean 2013, Kanawati 2001, 66; Dean 2013, Kanawati 2001, 66; Dean 2013, Kanawati 2001, 66
4 4 providing protection for the king, and when portrayed they are carrying batons. 29 Kanawati maintains that the tasks carried out by the ḫntj-š clearly have no relationship to the work of a land tenant; they are those of a guard or specifically a bodyguard. 30 In the case of Merinebti, the term ḫntj-š does not have the feminine determinative t, with the hieroglyphic text simply translating as guard. 31 Kanawati therefore determines that the title held by Merinebti was female guard. 32 Unfortunately, the exact duties and responsibilities of any female holders of the title ḫntj-š are unclear. Kanawati suggests that any women holding this title may well have served in some of the more restricted areas of the royal harem. 33 Although there is no disputing the existence of this title, there is a surprising lack of evidence for any other examples, or for what exactly the role entailed. 34 The example of Merinebti is particularly interesting as generally guards would not be permitted to have their own individual tombs. 35 The implication therefore is that Merinebti must have held a position of some power in order to have been granted her own tomb in a royal cemetery. 36 There is no evidence with this example to suggest that Merinebti took part in combat or any other military endeavours, but the fact that she was granted what could be seen as a military title is significant within the subject addressed in this work. Moving on to artistic evidence for ancient Egyptian woman utilising weaponry, or being involved in combat, one of the most fascinating examples of epigraphic evidence for this comes from east wall of the Fourth Dynasty tomb of Anta at Deshahsheh (Fig. 2). This example displays clear evidence that ancient Egyptian women would involve themselves in combat if necessary. This wall scene is discussed in some detail by Flinders Petrie, and seemingly reveals epigraphic evidence for women fighting to defend a town. 37 The scene depicts the women of the town of Sati fighting of some Egyptian invaders and Bedawi auxiliary soldiers. 38 In the uppermost register of the scene, a Sati woman stabs the chest of an invading Bedawi who had made his way up a siege ladder into the town enclosure. 39 A second woman has forced a Bedawi auxiliary to surrender and break his bow Kanawati 2001, , Kanawati 2001, Kanawati 2001, 67; Dean 2013, Kanawati 2001, Kanawati 2001, Kanawati 2001, Dean 2013, Dean 2009, 41; Dean 2013, Petrie 1898, 6; Dean 2009, 41, Dean 2013, Dean 2009, 41; Dean 2013, Petrie 1898, 6; Dean 2009, 41; Dean 2013, 19
5 5 Looking at the next register down, the chief of the settlement is described as tearing his hair out in despair at the loss of the town, whilst a woman is driving back a Bedawi who is trying to force his way into the enclosure. 41 This would seem to suggest that the defence of the town is left to the women, who get on with the job whilst the male chief is left to bemoan his fate. The scene is full of examples of women taking an active combat role, with the third row showing two groups of women bringing down invaders, and the fourth row featuring another Sati woman who has managed to overpower a Bedawi, and has lugged him over by the armpits. 42 It has therefore previously been suggested by the author that this incredibly striking wall scene shows that women could engage in combat if necessary, and could be reasonably adept both with and without the aid of weaponry. 43 One example of a woman displaying warrior-like qualities in art is Nefertiti, at times seen as a somewhat controversial figure. A limestone block from the site of Amarna portrays Nefertiti, in the guise of a reigning monarch, standing on the deck of the royal barge and wielding a khopesh sword against a female prisoner (Fig. 3). 44 In this scene, Nefertiti takes the pharaonic warrior role, portrayed as she is wearing her characteristic blue crown, yet stripped to the waist and wearing the ceremonial male-style kilt of a pharaoh. This outfit corresponds directly to the execution that she is about to carry out, an act that was traditionally the domain of the pharaoh alone. 45 In the art of the period, Nefertiti was generally depicted as essentially feminine in her ways and dress except in this wholly symbolic scene of her kingship. 46 Smiting scenes were expressions of power, especially important at times of unification. 47 A pharaoh wishing to show their strength and authority would be portrayed in smiting pose to display dominance, so it is extremely interesting that Nefertiti herself is portrayed in such a scene, suggesting she was a reigning monarch in her own right. Certainly this carving could be seen as one of several pieces of evidence to support the theory that Nefertiti did in fact reign as pharaoh of Egypt at some stage, certainly as co-regent with her husband, and, possibly after his death, as sole ruler. 48 As previous mentioned, these women were part of the 18 th Dynasty, which has been dubbed by some as A Dynasty of Formidable Females. 49 Whilst it could also be said that the 18 th Dynasty was a Dynasty of formidable males, with pharaohs such as Amenhotep II and Tuthmosis III, the fact that there were so many examples of formidable females in the 18 th Dynasty, does highlight 41 Petrie 1898, 6; Dean 2009, 41; Dean 2013, Petrie 1898, 6; Dean 2009, 41; Dean 2013, Dean 2009, 42; Dean 2013, Samson 2002, 25; Fletcher 2004, 74; Dean 2013, Fletcher 2004, 282; Samson 2002, 25; Lesko 1996, 21; Dean 2013, Samson 2002, Dean 2009, Dean 2013, Lesko 1996, 13
6 6 the importance of the 18 th Dynasty in the study of women and power, and women and warfare in ancient Egypt. 50 The final female pharaoh to be examined in relation to warfare or combat is a lady known as Tawosret. Tawosret reigned as pharaoh at the end of the Nineteenth Dynasty, using the throne name Sit-Re. 51 Tawosret appeared to fit in well with the ancient Egyptian concepts of gender duality, with some scholars feeling that Tawosret s kingship was shown in such a way to display an equivalent balance between masculine and feminine elements. 52 For instance, Tawosret wore the traditionally masculine blue helmet headdress, but chose to underline her status as a female pharaoh by adopting a feminine nomen and prenomen: she is named as the daughter of Re, Lady of Ta-merit, Tauseret, chosen of Mut. 53 Tawosret is the most likely candidate for the identity of a lady depicted in a sketch found on a 19 th Dynasty ostracon; the lady in the sketch is firing arrows from a moving chariot in combat with a chariot-riding enemy (Fig. 4). 54 The lady s pharaonic status is symbolised by the uraeus which is quite clearly and deliberately shown on her brow as she rides into battle in her chariot, wielding a large bow and firing a hail of arrows against a male opponent. 55 This lady could potentially be a mythic goddess figure, but the dating of the sketch and the ureaus on the brow would suggest that it could well be a representation of Tawosret herself. If it is indeed Tawosret in the sketch, then it is an excellent example of an ancient Egyptian woman utilising weaponry in a military situation. As for textual sources, there are not as many of these as there are artistic or artefactual sources for the subject, but there are some examples availably. Returning to the impressive figure that is Queen Ahhotep, she is described very clearly in the Karnak Stele, which claims that, She cared for her soldiers she brought back her fugitives and gathered up her deserters. She has pacified Egypt and expelled her rebels. 56 The available evidence suggests that Ahhotep was actively engaged in the planning of military engagements, as well as leading troops. Ahhotep is supposed to have rallied her soldiers to continue fighting the enemy after her first-born son Kamose fell in battle, which apparently paved the way to the re-unification of Egypt. 57 Certainly, the actions of Ahhotep described in the Karnak stele would justify her being buried with the prestigious military awards and the array of weaponry discussed above. 50 Dean 2013, Fletcher 2004, 186; Lesko 1996, 25; Dean 2013, Troy 1986, Troy 1986, Peck 1978, Peck 1978, 159; Dean 2013, Breasted 1906, Redford 1967, 69; Dean 2013, 31
7 7 Another textual source refers to one of ancient Egypt s most well-known female figures: the pharaoh Hatshepsut. Traditionally, earlier scholars such as John Wilson and Leonard Cottrell believed that Hatshepsut had no interest in warfare and carried out no military campaigns during her reign. 58 In relation to military endeavours, Hatshepsut was often compared unfavourably with her co-regent and successor Tuthmosis III. 59 However, there are some pieces of evidence that do point to Hatshepsut s involvement in warfare to some extent. One important piece is a rock inscription written by Hatshepsut s royal treasurer at the site of Sehēl (Fig. 5). The inscription states that: I followed the good god, the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ka-(ma)-re, given life. I saw him overthrowing the (Nubian) nomads, their chiefs being brought to him as prisoners. I saw him destroying the land of Nubia, while I was in the following of his Majesty. Behold I am a king's messenger, doing what is said. Made by the draughtsman of Amun, Amenmose (Habachi 1957, ). Ka-(ma)-re, also written as Maat-kare, was Hatshepsut s throne name. The use of the masculine pronoun here is not unusual, as during her reign Hatshepsut often alternated between referring to herself as she and he in official inscriptions, and here the military nature of this passage apparently called for the use of he. 60 As this text depicts Hatshepsut as leading campaigns herself, and taking an active role in warfare and military campaigns, its importance cannot be overestimated. It is of course arguable that this is exaggeration on the part of Hatshepsut, a pharaoh overstating her bravado before her subjects. However the same could certainly be said about any number of Egypt s pharaohs who proclaimed to the world their prowess in battle and success in war. One particularly interesting example of this would be Ramesses II with his version of the Battle of Kadesh. Compared to the account given by his Hittite opponents, Ramesses II s interpretation of the events could be seen as an exercise in blatant embellishment and hyperbole. 61 This text also demonstrates that it was not unknown for the use of masculine pronouns to refer to women in a military context. It could be argued that this might well explain the seeming lack of women in a military context in the historical record; it is possible that women were more involved in military situations than previously thought, and that male pronouns were used to denote women in some of these textual sources, as seen with the Sehēl inscription discussed above. 62 In conclusion, it would seem that whilst women did not frequently take part in combat or warfare, there is certainly evidence that they did so on occasion. It is evident that women throughout 58 Wilson 1951, 175; Cottrell 1968, Dean 2013, Callender 1988, Dean 2013, Dean 2013, 36
8 8 ancient Egyptian society have not been as thoroughly studied as they perhaps should have been, and examining Egyptian warfare in relation to women has proved particularly frustrating at times, again due to a lack of study on the subject. There is, however, a reasonable amount of evidence of women being involved in warfare or utilising weaponry in some way, the prime examples being the Predynastic mace-head female burials, the scene of the siege of Sati in the tomb at Deshahsheh, and the depictions of Nefertiti and other women rulers bearing arms. Some of these examples have yet to be examined to their full potential, although some steps have been made to rectify this (for example, the previously mentioned doctoral work carried out by the author). There is certainly plenty of potential for further research within this intriguing subject.
9 9 Bibliography E.J. Baumgartel, 1970, Petrie s Naqada Excavation: A Supplement, London J.H. Breasted, 1906, re-issue 1962, Ancient Records of Egypt, III, New York G. Callender, 1988, A Critical Examination of the Reign of Hatshepsut, Ancient History 18 (2), pp L. Cottrell, 1968, Warrior Pharaohs, London R.A. Dean, 2009, The Mace in Pharaonic Egypt: A Multidisciplinary Study Incorporating a Literary Review, a Catalogue of Unpublished Material, and the Results of Experimental Archaeology, unpublished MA dissertation, University of York R. A. Dean, 2013, Women, Weaponry and Warfare: A Multidisciplinary Study of the Use of Weapons by Women in Dynastic Egypt, unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of York J. Fletcher, 2004, The Search for Nefertiti, London L. Habachi, 1957, Two Graffiti at Sehēl from the Reign of Queen Hatshepsut, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 16 (2), pp W.C. Hayes, 1978, The Scepter of Egypt: Part I, New York P. Jánosi, 1992, The Queens Ahhotep I and Ahhotep II and Egypt s Foreign Relations, Journal of Ancient Chronology 5, pp N. Kanawati, 2001, A Female Guard Buried In The Teti Cemetery, The Australian Centre for Egyptology 12, pp65-70 B. Lesko, 1996, The Remarkable Women of Ancient Egypt, Providence A.C. Mace and H.E. Winlock, 1916a, The Tomb of Senebtisi, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 11 (12), pp A.C. Mace and H.E. Winlock, 1916b, The Tomb of Senebtisi at Lisht, New York L.M. Mallory-Greenough, 2002, The Geographical, Spatial, and Temporal Distribution of Predynastic and First Dynasty Basalt Vessels, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 88, pp67-93 G. Maspero, G, 1901, History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria: Volume IV, Part A, London (available online: h.htm#linkimage-0043) W.H. Peck, 1978, Egyptian Drawings, London
10 10 W.M.F. Petrie, 1898, Deshahsheh, London W.M.F. Petrie and J.E. Quibell, 1896, Naqada and Ballas, London D.B. Redford, 1967, History and Chronology of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Toronto J. Samson, 2002, Nefertiti and Cleopatra: Queen-Monarchs of Ancient Egypt, New York I. Shaw and P. Nicholson, 1997, The British Museum Dictionary of Ancient Egypt, London L. Troy, 1986, Patterns of Queenship in ancient Egyptian myth and history, Uppsala J.A. Wilson, 1951, The Culture of Ancient Egypt, Chicago Online Sources Captmondo, 2007, CloseUp.png, last accessed 25/05/2013
11 11 Images Fig. 1. Some burial goods of Queen Ahhotep (Maspero 1901, 137)
12 Fig. 2. Siege at the town of Sati, from the tomb of Anta, Deshahsheh (Petrie 1898, pl. IV) 12
13 Fig. 3. Nefertiti smiting a female prisoner with a khopesh (Captmondo 2007) 13
14 14 Fig. 4. Sketch of a woman, possibly Pharaoh Tawosret, riding a chariot in battle (Peck 1978, 158) Fig. 5. Graffiti of Ty at Sehēl, referring to Hatshepsut s military endeavours (Habachi 1957, 100)
Palette of King Narmer
Palette of King Narmer Palette of King Narmer, from Hierakonpolis, Egypt, Predynastic, c. 3000-2920 B.C.E., slate, 2' 1" high (Egyptian Museum, Cairo) Vitally important, but difficult to interpret Some
More information1. Introduction. 2. A Shang Capital City
1. Introduction In ancient times, most of China s early farmers settled on the North China Plain, near the Huang He (Yellow River). In this chapter, you will explore one of China s earliest dynasties,
More informationThe early Kushite kings adopted all Egyptian customs and beliefs. kings were buried on beds placed on stone platforms within their pyramids.
the kushite period 747 BC 350 AD Funeral practice After the time of Egyptian new kingdom there was a political and artistic decline and Egypt entered one of the obscure periods of its history, the weakening
More informationMUSEUM OF FINE ARTS BULLETIN OF THE VOLUME LII BOSTON, DECEMBER, 1954 NO. 290
BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS VOLUME LII BOSTON, DECEMBER, 1954 NO. 290 54.1044. Hans Burgkmair, The Virgin and Child (Woodcut) Otis Norcross Fund See Page 96 PUBLISHED QUARTERLY SUBSCRIPTION ONE
More informationTable of Contents. How to Use This Product Introduction to Primary Sources Activities Using Primary Sources... 15
Table of Contents How to Use This Product........... 3 Introduction to Primary Sources..... 5 Activities Using Primary Sources... 15 Photographs Dagger and Sheath................15 16 Take a Stab.......................15
More informationThe Shang Dynasty CHAPTER Introduction. 4 A chariot buried in a Shang ruler's tomb was to serve the king in the afterlife.
4 A chariot buried in a Shang ruler's tomb was to serve the king in the afterlife. CHAPTER I The Shang Dynasty 20.1 Introduction In Chapter 19, you explored five geographic regions of China. You learned
More informationh i s t om b an d h i s t r e a su r e s Worksheet CArter ArChAeoLoGY
1 Worksheet CARTER ARCHAEOLOGY 2 1. Howard Carter s discovery Text A The Valley of the Kings The Valley of the Kings is on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the ancient city of Thebes. Thebes is called
More informationSunday, February 12, 17. The Shang Dynasty
The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty is one of the earliest dynasties in China This dynasty was centered in the Huang He (Yellow River) Valley and ruled from 1700-1122 B.C. For many years,
More informationMechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt: Part XVII: Ladies Headdress in the Old, Middle Kingdoms, Third Intermediate and Late Periods
International Journal of Computer Techniques Volume 3 Issue 4, July Aug 2016 RESEARCH ARTICLE Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt: Part XVII: Ladies Headdress in the Old, Middle Kingdoms, Third Intermediate
More informationMechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt: Part VI: Jewellery Industry (Royal crowns and Headdresses from 19 th to 30 th. Dynasties) Galal Ali Hassaan
RESEARCH ARTICLE International Journal of Computer Techniques - Volume 2 Issue 6, 2016 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt: Part VI: Jewellery Industry (Royal crowns and Headdresses from 19 th to 30
More informationMechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part VII: Jewellery (Finger-rings up to the 18 th Dynasty)
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part VII: Jewellery (Finger-rings up to the 18 th Dynasty) Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering,
More informationAncient Chinese Chariots
Reading Practice Ancient Chinese Chariots A The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium. Archaeological work at
More informationNew Kingdom tombs. Tomb of Ken-amun. This tomb was also located on the west bank of Thebes. Ken-amen was the mayor of the Southern City
New Kingdom tombs Tomb of Ken-amun This tomb was also located on the west bank of Thebes. Ken-amen was the mayor of the Southern City (Thebes) and Overseer of the Granary of Amen. He lived in the 18th
More informationMarshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit Two BA
Marshall High School Mr. Cline Western Civilization I: Ancient Foundations Unit Two BA Have you ever happened across a dollar on the sidewalk? What about a gold ring or an expensive watch? Perhaps you
More informationWhat is it? Penny of William I ( ) and Penny of Eustace ( ) Silver Penny. (William I The Conqueror ) Playing Cards.
Edu-Kit Catalogue: Medieval Times Artifact Penny of William I (1086-1070) and Penny of Eustace (1138-1153) These replica coins include information about the historical context in which they were minted.
More informationChildren s Self-Guided Tour Of The Egyptian Museum In Cairo, Egypt. By Mona A. El-Bayoumi
Children s Self-Guided Tour Of The Egyptian Museum In Cairo, Egypt By Mona A. El-Bayoumi Welcome to the Egyptian Museum Hello. You have just entered a building that will transport you thousands of year
More informationHarald s Viking Quest Group Leader s Notes
Harald s Viking Quest Group Leader s Notes These notes accompany Harald s Viking Quest trail. They include: Directions and pictures to help you find your way around. Answers to the challenges in the pupils
More informationThe Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun By Gene Pelowski Revised February 9,
The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun By Gene Pelowski Revised February 9, 2018 gpelowsk@hbci.com. 507-458-5988 Howard Carter Lord Carnarvon H. Carter Lady Evelyn, Lord Carnarvon, Carter, A. Callender
More informationCultural Corner HOW MUMMIES WERE MADE
Cultural Corner HOW MUMMIES WERE MADE A mummy is the body of a person that has been preserved after death. The ancient Egyptians believed that mummifying a person's body after death was essential to ensure
More informationPALESTINIAN SCARABS AT ANDREWS UNIVERSITY SIEGFRIED H. HORN. Andrews University
PALESTINIAN SCARABS AT ANDREWS UNIVERSITY SIEGFRIED H. HORN Andrews University I bought three of the eight scarabs published in this article in Jerusalem in the summer of 1962 (Nos. I, 6, 7)) but could
More informationACHAEMENID PERSIA AN UNSUNG HERO FOR HISTORY TEACHERS
ACHAEMENID PERSIA AN UNSUNG HERO FOR HISTORY TEACHERS YEAR 12 (NSW) SYLLABUS Ancient Societies: Persian Society at the Time of Darius and Xerxes Personalities in Their Times: Xerxes Historical Periods:
More informationBLACK HISTORY MONTH - Week 1 #BlackHistoryMatters
BLACK HISTORY MONTH - Week 1 #BlackHistoryMatters classroomconnection.ca WEEK 1: AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS Africa is the cradle of humankind and Nubia, an early African society, is the oldest civilization
More informationXian Tombs of the Qin Dynasty
Xian Tombs of the Qin Dynasty By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff In 221 B.C., Qin Shi Huang became emperor of China, and started the Qin Dynasty. At this time, the area had just emerged from over
More informationNubia. Sphinx of Taharqo Kawa, Sudan 680 BC. Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2
Sphinx of Taharqo Kawa, Sudan 680 BC Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2 Contents Before your visit Background information Resources Gallery information Preliminary activities During your visit Gallery
More informationAHIS170 Lecture 1 Egyptian Archaeology: An Introduction. Module 1: Introduction to Egyptian Archaeology: Geography, Chronology and Society (Weeks 1-2)
AHIS170 Lecture 1 Egyptian Archaeology: An Introduction 3/3/2016 Module 1: Introduction to Egyptian Archaeology: Geography, Chronology and Society (Weeks 1-2) Assessments Online quizzes (Modules 1-5) 30%
More informationWhat Scientists Just Found Deep In The Ocean Is Seriously Unbelievable.
What Scientists Just Found Deep In The Ocean Is Seriously Unbelievable. Off the coast of Egypt divers have discovered something that was thought to be lost a long time ago. It was said that the ancient
More informationFrom Saqqara to St. Louis to Philadelphia
world's fairs t h e w o n d e r o f From Saqqara to St. Louis to Philadelphia the chapel of Kaipure BY DAVID P. SILVERMAN 36 EXPEDITION Volume 57 Number 1 having worked at the 1964 New York World s Fair
More informationBY FREDERIC WILNER ILIADE PRODUCTIONS LES FILMS DE L ODYSSÉE. King Tut The treasure uncovered A 90 MINUTES DOCUMENTARY
BY FREDERIC WILNER ILIADE PRODUCTIONS LES FILMS DE L ODYSSÉE King Tut The treasure uncovered A 90 MINUTES DOCUMENTARY PITCH When in 1930, Howard Carter finished exploring Tutankhamun s tomb, what became
More informationNaukratis: Greeks in Egypt
Naukratis: Greeks in Egypt Alexandra Villing, Marianne Bergeron, Giorgos Bourogiannis, Alan Johnston, François Leclère, Aurélia Masson and Ross Thomas With Daniel von Recklinghausen, Jeffrey Spencer, Valerie
More informationFOUR CYLINDER SEALS FROM KITION
FOUR CYLINDER SEALS FROM KITION by V. E. G. KENNA and V. KARAGEORGHIS (a) KITION Kition, near modern Larnaca on the south coast of Cyprus, discovered as recently as 1959, seems to have been an important
More informationXXXXXXX XXXXXXX Final Paper
XXXXXXX XXXXXXX Final Paper ----- Art 101.01: History of Western Art I: Prehistoric to the 14th Century Valerie Lalli April 30, 2018 Artist: Unknown Title: Statuette of a female Period: Iran, Ancient Near
More informationGardner s Art Through the Ages, 13e. Chapter 2 The Ancient Near East
Gardner s Art Through the Ages, 13e Chapter 2 The Ancient Near East 1 The Ancient Near East 2 Goals Understand the cultural changes in the Neolithic Revolution as they relate to the art and architecture.
More informationCheck for updates on the web now!
Click anywhere in the slide to view the next item on the slide or to advance to the next slide. Use the buttons below to navigate to another page, close the presentation or to open the help page. Slide
More informationA Highland Revival Drawstring Plaid
Introduction A Highland Revival Drawstring Plaid The late 18th and early 19th centuries were a period of great variation and change in the development of Highland Dress. Covering much of the reign of Geo
More informationBULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS VOLUME XXXVII BOSTON, JUNE, 1939 NUMBER 221. Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Egyptian Expedition
BULLETIN OF THE MUSEUM OF FINE ARTS VOLUME XXXVII BOSTON, JUNE, 1939 NUMBER 221 Prince Ankh-haf Harvard University-Museum of Fine Arts Egyptian Expedition PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY SUBSCRIPTION ONE DOLLAR XXXVII,
More informationThe Vikings Begin. This October, step into the magical, mystical world of the early Vikings. By Dr. Marika Hedin
This October, step into the magical, mystical world of the early Vikings The Vikings Begin By Dr. Marika Hedin Director of Gustavianum, Uppsala University Museum This richly adorned helmet from the 7th
More informationLife and Death at Beth Shean
Life and Death at Beth Shean by emerson avery Objects associated with daily life also found their way into the tombs, either as offerings to the deceased, implements for the funeral rites, or personal
More informationAmanda K. Chen Department of Art History and Archaeology University of Maryland, College Park
Amanda K. Chen Department of Art History and Archaeology University of Maryland, College Park Jane C. Waldbaum Archaeological Field School Scholarship Field Report: The Coriglia/Orvieto Project With great
More informationC ELTIC WARRIOR TRAPPINGS
Chronicon 3 (1999-2007) 1 6 ISSN 1393-5259 C ELTIC WARRIOR TRAPPINGS Tamara Pasztor 1 Clairtrell Road, Suite 905 Toronto, Ontario M2N 7H6 Canada tgp32001@yahoo.ca ABSTRACT. This study s objective tests
More informationIRAN. Bowl Northern Iran, Ismailabad Chalcolithic, mid-5th millennium B.C. Pottery (65.1) Published: Handbook, no. 10
Bowl Northern Iran, Ismailabad Chalcolithic, mid-5th millennium B.C. Pottery (65.1) IRAN Published: Handbook, no. 10 Bowl Iran, Tepe Giyan 2500-2000 B.C. Pottery (70.39) Pottery, which appeared in Iran
More informationA Sense of Place Tor Enclosures
A Sense of Place Tor Enclosures Tor enclosures were built around six thousand years ago (4000 BC) in the early part of the Neolithic period. They are large enclosures defined by stony banks sited on hilltops
More informationChapter 2 The First River-Valley Civilizations, B.C.E.
Chapter 2 The First River-Valley Civilizations, 3500 1500 B.C.E. Gilgamesh Strangling a Lion This eighth-century B.C.E. sculpture of a king, possibly Gilgamesh, from the palace of the Assyrian king Sargon
More informationGalal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part II: Jewellery Industry (Pectorals) Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus Professor, Department of Mechanical Design & Production, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University,
More informationKing Tutankhamun: The Treasures Of The Tomb By Sandro Vannini, Zahi Hawass
King Tutankhamun: The Treasures Of The Tomb By Sandro Vannini, Zahi Hawass If you are looking for the ebook by Sandro Vannini, Zahi Hawass King Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb in pdf format, then
More informationMechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXVII: Human Stone Statues Industry (Third Intermediate and Late Periods)
ISSN: 2349-7157, volume4 Issue 1 January to February 2017 Mechanical Engineering in Ancient Egypt, Part XXXVII: Human Stone Statues Industry (Third Intermediate and Late Periods) Galal Ali Hassaan Emeritus
More informationChinese Terracotta Warriors 210 BC
Chinese Terracotta Warriors 210 BC Ideas of things to bring to class with you: Elements of Art Board Terracotta Warrior presentation CD Take Home Sheets (please make copies a day or two in advance) Clay
More informationTHE PRE-CONQUEST COFFINS FROM SWINEGATE AND 18 BACK SWINEGATE
THE PRE-CONQUEST COFFINS FROM 12 18 SWINEGATE AND 18 BACK SWINEGATE An Insight Report By J.M. McComish York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research (2015) Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 2. THE
More informationCrown (regalia) Crown (regalia), headdress symbolizing sovereignty, or other high rank or special condition. The word
Crown (regalia) I INTRODUCTION Crown (regalia), headdress symbolizing sovereignty, or other high rank or special condition. The word is also used to refer to a monarchy as an institution. II ANCIENT CROWNS
More informationAssassination Attempts
Assassination Attempts While Queen Victoria was not well-received during the entirety of her reign, she was generally loved. There were 7 assassination attempts on Queen Victoria s life none successful.
More informationCHAPTER VIII STONE VESSELS
CHAPTER VIII STONE VESSELS 1. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EGYPTIAN STONE VESSELS FROM THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD TO DYNASTY V (A) THE STONE VESSELS OF THE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD STONE vessels are rare in ordinary
More informationMother Goddess Figurines on Stamps
Old World Archaeologist Vol. 26, no. 4 by Barbara Soper Many stamps of archaeological interest have featured female figurines believed to represent a prehistoric Mother Goddess. The finding of these figurines
More informationAssyrian Reliefs Bowdoin College Museum of Art
Assyrian Reliefs Bowdoin College Museum of Art Middle School Resource Created by Blanche Froelich 19 Student Education Assistant What is a relief? All words appearing in a bold color are defined in the
More informationSERIATION: Ordering Archaeological Evidence by Stylistic Differences
SERIATION: Ordering Archaeological Evidence by Stylistic Differences Seriation During the early stages of archaeological research in a given region, archaeologists often encounter objects or assemblages
More information42 nd Regiment Band or Musicians Tartan
42 nd Regiment Band or Musicians Tartan Introduction Regimental Bands have been part of Highland Regiments since the late 18th century; however, they, unlike pipers, were not part of the official regimental
More informationAn archery set from Dra Abu el-naga
An archery set from Dra Abu el-naga Even a looted burial can yield archaeological treasures: David García and José M. Galán describe a remarkable set of bows and arrows from an early Eighteenth Dynasty
More informationthe Aberlemno Stone Information for Teachers investigating historic sites
The astonishing stone in the kirkyard at Aberlemno demonstrates the full range of Pictish skill and artistry. Investigating the Aberlemno Stone Information for Teachers education investigating historic
More informationNewsletter 114 June/July 2018
ESSEX EGYPTOLOGY GROUP Newsletter 114 June/July 2018 DATES FOR YOUR DIARY 3 rd June The Tomb of Tatia at Saqqara: Vincent Oeters 1 st July Papyrus Berlin P10480-82: a Middle Kingdom mortuary ritual reflected
More informationTUTANKHAMUN: Wonderful Things from the Pharaoh s Tomb January 21 - May 6, 2018 Exhibition Guide
TUTANKHAMUN: Wonderful Things from the Pharaoh s Tomb January 21 - May 6, 2018 Exhibition Guide NOTE: This exhibition includes all items listed, though they may be in different areas of the gallery and
More informationKing Tutankhamun: The Treasures Of The Tomb 2011 Calendar By Sandro Vannini READ ONLINE
King Tutankhamun: The Treasures Of The Tomb 2011 Calendar By Sandro Vannini READ ONLINE Calendar; About Us. of discovering the tomb of the Boy King Tutankhamun, collection of treasures from King Tut's
More informationAn Ancient Mystery UNIT 6 WEEK 4. Read the article An Ancient Mystery before answering Numbers 1 through 5.
Read the article An Ancient Mystery before answering Numbers 1 through 5. UNIT 6 WEEK 4 An Ancient Mystery Thousands of years ago, pharaohs, or kings, ruled the kingdom of ancient Egypt. The pharaohs were
More informationCosmetic palette Fish. Cosmetic palette Turtle
Roswitha Eberwein Bismarckstraße 4 37085 Göttingen Deutschland Telefon: +49 (0)551.4 70 83 Telefax: +49 (0)551.4 15 43 roswitha.eberwein@egypt-art.com www.antike-kunst-goettingen.de Geschäftszeiten nach
More informationFossils in African cave reveal extinct, previously unknown human ancestor
Fossils in African cave reveal extinct, previously unknown human ancestor By Washington Post, adapted by Newsela staff on 09.16.15 Word Count 928 A composite skeleton of Homo naledi surrounded by some
More informationCorroboree: 25 Years of Cooperation between Egyptians and Australians in the Field of Egyptology
Corroboree: 25 Years of Cooperation between Egyptians and Australians in the Field of Egyptology Jane Smythe Over the past 25 years Australian Universities have conducted epigraphic and archaeological
More informationThe origin of man is believed to have started some 3 million years ago in southern Africa.
The origin of man is believed to have started some 3 million years ago in southern Africa. Thousands of years ago Human migratory patterns can be traced back almost 200,000 years by using bones, tools
More informationKing Tutankhamun: The Treasures Of The Tomb By Zahi Hawass, Sandro Vannini
King Tutankhamun: The Treasures Of The Tomb By Zahi Hawass, Sandro Vannini King Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb - Walmart.com - Free 2-day shipping. Buy King Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb
More informationAndrey Grinev, PhD student. Lomonosov Moscow State University REPORT ON THE PROJECT. RESEARCH of CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS
Andrey Grinev, PhD student Lomonosov Moscow State University REPORT ON THE PROJECT RESEARCH of CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS between OLD RUS AND SCANDINAVIA in the LATE VIKING AGE (X-XI th centuries) (on materials
More informationSubject: History Term: Autumn 1 Year: Two
Belfield CP School Medium Term Plan Subject: History Term: Autumn 1 Year: Two Topic: Famous People Teacher: Mrs Helen Crompton SoW / NC Week Learning Objectives Unit 4 1 To identify people from the past
More informationEach copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.
The Markings of English Cannon Captured at Yorktown Author(s): Thor Borresen Source: The Journal of the American Military Institute, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring, 1939), pp. 58-61 Published by: Society for Military
More informationMuseums in a Box Teacher s Notes The Egyptians
Contents Papyrus Bowl from Nile clay Anubis Scarab beetle Ankh cross Game comb Hippo Ushabti blue Phaistos disk Nile rushes bowl Musical Instruments Papyrus Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced
More informationNews Shorts: Tomb Raiders
News Shorts: Tomb Raiders American archaeologists 1 recently did something that would make their mummies proud: They discovered a hidden Egyptian tomb! Otto J. Schaden and his team found the burial chamber
More informationBOSTON MUSEUM BULLETIN VOL. LXX 1972 NO. 359
BOSTON MUSEUM BULLETIN VOL. LXX 1972 NO. 359 BULLETIN: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston The Fabulous Gold of the Pactolus Valley WILLIAM J. YOUNG Page 5 Ancient Egyptian and Near Eastern Acquisitions and loans
More informationWORKSHEET MUMMIES TOMB
WORKSHEET MUMMIES TOMB 2 1. MUMMIES Task A 1. Find out what a mummy is from your history book or a lexicon. 2. Investigate where the practice of mummification came from in Ancient Egypt and write a list
More informationCHIEF S FILE CABINET
THE BADGE Some people have titles that designate their occupation. Terms such as doctor, lawyer, dentist, and accountant clearly indicate what a person does for a living. Others have titles that are ranks
More informationThe ancient Egyptians believed that mummification would guarantee the soul passage into the next life. In no other civilization have such elaborate
Video The ancient Egyptians believed that mummification would guarantee the soul passage into the next life. In no other civilization have such elaborate preparations for the afterlife been made in the
More informationNewsletter 107 April/May 2017
ESSEX EGYPTOLOGY GROUP Newsletter 107 April/May 2017 DATES FOR YOUR DIARY 2 nd April Mighty in Waking and Great in Sleeping: the history of beds in ancient Egypt: Manon Y Schutz 8 th April Study Day The
More informationAncient Mediterranean 3500 B.C.E.-300 C.E.
Ancient Mediterranean 3500 B.C.E.-300 C.E. Art in this place and time focuses on funerary and palatial complexes, is influenced heavily by religion/mythology, provides us narratives, and displays of authority
More informationLIST OF FIGURES. 14. G 7000 X. East-west section of shaft with offering niche.
LIST OF FIGURES I. Plan of a portion of the Eastern Cemetery at Giza as it was at the death of Cheops, showing the position of the tomb of Queen Hetep-heres (G 7000 X) in relation to the king s pyramid
More informationTHE ALFRED JEWEL: AD STIRRUP: AD THE CUDDESDON BOWL: AD c600 ABINGDON SWORD: AD C875
STIRRUP: AD 950 1050 THE ALFRED JEWEL: AD 871 899 Found in 1693, ploughed up in a field at North Petherton, Somerset. Found only a few miles from Athelney Abbey where Alfred planned his counter-attack
More informationNews Shorts: Tomb Raiders
News Shorts: Tomb Raiders American archaeologists 1 recently did something that would make their mummies proud: They discovered a hidden Egyptian tomb! Otto J. Schaden and his team found the burial chamber
More informationChanging People Changing Landscapes: excavations at The Carrick, Midross, Loch Lomond Gavin MacGregor, University of Glasgow
Changing People Changing Landscapes: excavations at The Carrick, Midross, Loch Lomond Gavin MacGregor, University of Glasgow Located approximately 40 kilometres to the south-west of Oban, as the crow flies
More informationThe Celts and the Iron Age
The Celts and the Iron Age The Celts were farmers who came from central Europe. Around 800BC they began to use iron to make tools and weapons. The lands of the Celts How do we know about the Celts? 1.
More informationCenser Symbolism and the State Polity in Teotihuacán
FAMSI 2002: Saburo Sugiyama Censer Symbolism and the State Polity in Teotihuacán Research Year: 1998 Culture: Teotihuacán Chronology: Late Pre-Classic to Late Classic Location: Highland México Site: Teotihuacán
More informationNUBIAN EXPEDITION. oi.uchicago.edu. Keith C. Seele, Field Director
NUBIAN EXPEDITION Keith C. Seele, Field Director Time for contemplation is seldom available in the field during an Oriental Institute season of excavation. But matters are scarcely better after the return
More informationThe Enigma of KV 55 By Theunis W. Eloff
The Enigma of KV 55 By Theunis W. Eloff The Valley of The Kings is a dry Waddi, or water course, in the hills on the West bank of the Nile at Thebes (Modern Luxor). It is here that most of the kings of
More informationAnnunciation mural. St Martin s is a Grade 2* listed building, because it s important to the nation.
Welcome to the Church of St Martin of Tours. We hope you enjoy the beauty, peace and wonder of this special place. St Martin s is a Christian church serving the whole community. It has been a place of
More informationThe Jawan Chamber Tomb Adapted from a report by F.S. Vidal, Dammam, December 1953
Figure 1 - The Jawan tomb as photographed from helicopter by Sgt. W. Seto, USAF, in May 1952 The Jawan Chamber Tomb Adapted from a report by F.S. Vidal, Dammam, December 1953 I. Description of work and
More informationlargest collection of Egyptian
The Egypt Centre holds the largest collection of Egyptian antiquities in Wales, with over 2000 ancient objects on display. Most of the artefacts are from the collection of Sir Henry Wellcome, however we
More informationChapter 2-Art of Ancient Near East
Jan 14, 17-Art of the Ancient Near East & Ancient Egypt: Reading Notes Chapter 2-Art of Ancient Near East Stele of Naram-Sin (found at present day Iran) ruled 2254-2218 BCE tab Stele: upright stone -Mesopotamia
More informationBy Gawen Robinson. The Characters and Costumes
The Glint of Gold By Gawen Robinson I hope this musical resource will make the study of Ancient Egyptians more interesting and fun for children by presenting the facts in a new and exciting manner. It
More informationLARKHILL MARRIED QUARTERS ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR BY MARK KHAN
LARKHILL MARRIED QUARTERS ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR BY MARK KHAN As many people may have seen recently on television the Army Basing Project responsible for the construction of new service accommodation
More informationTHE KIPLING FAMILY HISTORY NEWSLETTER #3 NOVEMBER Kiplings in the First World War
THE KIPLING FAMILY HISTORY NEWSLETTER #3 NOVEMBER 2014 Welcome to the third edition of The Kipling Family History Newsletter. Canadian Kyplain DNA result, report of a visit to Wimpole Hall (home of Rudyard
More informationEDUCATION KIT Senior Ancient History
An Exhibition from EDUCATION KIT Senior Ancient History The following materials have been produced for Melbourne Museum by Zarwood Education to support teacher and student learning in the key themes of
More informationDEMARCATION OF THE STONE AGES.
20 HAMPSHIRE FLINTS. DEMARCATION OF THE STONE AGES. BY W, DALE, F.S.A., F.G.S. (Read before the Anthropological Section of -the British Association for the advancement of Science, at Birmingham, September
More informationAncient Mesopotamia and the Sumerians (Room 56)
Ancient Mesopotamia and the Sumerians (Room 56) The Sumerians are thought to have formed the first human civilization in world history. They lived in southern Mesopotamia, between the Tigris and Euphrates
More informationThe Literature of Great Britain Do you refer to England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom interchangeably?
The Literature of Great Britain Do you refer to England, Great Britain, and the United Kingdom interchangeably? http://www.cnn.com/world/meast/9902/ 14/lockerbie/great.britain.map.jpg UNITED KINGDOM shortened
More informationPtolemaic Period Foundation Deposits. Stability, continuity, and piety are three common themes that retain their importance
Robyn Price Dr. Pamela Gaber ARCH 449W 1 Fall 2009 Ptolemaic Period Foundation Deposits Stability, continuity, and piety are three common themes that retain their importance throughout ancient Egyptian
More informationHuman remains from Estark, Iran, 2017
Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 11:84 89 (2017) Short fieldwork report Human remains from Estark, Iran, 2017 Arkadiusz Sołtysiak *1, Javad Hosseinzadeh 2, Mohsen Javeri 2, Agata Bebel 1 1 Department of
More informationNippur under Assyrian Domination: 15th Season of Excavation,
Nippur under Assyrian Domination: 15th Season of Excavation, 1981-82. McGuire Gibson Nippur, during the seventh century B.C., was controlled by the Assyrians, but was essentially Babylonian in its artifacts
More informationINGRAM GALLERY FEBRUARY 23 MAY 28, 2018
Cover: Statue head of Augustus (Rome, Italy), ca. 30 BCE. Marble, 14 3/4 x 8 1/4 x 8 5/8 in. The British Museum, 1888,1210.1. The Trustees of the British Museum INGRAM GALLERY FEBRUARY 23 MAY 28, 2018
More informationSyria s Royal Tombs uncovered
Originalveröffentlichung in: Current world archaeology 15, 2006, S. 12-22 Qatna, Syria Syria s Royal Tombs uncovered In 2002 the most fabulous royal tombs were discovered, concealed below the Bronze Age
More information