TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables................................... List of Figures.................................. Acknowledgments................................ Site Name Abbreviations............................. xi xiii xv xvii INTRODUCTION Chronology..................................... 2 Overview and Aims................................. 3 chapter 1 METHODOLOGY AND THEORETICAL APPROACH 1.1 The Dataset.................................. 5 1.1.1 Selection of Sites........................... 5 1.1.2 Analysis of Stratigraphical Contexts.................. 7 1.1.3 Collection of Data.......................... 10 1.1.4 Cataloguing of Data......................... 10 1.1.5 Formulation and Application of a New Typology of Metal Jewellery. 11 1.2 Interpretation of the Data........................... 12 1.2.1 Distribution and Frequency Analyses................. 13 1.2.2 Statistical Assessment of Similarity and Dissimilarity between Regions. 13 1.2.3 Theoretical Framework for Interpretation.............. 13 chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Studies of Jewellery from the Southern Levant................ 19 2.1.1 Early Studies............................. 19 2.1.2 Recent Studies............................ 21 2.2 Studies of Jewellery from the Aegean.................... 26 2.2.1 Early Studies............................. 26 2.2.2 Recent Studies............................ 27
vi table of contents 2.3 Studies of Jewellery from Cyprus....................... 29 2.3.1 Early Studies............................. 29 2.3.2 Recent Studies............................ 30 chapter 3 SOURCES OF EVIDENCE 3.1 Regional Site Survey: Philistia........................ 35 3.1.1 Ashdod................................ 35 3.1.2 Azor.................................. 37 3.1.3 Ekron................................. 38 3.1.4 Gath................................. 40 3.1.5 Qasile................................. 41 3.2 Regional Site Survey: Cisjordan........................ 43 3.2.1 Beth Shean.............................. 43 3.2.2 Beth Shemesh............................. 44 3.2.3 Eitun................................. 46 3.2.4 Far ah................................. 47 3.2.5 Megiddo............................... 49 3.2.6 Nasbeh................................ 51 3.2.7 Taiyiba................................ 52 3.3 Regional Site Survey: Transjordan...................... 53 3.3.1 Baq ah Valley............................. 53 3.3.2 Deir Ain Abata........................... 54 3.3.3 Madaba................................ 55 3.3.4 Sahab................................. 56 3.3.5 Sa idiyeh............................... 58 3.3.6 Tawilan................................ 59 3.4 Regional Site Survey: The Aegean...................... 60 3.4.1 Kerameikos.............................. 60 3.4.2 Knossos North Cemetery....................... 62 3.4.3 Lefkandi................................ 63 3.4.4 Marmáriane.............................. 64 3.4.5 Perati................................. 66 3.4.6 Sellopoulo............................... 67 3.5 Regional Site Survey: Cyprus......................... 69 3.5.1 Enkomi................................ 69 3.5.2 Hala Sultan Tekke.......................... 71 3.5.3 Kouklia/Palaepaphos......................... 72 3.5.4 Maroni................................ 74 3.5.5 Pyla-Kokkinokremos......................... 75 3.6 Discussion................................... 76
table of contents vii chapter 4 CATALOGUE AND TYPOLOGY 4.1 Multiregional Catalogue........................... 77 4.2 Multiregional Typology............................ 80 4.3 Category 1: Earring Typology........................ 81 4.3.1 Type 1I: Lunates........................... 82 4.3.2 Type 1II: Lunates with Attached Pendant.............. 85 4.3.3 Type 1III: Composite Lunates or Hoops with Pendant....... 92 4.3.4 Type 1IV: Annular Hoops...................... 96 4.3.5 Type 1V: Annular Hoops with Attached Pendant.......... 99 4.3.6 Type 1VI: Slings........................... 103 4.3.7 Type 1VII: Undefinable Shapes and Fragments........... 105 4.4 Category 2: Ring Typology.......................... 105 4.4.1 Type 2I: Finger Rings........................ 105 4.4.2 Type 2II: Toe Rings......................... 114 4.4.3 Type 2III: Finger Rings with Bezel.................. 115 4.4.4 Type 2IV: Spirals........................... 123 4.4.5 Type 2V: Undefinable Shapes and Fragments............ 125 4.5 Category 3: Bangle Typology......................... 125 4.5.1 Type 3I: Closed............................ 126 4.5.2 Type 3II: Open-ended........................ 127 4.5.3 Type 3III: Overlapping........................ 131 4.5.4 Type 3IV: Decorative......................... 133 4.5.5 Type 3V: Spirals........................... 136 4.5.6 Type 3VI: Undefinable Shapes and Fragments............ 137 4.6 Category 4: Pendant Typology........................ 137 4.6.1 Type 4I: Egyptian Deities...................... 138 4.6.2 Type 4II: Fauna............................ 138 4.6.3 Type 4III: Flora............................ 139 4.6.4 Type 4IV: Geometric Shapes..................... 140 4.6.5 Type 4V: Replicas of Manufactured Objects............. 147 4.6.6 Type 4VI: Other........................... 147 4.7 Category 5: Bead Typology.......................... 148 4.7.1 Type 5I: Spheroid.......................... 148 4.7.2 Type 5II: Oblate........................... 150 4.7.3 Type 5III: Barrel........................... 151 4.7.4 Type 5IV: Bicone........................... 153 4.7.5 Type 5V: Cylinder.......................... 154 4.7.6 Type 5VI: Relief Beads........................ 158 4.7.7 Type 5VII: Other........................... 162 4.8 Category 6: Garment Fasteners Typology................... 164 4.8.1 Type 6I: Toggle Pin......................... 164
viii table of contents 4.8.2 Type 6II: Dress Pin......................... 171 4.8.3 Type 6III: Fibula.......................... 176 4.9 Category 7: Foil Ornament Typology.................... 184 4.9.1 Type 7I: Diadems.......................... 184 4.9.2 Type 7II: Mouthpieces....................... 186 4.9.3 Type 7III: Plaques.......................... 188 4.10 Observations about the Typology...................... 190 4.10.1 Category 1: Earrings......................... 190 4.10.2 Category 2: Rings.......................... 193 4.10.3 Category 3: Bangles......................... 195 4.10.4 Category 4: Pendants........................ 197 4.10.5 Category 5: Beads.......................... 198 4.10.6 Category 6: Garment Fasteners................... 200 4.10.7 Category 7: Foil Ornaments..................... 204 chapter 5 FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION ANALYSES 5.1 Data Collection and Quality......................... 207 5.1.1 Method of Data Collection..................... 207 5.1.2 Data Quality by Category and Region............... 208 5.2 Frequencies.................................. 208 5.2.1 Artefacts by Category........................ 208 5.2.2 Categories by Dimensions...................... 209 5.2.3 Categories by Material........................ 214 5.3 Distributions................................. 217 5.3.1 Artefacts by Site........................... 217 5.3.2 Artefacts by Findspot and Period.................. 218 5.3.3 Categories and Subtypes by Site................... 219 5.3.4 Decorative Technique by Category and Site............. 223 5.3.5 Categories by Context and Region................. 225 5.3.6 Categories by Regional Association................. 226 5.4 Observations................................. 227 5.5 Analysis of Similarity between Regions.................... 230 5.5.1 Phase 1: Similarity between Regions Based on Jewellery Types... 231 5.5.2 Phase 2: Similarity between Regions Based on Jewellery Subgroups 235 chapter 6 INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 6.1 Case Study: Tomb 1, Tell es-safi/gath.................... 240 6.1.1 The Archaeological Site........................ 240 6.1.2 The Excavated Jewellery....................... 242
table of contents ix 6.1.3 Summary............................... 247 6.2 Object Study................................. 250 6.2.1 Tassels and Entanglement....................... 250 6.2.2 Anomalies and Embodiment..................... 256 6.3 Final Summary................................ 259 Bibliography.................................... 263 Appendix A: Metals and Metal Technologies................. 324 Metals and Metal Alloys........................... 324 Bronze................................ 325 Copper................................ 326 Electrum............................... 327 Gold................................. 328 Iron.................................. 328 Silver................................. 331 Steel................................. 332 Metal Technologies............................. 333 Annealing............................... 333 Casting................................ 333 Colloid hard soldering (diffusion bonding)............. 333 Hard soldering (brazing)....................... 334 Plating................................ 334 Polishing............................... 334 Sheet and foil............................. 334 Welding................................ 334 Wire.................................. 334 Decorative Technologies........................... 335 Braiding................................ 335 Chasing................................ 335 Cloisonné............................... 335 Crimping............................... 335 Engraving............................... 335 Filigree................................ 335 Granulation.............................. 336 Incising................................ 337 Pointillé................................ 337 Repoussé............................... 337 Ribbing................................ 337 Appendix B: Metal Jewellery within the Dataset............... 338 Philistia.................................... 338
x table of contents Ashdod................................ 338 Azor.................................. 338 Ekron................................. 338 Gath................................. 339 Qasile................................. 341 Cisjordan................................... 342 Beth Shean.............................. 342 Beth Shemesh............................. 345 Eitun................................. 345 Far ah................................. 346 Megiddo............................... 357 Nasbeh................................ 360 Taiyiba................................ 369 Transjordan.................................. 370 Baq ah Valley............................. 370 Deir Ain Abata........................... 381 Madaba................................ 383 Sahab................................. 384 Sa idiyeh............................... 387 Tawilan................................ 390 Aegean.................................... 391 Kerameikos.............................. 391 Knossos North Cemetery....................... 394 Lefkandi................................ 395 Marmáriane.............................. 397 Perati................................. 397 Sellopoulo............................... 401 Cyprus.................................... 401 Enkomi................................ 401 Hala Sultan Tekke.......................... 411 Kouklia/Palaepaphos......................... 414 Maroni................................ 415 Pyla-Kokkinokremos......................... 416 Figures....................................... 417