Directions: Read "A Book" and " There is no Frigate like a Book" and answer questions 1-7 A Book He ate and drank the precious words, His spirit grew robust; He knew no more that he was poor, Nor that his frame was dust. He danced along the dingy days, And this bequest of wings Was but a book. What liberty A loosened spirit brings! There Is No Frigate Like a Book There is no frigate 1 like a book To take us lands away, Nor any coursers 2 like a page Of prancing poetry. This traverse may the poorest take Without oppress 3 of toll; How frugal is the chariot That bears a human soul! 1 frigate ship 2 coursers horses 3 oppress to worry, trouble, or other negative effects
Directions: Read "Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote" and answer questions 8-13. Is It a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote? By Susan B. Anthony Before the nineteenth amendment was passed in 1920, Susan B. Anthony shocked people by daring to vote in the 1872 presidential election. Several days later, she was arrested and charged with illegal voting. Anthony pleaded not guilty to these charges and then traveled around the country, campaigning for women s right to vote. Friends and Fellow-citizens: I stand before you to-night, under indictment for the alleged crime of having voted at the last Presidential election, without having a lawful right to vote. It shall be my work this evening to prove to you that in thus voting, I not only committed no crime, but, instead, simply exercised my citizen s right, guaranteed to me and all United States citizens by the National Constitution, beyond the power of any State to deny. Our democratic-republican government is based on the idea of the natural right of every individual member thereof to a voice and a vote in making and executing the laws. We assert the province of government to be to secure the people in the enjoyment of their unalienable rights. We throw to the winds the old dogma that governments can give rights. Before governments were organized, no one denies that each individual possessed the right to protect his own life, liberty and property. And when 100 or 1,000,000 people enter into a free government, they do not barter away their natural rights; they simply pledge themselves to protect each other in the enjoyment of them, through prescribed judicial and legislative tribunals. They agree to abandon the methods of brute force in the adjustment of their differences, and adopt those of civilization. Nor can you find a word in any of the grand documents left us by the fathers that assume for government the power to create or to confer rights. The Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, the constitutions of the several states and the organic laws of the territories, all alike propose to protect the people in the exercise of their rights.
Not one of them pretends to bestow rights. All men are created equal with certain unalienable rights. Among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. That to secure these, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. Here is no shadow of government authority over rights, nor exclusion of any from their full and equal enjoyment. And here, in this very first paragraph of the declaration, is the assertion of the natural right of all to the ballot for, how can the consent of the governed be given, if the right to vote be denied. Again: That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, organizing its powers in such forms as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Surely, the right of the whole people to vote is here clearly implied. For however destructive in their happiness this government might become, a disfranchised class could neither alter nor abolish it, not institute a new one, except by the old brute force method of insurrection and rebellion. One-half of the people of this nation today are utterly powerless to blot from the statue books an unjust law, or to write there a new and a just one. The women, dissatisfied as they are with this form of government, that enforces taxation without representation, that compels them to obey laws to which they have never given their consent, that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers, that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of their own persons, wages and children, are this half of the people left wholly at the mercy of the other half, in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the declarations of the framers of this government, every one of which was based on The preamble of the federal constitution says: We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and established this constitution for the United States of America. It was we, the people, not we, the while male citizens, nor yet we, the male citizens but we, the whole people, who formed this Union. And we formed it, not to give the blessings or liberty, but to secure them; not to the half of ourselves and the half of our posterity, but to the whole people women as well as men. And it is downright mockery to talk to women of their enjoyment of the blessings of liberty whole they are denied the use of the only means of securing them provided by this democratic-republican government the ballot.
Read the passage Sunscreens and Sun-Protective Clothing and the text box Frequently asked Questions then answer questions 14-22. Sunscreen and Sun-Protective Clothing verexposure to the sun s invisible rays - ultraviolent A (UVA) and ultraviolent B (UVB) can cause skin damage. The damage can be immediate and long-term, with effects ranging from sunburn, rashes, and cell and tissue damage to premature wrinkling and skin cancer. Indeed, many skin changes that often are identified with aging actually result from damage by too much sun. Any tan is a sign of skin damage. Tanning occurs when the skin produces additional pigment (coloring) to protect itself against sunburn from ultraviolent rays. Indoor tanning devices also give off ultraviolent rays that can be as harmful as those from the sun. To help reduce your risk of skin damage from sunlight, try to minimize your exposure to the sun between 10 A.M. and 3 P.M., when the sun s rays are strongest. Even casual exposure to sunlight driving a car, walking to the store, taking an outdoor lunch break contributes to cumulative lifetime exposure. If you re out during the peak hours, wear a hat and tightly-woven clothing that covers your body, and use maximum protection sunscreens. It s important to understand the labeling information on sun protection products and shop carefully before heading to the beach, tennis court or park. The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) carefully monitors advertising claims in this area and offers this information to help you make wise purchasing decisions. TRUE OR FALSE? Sunscreens labeled 15 and higher don t protect you against all the sun s rays. Suntans are a sign of skin damage. Sunscreens should be used on cloudy days. Infants shouldn t be in the sun at all. Some medications can make your skin sensitive to the sun. Sunscreens Most people benefit from sunscreens with sun protection factor (SPF) numbers of 15 or more. The SPF number gives you some idea of how long you can stay in the sun without burning. For example, if you burn in 10 minutes without sunscreen and apply a liberal dose with SPF number of 15, you should be protected from sunburn for 150 minutes. Sunscreens with SPF numbers higher than 15 may work better for people who are fairskinned, live at high altitudes, work or play outdoors much of the day, or perspire heavily. Swimming and perspiration reduce the actual SPF value of many sunscreens even those that are water resistant so you have to reapply the product often. Although sunscreen with identical SPF numbers give you equivalent sunburn protection from UVB rays, no sunscreen product screens out all UVA rays. Some may advertise UVA protection, but there is no system to rate UVA protection yet. Many sunscreens even those with the same SPF numbers have different ingredients or different combinations of the same ingredients. Because some people experience allergic reactions to various sunscreen ingredients, it s a good idea to test a product first by applying a small amount to a limited area of your skin. To the maximum protection from your sunscreen, apply at least one large handful about 30 minutes before you go outside, and reapply after swimming, toweling dry or participating in any vigorous activity that causes heavy perspiration. If you re taking medication, ask your doctor or pharmacist if your medications will make your skin sensitive to the sun or aggravate sunburn or rashes. Certain antibiotics, birth control pills, diuretics, antihistamines, and antidepressants are among the commonly used drugs that can increase sensitivity to the sun s rays. (All are true)
Sun-protective Clothing Sun-protective clothing offers another way to protect skin from the harmful effects of the sun. Sun-protective fabrics differ from typical summer fabrics in several ways: they typically have a tighter weave or knit and are usually darker in color. Sun-protective clothes have a label listing the garment s Ultraviolent Protection Factor (UPF) value, that is, the level of protection the garment provides from the sun s ultraviolent (UV) rays. The higher the UPF, the higher the protection from the sun s UV rays. The UPF rating indicates how much of the sun s UV radiation is absorbed by the fabric. For example, a fabric with a UPF rating of 20 only allows 1/20 th of the sun s UV radiation to pass through it. This means that this fabric will reduce your skin s UV radiation exposure by 20 times where it s protected by the fabric. Everything above UPF 50 may be labeled UPF 50+; however, these garments may not offer substantially more protection than those with a UPF of 50. Also, a Frequently Asked Questions garment shouldn t be labeled sun-protective or UVprotective if its UPF is less than 15. Sun-protective clothing may lose its effectiveness if it s too tight or stretched out, damp or wet, and if it has been washed or worn repeatedly. Special Precautions for Children Experts estimate that a significant percentage of our exposure to sun occurs by age 18. That s why it s especially important to apply sunscreens with a minimum SPF of 15 to children s skin about 30 minutes before they go outdoors. Reapply sunscreens after they swim, towel off or play hard. Talk with teachers, child care providers and camp counselors about scheduling outdoor activities to reduce children s exposure to the midday sun, when the sun s rays are most harmful. Infants six months and younger should be kept out of direct sunlight altogether. Sunscreens may irritate baby skin, and infant s developing eyes are particularly vulnerable to sunlight. What is the skin? The skin is the largest organ of the body. It covers the internal organs and protects them from injury; serves as a barrier between germs, such as bacteria, and internal organs; and prevents the loss of too much water and other fluids. The skin regulates body temperature and helps the body get rid of excess water and salts. Certain cells in the skin communicate with the brain and allow for temperature, touch, and pain sensations. What is non-melanoma (basal or squamous cell) skin cancer? Most skin cancers are classified as non-melanoma, usually starting in either basal cells or squamous cells. These cells are located at the base of the outer layer of the skin or cover the internal and external surfaces of the body. Most non-melanoma skin cancers develop on sun-exposed areas of the body, like the face, ear, neck, lips and back of the hands. Depending on the type, they can be fast or slow growing, but they rarely spread to other parts of the body. What is melanoma skin cancer? Melanoma is a cancer that begins in the melanocytes the cells that produce the skin coloring or pigment known as melanin. Melanin helps protect the deeper layers of skin from the harmful effects of the sun. Melanoma is almost always curable when it is detected in its early stages. Although melanoma accounts for only a small percentage of skin cancer, it is far more dangerous than other skin cancers and causes most skin cancer deaths. How many people are affected by skin cancer? Skin cancer is the most common of all cancers. It accounts for nearly half of all cancers in the United States. More than 1 million cases of non-melanoma skin cancer are found in this country each year. The American Cancer Society estimates that about 68,720 new melanomas will be diagnosed in the United States during 2009. Who survives cancer? For basal cell or squamous cell cancers, a cure is highly likely if detected and treated early. Melanoma, even though it can spread to other body parts quickly, is also highly curable if detected early and treated properly. The 5-year relative survival rate for patients with melanoma is 91%. For localized melanoma, the 5-year survival rate is 99%; survival rates for regional and distant stage diseases are 65% and 16% respectively. About 80% of melanomas are diagnosed at a localized stage. How many people will die from skin cancer? The American Cancer Society estimates there will be about 11,590 deaths from skin cancer in 2009: 8,650 from melanoma and 2,940 from other skin cancers. What are the risk factors for skin cancer? Risk factors for non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancers include: unprotected and/or excessive exposure to ultraviolent (UV) radiation fair complexion occupational exposures to coal tar, pitch, creosote, arsenic compounds, or radium family history multiple or atypical moles severe sunburns as a child