Morphological differences between Chinese and Caucasian faces and influence of BMI A.Machard, M.Jomier, D.Hottelart, K.Vié
Contents 1. Background 2. Objectives 3. Material & Methods 4. Results 5. Conclusion 2
Background The canons of beauty developed by artists during the Renaissance are well documented and imposed themselves for centuries despite the lack of anthropometric data With internazionalisation of media, concepts of beauty are becoming more and more globalised leading to a certain homogenisation of physical appearance : same advertisement around the world 3
Background Influence of the west : Growing concern for beauty + appeal for scientific approach VOGUE 4
Background A previous anthropometric study shows that, compared to Caucasian women, Chinese women presents : Wider intercanthal distance Most differences identified relate to the nose: less proeminent, a wider nasal base, flared alae, a less defined nasal tip, more horizontally oriented nostrils Differences in the eyelids (lack of supratarsal crease or double eyelid) A different profile of the lower part of the face Sim RS, Smith JD, Chan AS. Comparison of the aesthetic facial proportions of southern Chinese and white women. Arch. Facial Plast. Surg. 2000, 2(2):113-20 5
Objectives The goal of this study is to identify : The morphological differences between face of Chinese and Caucasian women and to Determine how overweight influences morphological characteristics within each group 6
Material & Methods Subjects 120 women from two ethnic groups : 60 Caucasian women between 25 to 40 yo (32,9 +/- 4,5 yo) 60 Chinese women between 25 to 40 yo (32,6 +/- 4,7 yo) Normal BMI (n=30) *18,5-25 kg/m 2 Higher BMI (n=30) *25,5-30 kg/m 2 Normal BMI (n=30) *18-22,5 kg/m 2 Higher BMI (n=30) *23-25 kg/m 2 Living in France: Region of Paris Living in China: Region of Shanghai (Han ethnic) * According to WHO s standards 7
Measurements Material & Methods Thickness of the hypodermis Ultrasound Scan, 16MHz Topography / Volume Fringe projection technique Individual high resolution pictures of front face (3744 x 5616 px) width of the face at the corner of the mouth Cheek/chin angle Right half-face pictures (right profile) Measures are been conducted on the 4 panels: normal and higher BMI for Caucasian and Chinese Neck/chin angle 8
Material & Methods Four high definition average faces reconstruction (one for each sub-group) Automatic detection Spatial registration n = 30 n = 30 Average Face Algorithm 9
France China 10
Results Normal BMI Width of Chinese and Caucasian Faces Bellow eyes (125.5 mm) Cheek (121.7 mm) Corner of the mouth (106 mm) Mouth (47 mm) Bellow mouth (85.1 mm) + 13% + 12% + 10,9% - 1,2% + 7,4% Bellow eyes (141.9 mm) Cheek (136.4 mm) Corner of the mouth (117.6 mm) Mouth (46.4 mm) Bellow mouth (91.4 mm) Only the width of the mouth itself is smaller in Chinese faces (-1.2%) previoulsy noted Faces of Chinese women are larger and rounder 11
Results Cheek/chin and neck/chin bending angles Normal BMI Cheek / chin angle No significant difference between the two groups Neck / chin angle 200 195 190 185 180 175 170 165 160 155 150 + 2,8% French n=30 Chinese n=30 The neck/chin angle is significantly larger in the Chinese group (+ 2.8%). 12
Volume (mm 3 ) Results Maxillary area of the face in the Chinese and the French group Normal BMI 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 + 35,9% French n=30 Chinese n=30 3D Finally, fringe projection technique revealed that ptosis at the bottom of the face is 35,9% more important in Chinese Faces 14
Skin structure by ultrasound Normal BMI Results Hypodermis thickness Cheekbone Cheek Temple 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 + 13,8% + 21,5% French n=30 Chinese n=30 No significant difference 6,00 5,00 4,00 3,00 2,00 1,00 0,00 French n=30 Chinese n=30 The hypodermis is thicker in the Chinese group at the level of the cheekbone (+13,8%) and at the temple (+21,5%) 15
Results The influence of BMI on these morphological characteristics 15
Results The influence of BMI on these morphological characteristics 16
Results Influence of BMI Influence of BMI Bellow eyes + 0,9% Cheek + 1,6% Corner of the mouth + 1,1% Bellow mouth + 2,8% Bellow eyes + 0,7% Cheek + 2,5% Corner of the mouth + 2,7% Bellow mouth + 4,3% Cheek/chin angle - 4,1% Neck/chin angle - 4,6% Neck/chin angle - 2,2% 17
Conclusion Development of a new algorithm to produce high resolution reconstruted average front faces : very well defined / especially remarkable by their quality and the morphological similarities between the images obtained Thanks to this quality, we reveal yet unidentified differences in the facial morphology of Chinese and Caucasian women Width of Chinese women faces are larger at all point measured, making them look larger and rounder Increase in BMI impacts differently Chinese and Caucasian These differences will help to find appropriate responses to reconstructive surgery and aesthetic concern 18
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