CHAPTER 3 WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS IN COPPER HOARD PHASE

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155 CHAPTER 3 WEAPONS AND IMPLEMENTS IN COPPER HOARD PHASE Since the first discovery of a Copper Harpoon at Bithur in Kanpur District in 1822, over 1300 copper weapons and implements of a similar range have been found in different region of India, mostly in Hoard. Archaeologists refer to them as copper hoard. More than Hundred sites spread over a large geographical area from Shalozan in North-West Pakistan to Hullur (Karnataka) in the South and Bhagrapir (Odisha) in the East to Khurdi Rajasthan in the west have been found. 1 This type of weapons and implements have been founded in Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttarakhand, Bihar, Jharkhand, Bengal, Odisha, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, particularly in the Ganga-Doab region. The number of weapons and implements found together varies from 1 to 47, except in the case of Gungeria in Madhya Pradesh, where 424 weapons and implements weighting over 200 kg were found in a single hoard, along with 102 silver objects. Since most of the copper hoard discoveries were accidental and the objects were not found in a stratified context. From that time till today these kinds of copper Hoard weapons and implements are being found repeatedly, made up of pure copper. In view of this, the site of Saipai (in district Etawah), where the copper Hoard type weapons and implements were found in the course of an excavation in an OCP level, is especially important. Firstly, came into being and comprehensive survey of these weapons by V.A. Smith in 1905. 2 Later on Hiranand Shastri discovered some more weapons, including the famous antennae

156 sword from Bithur, Bulandshahar and Hardoi. Some scholars like Heine-Geldern (1936, 1956), S. Piggott (1944, 1950), B.B. Lal (1951, 1972), Beongard Lavin and Deopic (1957), Lohuizende Leeuw (1960), S.P. Gupta (1963, 1965), Y.D. Sharma (1964), D.P. Agrawal (1969, 1971, 2000), Paul Yule (1985, 1989), D.P. Sharma (1991, 2002) and many other have made important contributions to the understanding of the problem of the copper-hoard. 3 R. Heine - Geldern 4 first wrote his views in his paper on the Archaeological Traces of the Vedic Aryan and followed in up a year later in his paper on the New light on the Aryan Migration to India in both of which he recognized the Aryans as the Introducers of the copper implements in India. B.B. Lal in his paper on Further copper Hoards from the Gengatic Basin and a review of the problem, pointed out the obvious anomaly between the specialized object of apparent western inspiration and those from the Ganga plains Heine Geldern s latest views were expressed in his paper on The coming of the Aryans and the End of the Harappan civilization. 5 A large number of sites from, where various types of weapons and implements made up of copper, have been found. Some specialists or archaeologists divide them in three parts, war and hunting, agriculture and household implements. These weapons and implements have been found from various areas of India. In the first category war and hunting weapons are arrowheads, Swords, Antennae sword, hook swords, spearheads, Lance head, Parasu, Harpoon, double axe, hooked spear etc. Second category agricultural implements are including axe, flat axe, shouldered axe, Lugged souldred axe, celt, bar celt or bar axe, chisel axe, socketed axe, chisel, wood chisel or Khurpi, tanged wood chisel and in third category, household implements are Knife, Razor, Ring, Anthropomorphic and fish hook etc.

157 Extent Copper hoard weapons and implements were found at different places like Bithur, Fatehgarh, Bisauli, Parihar, Sarthauli, Manpur, Bahadrabad, Nasirpur, Baharia, Saipai, Rajpur Prasu, Shahabad, 6 Shaharanpur, Unao, Amroha, Sitapur, Etawah, Kiratpur etc., Khurdi, Ganeshwar, Padaliya, Noh etc. (Rajasthan), Hansi, Rewari, 7 Dadri, Ambala, Bhiwani, Jind, Narnaund, Jhajjar (Haryana), Gungeria, Pondi, Tamani (Madhya Pradesh), Bugunda, Kausalya (Bihar), Saguni, Palamau, Manbhum, Ranchi, Hami, Nankom, Bassia, Biru, Kamdara, Kera, Harru Chowra Drah (Jharkhand), Tamajuri, Kalgara (Bengal) Mayurbhanj, Deneria, Bhagrapir, Kaushalya (Orisha), Modhera, Mehsana, Kansana (Gujarat), Kallur (Karnatak) Moongalaar tea Estate (Kerala), Shavinipatt (Tamilnadu) etc. Copper hoard has a large geographical area from Shalozan in North-West Pakistan to Hallur (Karnataka). Latest research showed Tamilnadu, Shavinipatt in southernest place and Bhagrapir (Odisha) in the east to Khurdi (Rajasthan) in the west. 8 Distribution The copper Hoards have a very wide distribution, throughout mostly in North India. The entire area can be divided into three different zones on the basis of the typology of artifacts that have been found in the hoards 9 (Makkhanlal 1980-81). Zone A comprises Bengal, Bihar and Orisha. This zone is characterized by the occurrence of flat celts, shouldred celt, bar celt and double axe. Zone B includes the Uttar Pradesh and Haryana and the characteristics weapons & implements are the Anthropomorphs, Antennae swords, hooked swords and Harpoon. This zone includes implements of Zone A like flat celt, shouldered celt and bar celts. 10 Zone C comprises Rajasthan where only flat celts and bar celt

158 have been found. It appears that their main focus was the Ganga valley from the typology and distribution of the Hoards. Some scholars are of the opinion that copper objects from other regions, such as those from the North-Western parts of the sub continent, should also be taken as belonging to the copper Hoard culture. 11 Thus the shaft hole axe-adze from Mohenjodaro, the shaft-hole axe from Shahi tump and the trunion celt from Shalozn and Antennae sword from fort Munro were included as being associated with copper Hoards. It will be clear from the typology of the copper Hoards that these weapons and implements are not characteristic of the hoard from the Ganga Valley and hence do not belong to the copper hoard culture (Heine-Geldren 1936 and 1937). Map 3.1 Showing the Distribution of Copper Hoards and Other Bronze & Copper Implements

159 Chronology The copper Hoards hang in a sort of Chronological vacuum for the simple reason that none of them has so far been found associated with any habitational deposit in a stratified dig. V.A. Smith dated these weapons and implements to c. 2000 BC., S. Piggot 12 and Y.D. Sharma keep them between 1750 to 1000 B.C., B.B. Lal 13 assigns them the date of C. 1200 B.C., Gordon suggests C. 800 B.C. and H.D. Sankalia has given C. 1500 B.C. as their date. However, on the basis of the stylistic comparison and circumstantial evidence, these can be assigned to post Harappan period. The copper hoard and Chalcolithic culture existed side by side during the period from circa 1700 BC to 1000 BC. These discoveries come to light accidentally but on the basis of circumstantial evidence. They have been associated with what goes by the acronym Ochre Coloured Pottery (OCP) which is founded in western U.P., Haryana and Rajasthan. They have been associated with Harappans rather Later Harappan and therefore they can generally be placed roughly in the second millennium BC, may be between C. around 1800-1200 B.C. 14 In absence of any C-14 date, copper hoard cannot be precisely dated. On the basis of available TL date, the OCP sites in the central upper Ganga valley have been broadly placed in the date bracket of C. 2000 BC 1300 BC. Except Ganeshwar in Rajasthan, the copper hoard dates may be kept circa 1700 BC to 1200 BC. Origin and Development The origin and development of copper hoard is the knottiest problem. S.P. Gupta (1963 : 1965) has attempted to trace the evolutionary stage of copper hoard by an exhaustive study. According to him copper hoard area divided into three provinces. 15 On this basis their provenances, zone A comprised the Bihar region which probably was the origin of copper hoards because of

160 different types of weapons and implements found from the region are simple such as flat celt, shouldered celts, bar celt, chisel and rings. The technique employed in the manufacturing of tool include simple forging, hammering and rudimentary casting. Zone B Ganga Yamuna doab where we come across such specialized type weapons and implements as barbed harpoon, spearhead with mid-rib and anthropomorphs. Zone B indicates more advanced form of manufacturing techniques including casting, forging, filling etc. Zone B suggests that perhaps these were locally produced in the Ganga-Yamuna valley. It shows the migration of weapon and implements Zone A to Zone B. Both zones as suggested by S.P. Gupta, correspond to two successive stage of development of this industry, both in time and space. 16 It is clear that copper hoard originated in Jharkhand where the ore is also available. In the beginning, celt and ring were made and then new specialized items such as swords, Harpoons, spearheads and anthropomorphs were fashioned. Swords and spears are weapons of war and they were necessary for the people to fight with Aryan s who were on their estward march in the Ganga Valley. Gupta s view is that actual migration of people from Zone A and Zone B must have taken place. Some Scholar s suggest that the copper shouldered celt and bar celt of Zone A have been copied from similar stone tools of the neolithic phase which also proves that Zone A was the original home of this industry where the weapons and implements followed the stone age culture. A. WEAPONS OF WAR AND HUNT A large number of copper hoard weapons have been found from different places in India. These are mostly reported unearthed region and a few number occurred with OCP composition and a very few reported Harappan sites. Since 1822 to till now, these weapons traced by Archaeologists are displayed at Archaeological

161 museum. After exhausted survey, we can explain the weapons and its type. These weapons include arrowheads, simple swords, antennae swords, hook swords, spearheads, lance heads, Parasu or Hatchets, and Harpoons etc. Each weapon is made of pure copper, some archaeologists associate these weapons with red pottery of OCP affinity. Unfortunately the details of these copper object have not been found so far. Nevertheless, the discovery is significant to demonstrate that OCP users were also engaged in the activities of war and hunt for survival as well as livelihood. 17 1. Arrowhead Agrawal s exploration and excavations at Ganeshwar and its vicinity in 1979 yielded a rich collection of copper weapons and implements. Four hundred, Arrowheads were found there's. 18 Some Arrowheads are without holes and tang. These simple arrowheads have a superficial resemblance to several Harappan examples. At least it is certain that all are fashioned from relatively thin (c. 1.0 mm) sheet metal. The original wooden shafts have been overlaped the arrowheads and was glued. In view of this and the large number of still unpublished example from there, a typology of arrowheads seems premature at this time. Extant arrowheads have appeared in stratified contexts only at Bagor and Ganeshwar in Rajasthan and further Navdatoli in South. Measurement length ranges 2.0 cm to 6.1 cm mean 3.01 cm and width of arrowhead 0.82 to 2.41 : 1, mean 1.22 : 1 cm. 19 The use of arrowheads suggest that the economy of Ganeshwar people was still largely dependent on fishing and hunting. 2. Sword Numerous swords have been tracked down in different parts of India, particularly Ganga-Yamuna doab. Archaeologists divide them into three category specimens which differ in their size, shape, particularly the length. It may be suggested that those specimens which measure less than 45 cm. in length would have

162 served better as dagger than swords. V.A. Smith is inclined to regard some of the specimens as spearheads though he was the person who termed them as sword initially. 20 There are three types of sword. a. Antennae Sword : The antennae hilted swords are called so because they have antennae like bifurcation at the hilt-end and are mostly found from the Ganga-Yamuna doab with exception of Modhera (Mehsana) in Gujarat (Pl. 3.1) and Kallur in Andhra Pradesh. 21 D.P. Agrawal thinks that the antennae swords could have been used for killing or wounding big game and writes that they are cast with the antennae as one piece and have long blade with short hilt, a sharp median ridge and their length varies between 42 cm to 75 cm. More than seventy swords have been reported from Shahabad, Kanpur, Bithur, Fatehgarh, Unao, Bisauli, Chandausi, Mehsana (Gujarat), Riwari (Haryana) and Kallur Andhra Pradesh etc. The Antennae hilted swords are of two types. Plate 3.1 Antennae Sword from Mehsana (Gujarat) Type I : It is comparatively bigger in size and its length ranges between 56.9 cm 76.6 cm and weight ranges between 1238 2380 grams. These have long broad and leaf-shaped blade with midrib. Its section is slightly concave. It has a rectangular handle of about 6-20 cm in length 22 also. Mostly this type of Antennae swords occurred in middle Ganga-Yamuna doab. Type II : Its length ranges between 40.5 47.5 cm and its average weight is 458.87 grams. It has a shorter leaf shaped blade with

163 more distinct midrib but a shorter grip about 4 cm long. These type antennae swords were occurred mostly in upper Ganga- Yamuna doab, Haryana, Gujarat, Maharastra, Karnataka, Kerla, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan (Yule 1989, 1990 & Lahiri 1996). The National Museum, New Delhi has mostly swords of type I from the localities of Ganga-Yamuna doab region. The type II swords are of three sub type, i.e. type IIa, Low angle Antennae (10-20 cm), type IIb high angle antennae (30-45 cm) and type IIc middle angle antennae (20-30 cm). The author (Sharma, 1988), Gupta (1987), Paul (1989) and Madhuri (1997) has described in detail about antennae sowrds of type I, which are in National Museum, New Delhi collection. Madhuri (1997) observed all these antennae swords collected from various regions Ganga-Yamuna doab have similarities in shape with the antennae swords of Mehsana, Kallur, Chandoli and Rewari. This seems to provide clinching evidence of the doab definites of the Mehsana and Kullar type finds. Antennae sword type I and type II details in measurements, Profile edge and lodeged at place. S. No. Weapons 1. Antennae Sword 2. Antennae Sword 3. Antennae Sword 4. Antennae Sword 5. Antennae Sword 6. Antennae Sword 7. Antennae Sword Find Spot & State Shahabad, U.P. Measurement Length X breadth X thickness (cm) Weight Section and nature of Edge 56.9 5.9 0.76 Triangular, Broken tip Rewari (Haryana) 41.9 4.0 0.6 300 gm Triangular Shaped tip and midrib Rewari 37.7 3.23 0.59 300 gm Three (Haryana) fragment, edge curled Rewari 28.4 3.9 0.7 250 gm Three (Haryana) fragment, leaf shaped Blade Bithur 40.5 5.5 0.92 458.87 Leaf shaped gm blade and Moradabad Kallur (Karanataka) biconvex 38.5 9.3 0.63 295 gm Pointed and sharp with midrib 96.0 6.0 1.0 Biconvex, Broken Blade Reference National Museum, Delhi Kanya Gurukul Museum, Narela Archaeological Museum, Combride Municipal Museum, Allahabad State Museum, Hydrabad

164 8. Antennae Sword 9. Antennae Sword 10. Antennae Sword 11. Antennae Sword 12. Antennae Sword 13. Antennae Sword 14. Antennae Sword 15. Antennae Sword 16. Antennae Sword 17. Antennae Sword 18. Antennae Sword 19. Antennae Sword 20. Antennae Sword Kallur (Karanataka) Kallur (Karnataka) Mahasana (Gurjrat) Mehsana (Gujarat) Rewari (Haryana) Hansi (Haryana) Shahabad Fatehgarh Shavinipatti (Tamil Nadu) Rewari (Haryana) Kankasa (Gujarat) Moongalaar Tea, (Kerala) Estate 67.0 5.0 0.75 Rectanglular Blade and Biconvex 75.0 5.0 75 Triangular Blade, sharp and biconvex 55.6 10.3 0.82 395 gm Triangular (Pl.3.2) sharp Blade, midrib 53.5 13.2 butt 490 gm Pointed Blade, 0.8 (Pl.3.3) biconvex 41.7 2.65 0.51 240 gm Triangular tip and biconvex 44.3 7.19 1.88 900 gm (Pl.3.4) Very Sharp triangular tip with mid-rib 47.0 5.11 Tip of Blade, Bent over edges curls 42.41 3.68 (?) Biconvex prominent midrib, tang bifurcates into insects like antennae 72.39 3.81 (?) Biconvex with midrib, tang bifurcates into insects like antennae 40 2.50 0.40 Biconvex, pointed with mid rib (Pl.3.5) 30.5x9.6 cm Biconvex Pointed, with midrib (Pl.3.6.1) 70.0x2.8x0.5 Biconvex broad tip than blade (Pl.3.6.2) Shahabad (UP) 25.0x4.0x1.5 Biconvex tip bent over (Pl.3.6.3) National Museum, Delhi Kanya Gurukul, Narela National Museum, Delhi Ancient India No. 7, P. 35, fig. 7. Puratattva No. 12, p. 128. Gurukul Museum, Jhajjar Yule. Paul (1985) P. 92. Yule, Paul (1985) p. 92. Ibid., 92.

165 Plate 3.2 Antennae Sword (Mehsana) Plate 3.3 Copper antennae Sword (Mehsana) Plate 3.4 Antennae Sword (Hansi) Plate 3.5 Antennae Sword (Rewari) Plate 3.6. 1.Antennae sword(kankasa) 2. Antennae Sword (Kerala) 3. Sword Blade (Shahabad)

166 Above mentioned antennae swords by Yule, Paul research work, to regarding metal work. D.P. Sharma has completed his research work on copper weapons and implements on antennae swords, which are less than 40 cm in length and they appear as antennae dagger. The advantage of antennae hilt will be that the sword can be fixed securely in narrow clefts made in heavy wooden legs. b. Hooked Sword Hooked swords are like antennae swords except that in place of antennae there is a forked hook on the steam. So far fifteen hooked swords have been reported from Shahabad, Kanpur, Unnao, Saharanpur, Nasirpur (Pl.3.7), Niorai, Manpur, Beharia, Bahadrabad, Saipai, Sarthauli etc. sites, in western Uttar Pradesh. Hooked swords range in length betweem 43.6 47.0 cm. It has a sharply profiled midrib and highly concave side in section with a hook bent toward middle of the grip. 23 Eleventh hooked swords lodge at National Museum, New Delhi from Ganga-Yamuna doab region. A hooked sword is more sophisticated than harpoon and differs in technology with the harpoon. The hooked sword has a hook and its surface is smoother and well finished. Plate 3.7 Hooked Sword from Nasirpur Hooked swords Acc. No. 87-22/2 of Saharanpur has a prominent medial ridge and a curved hook at the tang. It s measurement is length 34 cm and 9.3cm breadth. The medial rib produces a lozenge shaped section. The point of blade is semi circular. The tang is crude, heavy and flat. Two such swords were also reported from Sarthauli and Etawah. 24 Another hooked sword (Acc. No. 87-2214) of Shahabad is little different from the above.

167 It s measurement range length 44 cm and 6.4 breadth sword blade has medial ridge is prominent and concave. The tang is rectangular and small. Sword resembles each one from Bulandshahar, Saipai and two from Bahadrabad. The hook in these swords differ from Harappan swords as the later have a hole instead of a hook smooth and well-finished. These type of swords were used in war for cutting smashing, thrusting, killing men and animals. These have very sharp blades. S. No. Weapon Find spot & state Measurement Length x Breadth x Thickness (cm) Cross Section Nature of Edge Reference 1. Hooked Swords Baharia 45.48 7.50? Biconvex Midrib blade tapers towards points Puratattva No. 5, pp. 42-43. 2. Hooked Swords Sarthauli 38.80 5.20 1.20 Biconvex Long pointed blade, midrib Ancient India No. 7, p. 30. 3. Hooked Swords Saipai 49.14 6.80? Biconvex Long blade tapering with prominent medical rib Puratattva No. 5, pp. 46-49. 4. Hooked Sword Narnaund (Haryana) 44.50 7.5 1.0 Biconvex (Pl.3.8) Pointed with mid-rib, two hole on tang Gurukul Museum, Jhajjar Plate 3.8 Hooked Sword from Narnaund c. Simple Sword These consist of a long blade and a tang. The length varies 30-50 cm. The blade has a prominent mid rib having both cutting edges sharp. The tip of sword is pointed sharp. The cross section of blade is lenticular. It should be noted that in some cases the swords of this category are smaller than those of category (I). The

168 total number of such swords are not more detailed. A few of them are listed in the table. S. No. Find Spot & State 1. Sarthauli 2. Sarthauli Weapon Sword or Spearhead Sword or Spearhead Measurement Length x Breadth x Thickness (cm) 3. Sarthauli Sword or Spearhead 4. Rewari Sword 34.2 (Pres.) x 4.6 x 0.62 5. Rewari Sword 33.9 x 1.5 x 1.5 (500 gm) Cross Section Nature of Edge 51.20 6.40 1.20 Biconvex Both the edges Prominent midrib, tang, blade not pointed Reference Ancient India No. 7, p. 30. 30.00 6.00 0.80 Biconvex Midrib blade, triangular tip Ibid, p. 30, No. 5 44.00 7.20 1.30 Biconvex As Above Ibid, p. 30, No. 3 Concave edges, two holes Biconvex Triangular tip with midrib Long blade triangular shaped (Pl. 3.9) Yule, Paul (1985) P. 93. Ibid. 93. Plate 3.9 Simple Sword from Rewari 3. Spearhead Spearhead is the common weapon of copper hoard people. These are reported from Shahabad 25 Kanpur, Nasirpur, Khera Madanpur, Saipai, Unnao, Sarthauli (Pl. 3.10) and Sheorajpur 26 in Uttar Pradesh. All these weapons are more than 28 inches long and, in spite of their long blades, these should be taken to be spearhead and not the swords. It appears that spear was used by copper hoard people for hand to hand fight and throwing for hunting. These spearheads have midrib, prominent a wooden long shaft fitted in the tang for hand projecting by hand. These blades are of two types. They are mostly leaf shaped and pointed.

169 Plate 3.10 Copper Spearhead from Sarthauli Some spearheads details are given here in the following table. S. No. Weapon Find Spot & State 1. Spearhead Shahabad 2. Spearhead Shahabad 3. Spearhead Shahabad Measurement Cross Nature of Edge Length x Breadth x Thickness (cm) Section Profile 27 5.2 Triangular Biconvex edge and midrib Acc. No. Reference 85.176 National Museum, New Delhi Puratattva No. 16, p. 98. 19.9 1.8 Triangular Long Blade 85.182 Sharma, D.P. 6.4 3.1 Leaf shaped Biconvex and sharp Blade (Fragmentory) (2002), p. 28 86.59/37 Sharma, D.P. (2002), p. 39 4. Spearhead Shahabad 5. Spearhead Kanpur 6. Spearhead Kanpur 5.8 38 Leaf shaped Fragmentory Blade 86.59/38 Sharma, D.P. 39.8 6.1 Leaf shaped Sharp and with tang 24 6 Leaf shaped Sharp Blade Biconvex (2002), p. 34. 86.59/34 Sharma, D.P. (2002), p. 38 86.59/38 Ibid, p. 38 7. Spearhead Unnao 6.7 3.5 Fragmentory Blade 86.59/36 Ibid, p. 38 8. Spearhead Narnaund (Haryana) 9. Spearhead Narnaund (Haryana) 44.5 7.13 1.88 Leaf shaped Two hole on Butt, with midrib 900 gm 43.7 6.13 2.80 Leaf shaped With Midrib sharp (1350 gm) (Pl. 3.11) Dangi Vivek (2010), p. 359. Plate 3.11 Copper Spearhead from Narnaund A spearhead from Sheorajpur has a leaf shaped blade with prominent midrib which produce a fine lozenge shaped section. There is a small flat tang. The upper portion of this spear is broken. The maximum width is 5 cm. Both the edges are partly damaged. The tang is roughly 4.4 cm long and circular in section. Second spearhead from Sheorajpur is broken at the blade end,

170 also its sides are partially damaged. It has a maximum length of 18.2 cm. It has slightly longish flat tang, its power end is more or less like an antennae. The blade has a lozenge shaped section. 27 Two leaf shaped hook spear trace from Narnaul in Haryana have a sharply profile middle rib and highly concave side. There are two holes on the butt probably to fit a wooden handle; Hammer butt. A hooked spear has been discovered from Nasirpur, It has triangular shaped, long blade with midrib and long tang with one barb (Pl.3.12). Plate 3.12 Copper Spearhead from Nasirpur 4. Lance Head Remanants of Lance Head has been found from Etawah, Sarthauli, Saipai and Khera Kanpur. These are different from spear. These are different in length and sharply pointed than spear. In size and overall form, lance head superficially resemble type III harpoon, but are without barbs. Lance head blades have a medial ridge and usually concave edges. Hammered tang is roughly rectangular in section. In most cases a hook which curved backward was split off from the tang on one edge of fix the hand to the pole. Two lance head from Sarthauli lack this hook, which weaken their identification as lance heads. These type of lance head mostly occurred in mid to upper doab often directly to the west of the Ganges. A lance head from Etawah measurements 36.2 cm length 5.74 cm breadth and 0.9 cm thickness hook corroded. Another lance head has been discovered from unknown area, measurement 45.89 length 6.65 cm breadth, 1.24 cm thickness and weight 952.2 gram. Similarly another lance head has been found from unknown place, having measurement length 73.02 cm, breadth 10.16 cm. 28

171 5. Harpoon Harpoons are similar in shape to those copper hoards occur among bone implements of Magdalenian culture (upper paleolithic phase) widely removed from the copper hoard in time and space. Though simple bards from Transcaucasia, Talish and Luristan in Iran are known, they could scarcely have, in spite of the insistence of Heine-Gelden, 1936, 1937, inspired the Indian specimens. Similarly the multi barbed mesolithic horn harpoons mentioned by Gorden, 1958, cannot have anything to do with the copper hoard ones. The intermediate land-mass has not yet yielded specimens to suggest any cultural link. On the contrary nearer home the harpoon are comparable with the one depicted on the cave painting at Ghormangur, Dt. Mirzapur (Pl.3.13), and indicate the source of inspiration as suggest by Lal. 29 numerous Harpoons have been reported in different parts of India like Shahabad, Bisauli, Bithur, Amroha, Sitapur, Rajpur Prasu, Nasirpur (Pl.3.14), Beheria, Niorai, Prior, Saipai, Narnaund in Haryana and Bhadla in Punjab. 30 A miscellaneous. Harapoon discovered from Bandarkala in U.P. has measuring 31.7 cm Length, 9.6 cm breadth, 2.4 cm thickness and 885 gm. It is triple headed, with midrib, two hole both side for the attached wooden shaft. (Pl.3.15) Plate 3.13 Rhirnoceros Hunts. Ghormangur Cave, Mirzapur Perhaps the barbed harpoons were hafted in wooden poles and used as spears.

172 Plate 3.14 Copper Harpoon (Nasirpur) Plate 3.15 Misc. Harpoon (Bendarkala) These are long barbed arrow-shaped specimens. These have strong medial rib and tapering blades. The middle part contains finely curved barbs of cylindrical section. At the junction of the barbed portion and the tang is a hole which was used for passing a cord for tying it to a shaft. It was cast and finished with a hammer by Metal smith. The Harpoons we get from Ganga-Yamuna doab (Pl.3.16) (Pl.3.17), Lahiri (1996), Yule (1985-1989) and Madhuri (1997) have classified harpoon in three basic type as follows 31 : Plate 3.16 Copper Harpoon (Ganga Yamuna doab) Plate 3.17 Copper Harpoon (Ganga Yamuna doab) Type I Its length range between 17.5 and 28.6 cm and weight 215 and 915 gm. It has a short bedded tip. It has 4 to 6 angularly

173 disposed straight barbs with an eyelet on one side below the barbs. This type of specimen resembles with middle Ganga-Yamuna doab region. The National Museum has some harpoons of this type from Kanpur, Hardoi, Shahabad, Sitapur, Mainpuri (Pl.3.18). Plate 3.18 Harpoon type-i (Mainpuri) Plate 3.19 Harpoon Type-II (Saipai) Type II Type II harpoons are smaller in size as compared to type I. Their length ranges between 20.8 42.8 cm and weight between 360 to 450 gm. Yule, Lahiri (1996) and Madhuri (1997) subdivided. Type II as type IIa and type IIb. Type IIa have long blade tip and 4 to 6 cm in length. The curved book barbs have an eyelet on one side of the barbs. The National Museum has mostly type IIb. Type IIa and type IIb harpoons are found in upper Ganga-Yamuna doab region and also in some adjoining areas of Haryana. This type specimen reported from Saipai has been measuring 30.2cm Length, 5.8 cm breadth, 1.87 cm thickness and 660 gm. weight. It has leaf shaped blade and three barbs attached on the tang (Pl.3.19).

174 Type III The type III harpoons length ranges between 36.8 and 44.3 cm and weight 475 and 1000 gm. Type III harpoons have large number of straight barbs and we found this type in Northeast Rajasthan and Haryana. We have large collections of this type III in Jhajjar Museum Haryana. The National Museum, New Delhi does not have a single harpoon of the type III. On the basis of stratigraphical finds, the earliest date of copper Harpoons. They can go up to late mature Harappan period (2300 B.C.). Nayanjyot Lahiri (1996) observed: Its primary stratigraphical correlation is with the specimen found in the O.C.P. deposit at Saipai district Etawah in the doab and its adjoining region. It is supposed to occur in period IIIB, a late Harappan deposit of Mitathal in Haryana. On this basis, the present author concluded that the lugged shouldered axes or alleged anthropomorphic figures were also discovered from deposit of mature Harappan level of Lothal and now one can say with confirmation that on the basis of above stratigraphical findings of copper hoard implement from Lothal, Saipai and Mitathal that the authors of copper hoard or early Aryans were late contemporaries of late mature Harappan people (2500-2000 B.C.). S. No. Weapon Find Spot & State 1. Harpoon Shahabad 2. Harpoon Shahabad 3. Harpoon Shahabad Measurement Length x Breadth x Thickness (cm) Section Edge Profile 33.5 7.2? Biconvex 5 Pair Barbs and midrib 36 6.1? Biconvex Sharply Blade with three pair Barb and mid rib 19 4.2? Biconvex Two pairs and four pair Barbs and midrib Acc. No. Reference 65.256 National Museum, New Delhi Collection 66.29 Puratattva No. 16, p. 97. 67.138 Puratattva No. 16, p. 97.

175 4. Harpoon Shahabad 5. Harpoon Shahabad 6. Harpoon Shahabad 7. Harpoon Shahabad 35.7 6.8? Biconvex Four pair Barbes and with Midrib 25 6? Biconvex Barbs and Pointed Blade with midrib 16 3.6? Biconvex Three Barbs, A hole on the tang 38 5? Biconvex Three pair barbs and with midrib 8. Harpoon? 32.5 1? Biconvex Four Curved Barbs and with Midrib 9. Harpoon? 39 6? Biconvex Four curved barbs toward tang 10. Harpoon? 31.5 6.5? Biconvex Three Long pair Barbs with Midrib 11. Harpoon Amroha 16.4 13.6? Biconvex Three pair bards, with midrib 12. Harpoon Sitapur 20.5 4.7? Biconvex Two Pair barb and pointed 13. Harpoon Kanpur 26 7.5? Biconvex Fragmentary Tip broken 14. Harpoon Kanpur 31 5.5? Biconvex With Barbs and midrib 15. Harpoon Kanpur 30.5 7.1? Biconvex Three pairs barbs with midrib 16. Harpoon Kanpur 24.5 3.6 Biconvex With Barbs and midrib 17. Harpoon Kanpur 30 5.7? Biconvex With Barbs and Midrib 18. Harpoon Bisauli 43.20 6.00 1.20 Biconvex Three pairs of Barbs with a hole, Blade sharped 19. Harpoon Sarthauli 20. Harpoon Baharia 28 5.20 1.20 Biconvex Four Pairs barbs with a hole lug 39.50 7.50? Three Pairs incurved sharp blade with midrib, tang hooked 67.140 Puratattva No. 16, p. 97 85.177 Puratattva No. 16, p. 98 86.59 Puratattva No. 16, p. 99 86.22/3 Sharma, D.P. (2002), p. 39. 85.387 Puratattva No. 16, p. 98 84.388 Ibid, p. 98 86.5 Ibid, p. 98 86.2 Sharma D.P. (2002), p. 28. 87.22/5 Ibid., p. 40. 86.59/32 Puratattva No. 16, p. 99 87.79/2 Sharma, D.P. (2002), p. 46. 87.79/4 Ibid. p. 47. 87.79/5 Puratattva No. 16, p. 99 87.79/6 Sharma, D.P. (2002), p. 49. Ancient India, No. 7, p. 23. IA, No. 7, p. 30. Puratattva No. 5, p. 42-43

176 21. Harpoon Saipai 21.84 4.20? Biconvex Long pointed Blade both the edges sharp three pair barbs 22. Harpoon Mitathal (Haryana) 22.50 4.50? Diamond Shaped 23. Harpoon? (Haryana) 29 4.5 1.5 Biconvex (Pl. 3.20.1) 24. Harpoon (Type-3) Narnaund (Haryana) 43.5 5.05 1.9 Biconvex (Pl. 3.20.2) Four pairs of curved barbs, a hole at the tang, Blade flat 10 Pair Barbs and two apart U.P. and down at tang not long 15 pairs barbs two hook near the butt (1050 gram weight) 25. Harpoon Orai 29.4 8.8 2.00 Biconvex Three pair long barbs. Two Hole on the tang (730 gm). 26. Harpoon Orai 18.4 5 1.9 Biconvex Three Pair Barbs, One Hole on tang 27. Harpoon Narnaund 39 4.0 2.0 Biconvex (Pl. 3.21) 28. Harpoon Hansi 37 8.0 1.20 Biconvex (Pl. 3.22) 29. Harpoon Hansi 44.0x4.86x1.97 Biconvex (Pl. 3.23) 30. Harpoon Baharia 31. Harpoon Provenance unknown 32. Harpoon Provenance unknown 33.8x6.3x2.1 (805 gm) 37.3x6.0x2.1 33.5 (Pres,) x 5.7x2.2 Eleven pair barbs pointed Eight pair long barb 15 pair barbs two hooked attach near the butt Biconvex Four pair barbs with a hole. Biconvex Two pair barb and a hole on the tang Biconvex Three pair barb, a hole on the tang 33. Harpoon Rewari 20.8x5.27x2.05 Biconvex Two pair barbs Ibid. p. 46-49. Suraj Bhan (1975), p. 66. Panipat Museum, Haryana. Dangi, Vivek (2010), p. 359. Pragdhara No. 19, p. 174 Ibid., p. 174 Jhajjar Museum Gurukul, Haryana Yule, Paul (1985), p. 89. (Pl.3.24.3) (Pl.3.24.4) (Pl.3.24.7) (Pl.3.24.6) Yule, Paul (1985), p. 88. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid.

177 34. Harpoon Provenance unknown 35. Harpoon Provenance unknown 36.8x6.4 Biconvex Three pair barbs and two hole both side 30.48x5.71 Biconvex Three pair barbs, hole 36. Harpoon Shahabad 35.0x6.95 Biconvex Four pair barbs, a hole (Pl.3.24.5) (Pl.3.24.1) (Pl.3.24.2) Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Plate 3.20 1. Copper Harpoon. From Panipat (?) District 2. Harpoon type-3 from Narnaund in Hissar (Haryana) Plate 3.21 Copper Harpoon (Narnaund) Plate 3.22 Copper Harpoon (Hansi)

178 Plate 3.23 Harpoon Type-III (Hansi) Plate 3.24 Copper Hoard. 1,3,4,5,7 Harpoons From Pro. Unknown. 2. Harpoon from Shahabad. 6. Harpoon from Rewari. These harpoons are like a mid-ribbed spearhead with oblique or backward curving barbs; quite often with a hole on a lug. These have been marked by hammering from cutting a thick copper sheet and cast in a double mould. These harappan could be used as spearheads for big game as shown by Cockburn or as harpoon for killing large fish. 32 6. Parasu or Hatchet Parasu (Length 7.6 16.5 cm.) are classified as type II of double axes by Yule. But the contrast between the two types is so striking that it has to be diagnosed as a completely independent type. They have in plan two bilaterally diametrical cutting edges, one at each end of the bow shaped blade. Invariably the cutting edges are broader than the middle of the blade and are usually convex. The wooden handle will be set in the middle. 33 A single Parasu has been found in the copper hoard assemblage from Sarthauli. 34 It has measurement 17.29 cm in length, 22 cm in breadth and edge is not sharp. The Hammer marks are visible on its surface. It was originally cast but in order to give the final tough, some trimming was done with the hammer. A copper Parasu has been traced at Shahabad in U.P., Length 13.5 cm, it has sharped blade, biconvex edge. A wooden shaft fitted into

179 butt. 35 Parasu on Hatchet was probably used in war and hunting purpose. We may recall that Parasu or Hatchet have also been recovered from Pre-Harappan site Kalibangan, Late Harappan site Mitathal and Khurada Copper-Hoard assemblage. A connection between the copper hoard in Rajasthan and those of the Ganges Doab cannot be rulled out. 36 A parasu has been discovered from Nasirpur. It has very sharp crescent edge and with long tang for attached the wooden shaft (Pl.3.25). Plate 3.25 Copper Parasu from Nasirpur 7. Disc Disc with a plain surface and chisel marks on its periphery bears a thick coat of green patina measurement 7.5 cm Dia. 0.4 cm Thickness and 160 gram weight. 37 It has been reported from Orai in Bundel Khand. Similarly a disc or scale-pan occurred from Rewari in Haryana measurement of it 5.6 cm Dia 0.08 cm thickness Hammered from sheet copper. 38 It is unique in the sense that no such weapon has ever been found. The solitary disc with its blunt edge appears to represent an unfinished object. Although we are not aware of the exact function of this disc, presumably it represents an unfinished seal-pan (?). It is developed into a Chakra (wheel) the famous weapon of Lord Vishnu. 39 8. Double Axe Double axes are of rare occurrence in copper hoards, ten specimens have been reported at Bhagrapir in Odisha. 40 The double axe motif was quite common in west Asia in prehistoric

180 times and probably it had religious affiliation. It also occurs on Indian Chalcolithic pottery where it is depicted as opposed triangles. Double Axes, actual specimens of which have been found, have also been described as battle axe. The specimens from Bhagrapir are quite large and heavy, about 40 cm wide and their edges are about 1 to 3 cm thick and it is doubtful weather they could have even been effectively used as axes. They are made by cutting away almost circular pieces from the sides of an oval sheet. Five axes discovered from Parihari in West Bengal. 41 Copper double axes have also been occurred in India from other culture levels. At Harappa there are two specimens of a tool type that recalls double axes. The caution implied in this statement is due to the fact that the two working end are not sharp and there kinks between the edge and the waist. Another example of double axe have been reported from Lothal. It is slightly different type. It is only a rectangular piece of copper flattened at both ends and sharpened, the waist is narrow but not so prominently as in example from the hoards. Two such examples were reported at Hallur, District Dhashwar by M.S. Nayaraja Rao of Dharwar. It comes from the Neolithic Chalcolithic culture of the southern Deccan and is ascribable to the later half of the 2 nd millennium B.C. Its butt-end is sharp and rounded in shape as the primary working edge. The butt portion is shorter and narrower than the primary end. 42 A double axe has been measuring 27.4 cm length, 23.9cm breadth, 0.52cm thickness and 1015 gm weight reported from Parihati in West Bengal (Pl.3.26).

181 Plate 3.26 Double Axe from Parhati The double axes might have been hafted in the middle for effective cutting, which were used in war, and hunting the big animals. It is also used to clear the forest preparing fields for farming. 9. Hand Weapon (Pl.3.27) A unique hand weapon has been measuring, 33.1 cm length, 8.1 cm breadth, 2.2 cm thickness, and 1000 gm, weight barbed blade with protofiled grip found from Rewari. It is triple headed blade, with mid rib. It may be used in thrusting and slashing like sword. Plate 3.27 Copper Hand Weapon from Rewari B. AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS A large number of copper hoard agricultural implements have been reported at different area in India. Under this category may be included various types of axes and a probable ploughshare bar celt, bar axe and Khurpi. It is interesting to note that the implements of this category, particularly various axes, most commonly occur in a large majority of copper hoards. It is

182 generally admitted that axes were being commonly used by agricultural people for forest clearance with a view to preparing fields. The occurrence of a good number of axes in copper hoards may points towards the agricultural-based economy of people. 1. Axe : Different type of axe were found in India from different regions. All axes types were divided on the basis of their shapes, sizes and edges. Mainly three types are available of copper hoard axes like flat axe, shouldered axe and bar celt and the sub type of Lugged souldred axe, socketed axe, bar axe or long narrow axe etc. Some flat axe have been displayed at National Museum, Delhi found from Uttar Pradesh. (Pl.3.28) Plate 3.28 Copper Flat Axes from Uttar Pradesh (a) Flat Axe or Celt : Above three hundred specimens of this type have been recorded from numerous places of India. These axes have broad splayed out edge, sides converging concavely from the blade edge of rounded or rectangular butt end. These are traced from Shahabad, Kanpur, Haswa, Unnao, Amroha, Sitapur, Shaharanpur, Lakhnow, Hardoi, Nasirpur (Pl.3.29) Bithur (Pl.3.30), Handi Chota Nagpur (Bihar), Khurdi, Padaliya, Ganeshwar, Elena 43 (Rajasthan), Hansi, Rewari, Bhiwani, Narnaund, Dadri, Pauli 44 (Haryana), Balpur, Gungeria, Pondi, Kelsi (M.P.), Bandua, Bartola, Dargama, Hami (Jharkhand), Kellur (Karnataka) etc. This was the most common implement.

183 These axe or celt have been divided into four sub-types 45 : Plate 3.29 Copper Flat Axes from Nasirpur Plate 3.30 Flate Axe from Bithur (a) Long flat celt of irregular variety having edge as broad as the butt end. Length approximately 23 cms. (b) Triangular flat axe or celt with straight cutting edge length 10.5 cm. (c) Triangular flat celt or axe with crescent cutting edge, length 16.5 cm. (d) Oval flat axe or celt with rounded cutting edge and butt end, length 14 cms. D.P. Sharma gives the measurement of a numerous flat axe, 26 flat axe from Shahabad the measurement in length 5 cm to 20.6 cm long and breadth are 5 cm to 15.2 cm. 46 Some blade are broken and U shaped long, broad cutting edge and splayed butt end. It is having, triangular, concave and rectangular shaped blade and a few blade are oval shaped. The cutting edge is wide and sharp. Two flat axe from Sitapur in Uttar Pradesh 9.2 to 18 cm length and 6 cm to 6.2 cm breadth one blade is long and sharp and second blade have rectangular shape. 47 Five flat axes occurred from Unnao in Uttar Pradesh having measurement length range 9.2 cm to 16.5 cm long and breadth 6.1 cm to 11.2 cm. Three flat axes are broken, one U shaped blade, three crescent shape and one concave shaped blade. The cutting edge are sharp and wide out of side. 48 Eight flat axes from Kanpur, having measuring length 5.5 cm to

184 18.7 cm and breadth 4.0 cm to 11.40 cm. These axes are U shaped, triangular, concave and crescent blade, the cutting edges have been sharp and blunt the butt end. 49 Two flat axes had traced at Amroha in Uttar Pardesh, having measurement length 16.4 cm to 24.0 cm, breadth 5.4 to 13.6 cm, one of them is long and narrow and second has flourious blade sharply cutting edge. 50 Two specimen at unknown place in Uttar Pradesh has measurement length 12.50 cm to 12.70 and breadth 8.40 to 8.50 cm. One concave shape blade and second axe are U shaped and sharp. Seven sub type of flat axes have been proposed by Yule, with further sub-division in some cases, on the basis of the lengthbreadth ratio and morphological features. Type I Axes have nearly straight and parallel side and square proportion (mean (1.19 : 1). It has length range 9.8 to 13.33 cm, straight side, convex cutting edge roughly flat, convex or slightly concave butt end. Find spots only in Haryana and adjoining regions. An axe from Hansi District Hissar has 11.8 length 8.1 breadth 0.98 thickness and 500 gram weight. Edges slightly flattened corner broke off, dark green patina, smooth surface. Second flat axe traced at Rewari has measurement, length 9.8 7.8 cm breadth 0.71 cm thickness, some surface corrosion, mineral deposits on surface, burn, green patina. 51 Type II This type (Length range 7cm to 16 cm, weight range 40-1230 gram) : proportionately short, slightly concave, convex or straight side, some convex or plainly flat butt end slightly splayed cutting edge some example reported from Uttar Pradesh and Haryana.

185 S. No. Number of Implements Find Spot & State Length (cm) Breadth (cm) Thickness (cm) Weight (gram) Section Reference 1. 2 Flat axe Bithur 8.62-12.7 7.3-13.4 0.83-0.91 305 U shaped Allahabad and Lakhnow Museum 2. 3 Flat axe Hansi 3. 42 Flat axe Rewari 7.0-10.58 7.9-9.0 0.54-0.74 135-260 U Shaped 8.3-16.1 7.8-13.6 0.58-1.11 230-1230 U Shaped, Rectangular Kanya Gurukul, Narela S. No. Type IIIa Flat axes type IIIa (Length range 8.5-9.2 cm, weight 2050 3400 gram) : Elongated in shape with arched or flattish butt end but invariably convex cutting edge wide distribution in Haryana and the Doab. These are generally taper in the direction of the butt end and are straight slightly concave or convex. Number of Implements Find Spot & State 1. 1 Flat axe Bhiwani Length range (cm) Breadth range (cm) Thickness range (cm) Weight range (gram) Section Reference 19.9 11.1 0.76 930 gm Rectangular Kanya Gurukul, Narela. 2. 14 Flat axe Bithur 13.4-18.2 6.8-12.6 0.7-1.02 365-1085 Rectangular Straight concave 3. 1 flat axe Dadri 14.7 11.2 0.9 790 U shaped 4. 1 flat axe Deoti 9.0 11.7 0.8 535 Rectangular 5. 1 flat axe Distt. Gorakhpur Yule, Paul (1985), p. 57-58, Figure 591-604. 18.5 10.6 1.0 1090 Rectangular Ibid., p. 58 6. 2 flat axe Hansi 9.5-13.0 9.3-10.42 0.88-0.98 515-640 Rectangular Kanya Gurukul, Narela 7. 1 flat axe Kosam 15.6 12.9 0.9 980 Rectangular Allahabad Museum 8. 1 flat axe Mujahidpur 9. 1 flat axe Nankom (Jharkhand) 17.1 13.5 1.4 1660 U Shaped State Museum Lakhnow 13.0 6.35 Rectangular Patna Museum 10. 56 flat axe Rewari 5.0-20.7 5.2-13.3 0.40-1.85 115-3400 Rectangular Yule, Paul, (1985), p. 59-61, fig. 620-76.

186 Type IIIb The range of length of this type 16.74 to 21.3 cm, weight 540-1150 gram, the convex cutting edge winder than the body and terminating of both sides with a slight cusp some what apparently limited only to Rajpur Parasu in the Doab. 52 Type IIIc These may be straight or slightly curved axe. Both butt and front end are convex and often the corners are rounded. The profile are slightly biconvex. These type axes have been reported often Karnataka, Western Maharastra, central Rajasthan and Ganges mid point of the doab. There are some variations in the shape of this sub type. Stratified examples range in date from the Neolithic of (Karanataka) to the Jorwe Culture. A flat and rectangular axe of this type reported at Bithur has measuring c. 9.2 cm length, 4.56 cm breadth. Similarly of this type found from Mahuandanr in Jharkhand the measurement 9.8 length 5.9 breadth 0.71 cm thickness and has 205 gram weight. It has spaliting on the surface, smooth thick green patina intact on other face. Besides of these a flat axe of this type reported from Shahabad. It has 15.0 length 8.8 cm breadth 0.9 cm thickness, edges corroded, rear left corner. 53 These type implements have length range 9.2-16.5 cm. Type IIId These blades are very thin and length range 12.7-26.6 cm. They have a convex blade, a flat butt and side which curve gently inward. All five specimen of this type was excavated from Ahar. Type IIIe These axes have been length 9.6-20.1 cm and weight range c. 515-3700 gram. The blade has convex cutting edge, but distinguished from other type III axes by their extreme thickness. All the specimen were obtained in western Haryana.

187 S. No. Implements Find Spot & State 1. Flat Axe Bhiwani 2. Flat Axe Hansi 3. Flat Axe Hansi 4. Flat Axe Rewari 5. Flat Axe Rewari 6. Flat Axe Rewari Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Weight (gram) Section Reference 9.6 6.2 1.59 5.15 Rectangular Kanya Gurkul, Narela (208) 11.6 6.66 1.4 614 Rectangular Yule, Paul (1985), p. 62, fig. 681 14.7 5.85 1.18 1050 Rectangular Ibid, p. 63, fig. 682. 13.2 7.22 1.27 720 Square Ibid, p. 683 13.8 8.0 1.67 1020 Rectangular Ibid, figure 684 20.1 9.2 2.4 3700 Rectangular Kanya Gurukul Narela (233) S. No. Type IVa These type of length range 10.0-29.21 cm, weight range 80-90 gram typically the four corners are slightly angularly formed usually flat, slightly rounded butt end slightly convex cutting edge the greatest number in Haryana and some examples also in U.P. Number of Implements Find Spot & state Length (cm) 1. 3 Flat axe Hansi 11.71-18.0 2. 23 Flat axe Rewari 3. 1 Flat axe Shahabad Breadth (cm) Thickness (cm) Weight (gram) Section Reference 5.32-6.24 0.40-0.60 95-400 Rectangular Yule, Paul (1985), p. 63, fig. 686-88. 5.0-21.8 3.53-6.2 0.37-1.19 60-900 Rectangular Ibid, p.63, Fig. 689-712 20 5.0 with hole and Rectangular National Museum, Delhi Type IVb These type of axe length range has 19.3 to 24.7 cm, weight range 840 more than 2000 gm. These are different from type IVa in that they are considerably larger and proportionately less elongated well represented in North-Eastern Rajasthan and South Western Haryana, butt occures also in the doab some bearing indentation marks or 8 motifs on the side near the butt end.

188 S. No. Number of Implements Find Spot & State 1. 1 Flat Axe Bhiwani 2. 10 Flat Axe Hansi 3. 1 Flat Axe Kulhud- Ka-Johad, Rajasthan 4. 12 Flat Axe Rewari 5. 2 Flat Axe Saunia (Raj.) Length (cm) Breadth (cm) Thickness (cm) Weight (gram) Section Profile Reference 21.5 12.6 0.9 1330 Rectangular Kanya Gurukul Narela (206) 19.3-27.2 8.22-10.74 0.8-1.24 1080-1390 Rectangular Yule, Paul (1985), p. 65, fig. 715-724. 20.5 9.8 Rectangular Ibid, fig. 725 5.5-24.7 22.7-23.0 8.3-12.5 0.71-1.3 210-2000 8.8-8.8 1.01-1.2 1335-1550 Rectangular Ibid, p. 65. Rectangular Ibid, p. 66, fig. 238-39. Type IVc These type of axes are quite large, length 23.8-30.1 cm and weight range 1380-3400 gram. Their straight side are nearly parallel and converge slightly in the direction of the butt. Both the butt and the cutting edge are convex and the four corners rounded. In cross section the sides are beveled and the faces biconvex. These axes are very regular in form and are well made. Virtually all of the examples were acquired from Rewari. Around 12 flat axes reported at Rewari Length range 19.1 to 30.1 cm, breadth range 5.55 to 9.0 cm thickness, 1.4 to 3.02 and weight range 620 to 3400 gram. Type IVd This type of axes have length range 10.5-15.6 cm and show a convex cutting edge, narrow butt and convering side edges in profile and in section they are bilaterally symmetrical and slightly biconvex. But for a single example from Gungeria (No. 444) all were acquired in the Shahabad area in Uttar Pradesh. Five flat axes have been reported from this area having length 10.5 to 15.6, breadth 5.4 to 8.9 cm and thickness 1.01 1.11 cm. 54

189 Type IVe These type of axes show slender proportions, a convex cutting edge and sides which taper in a slightly arabesque fashion toward a smallish, set-off butt. These have measurement length range 14.2 to 21.1, weight range 186-220 gram. These artifacts have been traced in the lower doab, north central Madhya Pradesh and in Western Haryana as well. Two flat axes have been discovered from Bithur, one from Debakia and three reported from Rewari. Type IVf These flat axes have slender proportion. Their sides, which in plan are slightly concave or are straight may be nearly parallel to each other or may converge towards the butt. These flat axes have measurement length ranging 14.3-20.7 cm, and weight range 615-1320 gram. 55 Specimens have been reported at Rewari and others drive from the Gungeria hoard. These flat axes found from Rewari, first axe has 14.3 length 5.91 breadth and 1.38 thick with 615 gram weight. Second axe has measurement length 17.6 cm, breadth 1.58 cm and 1080 gram weight. Third axe have measurement length 18.3 cm, breadth 5.9, 1.89 thickness and 1320 gram weight. These are displayed at Kanya Gurukul, Narela. Type Va These so called shouldered axes are typified by a cutting edge which in plan is roughly hemicircular. The ends of the cutting edge comprise over half of the length. The side edge are usually slightly concave, may run in a parallel fashion to each other or may converge in the direction of the butt. These type of axes have length range 13.06 to 27.8 cm and weight range 700 to 2600 gram.

190 S. No. Number of Implements 1. 7 Shouldered Flat Axe 2. 1. Shouldered Flat Axe Find Spot & State Bithur Hardoi (UP) Length (cm) 16.15-19.98 Breadth (cm) 14.8-15.55 Thickness (cm) Weight (gram) 0.7-0.87 1310-1515 Section Concave Reference Yule, Paul, (1985), p. 69, fig. 771-77 22.3 17.4 0.8? Concave Ibid, p. 69, fig. 778 3. 1 Flat Axe Indilapur 27.0 19.2 1.0 2600 Concave Lal. B.B. 1951, p. 29. 4. 2 Shouldered Flat Axe 5. 2. Shouldered Flat Axe 6. Shouldered Flat Axe Rewari Shahabad 14.6-16.2 14.45-21.0 11.65-12.0 0.72-0.92 700, 930 Concave Kanya Gurukul Narela (90). 13.1 0.8-0.9 Yule, Paul, (1986), p. 69. Nakrahiya 19.4 15.9 0.9 1415 Concave (Pl.3.31) Yule, Paul (1985), p. 40. Plate 3.31 Souldered Axe (Nakrihiya) Type Vb In this type the Axes have relatively longish proportion and highly convex cutting edge. The sides turn in from the outermost corners of the blade and converge is roughly a straight line toward the butt, the latter which is flattish or slightly concave. These measurements have in length range 13.3-17.93 and weight range 960 to 1180 gram. Their distribution spans is an area extending from the upper to mid doab, two axes of this type have been found from Shahabad.

191 Type Vc In plan type Vc axes show a broad and convex blade which terminates abruptly and at the point of truncation is jointed by a much narrower body. In profile and section these blades are biconvex and bisymmetrical. These type of axes have been found at mid doab. The measurement of these type implements 12.1-13.7 length breadth range 1.68 to 1.85 weight range 480 to 580 gram. 56 Type Vd These type of axes distinguish themselves from the type V axes by their squarish proportion. The side are relatively straight and the lead edge is less convex than with other shouldered axes. In profile and in section these axes are usually bilaterally symmetrical and biconvex typical is a thick, glossy, light green patina. All of the specimens were acquired from the village of Etawah and to Judge from their similarity to each other, may well have derived from the same hoard. These type of axes have been measuring length range 15.4 to 17.7 cm and weight range 1210 to 1850 gram. Type VI These type of axes have been measured in length range of 13.8 to 17.2 cm and weight range 460-1095 gm. In face the cutting edge is convex and the straight side narrow toward the small butt end, which consist of two small, pointed, bilateral wings doubtless instrument in hafting. In section the edge are bevelled and the faces slightly convex. These axes form a homogeneous group in terms of shape and size. All were acquired at Rewari in Haryana. S. No. Implement Find Spot & State 1. Winged Axe Rewari 2. Winged Axe Rewari 3. Winged Axe Rewari 4. Winged Axe Rewari Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Weight (gram) Section 16.3 11.5 0.93 7.60 Lota Shape 13.8 9.93 0.66 460 Lota Shape 15.0 10.7 0.87 600 Lota Shape 17.2 12.72 1.09 1095 Lota Shape References Yule, Paul (1985), p. 71 (789) Ibid, p. 71, fig. 790. Ibid, p. 71, fig. 791. Ibid, p. 71, fig. 792.

192 S. No. Type VII These type of axes have measuring length range of 13.7 to 23.0 cm and weight range 706 to 2116 gram. In plan these blade s main features have a broad cutting edge, generally convex, but which sometimes is nearly flat. The concave sides converge from the outer points of the cutting edge toward the rounded butt and join the latter often angularly. In section these axes appear higher as a trapezoid with the two faces exactly parallel or slightly plano convex in shape. In profile, the cutting edge itself is usually quite blunt or even flat. An overall profile view shows VII axes to be distinctly plano convex, with some bilaterally symmetrical. Except for two examples from Chota Nagpur Region, all derive from the Gunjeria. One axe founded from Chota Nagpur has measurement 10.3 cm length, 14.9 cm breadth 1.5 cm thickness and 155 gram weight. Second axe from Chhota Nagpur has the measurement of 12.2 length, 15.1 cm breadth and 1.3 cm thickness has 1180 gram weight. Besides above description and the division type of Axes was prepared by Yule, Paul, J.P. Upadhyaya gives some detail s like measurement, finding spot and section of profile: 1. Pondi 2. Hardi 3. Bithur 4. Bithur 5. Bithur 6. Bithur Find Spot Type Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Cross section Nature of Edge References 18.00 14.00 0.80 Flat Convex Edge, Ancient India Sharp, Flat No. 7, p. 23. Butt 17.60 12.00 1.00 Flat Slightly Ibid, p. 23 splayed out convex, sharp cutting edge flat butt end 15.20 11.00 0.50 Flat As Above Ibid, p. 26 16.80 10.00 0.70 Flat As Above Ibid, p. 26 15.8 12.00 1.20 Flat As Above Ibid, p. 26 16.80 12.4 0.50 Flat Slightly Splayed, Convex shape, sharp Cutting edge, flat butt end Ibid, p. 26

193 7. Bithur 8. Bithur 9. Indilapur 10 Majhadpur 11. Chhota Nagpur 12. Chhota Nagpur 13. Chhota Nagpur 14. Chhota Nagpur 15. Padaliya (Raj.) Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe Flat Axe (6) 16. Elena (Raj.) Flat Axe 17.? (Haryana) Flat Axe 9.2 4.8 0.40 Flat No difference between Ibid, p. 26 cutting edge and butt 8.4 7.2 0.90 Flat Sharp Splayed Ibid, p. 26 Out convex, cutting edge, butt end flat 26.8 19.2 0.80 Flat Splayed out Ibid, p. 26 Sharp Convex cutting edge 18.0 13.20 1.20 Flat Straight Sharp Ibid, p. 30 cutting edge taper towards butt end 11.87 14.37 1.25 Flat Splayed out Man in India, convex sharp No. 2, p. 125. cutting edge 17.64 14.7 1.17 Flat As Above but Ibid not sharp 13.52 11.17 1.17 Flat As Above Ibid 9.40 6.46 (?) Flat As Above Ibid 20.25 8.12 (?) Rectangular Slightly Agrawal, R.C. spalyed out (1979), pp. 91- convex sharp 92. with flat butt end 17.00 9.00 Rectangular As Above Ibid, p. III 22 8 1.0 Rectangular (Pl.3.32.1) Sharp And Crescent Edge Archaeological Museum, Panipat Ibid. 18. Haryana Flat 23.30 4.5 0.6 Rectangular Long and Axe (Pl.3.32.2) Sharp edge 19. Bhiwani Flat 23.3 8.6 0.85 Rectangular Slightly Dangi, Vivek Axe narrow (2010), p. 361, towards butt Pl. 46. end are convex (1.235 wght) 20. Bhiwani Flat 26.4 8.06 1.08 Rectangular As Above Ibid, p. 361. Axe (1.430 Kg weight) 21. Bhiwani Flat 25.5 7.6 0.93 Rectangular As Above Ibid Axe (1.180 kg weight) 22. Bhiwani Flat 27.6 7.49 0.97 Rectangular As Above Ibid Axe (1.385 Kg) 23. Narnaund Flat 27.5 8.12 0.92 Rectangular Convex edge Ibid, p. 359. Axe and sharp 24. Narnaund Flat 20.5 8.77 1.07 Rectangular Broken Ibid Axe Convex Cutting edge (1382 gm) 25. Narnaund Flat 22.5 9.7 1.57 Rectangular Sharp Edge Ibid, p. 36

194 Axe (2500 gram) 26. Narnaund Flat Axe 14.7 5.50 1.97 Rectangular Sharp Cutting Edge 27. Narnaund Flat 7.3 7.9 0.57 Rectangular Sharp cutting Axe edge (150 gm) Ibid, p. 360 Ibid, p. 360 Plate 3.32 Flat and Rectangular Axe from Panipat (?) All the above mentioned flat axes have been used in clearance of forests, cutting wood and land making for agricultural purpose and hunting animals. The wooden shaft have been attached by these axes for keeping in the hand. A numerous flat axes is lodged at Gurukul Jhajjar Museum. Eighteen axes have been showed by Sh. Birjanand for taking measurements and Photos. The detail is mentioned below: S. No. Find Spot & State 1. Bhiwani 2. Bhiwani 3. Bhiwani 4. Bhiwani 5. Bhiwani 6. Bhiwani Type Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Cross section Nature of Edge Plate No. Flat Axe 27 7.50 1.0 Rectangular Convex edge and sharp blade, long size (Pl.3.33.1) Flat Axe 27.50 8 0.80 Rectangular Long and convex (Pl.3.33.2) edge and sharp Flat Axe 28 8 1.0 Rectangular As Above (Pl.3.33.3) Flat Axe 27.30 8.20 0.80 Rectangular As Above (Pl.3.33.4) Flat Axe 27.50 7.30 0.90 Rectangular Long, Sharp edge convex Flat Axe 26.50 8 1.0 Rectangular Long, Sharp cutting edge and splayed toward outside (Pl.3.34.1) (Pl.3.34.2)

195 7. Bhiwani 8. Bhiwani 9. Narnaund 10. Narnaund 11. Narnaund 12. Narnaund 13. Narnaund 14. Rewari 15. Rewari 16. Rewari 17. Rewari 18. Hansi Flat Axe 26.50 3.8 1.0 Rectangular Long sharp and convex edge Flat Axe 27.30 8.0 0.90 Rectangular Wide cutting edge and convex shaped Flat Axe 20.50 10.50 0.70 Rectangular Convex cutting edge and sharp a mark near butt Flat Axe 27.50 8 1.0 Rectangular Long, convex blade and sharp Flat Axe 15.50 5.50 0.40 Rectangular Light weighted like a chisel sharp, convex blade Flat Axe 7.0 7.0 0.40 Square Splayed edge toward outside Flat Axe (?) 26.50 7.0 5.0 Oval Shaped Light weighted cutting edge not sharp Flat Axe 30 8.50 1.70 Rectangular Long, Convex edge and sharp Flat Axe 12.20 10 0.50 Square Sharp and convex cutting edge. Flat Axe 8.70 9.80 0.50 Square Flat edge but sharp Flat Axe 23 10 1.0 Rectangular Wide and sharp edge, convex shaped Flat Axe 12.40 9.30 0.40 Rectangular Parallel butt and crescent edge and sharped (Pl.3.34.3) (Pl.3.34.4) (Pl.3.35.1) (Pl.3.35.2) (Pl.3.35.3) (Pl.3.35.4) (Pl.3.35.5) (Pl.3.36.1) (Pl.3.36.2) (Pl.3.37.3) (Pl.3.37.1) (Pl.3.37.2) Plate 3.33 copper hoard Flat and Rectangular Axes From Bhiwani Plate 3.34 Copper Hoard Flat and Rectangular Axes From Bhiwani

196 Plate 3.35. 1-3. copper hoard Flat and Rectangular Plate 3.36. 1. Short Axe from Rewari Axes. 4. Copper Short Axe. 2. Flat Axe from Rewari. 5. Copper Cylinderical Axe from Narnaund. Plate 3.37. 1. Flat and Rectangular Axe from Bhiwani 2. Splayed Axe from Hansi. 3. Short Axe from Rewari. 2. Shouldered Axe Some scholars have classified these axes in sub-variety of flat axes, however, the author called these items as shouldered axes on the basis of their shouldered wings. This has circular working edge with shouldered along with straight and butt end. 57 Shouldered axes of copper hoard have been reported from Shahabad, Kanpur, Unnao, Hardoi, Bahadrabad, Balua, Bithur, Dhaka, Gandhali, Madanapur, Manpur, Pariar, Nakarahiya, Nasirpur, Dadri, Mitathal, Rewari (Haryana), Gungeria (M.P.), Andheri, Bordagaon, Kaharbari, Kaushaya, Kera, Kotabarty (Jharkhand), Chadsai (Bihar) Chatla, Kulghera, Bhaktabandh

197 (West Bengal) etc. The author (Sharma, 1995), is of the opinion that shouldered axe of copper hoard culture has its origin in South-East Asia and it came through North-East via Eastern India in Ganga-Yamuna doab region. There are 46 flat shouldered axes of various sub types in the collection of National Museum, New Delhi (Pl.3.38.1). These five shouldered axes from Hardoi are very big in size. Its cutting edge is Hemi circular and its end encompasses over half of its length. Sides are concave and taper in the direction of butt end (Pl.3.38.2). A Celt from Kanpur is little different. Its working edge is sharp and semi-circular butt. Its two sides are flat and two side taper in the direction of butt end. 58 A large shouldered axe with tapering side, straight wide butt end and hemi-circular cutting edge was found from Orai in Uttar Pradesh. Size is 18 14 0.4 cm weight 930 gram a similar axe was also reported in Chhota Nagpur region. 59 Another axe found at Orai had parallel sides straight wide butt end and hemi-spherical cutting edge size 17.3 13.2 0.5 cm and weight 630 gram. A similar axe has been reported from a place near Tamajuri in West Bengal. Ten Shouldered axes have been reported from Shahabad, these lengths range 11.7 to 23 cm, breadth 5.3 to 16.3. These are of crescent edge both side and straight toward butt end. It has sharp, biconvex and heavy blade. Plate 3.38 1. Shouldered Axe from U.P. 2. Shouldered Axe from Shahabad (Hardoi)

198 S. No. 1. Shouldered Axe 2. Shouldered Axe 3. Shouldered Axe 4. Shouldered Axe 5. Shouldered Axe 6. Shouldered Axe 7. Shouldered Axe 8. Shouldered Axe 9. Shouldered Axe 10. Shouldered Axe 11. Shouldered Axe 12. Shouldered Axe 13. Shouldered Axe 14. Shouldered Axe 15. Shouldered Axe Type Find Spot Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Cross section Nature of Edge Bithur 19.20 15.20 0.80 Flat Round shape cutting edge, Flat butt end References Ancient India No. 7, p. 26, No. 5 Dhaka 17.20 14.80 0.80 Flat As Above Ibid, p. 26, No. 6 Dhaka 26.20 17.20 0.80 Flat As Above Ibid, No. 10 Dhaka 21.20 16.40 0.90 Flat As Above Ibid, No. 12 Duneria 20.00 17.60 1.20 Flat Typical Shouldered Celt with Round Cutting Edge and round flat end Bhakta bundh 22.50 21.50? Flat Round Cutting Edge, Rest as above Ibid, No. 8 IAR, 1966-67, p. 81 Bhakta bundh 17.50 14.00? Flat As Above no. 1 Ibid Aguibani 17.50 15.50? Flat As Above IAR, 1976- (Midnapur) 77, p. 81. Aguibani 11.25 9.25? Flat As Above Ibid Chhota Nagpur 18.12 15.00 1.25 Flat As Above Man in India, No. 65, p. 125 21.87 18.75 2.18 Flat As Above Ibid. Chhota Nagpur Chhota 18.75 15.65 1.25 Flat As No. 1 Ibid Nagpur Kulgara 20.00 16.00? Flat As Above IAR, 1971- (Purlia) 72, p. 51. Haswa 18.5 16.5 0.9 Flat Semi Circular Joshi, J.P. Cutting edge. (1997), p. P.S. Basia 18.6x14.4 (pres.) x1.6 cm Flat (Pl.3.39) Crescent cutting edges 228 Yule, Paul (1985) p. 78. Plate 3.39 Shouldered Axe from P.S. Basia

199 3. Lugged Shouldered Axe The lugged axe is a type of shouldered axe with concave or straight edges. It has prominent elliptical or convex sharp working edge with a straight side butt end. The implements is characterised by one pair of lugs projecting from the centre of two sides. The lugs were meant to facilitate hafting. The first discovery of shouldered lugged axe was reported from Sidhauli, Sitapur district of Uttar Pradesh. 60 Till today above mentioned thirty lugged shouldered axes from copper hoard have been reported, mostly from middle and upper Ganga-Yamuna doab and Haryana and only one from Nepal. On the basis of variation in the shape of side-lugs the present author has classified this implement in four sub types as follows: 61 Type I : Rectangular Type II : Cylindrical Type III : Conical Type IV : Incurved, like arms of Anthropomorphic figure. There are three lugs shouldered axes in the collection of National Museum one from Sitapur completely like of Type I, other specimen type I from Bithur and third is fragmentary anthropomorphic figure-cum-lugged axe from Lothal. Curved head of lugged axes had been used for digging out the copper ore from the mines. Lugs of this axe were either fixed in handle or used by giving pressure on lugs while pushing circular working edge inside the mine or rock. Recently nine lugged shouldered-cumanthropomorphic figure of Type III were reported from Bankot (Pithoragarh) and these are in the collection of state Museum, Almora. A few Lugged shouldered axes of type II are now in collection of Mathura Museum and also in Jhajjar Gurukul Museum in (Haryana). A lugged or soulder axe reported from Rewari lodged at Gurukul Museum Jhajjar, has measurement of

200 15 cm long, 13cm breadth and 0.30 cm thickness. It has convex and sharp cutting edge (Pl.3.40). Four lugged shouldered axescum-anthropomorphic figure of type III from Western U.P. are in private collection of Mr. Chisti from Amroha, Moradabad and they have the measurement of 13 length and 11 cm breadth and also from Kanpur with the of measurement has 8.2 in length and 5.7 in breadth. 62 Plate 3.40 Lugged and Shouldered Axe from Rewari 4. Splayed Axe In this new type of axe almost yielded from the Chhota Nagpur area of Bihar has neither the sharp edge nor its corners are prominent and the edge is sufficiently splayed out convex. The blades are flattish or roundish on the side, crude casting technique is diagnostic, profile or the edge is of plano-convex dimple impression or convex face. Some specimens are also observed. The length ranges form 13.50 to 22.90 cm. Four axes of this type found from Shahabad (Uttar Pradesh) has been measuring length range 5.7 to 17.8 cm, breadth range 7.6 to 15 cm. 63 Around ninety one splayed axes have been reported from different area in India. 5. Socketed Axe In 1921 a socketed axe, the only one of its kind so far known, has been unearthed from the site of Raja Karan Ka Qila,

201 near Kurukshetra in Haryana. This is of copper or low-grade bronze whence it came is a puzzle. It appears like a developed and derivative object and positively a non-harappan specimen of Protohistoric Phase. But discovered in the regular excavation, its strategraphical details were not recorded and hence, it is difficult to assign the correct time. 64 6. Bar-Axe or Bar Celt A bar-axe consists of nearly parallel-side bar, the length ranges from 1 feet 6 inches to 2 feet and breath 4 to 6 cm. It has a rectangular section, flat bottom and convex upper side. The cutting-edge, usually crescentic is obtained by bevelling the upper side only. Scholars have observed that most of these features have also characterized the stone celts from the hilly tracts of Southern Bihar, Western, Bengal, and Northern Orisha. There is, therefore, good reason to believe that the copper bar-celts developed from their prototypes in stone in course of time when metal began to replace stone. Professor Stuart Piggott suggested that the bar celt may have developed from the narrow elongated celt reported at Chanhudaro and Nal. 65 The Gungeria bar celts are from 30 to 60 cm long, those Hami 38 to 60 cm length and the probably prototype from Chanhudaro 25 cm to 33 cm length. Besides to Gungeria, Shahabad, Hami, Chhota Nagpur, Kamdhara and Narnaund are those sites where occurred various bar celts. These are some details S. No. Find Spot Type Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Section 1. Shahabad Bar-Axe 19.2 5? Rectangular, Splayed Cutting Edge 2. Hami Bar-Axe 49.2 4.5 1.0 Rectangular Long parallel Blade 3. Narnaund Bar-Axe 38 4.0 1.27 Rectangular (Pl.3.41.1) digging point sharp as like pick 4. Bisauli (UP) Bar-Axe 29.20 7.20 0.30 Flat Biconvex edge Sharpner and broader butt end Reference Puratattva No. 16. p. 97. Yule, Paul, 1986, p. 83, fig. 963 Jhajjar Gurukul Museum Ancient India, No. 7, p. 23.

202 5. Rewari Bar Axe 25.70 3.80 1.0 Rectangular and (Pl.3.41.2) blunt both size shows mark of Hammer on the butt 5. Nandalalpur (Raj.) Bar-Axe 27.00 8.00? Flat, Convex Blade Jhajjar Gurukul Museum, Haryana Agrawal, R.C. (1979), More copper find from Rajasthan, Man in Environment, p. 92. 6. Chhota Nagpur Bar-Axe 55.86 8.82 1.76 Flat, Convex Edge Man and Environment 65, p. 128 7. Narnaund Bar celt 42.3x3.65x1.27 (Pl.3.41.3) Rectangular section, cutting edge is slightly broken Dangi, Vivek (2010) p. 359. Plate 3.41. 1 Bar Axe (Narnaund) 2. Bar Axe (Rewari) 3. Bar Celt (Narnaund)

203 It was used for mining of the ores, their sturdiness and length would enable their use as a crow-bar too so essential for mining work. The use-marks observed indicate their use against hard surfaces. It is interesting to note that one of the so called bar celts Gungeria was used as a saw with a serrated edge. 66 7. Ploughshare or Pick-Like Implement Two specimen of probable ploughshare, one from Kulgara and Bhaktabundh in West Bengal, have been reported. Ploughshare or pick like object from Kulgara has been measuring in length 49.60 cm and breadth 4.95 cm. Its blade taper to a rounded point. 67 Similar type of object found from Bhaktabundh has measuring 12.50 cm length and 3.25 cm breadth. Its blade taper to a rounded point. 68 Same type of a pick like object occured from Sheorajpur has 7.8 cm in maximum available length. The working edges are 0.9 cm wide. It is similar to two complete specimen from the Nasirpur hoard (Pl.3.42), house in Archaeological Museum Gurukul Kangri, Haridwar. 69 However, their actual function may be debatable question, we intend to classify them as agricultural implements used for ploughing the fields. Plate 3.42 Plough Share from Nasirpur 8. Weed Chisel or Khurpi Around ninety weed chisel or Khurpi of tang and without tang varieties have been reported from 15 localities of Ganga- Yamuna doab and Haryana. Gupta (1986) named this implement as used chisel of Khurpi and called it an agricultural implement. However Yule (1985 & 99) has classified this as a variety of flat

204 axes, which is not correct. 70 These have been traced from Shahabad, Bithur, Gungeria, Hardoi, Rajpur Parasu, Unnao, Rewari etc. Some weed chisel or Khurpi from Shahabad are of V shaped. Its cutting edge is convex and side edges are straight and taper in the direction of the butt end. It has a tang near the butt end and both side are smooth and thin. These have measures 13.6 to 29.9 length range and 2.0 to 6.5 wide range. A weed chisel or Khurpi traced at Bithur has measures 13.00 length and 4.60 wide straight sharp cutting edge. This is new tool type of copper hoard. 71 Three weed chisel or Khurpi reported from Rewari were used for agricultural purpose and we have some ethnographic parallels from the doab region. This type of implement is prevalent in Northern India even today for removing unwanted grass from the fields and also for making hay to feed the Cattle. 9. Chisel Copper chisel has sharp convex working edge with the use masks. The butt end is flat, thick and straight. Both side edges are concave, straight and taper towards its butt end. It has been found from Sitapur, Shahabad, Shaharanpur, Kanpur, 72 Nasirpur in Uttar Pradesh and Rewari in Haryana. Chisel of Kanpur is a pointed thick weapon. It has four flat-sides and the cross-section is square. Its butt end is rectangular and thick. This differs from the belt because these are smaller in size. Chisel were used for mining ore. 73 Some chisels are much smallar than bar and bar celt. Within this category great variations in shape are evident. For this reason no attempt has been made at a five classification of the few existing examples. A Chisel of Bithur has measures 14.5 length, 3.5 cm wide, 1.2 cm thickness and 300 gram weight. It is two circular indentation on one face, butt splayed by Hammering. 74 Four chisels of Rewari have the measuring the length range 7.2 to 26.0 cm, breadth range 1.4 to 7.2 cm, thickness range 1.0 to 1.17 cm and weight range 75 to 935 gram. Its chisels are bent on tip

205 but slightly hammered. 75 A chisel has been discovered from Hansi, measuring 21.50 cm long, 2.20 cm breadth and 0.90 cm thickness, lodged at Gurukul Museum Jhajjar. Sharp cutting edge may be used for ingraving and cutting purpose (Pl.3.43). A sharped chisel has been discovered from Ganga Yamuna doab. It is long and one edge narrow and other wide (Pl.3.44) Plate 3.43 Copper Chisel from Hansi Plate 3.44 Copper Chisel from Ganga-Yamuna Doab C. HOUSEHOLD IMPLEMENTS Many implements in copper hoards do not seem which can be termed as household implements probably that so called anthropomorph, ring, razor, knife and fish hook which occur in several copper hoards might have been used for household purpose. Though, anthropomorphs and rings may be pointed out that the exact function of the former is still debated and the latter does not fall in the category of implements. Hypothesis have been proposed from time to time regarding the use of the rings. Some scholars suggest that they were used as weight 76, while Smith called them ring money. Lal however, right disregards both these suggestions in the absence of any standard weight of the object any symbol or mark of authority on them. Similar controversy

206 regarding on anthropomorphs, raised by some scholar suggests like a throwing weapon and another suggested mother s of diety. 1. Anthropomorph A numerous anthropomorphs have been reported from Bisauli (Pl.3.45.1), 77 Saipai (Pl.3.45.2), Medarpur, Chandausi, Nurpur, Mathura, Kiratpur, Etawah, Kanpur, Fatehgarh, Amroha, Dariabad, Madanpur, Ambala 78 (Haryana), Manbhumi (Bihar), Lothal (Gujarat) and Nepal. 79 The most distinctive and enigmatic type is the antropomorphic figure of anthropomorph. In the most cases the head portion of this human like figure is thicked by Hammering from the top, hind limbs are plain and arms are generally incurved and sharpened externally. They appear to have been cut from a plain sheet. Since these heavy implements look like human figures, they are often identified as ritualistic object. It is controversial issue that anthropomorphics are throwing weapon and ritualistic object. Their length varies from 23 to 30 cm and breadth between 30 and 43 cm and average weight is 5 kg. They are on display at the National Museum at Delhi and it has been claimed that they were found associated with OCP. All these figures can be grouped on the basis of their size and shapes, mainly into three types. 80 Plate 3.45. 1. Anthropomorph (Bisauli) 2. Anthropomoroph (Saipai) Type I A short of stocky anthropomorphic figure fashioned from thick metal has long and short legs and a trunk. The front and the

207 back of this figure bear chisel marks. In most of the cases, the head is thick but there are few examples with thin head also. Its height ranges from 23.2 to 24.1 cm and the average weight is 1260 gm. Type I anthropomorph has been traced from localities : Nurpur, Kiratpur, 81 Bisauli, Etawah, Amroha, Lothal 82 in India and two anthropomorphic from Nepal. 83 Nineteen anthropomorph have been discovered from madarpur, exception two, all anthropomorphs have curved hand in inner side. The legs are very short of these anthropomorph (Pl.3.46) Plate 3.46 Copper Hoard. 1-19 Anthoropomorphic from Madarpur (Before Chemical Cleaning) Type II In this type the anthropomorphic figure has short arms and long legs and its trunk portion is also longer than type I. All the figures with thick head show a curious and distinctive thickening of metal at the upper margin of head. Its has marks of chisel. Its height ranges from 30.2 to 47.9 cm and mean is 39.19 cm. The weight varies from 3000 to 6000 gm and its average is 4500 gm. 84 In all we have 13 specimen and most of those were discovered near Kanpur and mid Ganga Doab UP. Some anthropomorphics have been reported from Mathura, Chandausi, Fatehgarh, Ambala, Sheorajpur, Bisauli. 85

208 S. No. Type III The body of anthropomorphic is thicker than the earlier two types, it has proportionately broder and circular head. It appears to be more archaic and is not of true geometrical shop. Its short legs are rather straight and the whole figure seams quit crude and rough. These are indentations on it appear extremity. In this figure male organ is also depicted. This is the only figure found from Manbhum District Dhanbad, Jharkhand and is exhibited in Patna Museum. The measurement of this figure is 16.9 cm length, 14.5 cm wide, 1.3 cm thickness and 1230 gram weight. Aggarwal described this figure as Shrivastva whereas authors identify it with an archaic from of Taurine or Nandipada and are of the opinion that this object of Patna Museum can be excluded figure of copper hoard culture and its antiquity is older than the copper hoard implements. This figure resembles the anthropomorphic figure found in the rock painting of ISKO, in Hazaribagh district in Jharkhand. As the rock painting is datable to 2500 BC and similar date can also this copper anthropomorphic. 86 Site Type Measurement Length Breadth Thickness (cm) Section Edge Profile Reference 1. Bisauli Anthropomorphic 46 37.6 0.80 Flattish Human shaped from of arm sharp 2. Bisauli Anthropomorphic 34.80 27.6 0.60 Flattish Human shaped, front of the arms sharp Ancient India No, 7, p. 23, No. 1. Ibid, No. 7, p. 23. 3. Bisauli Anthropomorphic 27.60 35.2 0.70 Flattish As Above Ibid, No. 7, p. 23 4. Sheorajpur Anthropomorphic 48.80 38.0? Flattish As Above Ibid No. 7, p. 30. 5. Chandausi Anthropomorphic 44.8 41.3 2.0 Flattish As Above Yule, Paul (1985), p. 52. 6. Ambala Anthropomorphic 12.1 4.13 0.6 Flattish Broken Edge above the below (250 gm) 7. Saipai Anthropomorphic 24.1x27.4x0.76 Flattish Left arm broken Ibid, p. 82. Ibid. 43

209 An oblong copper object from Harappan level of Lothal, with a convex end and two broken side lugs is included by some in the anthropomorph category. It is plain in section and does not have hammered head like the doab ones. In fact, in the entire harappan reportoire, this is the only object which is compared with the copper-hoard. 87 A anthropomorph (type-i) from Bisauli has measuring 23.2cm length x 35.2cm breadth x 0.7 cm thickness and 1250 gm weight in section bilaterally symmetrical, surface pattered on both side with numerous thin gouges. (Pl.3.45) Gorden and D.P. Agrawal suggest that anthropomorphs were used as weapons view of Agrawal about the function of these anthropomorphs that It was used as missile to kill birds as the sharp arms could cut the bird, the thick head could stun it and the incurved arms could entagle and bring it down. 88 Scholar resembles of anthropomorph with the figure of anthropomorphic from Nandipad (Taurine Symbol) is Nandivarta which looks like 'Ma' of Ancient Brahmi script. It appears that anthropomorphic taurine symbol right from Indus valley period c. (2700 BC) to early historic period (5 th AD). 89 Present day Anthropomorphic figure in metal from ( ani Devata) is still being worshiped in North India. Another scholar has described this anthropomorphic as the deity of fertility or mother goddess. 90 Heavy type anthropomorphic appeared, might have proved deadly when hurled at close quarters. The intentionally bluted head, hammered into a flanged ridge was most suitable for breaking the skulls of the animals and enemies. Some scholar (Kumar : 1999) identified anthropomorphic figure of copper hoard as symbolic image of Indira. A unique anthropomorphic figure found to Sabdar Ali, a resident of village Kheri Gujjar, Sonepat in Haryana during diging foundation a house. Its shows a composite figure of NR-Varaha (Third Avtar of Vishnu) facing right. Both arms are incurved and the legs are almost straight. On this upper part, the figure bears a three-line

210 (ten letter) epigraph in the early Brahmi characters. 91 All examples show the anthropomorphic were used for religious purpose. But it can not be ignored to use for throwing weapons. However this requires confirmation. 2. Ring Rings are made of Bending a circular rod till the ends meet. 92 The rings were discovered along the copper hoard from the localities of the Mainpuri, Bahadrabad, Aulbani Kiratpur, Bargoan, Bhadla 93 (Punjab), Rewari, Pauli, Mitathal (Haryana), Gungeria, Pondi (M.P.), Bargunda (Jharkhand), Agavibani (W. Bengal). Two rings of this collection were made of thick copper wire. First copper wire was made by solid cast method in the form of rings. Copper ring is known in India since Ganeshwar (2800 BC) Indus valley people used them as bangles. 94 Rings associated with the copper hoard have been reported from Bhagrapir (Orisha). As many as 47 rings were occurred from Pondi. D.P. Agrawal suggests that the only criterion for the ring characterizing the copper hoards could be their standard weight. They could be convenient units of metal weight for the itinerant smith to carry. The number of such rings expended in making a tool would be a useful measure to determine the barter. 95 Near about one thousand copper ring have been discovered from Haryana (Pl.3.47) and Rajasthan. These are logged at Gurukul museum Jhajjar in Haryana. Plate 3.47 copper hoard Rings from Haryana

211 3. Knife (Pl.3.48) A unique discovery of knife in copper hoard from Narangabad district Bhiwani in Haryana has measuring 22.6 cm length, 2.08 cm breadth, 0.1 cm wide with 10 gram weight. It is reserved at Kanya Gurukul, Narela It appears sharp, biconvex and concave blade, with tang. 96 Plate 3.48 Coppeer Knife (Naurangabad) 4. Razor A razor (Acc. No. 87.22/12) reported from Shahabad has the measurement of 6.9 cm length and 4.2 breadth. 97 It is a typical razor and appears like an axe with a tang. It is a new type object in the copper hoard collection. It side edge is convex and sharp bearing some used mark. It shape is rectangular and both the sides are flat tapering towards a working edge. A flat bar-sharped rectangular tang attached near the butt-end is the peculiar feature of this implement. The tang makes a right angle near the joint. It also has a coating of green patina. This implement resembles in shape with the weapon of another razor which is now in the National Museum, New Delhi. 98 5. Saw No specimen was found this type artifact in copper hoard collection in India only a fragment of saw was reported from Rewari in Haryana, thereof measurement is 6.2 cm. length, 3.7 cm. breadth, 0.61 cm thickness and 50 gram weight. It is now at Kanya Gurukul, Narela, the blade has some tooth which is slightly concave, both ends hammered flat. 99 It was used in carpentry.

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