A Study of Cultural Emergence from O.C.P. to N.B.P.W. in the Upper Ganga Valley Thesis submitted to the Department of Archaeology Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute (Declared as Deemed to be University under section 3 of UGC Act 1956), Pune For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Archaeology Research Scholar Arun Kumar Singh Under the guidance Prof. B.C. Deotare Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Pune July 2014
CERTIFICATE CERTIFIED that the work incorporated in this Thesis (entitled) A Study of Cultural Emergence from O.C.P. to N.B.P.W. in the Upper Ganga Valley submitted by Arun Kumar Singh is carried out under my supervision. Such material as has been obtained from other sources has been duly acknowledged in the Thesis. Prof. B.C. Deotare Research Supervisor
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Gratitude is not only the greatest of virtues, but the parent of all others. Firstly, I thank God Almighty for giving me the strength and abilities to do this research. It is my Pleasant duty to acknowledge the valuable help received from many respected individuals and academic agencies in the completion of this research work. I, immensely, indebted to my research Guide Prof. B.C. Deotare, Deccan College Post Graduate & Research Institute, Pune, for his valuable guidance at every stage of my research work. His constant encouragement, careful supervision and every support for me in various ways gave me strength to produce this research work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to him. Henry Adam s words, A teacher affect eternity: He can never tell where his influence stops. Therefore, it is my honor to have such an all-encompassing guidance of Prof. Vasant Shinde, Director, Deccan College Post Graduate & Research Institute, Pune. It has been both privilege and Pleasure for getting guidance by such a leading scholar. His insights in the field of archaeological excavations and in the field of ancient Indian potteries benefited me immensely. He supported my research work ever since it was conceived. He has been always with me during the course of this venture. It was not possible for me to complete this work without his consistent and affectionate help. My thanks are also due to Prof. G. B. Deglurkar, President, Deccan College, Post Graduate & Research Institute (Deemed to be University), Pune, for his encouragement, support and help in various ways. I am grateful to Prof. P.P. Joglekar, Head, Department of Archaeology, Deccan College Post Graduate & Research Institute, Pune and Prof. Rabi K. Mohanty for their keen interest in my work and for their encouragement. Their help in various ways can t be explained in words.
I thank many respected scholars and acknowledge their help who enlightened me till completion of my research work. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Manmohan Kumar, M.D. University, Rohtak; K.N. Dikshit, President, Indian Archaeological Society, Delhi; Prof. V.H. Sonawane, M.S. University, Baroda; Prof. Purshottam Singh, B.H.U., Varanasi; Dr. B.R.Mani, Joint Director, Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi and Prof. Kishor Gaikwad, Mumbai University for their support, valuable suggestions and encouragement at every level. I owe sincere thanks to Dr. Akinori Uesugi, Kyoto, Japan, for making pottery drawings and maps which are incorporated in the present work. He supported me in many ways. Without his constant help, this work could not have reached to this stage. I am greatly beholden to Dr. Vivek Dangi of MDU, Rohtak, who helped me in every manner. He was always with me during the field work. It was not possible to complete this research work without his support. He helped me in processing data of western U.P.I appreciate the passion of Manish Gulia from Rohtak whose house was turned into my pottery yard and store. He helped me in many ways and treated me as their elder brother. Dr. Vivek Dangi s friends like Mr. Praveen, Mr. Samunder, Mr. Mandeep, Mr. Manu, Mr. Dhankhad and others were,also, always ready to help whenever I needed. I am extremely grateful to faculty members of H.P University, especially my colleagues Prof. Chetan Singh, Prof. Laxman Thakur, Prof Abha Malhotra and Dr. Amrit Varsha Gandhi, of the Department of History for their unconditional support and encouragement from time to time. I wish to thank librarians and staff of the following institutions: Deccan College, Post Graduate & Research Institute, Pune, Maharashtra; Indian Institute of Advance Study, Shimla, H.P.; National Museum & Central Archaeological Library, Janapath, New Delhi;
M.D.University, Rohtak, Haryana; M.S.University, Baroda, Gujarat; University of Mumbai, Maharashtra and H.P. University, Shimla for allowing me to access all required books and research journals. I am grateful to Swami Virjanandjee, Director, Museum, Gurukul Ashram, Jhajjar, Haryana and Amit Raj Jain from Baraut, Bagpat, U.P. for allowing me to take photographs from their personal collections and to include the same in the present dissertation. I am also thankful to my friend Sh. Vijender Singh (affectionately called P.M.) for going through the manuscript of this thesis. It is my duty to express thanks to all my friends of Deccan College, Pune like Dr. Prabodh Shirvalkar, Dr. ShreekantYadhav, Dr. Amol Kulkarni, Ms.Astha Dibyopama, Dr. NileshYadhav and especially to Mrs. Shinde for their support, cooperation in various ways. The acts and innocent laughs of my daughter Jahnavi Singh and son Kaustubh Singh always helped me in getting back my strength and courage to work more hard. Last, but not the least, I would like to express my deep love and heartfelt thanks to my wife Smt. Kamlesh for her contribution to me which is beyond words. She let me free from all the responsibilities of the family so to enable me to concentrate on the research work. Arun Kumar Singh
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO TITLE PAGE NO. I INTRODUCTION 1 II FIELD SURVEY 39 III HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION 56 IV OCHER COLOUR POTTERY AND COPPER HOARD TOOLS 130 V PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE 198 VI NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE CULTURE 275 VII CONCLUSION 339 BIBLIOGRAPHY 352
List of Illustrations Table 1) Table 2.1 Showing distribution of explored sites of various cultures. 2) Table 2.2 Showing explored sites. 3) Table 3.1. Cultural sequence at Alamgirpur. 4) Table 4.1 List of OCP and Copper Hoard sites in Upper Ganga Valley. 5) Table 5.1: List of Painted Grey Ware sites in the Study Area. 6) Table 6.1 List of Some N.B.P.W. sites. 7) Table 10.1 showing distribution of explored sites of various cultures. Figures 1) Figure 1.1: Summarized Stratigraphic (after Shinaet al 2005). 2) Figure 3.1 Harappan script on pottery from Alamgirpur. 3) Figure 3.2 Bargoan terracotta long bi-conical beads, chert blade, hubed wheel (IAR: 1963-64 Plate XXXVI B). 4) Figure 3.2 Pottery from Hulas. 5) Figure 3.3 Pottery from Hulas. 6) Figure 3.4 : Pottery from Sanauli. 7) Figure 3.5 Late Harappan pottery. 8) Figure 3.6 Late Harappan pottery. 9) Figure 4.1: OCP from Bahadarabad. 10) Figure 4.2: OCP from Ambkheri. 11) Figure 4.3: OCP Pottery from Bargaon.
12) Figure 4.4: OCP Pottery from Atranjikhera. 13) Figure 4.5: OCP Pottery from LalQuila. 14) Figure 4.6: OCP Pottery. 15) Figure 5.1: Painted Grey Ware and Grey Ware. 16) Figure 5.2: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery. 17) Figure 5.3: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery. 18) Figure 5.4: Painted Grey Ware associated pottery. 19) Figure 7.1. Histogram showing distribution of explored sites of various cultures. Maps 1) Map 1.1: Showing study area along with major rivers of north India. 2) Map1.2: Showing major rivers of the study area. 3) Map 1.3: Shows subsurface geology and tectonic framework (After Shina et. al 2005:225). 4) Map 1.4: Showing annual rainfall in the study area. 5) Map 2.1: Showing explored sites. 6) Map 2.2: Showing explored Late Harappan sites. 7) Map 2.3: Showing explored OCP sites. 8) Map 2.4: Showing explored PGW sites. 9) Map 2.5: Showing explored NBPW sites. 10) Map 3.1 Show expansions of Harappan civilization and major excavated sites. 11) Map 3.2 Showing excavated Harappan sites in the study area. 12) Map 4.1: Showing distribution of OCP sites in study area along with excavated sites. 13) Map 5.1: Showing PGW sites in study area.
14) Map. 6.1: Showing distribution of NBPW sites in south Asia. Plates 1) Plate 3.32 Pottery from Sahapur Badauli-2 2) Plate 3.33 Pottery from Sahapur Badauli-2 3) Plate 3.34 Pottery from Shup-2 4) Plate 3.35 Pottery from Shup-2 5) Plate 3.36 Beads of semiprecious stone and faience from Alamgirpur, Hulas and Sanauli. 6) Plate3.37 Faience bangles from Shup-2, Sahpur Badauli, Hulas, Khurd, Ranchar-2 and Kirthal. 7) Plate 3.38 Faience bangles and miniature vase from Alamgirpur and Hulas. 8) Plate 3.39 Terracotta bangles from Hulas, Alamgirpur, Khurd, Mukundpura, Johnmana-2 and Hilawari. 9) Plate 3.40 Copper objects from Alamgirpur, Mukundpura, Johnmana-2 and Sanauli. 10) Plate 3.41 Terracotta wheel from Hulas and Alamgirpur. 11) Plate 3.42 Terracotta wheel from Sanauli. 12) Plate. 3.43 Details of perforation of stone beads. 13) Plate. 3.44 Details of perforation of faience beads. 14) Plate. 3.45 Surface details of agate beads. 15) Plate. 3.46 Surface details of faience beads. 16) Plate. 3.47 Surface and section details of faience vase. 17) Plate. 3.48 Glazing details of faience vase and bangle. 18) Plate. 3.49 Glazing details of faience bangles. 19) Plate. 3.50 Section details of faience bangles.
20) Plate. 3.51 Section details of faience bangles. 21) Plate. 3.52 Copper Hoard harpoon from Sanauli. 22) Plate. 3.53 Copper bangles from Sanauli. 23) Plate. 3.54 Copper objects from Sanauli. 24) Plate. 4.1 Pottery from Ashrafpur Kharkari. 25) Plate. 4.2 Pottery from Bedh Kheri-1 26) Plate. 4.3 Pottery from Dhikana. 27) Plate. 4.4 Pottery from Jhinjhana-1 28) Plate. 4.5 Pottery from Jhinjhana-1 29) Plate. 4.6 Pottery from Mansura. 30) Plate. 4.7 Pottery from Makandpura. 31) Plate. 4.8 Pottery from Shbga. 32) Plate. 4.9 Pottery from Todi. 33) Plate. 4.10 Pottery from Todi. 34) Plate. 4.11 Copper Hoard tool: Shouldered axe from Hastinapur. 35) Plate. 4.12 Copper Hoard tool: Flat celt from Todi.. 36) Plate. 4.13 Copper Hoard tool: Shouldered axe from Todi. 37) Plate. 4.14 Copper Hoard tool: Flat celt from Sanauli. 38) Plate. 4.15 Copper Hoard tool: Shouldered axe from Hastinapur. 39) Plate. 4.16 Copper Hoard tool: Bar celt from Ahichchhatra. 40) Plate. 4.17 Copper Hoard tool: Bar celt from Saipai. 41) Plate. 4.18 Copper Hoard tool: Harpoon from Ahichchhatra. 42) Plate. 4.19 Copper Hoard tool: Harpoon Ahichchhatra.
43) Plate. 4.20 Copper Hoard tool: Spear head from Sanauli. 44) Plate. 4.21 Copper Hoard tool: Anthropomorphic figurine (Obverse) from Hastinapur. 45) Plate. 4.22 Copper Hoard tool: Anthropomorphic figurine (Reverse) from Hastinapur. 46) Plate 5.1 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur. 47) Plate. 5.2 Painted Grey Ware, associated Red Ware from Alamgirpur. 48) Plate. 5.3 Painted Grey Ware, associated Red Ware from Kurdi. 49) Plate. 5.4 Black Slip Ware from Kurdi. 50) Plate. 5.5 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi. 51) Plate. 5.6 Painted Grey Ware and associated Red Ware from Asara-2 52) Plate. 5.7 Painted Grey Ware and associated Red Ware from Bamnoli. 53) Plate. 5.8 Painted Grey Ware from Bamnoli. 54) Plate. 5.9 Painted Grey Ware associated red ware from Barnava. 55) Plate. 5.10 Painted Grey Ware from Kairana-1 56) Plate. 5.11 Black Slip Ware from Barnava. 57) Plate. 5.12 Painted Grey Ware from Hastinapur. 58) Plate. 5.13 Painted Grey Ware from Kurdi. 59) Plate. 5.14 Painted Grey Ware from Alamgirpur. 60) Plate. 5.15 Painted Grey Ware from Ranchar-2 61) Plate. 5. 16 Painted Grey Ware From Kausambi. 62) Plate. 5.17 Ghat shape bead from Kausambi. 63) Plate. 5.18 Terracotta sling balls from Ahichchhatra. 64) Plate. 5.19 Terracotta disc from Ahichchhatra. 65) Plate. 5.20 Decorated terracotta disc from Hastinapur.
66) Plate. 5.21 Terracotta disc from Kasuambi. 67) Plate. 5.22 Bone points from Kausambi. 68) Plate. 5.23 Ghat Shaped bead and grey discs from Alamgirpur. 69) Plate. 5.24 Terracotta objects from Kurdi. 70) Plate. 6.1 Grey Ware associated with NBPW from Ahichchhatra. 71) Plate. 6.2 Grey Ware associated with NBPW from Hastinapur. 72) Plate. 6.3 NBPW and associated Grey Ware from Ahichchhatra and Kausambi. 73) Plate. 6.4 NBPW and associated Grey Ware from Ahichchhatra and Kausambi. 74) Plate. 6.5 Northern Black Polished Ware from Kausambi. 75) Plate. 6.6 Northern Black Polished Ware from Kausambi. 76) Plate. 6.7 Northern Black Polished Ware from Kausambi. 77) Plate. 6.8 Northern Black Polished Warefrom Kausambi. 78) Plate. 6.9 Terracotta bird figurine from Kausambi. 79) Plate. 6.10 Terracotta bird figurine from Kausambi. 80) Plate. 6.11 Terracotta animal figurine from Kausambi. 81) Plate. 6.12 Terracotta animal figurine from Kausambi. 82) Plate. 6.13 Terracotta wheel from Kausambi. 83) Plate. 6.14 Terracotta disc from Ahichchhatra. 84) Plate. 6.15 Terracotta textile dies from Ahichchhatra. 85) Plate. 6.16 Silver Punched Marked Coins (obverse) from IshopurTil. 86) Plate. 6.17 Punched marked Coins (reverse) from IshopurTil. 87) Plate. 6.18 Copper Punched Marked Coins (obverse) from IshopurTil. 88) Plate. 6.19 Copper Punched Marked Coins (reverse) from IshopurTil.
89) Plate. 6.20 Silver Punched Marked Coins (obverse) from Hastinapur. 90) Plate. 6.21 Silver Punched Marked Coins (reverse) from Hastinapur. 91) Plate. 6.22 Silver Punched Marked Coins (obverse) from Hastinapur. 92) Plate. 6.23 Silver Punched Marked Coins (reverse) from Hastinapur.