Volume 119 No. 18 2018, 929-938 ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/ Correlation between Sun Protection Factor and Acacia Catechu Heartwood 1 Narongri Lahpun, 2 Rachadaporn Boonruang, 3 Butsakhon Leungthongkul and 4* Oraphan Anurukvorakun 1 Department of Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand. 2 Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Science, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand. 3 Department of Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand. 4 Department of Cosmetic Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakorn Rajabhat University, Bangkok 10220, Thailand. Abstract Sun exposure to human skin or solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation may cause several skin damages. These damages include sunburn, skin cancer, oxidative stress as well as photoaging depending on the amount and type of the UV rediation and the individual exposure. Natural substances have been recently considered as potential sunscreen resources due to their absorption in the UV region. Acacia catechu is one of a proper medicinal plant. It has several pharmacological properties such as being an antioxidant, and DNA protector. The purpose of this research was to study correlation between Sun Protection Factor (SPF) and A.catechu content. A novel sunscreen containing A.catechu was investigated its SPF. Five different concentrations of A.catechu were added to formulate the sunscreens and evaluated their SPF values. The highest Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of the sunscreen containing A. catechu and synthetic UV-filters was 30.344. While, the lowest SPF of the sunscreen with Acacia catechu(without synthetic UV-filters) was 24.143. Good correlation was found between SPF values and A.catechu contents (Pearson Correlation was 0.983) and the correlation coefficient was significant at the 0.01 level. In conclusion, this research presented great efficiency of the developed sunscreen containing A.catechu. Key Words:Acacia catechu, sun protection factor, correlation. 929
1. Introduction Numerous studies have shown that simulated solar radiation, broad spectrum UV radiation, UVA radiation (320-400 nm), UVB radiation (290-320 nm), and UVC radiation (200-290 nm) 1-2 are carcinogenic in experimental animals. There is evidence for benign and malignant skin tumors and for tumors of the cornea and conjunctiva in mice, rats, and hamsters. UV radiation also causes a wide spectrum of DNA damage 3-5 resulting in mutations and other genetic alterations in a variety of in vitro and in vivo assays for toxicity, including assays using human skin cells.uvc radiation is filtered by the atmosphere before reaching to the earth. UVB radiation is not completely filtered out by the ozone layer and is responsible for the damages due to sunburn. 2 UVA radiation reaches the deeper layers of the epidermis and dermis and provokes the premature aging of the skin. Natural substances extracted from plants have recently been considered as potential sunscreen resources because of their ultraviolet ray absorption in the UVA and B region and their antioxidant activity. A.catechu is a medicinal plant belonging to the Fabaceaefamily. 6 This plant is a thorny tree which grows up to 15 m (50 ft.) in height. It is utilized with betel leaves for chewing. Catechu (or cutch), a hot water extract of red heartwood of A.catechu is brown material with bitter taste. There are several pharmaceutical activities from this plant. A.catechu is reported to have broad spectrum antimicrobial and antifungal activity. 7-8 The ethyl acetate extract of A.catechu was used to act as an inhibitor for Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase and hence decrease inflammation. 8-9 The aqueous extract of A.catechu has a significant usefulness on both cell mediated and humoral immunity. 10 Chemopreventive effect of aqueous extract of Acacia catechu heartwood maybe was due to its polyphenolic compounds that exhibit powerful antioxidant activity. 8,10-18 Moreover, the aqueous by virtue of its antioxidant might be useful in the treatment of cancer. 19 In addition, A.catechu presented several medicinal properties such as immune-modulatory, sore throat, and wound healing. 8,20 The major components of the heartwood A.catechu are catech in and catechu tannic acid along with small proportionsof brown coloring matter. 7 Natural flavonoids such as catechins are one candidate for prevention of the adverse effects of UV radiation dueto their UV absorbing property, antioxidant properties. 1 Therefore, A.catechu should have a potential for the treatment and prevention of UV-mediated diseases such as sunburn and skin cancer.however, there are no scientific reports available to clearly reveal the correlation between A.catechu contents and SPF values. The ultimate goal of this research was to study a relationship between A.catechu contents and the SPF valuesto confirm the capability of A.catechu as a suitable 930
photo-protective agent. 2. Experimental Details Formulation of Sunscreen Containing A.catechu The use of silicone elastomers as delivery systems for being an active ingredients in a sunscreen has been explored. Silicone elastomers contain polar functionality within their cross-linked structure. 21 Therefore, silicone elastomers are suitable vehicles to water-based formulations. In addition, stability of sunscreens is prolonged by silicone. The formulation strategy for this research was to use a combination of natural UV-filter(ethanolic extract of A.catechu heartwood)with synthetic UV filters(ethylhexyl methoxycinnamateandtitanium dioxide) and silicone. Sunscreens were formulated by mixing Part A (Aqueous Phase) and B (Silicone Phase) separately. The aqueous phase was gently added to part B, while it was homogenizing at 2000 rpm. Then, Part C (A.catechu)was added to formulate the sunscreens. Part C (A.catechu), the ethanolic extract of A.catechu was the extract under the optimal extraction conditions reported by Anurukvorakunet.al., 2014. 22 When the sunscreens were formed and cooled, fragrance was slowly added at room temperature and mixed until it was homogenous. Sunscreen ingredients are shown in Table 1. Table 1: Sunscreen Ingredients No. Ingredient Phase Function 1 Distillated Water A Solvent 2 Propylene Glycol A Emollient 3 Sodium Chloride A Thickener 4 Phenoxyethanol B Preservative 5 Cylopentasiloxane and Dimethicone/Vinyl DimethiconeCrosspolymer B Thickener, Stabilizer 6 Cyclopentasiloxane (and) Cyclohexasiloxane B Solvent, Dispenser 7 Cyclopentasiloxane (and) PEG/PPG-18/18 Dimethicone B Emulsifier 8 Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate B Synthetic UV filter 9 Titanium Dioxide B Synthetic UV filter 10 Talcum B Soften, smoothen 11 Fragrance C Fragrant 11 ExtractofA.catechu heartwood C Natural UV filter A: Aqueous Phase, B: Silicone Phase, C: Fragrance and A.catechu Determination of the in Vitro Sun Protection Factor Determination of the in vitro sun protection factor was slightly modified bysiliva 2005. 23 The investigated sunscreens were dissolved in methanol: water (6:4) and diluted to 150 µg/.ml.scanning spectra of six commercial sunscreens and samples in the solution were obtained by running from 320 to 290 nm (at 5 nm intervals).the UV-absorbance of the commercial sunscreens was used as standard for calculation of the correction factor (CF). Equation was proposed by Mansur 24 and used to calculate the SPF values for sunscreen samples. 931
.(1) Where CF is correction factor, determined by six commercial sunscreens which known SPF; EE ( ) the erythemal efficiency spectrum; I ( ) the solar simulator spectrum as measured with a calibrated spectrometer; abs ( ) is the spectrometer measure of the sunscreen absorbance. Readings of the absorbance were taken in triplicate at each point. Table 2shows the normalized values of the product function used in this research. Table 2: The Normalized Product Function Used in the Calculation of SPF Data 24-25 λ EE I (normalized) 290 0.0150 295 0.0817 300 0.2874 305 0.3278 310 0.1864 315 0.0839 320 0.0180 Total =1.000 EE: erythemal efficiency spectrum; I: solar simulator intensity spectrum Statistical Analysis In order to investigate the relationship of A.catechu extract and SPF values, five different concentrations of the extracts were added to formulate the sunscreens. The sunscreens were evaluated SPF values. Their correlations were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient. Data were analyzed statistically by SPSS 17.The experiment was repeated for three times. 3. Results and Discussion Formulation of sunscreen containing A.catechu Seven sun screens were prepared using the ingredients and percentages listed in Table 3, as the list was the sunscreen-based formula in this study. Sample no.1 was the sunscreen-based formula without the extract of A.catechu heartwood. Sample no.2 to Sample no.6, were sunscreens with five different concentrations of the extract ranked from the most to the least. In addition, Sample no.7 was the sunscreen-based formula without synthetic UV filters. The fresh, smooth and soft textures of the sun screens are represented in Fig.1. 932
1 2 3 4 5 6 Fig. 1: An Illustration of the Textures of the Sunscreens Table 3: Percentage of the Ingredients in Each Sample 7 Determination of the in Vitro Sun Protection Factor The average absorbance of six commercial sunscreens was used to calculate the correction factor by equation 1 and presented in Table 4. Table 4: The Average Absorbance of Six Commercial Sunscreens No Absorbance 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 1 1.233 1.254 1.204 1.242 1.274 1.142 0.312 2 1.517 1.594 1.604 1.625 1.623 1.623 0.627 3 1.473 1.498 1.503 1.496 1.493 1.484 0.531 4 1.383 1.406 1.414 1.396 1.385 1.356 0.474 5 1.514 1.556 1.593 1.579 1.561 1.567 0.628 6 1.432 1.482 1.475 1.464 1.466 1.462 0.548 The correlation factors of six commercial sun screens are shown in Table 5. The final average correction factor was 20.794.Theaverage correction factor was used to calculate SPF of the sunscreen samples. Table 5: Correction Factor (CF) Average Calculated of Six Commercial Sunscreens Using Equation (1) (n=3) Commercial Sunscreens Sunscreen 1 (SPF 25) Sunscreen 2 (SPF 30) Sunscreen 3 (SPF 30) Sunscreen 4 (SPF 30) Sunscreen 5 (SPF 30) Sunscreen 6 (SPF 35) Average CF 20.606 + 0.018 18.790 + 0.007 20.281 + 0.008 21.739 + 0.006 19.244 + 0.010 24.101 + 0.007 20.794 + 1.926 The average absorbance of the sun screen sample from section 3.1 was measured and presented in Table 6. 933
Table 6: The Average Absorbance of the Sunscreen Sample No Absorbance 290 295 300 305 310 315 320 1 1.353 1.367 1.353 1.347 1.356 1.351 0.462 2 1.467 1.472 1.476 1.473 1.477 1.482 0.574 3 1.422 1.428 1.426 1.427 1.453 1.516 0.532 4 1.431 1.436 1.425 1.425 1.412 1.417 0.532 5 1.398 1.425 1.415 1.397 1.396 1.391 0.522 6 1.385 1.391 1.388 1.374 1.376 1.357 0.505 7 1.103 1.129 1.182 1.188 1.156 1.130 0.395 Each sample absorbance was used to calculate the SPF by equation 1. The SPF value is represented in Table 7.The highest SPF value was 30.344 from sample 2. While, the lowest SPF value was 24.143 from sample 7. Additionally, the average SPF value of the samples was 28.247. Table 7: Sun Protection Factor of the Sunscreen Sample Using Equation (1) (n=3) Statistical Analysis Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 AVG SPF 27.797 ± 0.009 30.344± 0.011 29.597 ± 0.010 29.259 ± 0.015 28.945 ± 0.054 28.344 ± 0.006 24.143 ± 0.009 28.247 ± 2.205 A good positive correlation was found between SPF values and A.catechu contents. Pearson Correlation was 0.983and the correlation coefficient was significant at the 0.01 level. These results are similar to those reported by Ebrahimzadehet.al., 2014. 2 Ebrahimzadeh reported that relationship between SPF values and phenolic contents provided a positive correlation (Correlation Coefficient = 0.55 and p = 0.01). 4. Results and Discussion An emphasis of this current study is standardization and quality control of natural products. Additionally, this is a first report on the analysis of the sunscreen containing A.catechu. An anti-oxidative sunscreen with A.catechu, has a light texture with fresh and soft sensory (Fig. 2). The highest and the lowest SPF values of the sunscreens were 30.344 and 24.143, respectively. The results show a high SPF value (24.143) even the formulation had no synthetic UV-filters. Moreover, UVB protection does not increase proportionately with a designated SPF number. An SPF 30 sunscreen provides 97 percent UVB-protection. 26 Fig. 2: Appearance of Sunscreens Containing A.catechu 934
Impressively, the results of this research reveal high SPF values compared with other natural sunscreens. SPF values of the products containing Mentha piperita(leaves), Azadirachtaindica(Leaves), Oscimum sanctum (Leaves), Aloe vera(leaves), Lycopersiconesculantum(fruits), and Carica papaya (fruits) were 8.184, 4.368, 2.904, 5.437, 6.083, and2.310, respectively. 27 In addition, sunscreens containing extractsof leaves of Dracocephalummoldavica and flowering tops of Violatricolor had the highest SPFs,i.e.24.79 and 25.69 respectively. SPFs of methanol solutions of flowers of Calendulaofficinale and flowering tops of Hypericum perforatumwere12.01 and 12.21 respectively. 28 The ethyl acetate fraction of Zanthoxylumrhetsa bark was used as an active ingredient in two sunscreen cream formulations (F1 and F2).Their SPF values of the Zanthoxylumrhetsa sunscreen were 3.60 ± 0.28 (F1) and 6.90 ± 0.57 (F2). 29 The sunscreens containing M. taxifolia extract had 6 sun protection factor. 30 As the results of this work, there is now a solid body of scientific evidence to confirm the efficacy of A.catechu sunscreen. Combination of natural and synthetic UV filters could provide synergistic efficacy on SPF. Additionally, the existence of a very strong positive correlation between A.catechu contents and SPF values is shown in this current work. Acknowledgement This work was supported by the Thailand Research Fund, Office of the Higher Education Commission foundation, Phranakorn Rajabhat University (grant no.mrg5480018) and National Research Council of Thailand to Oraphan Anurukvorakun.Instrument and other facilities were provided by the Faculty of Science and Technology, Phranakorn. References and Notes [1] N. Saewan, A. Jimtaisong,Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science129-141, 3 (09) (2013). [2] A. M. Ebrahimzadeh, R. Enayatifard, M. Khalili, M. Ghaffarloo, M. Saeedi, Y.J. Charati, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 1041-1047, 13(3) (2014). [3] M. Majdi, B. Y. Milani, A. Movahedan, L. Wasielewski, A. R. Djalilian, Photonics 347-368, (2014). [4] E. Dupont, J. Gomez, D. Bilodean, International Journal of Cosmetic Science 1-9, (2013). [5] A. P. Schuch, R. D. S. Galhardo, K.M.D.Lima-Bessa, N. J. Schuch, C. F. M. Menck, Photochemical&Photobiological Sciences 111-120, (2009). [6] S.Ismail, M. Asad, Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 25-31, 3 (2009). 935
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[25] R. Sayre, P. P. Agin, G. J. Levee, E. Marlowe, Photochem. Photobiol. Oxford 559-566, 29 (1979). [26] United States Environmental Protection Agency. EPA 430-F-06-013 (2006). [27] T. Malawat, Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences34-36, 2( 2003). [28] P. Khazaeli, M. Mehrabani, Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research5-9, 7(1)(2007). [29] R.K. Santhanam, M. T. Akhtar, S. A.F. Abas, I. S. Ismail, Y.Rukayadi, K. Shaari, Industrial Crops and Products165-172, 96 (2017). [30] S.C.C. Costa, B. Cassia. Detoni, C. R.C. Branco, M. B. Botura, A. Branco, RevistaBrasileira de Farmacognosia 413-418, 25 (2015). 937
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