List of Figures: Fig. Title. Page No. No. 3.1 Pila Ghale during Excavation in 1962 51 3.2 Iron Age settlement remnants in site of Motalla Kooh 56 3.3 Excavation in the Marlik in 1961 67 3.4 Sample findings from Jamshid Abad 75 3.5 Grave in Shahran (Lame Zamin), before and after excavation 78 3.6 Enclosure grave in Ghale Kouti 80 3.7 The circle graves in Bon Zamin near Ghias Abad 83 3.8 The site of Gardaneh Sar (Boye) and the number of findings 88 3.9 the crypt grave in the Vaske cemetery 91 3.10 Megalithic graves in Maryan Iron Age cemetery 94 3.11 Sample Grave and a number of findings in site of Toul 103 4.1 Horse bones, horse bridle,discovered from grave in Marlik 160 4.2 Horse burial, discovered in Kalouraz 160 4.3 Animal horn, discovered from Ghale Kuti Kohpas 160 4.4 Animal jaw, discovered from Ghale Kuti and Lasulokan 160 4.5 Animal teeth, discovered from Ghale Kuti and Lasulokan 160 4.6 Cut off tortoise (by half), discovered at Grave in Ghias Abad 160 4.7 Horse burial, discovered from site of Toul 161 4.8 Horn of Cow, discovered from Toul 161 4.9 Horn of Cow, discovered from Toul 161 4.10 Part of Horn of Deer, discovered from Toul 161 4.11 Sheep antlers, discovered from Toul 161 4.12 the jaw of fox, discovered from Toul 162 4.13 Cow jaw, discovered from Toul 162 4.14 The Amphibian bones, discovered from Toul 162 4.15 Horse burial, discovered in Sandas 162 4.16 Animal Horn, discovered in Jamshid Abad 162 4.17 Horse burial, discovered in Siah Bil 162 4.18 Ceramic container, light Brown with spout, discovered from Marlik 167 VII
4.19 silver container with gold spout, discovered from Marlik 167 4.20 Ceramic container, light grey, spout like bird beak, from Kalouraz 167 4.21 Human Figurine with 7 ceramic containers (spouted Vessel), Kalouraz 167 4.22 six attached ceramic containers with spout (light Brown), Kalouraz 167 4.23 Three attached ceramic containers with spout, grey, from Kalouraz 168 4.24 Ceramic container with spout, black color, from Jamshid Abad 168 4.25 Ceramic container with spout, dark Brown, from Jamshid Abad 168 4.26 Ceramic container with spout, dark grey, from Lame Zamin 169 4.27 Ceramic container with spout, black color, from Ghale Kuti Kohpas 168 4.28 Ceramic container, cream (painted) mouth like Muzzle, from Vaske 169 4.29 Ceramic container with spout like Kingfisher beak, black, from Marian 169 4.30 Ceramic container with spout, orange color, from Marian (Agh Evlar) 169 4.31 Ceramic container with spout, orange color, from Marian (Agh Evlar) 170 4.32 Ceramic container with spout like bird beak and bull figurine, Mayian 170 4.33 Ceramic container with spout, light red, from Marian (Aghevlar) 170 4.34 Ceramic container with spout, light red, without handle, from Toul 170 4.35 Ceramic container with spout, Red, discovered from Toul 170 4.36 Ceramic dish with spout, dark grey, discovered from Toul 170 4.37 Ceramic container with spout, light grey, discovered from Estalkh Jan 171 4.38 Ceramic container, spout almost like bird beak, Black, from Roudbar 171 4.39 Ceramic container with spout, Brown, from Joboun (Narges Chal) 171 4.40 Ceramic container, spout like bird beak, dark grey, discovered in Gilan 171 4.41 Ceramic container with spout, Light Brown, discovered from Gilan 171 4.42 Ceramic container with spout like bird beak, Brown, from Gilan 171 4.43 Ceramic container with spout, orange color, discovered in Gilan 172 4.44 Ceramic container with spout like bird beak, orange color, from Gilan 172 4.45 Ceramic container with spout, Light Red, discovered in Gilan 172 4.46 Ceramic container with spout, orange color, discovered in Gilan 172 4.47 Ceramic container with Snake figurine on spout, orange colour, Gilan 172 4.48 Ceramic container, with legged, orange color, discovered from Gilan 172 4.49 Rhyton, Brown, deer form, discovered from Marlik 177 4.50 Rhyton, Brown, deer form, discovered from Marlik 177 4.51 Rhyton, Brown, Ram shape, discovered from Marlik 177 VIII
4.52 Rhyton, Brown, Ram shape, Handmade, discovered from Marlik 177 4.53 Rhyton, Light Red, The bull form with two earrings, from Marlik 177 4.54 Rhyton, Light Brown, Cow form (Bull) with earrings, from Marlik 177 4.55 Zoomorphic Pottery, Brown, bull shape with big hump, from Marlik 178 4.56 Rhyton, Grey, Cow shape, discovered from Marlik 178 4.57 Rhyton, Brown, the cow (bull) form with big hump, from Marlik 178 4.58 Rhyton, Brown, the cow (bull) form with big hump, from Marlik 178 4.59 Rhyton, Brown, the cow (bull) form with big hump, from Marlik 179 4.60 Rhyton, Brown, the cow (bull) form with big hump, from Marlik 179 4.61 Rhyton, Brown, The Mule shape, with carring cargo, from Marlik 179 4.62 Zoomorphic object, bear from (combination: bear and human), Marlik 179 4.63 Zoomorphic object, bear from (combination: bear and human), Marlik 180 4.64 Rhyton, Compound between bird and quadruped beast, from Kalouraz 180 4.65 Rhyton, with two Animal's head figurine, from Nowroz Mahale 180 4.66 Rhyton, Brown, Bull (cow) form, discovered fromvaske 181 4.67 Rhyton, Black, bird form, discovered from Maryan (Aghevlar) 180 4.68 Rhyton, Bird shape, kind of bird is not clear, from Toul 181 4.69 Rhyton, Cattle form, with four wheeler under feet, from Amarlo 181 4.70 Rhyton, Ram or sheep, with four wheeler under feet, from Amarlo 181 4.71 Rhyton, Brown Probably, deer form, discovered from Amarlo 182 4.72 Rhyton, Red, The bird form, but kind of bird is not clear, from Rashi 181 4.73 Zoomorphic object, part of ware is like animal, from Roudbar 182 4.74 Zoomorphic glass jug, Part of Jug is animal shape, from Gilan 182 4.75 Zoomorphic object, Animal shape, head is like Ram, from Gilan 182 4.76 Zoomorphic object, Orange color, Animal shape, from Gilan 182 4.77 Rhyton, Orange color, Generally, like Animal, discovered in Gilan 182 4.78 Rhyton, Generally, like Bird, but kind of bird isn t clear, from Gilan 183 4.79 Zoomorphic ware, Green glass, Probably shape of Cow, from Gilan 183 4.80 Rhyton, Brown, The shape of Sitting cow, discovered in Gilan 183 4.81 Rhyton, Black, its head is like shape of Ram, from Hashtpar in Gilan 183 4.82 Rhyton, Dark Orange color, the shape of Animal, from Roudbar 183 4.83 Rhyton, Brown, the shape of Animal, discovered in Roudbar area 184 4.84 Rhyton, Brown, Cattle form, discovered in Gilan but site is not clear 184 IX
4.85 Two attached container with Animal figurine, (Goat's head) from Gilan 184 4.86 Cattle figurine, bronze, discovered from Marlik 196 4.87 Cattle (Bull) figurines with ploughshare, bronze, from Marlik 196 4.88 Cattle figurine with four wheeler, bronze, discovered in Marlik 196 4.89 Cattle figurine, bronze, with hole in its body, from Marlik 196 4.90 Cattle (Bull) figurine, bronze, with big hump, discovered from Marlik 196 4.91 Cattle figurines, bronze, three same samples were discovered, Marlik 197 4.92 Cattle figurine, bronze, discovered in Marlik 197 4.93 Cattle figurines, bronze, excavation No: 85, from Marlik 197 4.94 Cattle (Zebu) figurine, bronze, excavation No: 1076, Marlik 197 4,95 Cattle (Zebu) figurine, bronze, is made with casting method, Marlik 197 4.96 Cattle (Zebu) figurine, bronze, is made with casting method, Marlik 198 4.97 Deer figurine, bronze, is made with casting, discovered in Marlik 198 4.98 Deer figurine, bronze, is made with casting, from Marlik 198 4.99 Deer figurine, bronze, is made with casting, from Marlik 198 4.100 Deer figurine, made by pottery, brown near to Red, from Marlik 198 4.101 Deer figurine, bronze, with large Horns, discovered from Marlik 199 4.102 Deer figurine, bronze, discovered from Marlik 199 4.103 Deer Figurines, bronze, four same figurines were found, from Marlik 199 4.104 Deer figurine, bronze, with large antlers, from Marlik 199 4.105 Sheep figurine, bronze, casting, discovered in Marlik 199 4.106 Goat figurine, bronze, casting, discovered in Marlik 200 4.107 Goat figurine, bronze, is remained sign of wheels on its legs, Marlik 200 4.108 Horse figurine, bronze, casting, discovered in Marlik 200 4.109 Horse figurines, with Earthen figurine of charioteer, from Marlik 200 4.110 Horse or Donkey figurine with rider, Bronze, discovered in Marlik 201 4.111 Horse figurine, Bronze, Indeed that is part of horse halter, from Marlik 201 4.112 Horse figurine, Bronze, with two humps as a Saddle, from Marlik 201 4.113 Dog figurine, Bronze, casting, discovered in Marlik 201 4.114 Dog figurines, Bronze,2 similar samples were discovered, from Marlik 201 4.115 Dog figurine, dog tongue is out from his mouth, discovered in Marlik 202 4.116 Dog or leopard figurine, it is jumping, Bronze, discovered in Marlik 202 4.117 Dog or Leopard figurine, Bronze is barking and jumping, from Marlik 202 X
4.118 Cat or Tiger Figurine, Pottery, with carving design, from Marlik 202 4.119 Head of Tiger Figurine, golden, discovered from Marlik 203 4.120 Boar (pig) figurine, Bronze, casting, discovered in Marlik 203 4.121 Ram figurine, pottery, discovered in Marlik 203 4.122 Ram figurine, Bronze, casting, discovered in Marlik 203 4.123 Ram Figurine, Fictile (earthen), discovered in Marlik 204 4.124 Ram Figurine, Fictile (earthen), discovered in Marlik 204 4.125 Bird figurine, Bronze, is made clumsily, has ring, Marlik (Ghashlagh) 204 4.126 Dog figurine, Bronze, dog is barking, discovered in Kalouraz 204 4.127 Boar figurine, Bronze, casting, discovered in Kalouraz 204 4.128 Deer figurine, with long horns, Bronze, discovered in Kalouraz 204 4.129 Cow (Zebu) figurine, Bronze, casting, discovered in Kalouraz 205 4.130 Cow figurine, Bronze, Casting, discovered in Joubon 205 4.131 Cow figurine, Bronze, has ring for hanging, from Ghale Kouti Kohpas 205 4.132 Deer figurine, Bronze, with large horns, from Ghale Kouti Kohpas 205 4.133 Deer figurine, Bronze, Length:6/2 Weight:49 g, from Sepestanak site 206 4.134 Deer figurine, Bronze, with long Horn, discovered in Amarlo 206 4.135 Deer figurine, Bronze, Casting, discovered in Amarlo 206 4.136 Goat figurine, Bronze, with long horns, discovered in Amarlo 206 4.137 Goat figurine, Bronze, with short horns and ring for hanging, Amarlo 206 4.138 Ram figurine, Bronze, has ring for hanging, discovered in Amarlo 207 4.139 Bird figurine, Bronze, there is hole in its body, from Amarlo 207 4.140 Bird (Duck) figurine, pottery, handmade, discovered in Maryan 207 4.141 Deer figurine, Bronze, there is hole in its body, discovered in Roudbar 207 4.142 Deer figurine, Casting, Bronze, discovered in Roudbar 207 4.143 Animal figurine (almost like deer), pottery, from Rahmat Abad 207 4.144 Animal figurine (Probably the horse), Bronze, discovered in Roudbar 208 4.145 Cattle (Zebu) figurine, earthen, Handmade, from Gilan 208 4.146 Cattle (Zebu) figurine, Bronze, Casting, discovered in Gilan 208 4.147 Animal figurine (Probably cattle), bronze, discovered in Gilan 208 4.148 Cow figurine, brass, casting, discovered in Gilan 208 4.149 Deer bronze figurine, there is ring on its back, discovered in Gilan 208 4.150 Deer bronze figurine, casting, discovered in Gilan 209 XI
4.151 Animal bronze figurine (probably Goat), discovered in Gilan 209 4.152 Goat golden figurine, Chain necklace, maybe it will be spurious, Gilan 209 4.153 Goat golden figurine, embossed decorative, maybe spurious, Gilan 209 4.154 Goat golden figurine, embossed decorative, maybe spurious, Gilan 209 4.155 Animal golden figurine, earring, probably spurious, from Gilan 209 4.156 Horse golden figurine (Pegasus), maybe spurious, discovered in Gilan 210 4.157 Goat bronze figurine, possibly spurious, discovered in Gilan 210 4.158 Goat bronze figurine, there is a hole in the body, discovered in Gilan 210 4.159 Animal bronze figurine (probably goat), casting, discovered in Gilan 210 4.160 Animal bronze figurine (probably Ram), casting, discovered in Gilan 210 4.161 Sheep (Ram) bronze figurine, hammering, discovered in Gilan 210 4.162 Sheep (Ram) bronze figurine, casting, discovered in Gilan 211 4.163 Lion bronze figurine, in fact handle of dish, from Amlash in Gilan 211 4.164 Pig bronze figurine, handmade, discovered in Gilan 211 4.165 Wolf figurine, pottery, brick color, handmade, discovered in Gilan 211 4.166 Animal figurine, pottery, brown, handmade, discovered in Gilan 211 4.167 Animal figurine, pottery, light brown, handmade, discovered in Gilan 211 4.168 Cat bronze figurine, cribriform design, from Rahmat abad in Gilan 212 4.169 Four-legged Figurine bronze figurine and a bird on its back, Gilan 212 4.170 Bird (Eagle) bronze figurine with open wings, from Roudbar, Gilan 212 4.171 Bird figurine, in fact that is Burner-fat, discovered in Gilan 212 4.172 Bird (Owl) figurine, buff clay, handmade, discovered in Gilan 212 4.173 Bird figurine, pottery, brick color, handmade, discovered in Gilan 212 4.174 Bird figurine, (probably Duck), carving, discovered in Gilan 213 4.175 Bird figurine (probably Hen), pottery, handmade, from Gilan 213 4.176 Bird figurine (probably chicken), pottery, handmade, from Gilan 213 4.177 Bird (Duck) figurine, Stone, carving, discovered in Gilan 213 4.178 Bird (Duck) figurine, Bronze, carving, discovered in Gilan 213 4.179 Three attached bird figurines, Bronze, casting, discovered in Gilan 213 4.180 Gold cup decorated with Embossed of humpback goat, from Marlik 219 4.181 Gold Cup decorated with the Embossed of Winged cow 219 4.182 Gold Cup which decorated with Embossed of horned horse, Marlik 220 4.183 Gold cup with motif of cow, fish and bergamot, discovered in Marlik 220 XII
4.184 Gold cup with design of antelope, discovered in Marlik 220 4.185 Gold Cup which decorated with design of Rams and Eagle, Marlik 221 4.186 Gold cup, Decorated with Embossed of cattle and Phoenix, Marlik 221 4.187 Gold bowl which decorated with Embossed of eagle, from Marlik 221 4.188 Gold Cup decorated with goats, boar, monkey and tree Motifs, Marlik 222 4.189 Gold Bowl with combines motifs of human and animal, from Marlik 223 4.190 Silver Cup which decorated with man and leopard design, Marlik 223 4.191 Bronze ware which decorated with embossed of Lion, from Marlik 223 4.192 Bronze cup with design of goat and deer, discovered in Marlik site 224 4.193 Cylinder seal with carved motifs of human and animal, from Marlik 224 4.194 Cylinder seal with carved motif of antelope, discovered in Marlik 224 4.195 Gold cup with decoration of Lion, Goat, Deer and wild birds, Kalouraz 225 4.196 Stone object with embossed design of Seagull, Mianrood 225 4.197 Fat-burning clay with embossed design of animal face, Maryan 225 4.198 Fat-burning clay with embossed design of animal face, Maryan 226 4.199 Earthen dish, Schematic drawing of animals, discovered in Astara area 226 4.200 Silver Ring, the design of horses, carving technique, from Roudbar 226 4.201 Bronze ring, with the bird design, carving technique, from Gilan 226 4.202 Agate cylinder seal with motifs of human, animal, Carving, from Gilan 227 4.203 Cylinder Chalky seal, with design of human and animal, from Gilan 227 4.204 cylinder seal, with human and animal motifs, and cuneiform, Gilan 227 4.205 Horse Harness, bronze, was found as broken, casting, from Marlik 234 4.206 Bronze bell, five globular bell attached together, from Marlik 234 4.207 The globular lattice bell, bronze, Casting, discovered in Marlik 234 4.208 The globular bell, bronze, casting method, from Marlik 234 4.209 Bronze bell, also a bird figurine is on top of that, from Marlik 234 4.210 Horse Decorating, headband, decorative buttons, etc, from Kalouraz 234 4.211 Horse necklace, bronze, with animal and human figurine, Kalouraz 235 4.212 Bronze bell, oval and reticulated, discovered in Estalkh Jan 235 4.213 Horse Harness, bronze, is made with casting, discovered in Maryan 235 4.214 Horse Harness (Halter), bronze, casting, discovered in Gilan 235 4.215 Horse Harness, bronze, animal figurines are seen in the side, Gilan 235 XIII
4.216 Bronze bell (urceolate), with horse head figurine on that, from Gilan 236 4.217 Bronze bell, with two horses head figurine on that, from Gilan 236 4.218 Bronze bell, with figurine of horse's head, costing, from Gilan 236 4.219 Bronze Pin, length: 5 cm, head of horse figurine on that, Jamshid Abad 240 4.220 Bronze bangle, both side of that like snake head, Hammered, Aghevlar 240 4.221 Bronze bracelet, generally, it is like snake ring, discovered in Aghevlar 240 4.222 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of horse, casting, from Gilan 240 4.223 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of horse, casting, from Gilan 240 4.224 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of horse or Cow, from Gilan 240 4.225 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of horse, casting, from Gilan 241 4.226 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of horse, casting, from Gilan 241 4.227 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of Goat, from Roudbar in Gilan 241 4.228 Bronze pin, head of pin is like head of Goat, with high horn, Gilan 241 4.229 Bronze sword End of handle is like head of Dog, discovered in Gilan 241 4.230 Bronze bracelet, end of two sides are like head of sheep, from Gilan 241 4.231 Bronze bracelet, end of the two sides are like phoenix, from Gilan 242 4.232 Bronze bracelet, end of the two sides are like phoenix, from Gilan 242 4.233 Bronze bangle, one side is like animal's head, Diameter: 2/7, Gilan 242 4.234 Bronze bangle, both sides of bangle are like animal head, from Gilan 242 4.235 Bronze Finger Ring, one side is like animal head, casting, from Gilan 242 4.236 Bronze object, circular plate with six bird figurines on that, from Gilan 242 5.1 Strontium/Calcium Ratio in Plants, Carnivores, and Herbivores 248 5.2 Spectrum of Horse tooth from Toul 252 5.3 Spectrum of human bone from Boye 252 5.4 Spectrum of human bone from Khosro Khani 253 5.5 Horse tooth and bone for analysis from Toul 253 5.6 Human Hip bone fragment for analysis from Boye 254 5.7 Human vertebra and long bone ragment for analysis from Khosrokhani 254 XIV