Assessment of the Thermal Environment Experimental Heated, Breathing and Sweating Manikins George Havenith Professor of Environmental Physiology and Ergonomics Environmental Ergonomics Research Centre G.Havenith@lboro.ac.uk Thermal Comfort for Building Occupants Tuesday 18 November 2008 Increasing concern about energy consumption and the simultaneous need for an acceptable thermal environment makes it necessary to estimate in advance what effect different thermal factors will have on the occupants. Temperature measurements alone do not account for all climate effects on the human body and especially not for local effects of convection and radiation. Integrating gsensors? 2 Study of Heat Loss Between Man and the Environment Integrating radiant and convective heat losses Relevant simulation of human body heat exchange, whole body and local? Body shape? Eupatheoscope p Mark II (Dufton, 1936) Early Thermal Manikin History 1942-Belding at Harvard Fatigue Lab constructs the first thermal manikin for military use. 1943- General Electric Co. builds a life-like lik thermal manikin for Harvard similar to one GE used in electric blanket development.
Early Thermal Manikin History 1945-GE builds new thermal manikins for Climate Research Laboratory and AeroMedical L b Laboratory using i anthropometricdata base. Application mainly for assessing clothing insulation USARIEM Global Clothing Allowance Zones Linking Manikin Heat Loss to Comfort and Physiology Harvard Fatigue Laboratory and Aero Medical Research Laboratory 1941 Data used to generate 25 global Protective Clothing Almanacs for military planners. planners Included climate zone maps, monthly clothing issue charts, and advisory tables. Research on new materials and effects of wind wind, moisture on thermal insulation. Field Clothing Requirements Alaska 1950
The Addition of Sweating (1960 s-1970 s) 1970 s) 1962-Development of the Moisture Permeability Index, i m. Thermal manikins outfitted with cotton skin to simulate 100% sweat wetted skin. Pumping coefficient (p), derived from thermal manikin and human clothing trials. Thermal manikin data first used as input to predict human thermophysiological responses. USARIEM Articulated, moving manikins Sweating manikins with sweat control Increased segment numbers (>100) Breathing Male and Female Technical Developments USARIEM Technical Developments Main Application Fields for Thermal Manikins Copelius Newton Nemo Adam (NREL) evaluation of HVAC-systems control and construction of buildings control and construction ti of vehicles control and construction of incubators evaluation of indoor air quality simulation of human occupancy testing of thermal properties testing of protection equipment evaluation of clothing design physiological simulations (Nilsson, 2004)
Application: Air Pollutants - Breathing Manikins Application: Clothing Insulation for Comfort Models Analysis of flow patterns of pollutants around the body Optimising personal ventilation Six Parameters: T, rh, v a, rad Metabolic rate (heat production), Clothing Insulation Gulf region Pakistan 14 Application: Analysis of Protective Properties Use of Manikin in Comfort Research Equivalent Temperature Insulative properties of protective clothing Example: Mallory, replica clothing of Everest attempt (1924) Manikin can incorporate body shape, posture, clothing http://www.lboro.ac.uk/service/publicity/publications/view/springsummer08/index.html / bli it / bli ti / i / i l 15 http://www.diva-portal.org/kth/abstract.xsql?dbid=3726 portal org/kth/abstract (Nilsson, 2004)
Use of Manikin in Comfort Research Equivalent Temperature Personal Ventilation Systems Need to study regional differences in heat losses over the body and effect on comfort (Nilsson et al., 2004) (Melikov, 2006) 18 Use of Manikin in Comfort Research Equivalent Temperature Local comfort analysis (Nilsson, 2004) (Nilsson, 2004)
Use of Manikin in Comfort Research Equivalent Temperature Application: Research on Clothing Heat Transfer Processes Major applications in car comfort and other areas with strong local l differences in heat loss 1.2 1.0 Evaporative Cooling Power 0.8 Index 0.6 (Evaporative Cooling Eficiency) 0.4 0.2 2430 J/g 1460 J/g 486 J/g 0.0 Skin Base Outer Outer Outer nude Layer no BL 1 BL 2 BL (Nilsson et al., 2004) Wttd Wetted Layer Havenith et al. 2006 Future Developments Physiological Control System CFD models Physiological Simulation Model Manikin Brain Controllers The Skin Interface Thermal Model Behaviour CFD model Manikin Environment clothing Heat Exchange Skin Temperature Threshold Sweating T skin + - Skin Blood Flow Heat Exchange T core + - Shivering Core Temperature Threshold Havenith, 2001 23 24
Virtual Manikin Summary Features of Thermal Manikins simulation i of fhuman body heat exchange, whole body and local measurement of 3-dimensional heat exchange integration of dry (+wet) heat losses in a realistic manner objective method for measurement of clothing thermal insulation quick, accurate and repeatable cost-effective (????) instrument for comparative measurements and product development provide values for prediction models; clothing insulation and evaporative resistance, 25 Manikins Around the World Thank You T 34 segments NEWTON composite digital moveable USA 2003 27
Use of Manikin in Comfort Research Equivalent Temperature (Nilsson et al., 2004)