Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 1 MA GORZATA CITKO ACTA ASIATICA VARSOVIENSIA N. 27, 2014 PL ISSN 0860 6102 Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse Apprpriatin f the Man yôshû in Selected Pems f Princess Shikishi 1 Abstract The paper analyzes several pems by the Princess Shikishi (1149 1200) frm the viewpint f Man yôshû apprpriatin. Despite relative scarcity f allusins t Man yôshû, sme features in her apprpriatin style are fund in the petry f ther cntemprary pets, e.g. frequent apprpriatin f vlumes X XI and well-knwn Man yôshû lines, utilizatin f secndary surces rather than Man yôshû manuscripts, etc. This demnstrates cmplexity f channels thrugh which Man yôshû was apprpriated. Simultaneusly, there are features f her Man yôshû apprpriatin that distinguished her frm ther cntemprary pets, which evidences that Princess Shikishi was nt nly a participant in but als a significant cntributr t early medieval petic discurse. The petry f Princess Shikishi (1149 1200) has been well researched in bth Japanese and Anglphne academia. 2 There are, hwever, sme aspects f her petry that have attracted less attentin in the field f Japanese literary studies, e.g. the apprpriatin f Chinese r ancient Japanese petry. The Chinese intertext in this early medieval 3 female 1 This article is based n research cnducted in Natinal Institute f Japanese Literature and at Waseda University in Tky in 2012 2014 thanks t Japan Fundatin Japanese Studies Fellwship prgram and University f Hawai i Center fr Japanese Studies Graduate Fellwship. I wuld like t thank thse academic institutins and spnsrs fr access t resurces and financial supprt during the prcess f researching and writing. 2 There are three anntatins f Princess Shikishi s pems: 1) Gô Oda, Shikishi Naishinnô zenkachûshaku [All Pems by Princess Shikishi Anntated], Ôsaka: Izumi Shin, 1995; 2) Hitshi Nishiki, Shikishi Naishinnô zenkashû [Cllectin f All Pems by Princess Shikishi], Tôkyô: Ôfûsha, 2001; 3) Yôk Okun, Shikishi Naishinnôshû zenshaku [Cmplete Anntatin f Princess Shikishi s Cllectin], Tôkyô: Kazama Shbô, 2001. There are als abut 300 schlarly papers in Japanese n the subject f Princess Shikishi s petry and life. Mrever, her pems have been translated int English Hiraki Sat, String f Beads: Cmplete Pems f Princess Shikishi, Hnlulu: University f Hawai i Press, 1993. 3 As ppsed t traditinal Japanese histrigraphy, which marks the medieval perid as starting in 1185 (beginning f Kamakura shgunate), Rbert Huey argued that the medieval era in Japanese petry began during Emperr Hrikawa s (1078 1007) reign, specifically in mid-1080s.
2 MA GORZATA CITKO pet s waka (Japanese curt petry) has already received sme schlarship by Nishiki Hitshi, Oda Gô, Yshizaki Keik and Akahane Shuku, even thugh the Chinese intertext is usually cnsidered t reflect a different type f discurse in Japan than vernacular literature. Hwever, the apprpriatin f ancient Japanese petry, especially the petry f the first cllectin f Japanese petry, Man yôshû [Cllectin f Ten Thusand Leaves, c. 759 785], in Princess Shikishi s pems has s far nly been examined by Hirai Keik. 4 Thus, the subject f this article is the apprpriatin f Man yôshû in Princess Shikishi s petry, as well as the character and significance f such apprpriatin. Man yôshû perhaps des nt cnstitute the mst significant part f the medieval petic discurse, but it is an imprtant part f it. Man yôshû s petry was utilized in the prcess f recnsidering Japanese petic past and the renewal f waka traditin, which were trends that marked the cmpilatin era f the eighth chkusen wakashû [Imperial Cllectin f Japanese Petry], Shinkkin wakashû [New Cllectin f Japanese Pems frm Ancient and Mdern Times, 1205]. 5 I assume that the apprpriatin f Man yôshû petry in wrks f Princess Shikishi, wh was a very respected female pet f her time, must therefre be a reflectin f early medieval Japanese petic discurse. The questin arises as t what features f such discurse s manifestatin may be fund in Man yôshû s apprpriatin int the petry f Princess Shikishi. Mrever, we shuld cnsider hw Princess Shikishi participated in and cntributed t this petic discurse. Did she fllw the guidance f her petry master, Fujiwara Shunzei (1114 1204) 6 f Mikhidari huse, r did she perhaps study Man yôshû n her wn and becme inspired by its ancient petics and vcabulary? Are we able t determine whether Princess Shikishi utilized any f Man yôshû manuscripts circulated in the early medieval era, r whether she rather came acrss the ancient pems in secndary surces? What, then, are the majr features f her apprpriatin f Man yôshû petry, and d they generally speak fr the early medieval waka? In rder t address thse questins, I will prvide sme infrmatin n Princess Shikishi s life that will give us an idea f the backgrund f her petic educatin, and determine sme features f her petic style. This sectin allws the reader t understand what kind f petry Princess Shikishi cmpsed and what her pems were likely intended t represent. Subsequently, I will take int cnsideratin sme features f Man yôshû s See Rbert N. Huey, The Medievalizatin f Petic Practice, Harvard Jurnal f Asiatic Studies, Vl. 50, N. 2, December 1990, pp. 651 668. 4 Keik Hirai, Shikishi Naishinnô ni keru Man yô sesshu [Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in Pems f Princess Shikishi], in Akahane Shuku (ed.), Akahane Shuku sensei taishku kinen rnbunshû [Cllected Papers fr Prfessr Shuku Akahane s Retirement], Okayama: Akahane Shuku Sensei Taishku Kinen n Kai, 2005, pp. 185 195. 5 Shinkkin wakashû was rdered in 1201 by Retired Emperr G-Tba (1180 1239) and cmpleted in 1205 by Fujiwara Teika (1162 1241), Fujiwara Ari ie (1155 1216), Fujiwara Ietaka (1158 1237), priest Jakuren (? 1202), Minamt Michitm (1171 1237), and Asukai Masatsune (1170 1221). See Tamtsu Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten [Dictinary f Japanese Curt Petry], Tôkyô: Ôfûsha, 1982, pp. 346 348. 6 Fujiwara Shunzei (1114 1204) was a pet, critic, and arbiter f waka. He cmpiled the seventh imperial anthlgy f classical Japanese petry, Senzai wakashû [Cllectin f Thusand Years]. He was als a father f Fujiwara Teika, with whm he established the mst pwerful family f pets and schlars f waka Mikhidari. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 312 313.
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 3 receptin that had built up by the early medieval era, and determine sme features f this cllectin s image during that era. This sectin deals with the issues regarding Man yôshû s receptin, t which Princess Shikishi must have been expsed. Special attentin is paid t a petic treatise entitled Krai fûteishô [Petic Styles f Past and Present, 1197] created by Fujiwara Shunzei, since it is believed t have been dedicated t Princess Shikishi, and cntains nearly tw hundred Man yôshû pems. 7 Finally, in the last sectin I present the features f Princess Shikishi s apprpriatin f Man yôshû based n an analysis f fur f her pems. 1. Methdlgical Cnsideratins In my analysis f the apprpriatin f Man yôshû in Princess Shikishi s petry, I will use a few key cncepts frm Western literary thery. Hwever, these cncepts are nt the cre f my study but simply the tls and vehicles, smetimes revised and recnsidered, that will hpefully enable me t present the results f my research cmprehensively. Cnsidering the ntin f histricity f texts, cined by the New Histricist Luis Mntrse 8, which infrms us that receptin f any literary wrk in the fllwing centuries is affected by scial, plitical and cultural prcesses f thse eras 9, we becme aware f the significance f receptin. The ntin f receptin has been applied in the area f Japanese literary studies by Jshua Mstw, wh argued that petry s prductin and receptin are cnstituted by specific histrical frces f which we urselves are a result and part, thus emphasizing the histrical nature f petry and implying that any text is nt the self-same ver time. 10 Even thugh I generally agree with thse definitins and interpretatins f receptin, I wuld like t revise the understanding f this cncept and distinguish between receptin (kyôju) and apprpriatin (sesshu). I define receptin as an activity f perceptin f a literary wrk, characteristic fr a given histrical perid, sciety, r grup, which receives (perceives r sees) varius literary wrks, and prcesses them in a manner that suits best their wrldly views, religius and plitical ideals and needs. Thus, the given bjects f receptin activity are subject t change, transfrmatin, recnfiguratin, recnsideratin, etc., accrding t the standards f a given sciety that receives them. I understand receptin, which usually ccurs in the frm f readership, literary criticism (karn) and exchanges f views, as a cmparatively passive activity in cmparisn t apprpriatin, which I define as the prcess f an aware and active engagement r usage f given wrks in newly created literature. Receptin and apprpriatin are thus inter-related cncepts, but they are nt identical activities. Anther crucial cncept fr this article is intertextuality, as develped first by the Russian philspher Mihkail Bakhtin (1895 1975) and then expanded upn by the 7 Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, p. 235. 8 Luis Mntrse is a specialist in Renaissance petics, English Renaissance theatre and Elizabeth I (1533 1603). 9 Fr mre abut New Histricism and the ntin f histricity f texts, see Peter Barry, Beginning Thery: An Intrductin t Literary and Cultural Thery, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002, pp. 172 191. 10 Jshua Mstw, Pictures f the Heart: The Hyakunin isshu in Wrd and Image, Hnlulu: University f Hawai i Press, 1996, pp. 1 11.
4 MA GORZATA CITKO Bulgarian-French philspher and literary critic Julia Kristeva. The latter claims that a text cannt exist as a hermetic r self-sufficient whle, and s des nt functin as a clsed system 11, since writers are first f all readers f ther texts that influence them during their activity f writing. Bth Kristeva and Bakhtin argue that even discursive practices themselves are intertextual, since they als influence the texts. Based n this definitin f intertextuality, we may cnclude that authrs and readers ught t accept and recgnize the inevitable intertextuality f their activities f writing, reading and participating in discurse. The cncept f intertextuality leads us t anther ntin crucial fr this article that f discurse, which was defined by the French philspher and histricist Michel Fucault (1926 1984), as systems f thughts cmpsed f ideas, attitudes, curses f actin, beliefs and practices that systematically cnstruct the subjects and the wrlds f which they speak. 12 Even thugh this ntin was first develped in scial sciences, and was riginally applied t the thery f plitical science, thanks t Fucault s cncept f pwer/knwledge it prvided literary studies with a tl that enables schlars t recnsider numerus allegedly fixed ntins abut literature. The ntin f discurse, defined by Fucault as simply knwledge, is particularly useful with regard t Japanese medieval petry, since the existence f a petic discurse has been brught up as ne f the characteristics f early medieval petic wrld. 13 In this article, the ntin f discurse becmes a vehicle that allws me t tie up phenmena f receptin and apprpriatin in a brader cntext f petic activity during the medieval era. Simultaneusly, petic discurse helps me t demnstrate that despite the existence f varius petic circles and schls, it was shared by many, if nt all, pets f the early medieval era. Differences in Man yôshû s receptin and apprpriatin, as well as similarities, may be fund nly in the manner the petic discurse is interpreted and recnsidered in varius pets petic criticism and petry. The results f this study prve that Man yôshû was a significant part f the medieval petic discurse, in which Princess Shikishi was a participant. Mrever, we see that even thugh there are sme features f Princess Shikishi s apprpriatin f Man yôshû, which distinguished her as a waka pet, she participated in the early medieval Man yôshû discurse in a manner similar t ther cntemprary pets. 2. Sme remarks n Princess Shikishi s life and petry Princess Shikishi was the third daughter f Emperr G-Shirakawa (1127 1192); she was thus a naishinnô (princess f bld). The year f her birth has been a matter f schlarly dispute, but since Murai Shunji argued fr 1149 14, his interpretatin has becme 11 Michael Wrtn and Judith Still, Intertextuality: Theries and Practices, Manchester & New Yrk: Manchaster University Press, 1990, p. 1. 12 Iara Lessa, Discursive Struggles within Scial Welfare: Restaging Teen Mtherhd, British Jurnal f Scial Wrk, Vl. 36, N. 2, February 2006, pp. 283 298. 13 David T. Bialck, Vice, Text, and the Questin f Petic Brrwing in Late Classical Japanese Petry, Harvard Jurnal f Asiatic Studies, Vl. 54, N. 1, June 1994, p. 195. 14 Shunji Murai, Shikishi Naishinnô shûhen n hitbit [Peple arund Princess Shikishi], Chûkyô Daigaku Kyôyô Rnsô Rnsô, Vl. 40, N. 4, April 2002, p. 824.
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 5 the standard in the area f Japanese literary studies. It is believed that at the age f 9 r 10, Princess Shikishi was sent t serve as a sai in (high priestess) 15 at Kam Jinja 16 in Kyt and cntinued her service fr abut ten years until 1169 when she resigned, likely due t an illness. Then, prbably during the 1190s, she tk tnsure, became a Buddhist nun and acquired the name Shônyhô. 17 Unfrtunately, nt much is knwn abut her life after she retired frm the sai in pst but it may be cnfirmed in Meigetsuki [Diary f the Bright Mn, 1180 1235] by Fujiwara Teika (1162 1241) 18 and Minamt Ienaga nikki [Diary f Minamt Ienaga, 1211 1221] by a curtier named Minamt Ienaga (c. 1173 1234) that she dwelled in numerus residences and did nt settle dwn in ne place fr a lng time. She died at the beginning f 1201, having lived in seclusin and slitude fr mst f her life. 19 The extant crpus f Princess Shikishi s petry cnsists f abut 400 pems, even thugh the exact number f her pems has been a matter f dispute amng Japanese literature schlars. Yamasaki Keik 20 and Okun Yôk 21 argued fr a figure f 400 pems, while Oda Gô prvided a number f 407 pems 22 and Nishiki Hitshi cunted 416. 23 Mrever, Kunishima Akie estimated that Princess Shikishi had presumably cmpsed abut 2600 pems during her lifetime. 24 The majrity f her extant pems are cmpsed in three hyakushu sequences cnsisting f a hundred pieces f tanka (shrt pem), a frm adpted during the reign f Emperr Hrikawa (1079 1107). 25 Satô Hiraki argued that the rest f Shikishi s pems were taken frm similar sequences, which have nt survived. 26 The creatin dates f thse three hyakushu sequences, cmmnly referred t as the A sequence, B sequence, and C sequence, have been an bject f dispute. Kunishima argued that the A sequence must have been cmpsed abut 1169, that is sn after 15 Sai in was a female relative t the emperr wh served as a high priestess at Kam Shrines in Kyt. 16 Kam Jinja [Kam Shrines] are tw clsely assciated Shint shrines in Kyt Kamigam Jinja and Shimgam Jinja. 17 Sat, String f Beads, p. 5. 18 Fujiwara Teika (1162 1241) was a waka pet, critic, and schlar. He was ne f six cmpilers f the eighth imperial cllectin, Shinkkinshû and sle cmpiler f the ninth, Shinchkusen wakashû [New Imperial Cllectin, 1235]. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 459 461. 19 Miek Imamura, Teika t Shikishi Naishinnô Meigetsuki chûshin [Teika and Princess Shikishi Fcusing n Meigetsuki], Bungaku, Vl. 6, N. 4, Octber 1995, pp. 81 83. 20 Keik Yamasaki, Shikishi Naishinnôshû n kenkyû: hyakushu uta n seiritsu jiki megutte [Study n Princess Shikishi s Cllectin: abut the Creatin Time f Hundred-pem Sequences], Kkubungakukô, Vl. 77, N. 3, March 1978, p. 11. 21 Okun, Shikishi Naishinnôshû zenshaku, pp. 3 9. 22 Oda, Shikishi Naishinnô zenkachûshaku, p. 3. 23 Nishiki, Shikishi Naishinnô zenkashû, p. 124. 24 Aya Yasuda (ed.), Fujiwara Teika kenkyû [Research n Fujiwara Teika], Tôkyô: Shibundô, 1975, p. 253. 25 Emperr Hrikawa (1079 1107) was the 73 rd emperr f Japan accrding t the traditinal rder f successin; reigned 1086 1107. He was deeply interested in waka. His Hrikawa hyakushu [One Hundred Pems fr Emperr Hrikawa] is cnsidered t be ne f the mst imprtant petic events f the era. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, p. 577. 26 Sat, String f Beads, p. 16.
6 MA GORZATA CITKO Princess Shikishi retired frm the pst f sai in, since ne f her pems frm this sequence included in Shinkkinshû is signed as Zensai in n ghyakushu [Hundred-pem Sequence by the Frmer sai in]. 27 Other schlars claimed that it was created much later, abut 1194. Yamasaki, hwever, believes that this sequence was cmpsed in 1188 because nne f the pems frm the A sequence are included in Senzai wakashû [Cllectin f Thusand Years, 1183] 28, cmpiled by Fujiwara Shunzei, the renwned waka pet and critic f the early medieval era, and Princess Shikishi s petry tutr. Yamasaki argued that it is unlikely that the A sequence had nt attracted Shunzei s attentin, especially since nine f her later pems are included in this imperial cllectin. 29 The B sequence is cnsidered t have been cmpsed between 1187 1194 30, althugh Yamasaki argued that it was created clser t 1194. 31 The C sequence was cmpsed in 1200 at the rder f Retired Emperr G-Tba (1180 1239). 32 Despite the limited size f her extant petic crpus, receptin f Princess Shikishi s petry by her cntempraries is characterized abve all by a high evaluatin f her petic talent and ability. Frty-nine f her pems are included in Shinkkinshû, which is the fifth greatest number f waka by ne authr in the said cllectin, and the greatest amunt f pems by a female pet. In the entry frm the fifth day f the ninth mnth f the secnd year f Shôji era (1200) in Meigetsuki, Fujiwara Teika described Princess Shikishi s C sequence in the fllwing manner: all f the pieces are divine 33, which indicates that he had a great deal f respect and admiratin fr her petic ability. The C sequence was especially well received in the subsequent perids, the prf f which is the fact that seventy tanka were selected fr inclusin in the imperial anthlgies, Shinkkinshû cntaining 25 f them. Mrever, Retired Emperr G-Tba als evaluated Shikishi s petry highly in his petic treatise G-Tba-in gkuden [Secret Teachings f Retired Emperr G-Tba, 1208 1212]. When we cme t mre recent times, amng the utstanding pets are the Frmer Imperial Virgin f Ôimikad, the late Nakanmikad Regent and the Frmer Archbishp Yshimizu. The Imperial Virgin cmpsed in a very plished and ingenius style. 34 In G-Tba s petic treatise, Princess Shikishi, referred t as the frmer imperial virgin f Ôimikad, appears next t such valued pets f the era as Kujô Yshitsune (1169 1206) a patrn t Mikhidari petic schl referred t as Nakanmikad regent, and Jien (1155 1225) ne f Shinkkinshû s cmpilers referred t as frmer archbishp 27 Yamasaki, Shikishi Naishinnôshû n kenkyû, pp. 11 12. 28 Senzai wakashû is the seventh imperial anthlgy f Japanese petry cmpiled by Fujiwara Shunzei at the rder f Emperr G-Shirakawa. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 377 378. 29 Yamasaki, Shikishi Naishinnôshû n kenkyû, pp. 12 13. 30 Sat, String f Beads, p. 17. 31 Yamasaki, Shikishi Naishinnôshû n kenkyû, p. 11. 32 G-Tba rdered this sequence frm many ther distinguished pets f that era. The event was named Shôji ninen in shd hyakushu [Retired Emperr s First Hundred Pem Sequence f the Secnd Year f Shôji Era] and was ne f the surces f pems fr Shinkkinshû. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, p. 321. 33 Yasuda, Fujiwara Teika kenkyû..., p. 259. 34 Rbert H. Brwer, Ex-Emperr G-Tba s Secret Teachings: G-Tba-in n Gkuden, Harvard Jurnal f Asiatic Studies, Vl. 32, 1972, p. 36.
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 7 Yshimizu. Furthermre, G-Tba described her petry with the expressin mmimmi, which thugh difficult t define 35, was als used t estimate Teika s pem, which is surely indicative f a high evaluatin f Princess Shikishi s petic style. Despite the fact that Princess Shikishi seemed t stand ut in the evaluatin f her male cunterparts amng a handful f well-respected wmen pets f her age, her life is frequently perceived as ne full f sacrifices, seclusin and ceaseless slitude. This receptin f Princess Shikishi s character was surely based nt nly n her bigraphy but als n the image created by a number f factrs, e.g. cnventinal waka petics 36, Princess Shikishi as a pet herself, the peple surrunding her, and a later prcess f medievalizatin, which mythicized, idealized and legendarized the figures f many Japanese pets. 37 The large number f her pems included in Shinkkinshû 49, and Retired Emperr G-Tba and Fujiwara Teika s high evaluatin f her petry are evidence that in her wn age Princess Shikishi was perceived mstly as a great pet, and nt necessarily as the lnely, waiting wman. 38 We may thus assume that she was a semi-prfessinal pet highly valued fr her petic abilities by her cntempraries, which suggests that she was able t cmpse petry accrding t the already established petic cnventins f her time, and nt necessarily derived petic inspiratins frm her persnal life. Simultaneusly, she might have participated in the prcess f creating her wn image f a recluse thrugh traditinal petics that have been misinterpreted as an image f the waiting wman, which I have recently examined in anther publicatin. 39 35 Elegant beauty cnveyed by a highly wrught petic cnceptin and cmplex petic texturent a spntaneus r imprmptu style. See Brwer, Ex-Emperr G-Tba s Secret Teachings, p. 57. 36 Gtô Shôk pinted ut that by lking at Princess Shikishi s lve petry withut taking int cnsideratin the fact that she was a wman, and fcusing n the lng histry f lve petry, we are able t read her pems frm the cntemprary perspective. Gtô emphasized that Shikishi s lve pems are ften cmpsed in a male vice, which excludes the pssibility f autbigraphical setting. See Shôk Gtô, Jryû ni yru tk uta Shikishi Naishinnô uta e n ichishiten [Male Pems by Female Pets One Apprach t Pems by Princess Shikishi], in Waka t wa nani ka [What Is waka?], Kubukihara Rei (ed.), Tôkyô: Yûseidô, 1996, pp. 322 323. 37 Based n Susan Matisff s research n Semimaru s (early Heian Perid) legend, ne bserves that in the medieval era peple learned abut high aristcratic culture thrugh lw literature and drama. Legends abut earlier pets develped with time, and while sme facts abut them remain true, much infrmatin is added t attract attentin f the medieval and later audiences. See Susan Matisff, The Legend f Semimaru. Blind Musician f Japan, Bstn: Cheng & Tsui Cmpany, 2006, pp. XI XIX. The image f Princess Shikishi was als medievalized, largely due t her image in a nô play attributed t Kmparu Zenchiku (1405 1471), Teika Kazura. In this play, she is presented as a madwman, wh had nce been in lve with Fujiwara Teika, but cannt detach herself frm the wrld and lve. 38 It has als been suggested that due t Princess Shikishi s high scial status as a member f the imperial family, she was unlikely t be perceived as a wman, but rather as an imperial persna. Shikishi and Teika maintained a relatively clse relatinship caused by their passin fr waka, but their suppsed lve affair are nt cnfirmed by histrical surces. See Imamura, Teika t Shikishi Naishinnô, p. 76. 39 Ma³grzata Citk, Elements f pssibly Chinese Origin in Selected Pems by Princess Shikishi (1149 1201), Analecta Nippnica, Vl. 2, 2012, pp. 21 56.
8 MA GORZATA CITKO 3. Sme features f Man yôshû s receptin in the early medieval era Man yôshû has been anntated, studied and translated by many generatins f schlars arund the wrld. 40 This cllectin is an imprtant subject matter fr the field f waka studies, since it lies at the surce f Japanese culture and literary histry, and it has always arused much interest and cntrversy amng Japanlgists. Hwever, despite centuries f research n this petic cllectin, it is difficult t cnclude that we knw Man yôshû, since the receptin f many subsequent eras has undubtedly transfrmed the shape and character f this petic cllectin. Receptin f Man yôshû s petry already had quite a lng histry prir t the early medieval era. In fact, Man yôshû became an bject f schlarship quite early, since in Heian Perid (8 12 th century) there had already been a shift frm Western Old Japanese (WOJ) language f Asuka (538 710) and Nara Perids (710 784) t Middle Japanese, als knwn as Classical Japanese. This language change was the reasn why in Heian Perid pets were already unable t read man yôgana script 41 used in Man yôshû, r fully understand pems written in WOJ. The inaccessibility f Man yôshû s petry was pssibly the direct reasn why numerus attempts were made t anntate this cllectin and make it mre accessible t the cntemprary pets. If we were t pint t a mment in the histry f Japanese literature when Man yôshû started t be subject t the receptin phenmenn that had a significant impact fr later generatins f schlars and pets, it was mid-10 th century, when the first Man yôshû glssing prject was fficially cmmissined. In 951 Emperr Murakami (926 967) appinted five schlars f Nashitsub (Pear Pavilin) 42 t cmpile the secnd imperial cllectin, Gsen wakashû [Later Cllectin f Japanese Petry, 951], and simultaneusly add readings t Man yôshû. 43 The effects f their wrk n Man yôshû are cmmnly knwn as kten (ld glssing), but nne f Man yôshû manuscripts cntaining this glssing have survived. There was ne mre glssing prject in the histry f the receptin f Man yôshû s petry prir t Kamakura Perid (1185 1333). The secnd glssing prject, the effects f which are cmmnly named jiten (subsequent glssing), was prbably initiated by Fujiwara Michinaga (966 1028), wh was the mst pwerful plitician in 11 th -century Japan, and cnducted by Fujiwara Atsutaka (? 1120), wh cmpiled Ruijû kshû [Classified Cllectin f Old Pems, 40 E.g. Orikuchi Shinbu (1887 1953), Sasaki Nbutsuna (1872 1963), Nakanishi Susumu in Japan, Ian Hide Levy and Alexander Vvin in the United States f America, René Sieffert (1923 2004) in France, Frederick Victr Dickins (1838 1915) in Great Britain, Karl Flrenz (1865 1939) in Germany, Anna Gluskina (1904 1994) in Russia, Wies³aw Ktañski (1915 2005) in Pland, etc. 41 Man yôgana is a term describing the use f Chinese characters t write Japanese phngraphically. This system f writing was named after their extensive use in Man yôshû. See Bjarke Frellesvig, A Histry f the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 14. 42 Thse five schlars were Kiywara Mtsuke (908 990), Ki n Tkibumi (922 996), Ônakatmi Yshinbu (921 991), Minamt Shitagô (911 983), and Sakanue Mchiki (late 10 th century). See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, p. 498. 43 Nt all Man yôshû pems were anntated at that time, but mst likely 4100 pems, mst f which were tanka. See Alexander Vvin, Man yôshû. Bk 15. A New English Translatin Cntaining the Original Text, kana Transliteratin, Rmanizatin, Glssing and Cmmentary, Wilts: Glbal Oriental, 2009, p. 13.
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 9 befre 1120] a manuscript that classifies Man yôshû pems nt by vlumes but by Chinese categries rui and anntated it with his wn jiten 44, the leader f Rkujô petic schl Fujiwara Kiysuke (1104 1177), a renwned Japanese pet, schlar and tutr Ôe Masafusa (1041 1111), anther renwned waka pet and schlar Fujiwara Mttshi (1060 1142), and ther schlars f 11 th century. 45 Jiten is especially significant fr the early medieval era, since the majrity f Man yôshû manuscripts and secndary surces cntaining Man yôshû pems utilized by early medieval pets, including Princess Shikishi, likely reflected the secnd glssing. There are bviusly ther aspects f Man yôshû s receptin. It has been emphasized that sme f the underestimated petic cllectins and treatises, e.g. a private petic cllectin in tw vlumes prbably cmpiled by Sugawara Michizane (845 903), Shinsen man yôshû [A New Selectin f the Ten Thusand Leaves Cllectin, 893], and the first extant ancient wrk f Japanese petry criticism by Fujiwara Hamanari (724 790), Kakyô hyôshiki [A Frmulary fr Verse Based n the Canns f Petry, 772], as well as kanaj (kana preface) t the first imperial cllectin Kkin wakashû [Cllectin f Japanese Pems frm Ancient and Mdern Times, c. 920], were crucial fr Man yôshû s receptin. 46 Hwever, I believe that ther examples f petry criticism, private petic cllectins and handbks, as well as petic events were equally significant in the early medieval receptin and apprpriatin f Man yôshû, which becmes clear in the analysis f Princess Shikishi s pems further n. Thus, wrks like Kakinmt Hitmar kashû [The Private Cllectin f Kakinmt Hitmar, befre 759], Kkinwaka rkujô [Six Quires f Ancient and Mdern Japanese Petry, c. 980s] which was used by generatins f pets and imperial anthlgies cmpilers as a surce f lder pems, Ise mngatari [The Tales f Ise, mid-10 th century], the first great nvel in wrld literature Genji mngatari [The Tale f Genji, c. 1008], a petic treatise by Fujiwara Kintô (966 1041) Shinsen zuinô [Newly Selected Petic Essentials, 1004 1012], a petic treatise by Minamt Tshiyri (1060 1142) Tshiyri zuinô [Tshiyri s Essentials, 1111 1115], the famus petic event rganized by Emperr Hrikawa Hrikawa hyakushu [One Hundred Pems fr Emperr Hrikawa, 1105 1106], the first extant petic treatise by Fujiwara Kiysuke Ôgishô [Secret Teachings, 1124 1144] and anther f Kiysuke s treatises Fukurzôshi [Ordinary Bk, 1157], as well as Shunzei s Krai fûteishô prvided a space fr the emergence f petic discurse, thanks t which certain ideas culd be exchanged and circulated. Mrever, all thse wrks cntributed t the creatin f a netwrk f channels fr transmitting Man yôshû petry in the medieval and later eras, which affected subsequent phases f this cllectin s receptin and apprpriatin phenmena. Thanks t the existence f this netwrk and many later texts cntaining Man yôshû petry, we realize that what is believed t be a Man yôshû pem in the cntemprary era accrding t Nishihnganji-bn 47 Man yôshû manuscript, in the early medieval era may nt have been cnsidered t be a Man yôshû pem but a pem frm a later cllectin. 44 Yôk Shirsaki, Man yôshû n hensan t kyôju n kenkyû [Study f Man yôshû s Cmpilatin and Receptin], Tôkyô: Ôfûsha, 2004, pp. 333 350. 45 Vvin, Man yôshû. Bk 15, p. 13. 46 Fusae Ekida, A Receptin Histry f the Man yôshû, Ph.D. dissertatin, Seattle: University f Washingtn, 2009. 47 Nishi Hnganji-bn is the earliest extant cmplete Man yôshû manuscript that includes all twenty vlumes and 4516 pems. It dates frm late Kamakura Perid (1185 1333). See Nbutsuna Sasaki, Man yôshû n kenkyû. Man yôshû kshahn n kenkyû [Research abut Man yôshû and Its Old Manuscripts], Tôkyô: Iwanami Shten, 1944, pp. 206 260.
10 MA GORZATA CITKO Furthermre, cntrary t the mdern era in which Man yôshû fficially gained a status f a celebrated natinal anthlgy during the prcess f building the mdern natin-state after Meiji Restratin in 1868 48, in the early medieval era Man yôshû was perceived as an ancient, distant and rather bscure, yet intriguing and admirable cllectin, t which allusins shuld be made either very carefully r shuld nt be made at all. In fact, such a receptin is ntable in the kana preface t Kkinshû, Shinsen zuinô and Tshiyri zuinô. Even thugh Hrikawa hyakushu (1105 1106) was certainly a significant step twards encuraging pets t allude t Man yôshû petry 49, it was nly with the petry criticism f Fujiwara Kiysuke (specifically his last petic handbk Waka shgakushô [Elementary Petry, 1169]) 50, and f Fujiwara Shunzei (specifically his Krai fûteishô) 51 that Man yôshû became a cllectin t which pets started making references mre frequently. Despite that, in the early medieval era Man yôshû was undeniably nt perceived in islatin r ut f cntext. It was highly valued and always presented as a part f a bigger cncept f Japanese antiquity, e.g. in Shunzei s Krai fûteishô, which appreciated the prcesses f evlutin and natural prgressin f Japanese petic styles, at the very beginning f which we find Man yôshû. 52 Furthermre, we shuld keep in mind that the early medieval era was the time when knwledge abut Man yôshû became cntested, since numerus petic circles and schls had emerged, and petry became intertwined in curt plitics. 53 The study f this cllectin has lng been believed rather exclusive t Rkujô petic schl, whse influence flurished during insei 54 perid (1087 1192). 55 Hwever, based n Fujiwara Shunzei s petry criticism, it is clear that Man yôshû was als an bject f interest t Mikhidari schl s pets, wh are believed t have mainly fcused n Heian Perid masterpieces, and wh have been cnsidered rivals t Rkujô schl in Japan fr many centuries. The cnstruct f the Rkujô-Mikhidari rivalry, hwever, is nly a steretype that eclipses the mre fundamental impact they left as an aristcratic family unit n the cultural and intellectual histries f Japan. 56 The ntin f the Rkujô-Mikhidari rivalry finds n evidence in the early medieval receptin f Man yôshû, in which we rather bserve an evlutin f Japanese petry criticism manifested 48 Ekida, A Receptin Histry f the Man yôshû, p. 4. 49 Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 577 578. 50 Nbutsuna Sasaki (ed.), Waka shgakushô [Elementary Petry], in Nihn kagaku taikei 2 [Cmpendium f Japanese Petry Criticism], Tôkyô: Kazama Shbô, 1956 p. 238. 51 Yasuaki Watanabe, Krai fûteishô [Petic Styles f Past and Present], in Yasuaki Watanabe, Kazuhik Kbayashi and Hajime Yamamt (eds.), Karn kagaku shûsei 7 [Cllectin f Petry Criticism], Tôkyô: Miyai Shten, 2006, pp. 88 89. 52 Ibid., pp. 29 30. 53 Significant changes were taking place in the years preceding Shinkkinshû s cmpilatin, e.g. rise f uta awase (petry cntests) and, related t it, prfessinalizatin and pliticizatin f petic practice. See Huey, The Medievalizatin f Petic Practice, pp. 651 668. 54 Insei perid (1087 1192) refers t a time in Japanese histry when plitical cntrl was restred t the imperial huse frm Fujiwara regents, but was exercised primarily by retired emperrs rather than by titular rulers and fficial bureaucracy. See Nippnica 55 Mune Inue, Kamakura jidai kajinden n kenkyû [Research n Bigraphies f Pets frm Kamakura Perid], Tôkyô: Kazama Shbô, 1997, pp. 3 10. 56 Saek Shibayama, Ôe n Masafusa and the Cnvergence f the ways : The Twilight f Early Chinese Literary Studies and the Rise f waka Studies in the Lng Twelfth Century in Japan, Ph.D. dissertatin, New Yrk: Clumbia University, 2012, p. 344.
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 11 by numerus pets wh, by participating in and interpreting the early medieval Man yôshû discurse differently, attempted t push its bundaries. It shuld be emphasized that even thugh it was nt yet in the exclusive manner f secret teachings (denju) f Murmachi Perid (1336 1573), strngly related t iemt system, 57 Rkujô and Mikhidari petic schls, as well as pets f ther circles, pssessed sme level f knwledge abut Man yôshû. Varius pets transmitted this knwledge, bth rally and in writing, within their families and t their patrns frm bth the imperial curt and shgunate. Knwledge f literary texts became a kind f capital, which brught them plitical and material benefits and supprt. This may sund similar t the Fucauldian cncept f pwer/knwledge, in which it is argued that pwer and knwledge are interrelated, and therefre every human relatinship is a negtiatin f pwer. 58 Even thugh the pwer/knwledge cncept was nt created based n literary studies, it applies astnishingly well t the petic wrld f early medieval Japan. In that era, in rder t gain patrnage fr their petic activity, that is t becme receptrs f pwer, pets started t participate in activities invlving petry criticism, e.g. writing petic treatises and judging petry cntests (uta awase), which wuld demnstrate their extensive knwledge f Japanese literature. It was thus nt the secrecy f ne s literary knwledge, but rather its skilful public demnstratin and distributin that prvided petic schls with valuable imperial and shgunal patrnage. An example f such symbisis f patrnage in the exchange f petic knwledge is the clse relatinships f Princess Shikishi and her brther Prince Shukaku with Fujiwara Shunzei and the adpted sn f Fujiwara Kiysuke Kenshô (c. 1130 c. 1210) wh created numerus petic treatises fr their imperial-bld patrns. 59 Thse pets clearly attempted t participate in the petic discurse differently in rder t gain pwer thrugh knwledge. Hwever, it wuld be an verstatement t cnclude that nly Fujiwara Shunzei and his Krai fûteishô, allegedly dedicated t Princess Shikishi, had affected her style f apprpriating Man yôshû petry. We bserve that ut f 41 tanka in which she alluded t Man yôshû, nly 12 verlap with Krai fûteishô (Table 1). Princess Shikishi must have thus utilized ther surces, which becmes clear in the analysis f her pems further n, even thugh it is undeniable that Krai fûteishô cnstructed the cann f Japanese petry up until the 1200s, and was a widely recgnized and validated treatise by cntemprary and later generatins f waka pets and schlars. 60 Krai fûteishô is a significant dcument fr a number f reasns. First f all, it drew an analgy between waka 57 Iemt is a term used in traditinal Japanese arts t refer t either the funder f a schl r current head f the schl, wh is usually a direct descendant f the funder. The iemt f each schl inherits secret traditins and prized art bjects f the schl frm the previus iemt. See Encyclpedia f Japan, in Japan Knwledge, Tôkyô: Net Advance, 2012. 58 Michel Fucault, Tw lectures, in Clin Grdn (ed.), Pwer/Knwledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings, 1972 1977, New Yrk: Panthen, 1980, pp. 78 108. 59 Fujiwara Shunzei dedicated his private petic cllectin, Chôshû eisô [Weeds Cmpsed fr Lng Autumns, 1178] t Shukaku and his Krai fûteishô t Princess Shikishi. Kenshô als dedicated his Man yôshû jidai nanji [Prblematic Matters f the Man yôshû Era, 1168 1183], which fcused n issues related t Man yôshû s cmpilatin, t Prince Shukaku. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 444 445, 600 601. 60 Karlina Szebla-Mrinaga, Tajemna g³êbia (yûgen) w pezji japñskiej [Mysterius Beauty in Japanese Petry], Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskieg, 2012, p. 76.
Table 1. Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in petry f Princess Shikishi vs. inclusin f Man yôshû pems in secndary surces (until 1200s) Princess Shikishi Man yôshû 1 N. 10 N. 34 N. 40 N. 57 N. 66 Man yôshû 3 N. 282 N. 351 N. 428 Kkinwaka rkujô 976 982 Tshiyri zuinô 1111 1115 Kigshô 1099 1188 Ôgishô 1124 1144 Waka dômôshô 1145 1153 Waka ichijishô 1153 Fukur zôshi 1157 Gdaishû utamakura bef. 1165 Wakash gakushô 1169 Shûchû shô 1186 Rppyaku Chinjô 1193 Krai fûteishô 1197 Other Kakyô hyôshiki, Shinkkinshû Hitmarshû, Shûishû Shûishû, Kin yôshû *, Wakan rôeishû **, Genji mngatari Kjiki ***, Hitmarshû * Kin yô wakashû [Cllectin f Glden Leaves, 1124 1127] is the fifth imperial cllectin rdered by Emperr Shirakawa and cmpiled by Minamt Tshiyri. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 159 160. ** Wakan rôeishû [Cllectin f Japanese and Chinese Pems fr Singing, ca. 1013 1018] is a cllectin cmpiled by Fujiwara Kintô. It cnsists f abut 800 pems, which are parts f Chinese pems written by the Chinese (mstly the Tang petry), kanshi Chinese petry cmpsed by the Japanese, and waka. See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, p. 715. *** Kjiki [Recrds f Ancient Matters, 712] is the ldest extant chrnicle in Japan. It was created by Ô n Yasumar (mid-7 th century) at the request f Empress Genmei (660-721). See Nippnica... 12 MA GORZATA CITKO
Table 1. Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in petry f Princess Shikishi vs. inclusin f Man yôshû pems in secndary surces (until 1200s) Princess Shikishi Man yôshû 4 N. 445 N. 502 N. 583 N. 661 N. 667 N. 675 Man yôshû 6 N. 919 Man yôshû 7 N. 1188 N. 1361 Kkinwaka rkujô 976 982 Tshiyri zuinô 1111 1115 Kigshô 1099 1188 Ôgishô 1124 1144 Waka dômôshô 1145 1153 Waka ichijishô 1153 Fukur zôshi 1157 Gdaishû utamakura bef. 1165 Wakash gakushô 1169 Shûchû shô 1186 Rppyaku Chinjô 1193 Krai fûteishô 1197 Other Yakamchishû * Hitmarshû, Shinkkinshû Akahitshû **, Kanaj, Wakan rôeishû, Kin yôshû * Yakamchishû [Cllectin f Yakamchi, ca. 785] is a private cllectin f abut 320 pems attributed t the famus Man yôshû pet and cmpiler, Ôtm Yakamchi (718 785). See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, p. 654. ** Akahitshû [Cllectin f Akahit, ca. 740] is a private cllectin f abut 360 pems attributed t a famus Man yôshû pet, Yamabe Akahit (early 8 th century). See Ariyshi, Waka bungaku jiten, pp. 3 4. Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 13
14 MA GORZATA CITKO Table 1. Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in petry f Princess Shikishi vs. inclusin f Man yôshû pems in secndary surces (until 1200s) Kkinwaka rkujô 976 982 Tshiyri zuinô 1111 1115 Kigshô 1099 1188 Ôgishô 1124 1144 Waka dômôshô 1145 1153 Waka ichijishô 1153 Fukur zôshi 1157 Gdaishû utamakura bef. 1165 Wakash gakushô 1169 Shûchû shô 1186 Rppyaku Chinjô 1193 Krai fûteishô 1197 Princess Shikishi Man yôshû 8 N. 1418 N. 1500 Man yôshû 10 N. 1897 N. 1983 N. 1994 N. 2125 N. 2270 N. 2319 N. 2331 Other Wakan rôeishû, Genji mngatari, Shinkkinshû Akahitshû, Hitmarshû, Shûishû Akahitshû, Hitmarshû, Shinkkinshû Hitmarshû, Hitmarshû, Yakamchishû Hitmarshû, Yakamchishû, Shinkkinshû
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 15 Table 1. Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in petry f Princess Shikishi vs. inclusin f Man yôshû pems in secndary surces (until 1200s) Kkinwaka rkujô 976 982 Tshiyri zuinô 1111 1115 Kigshô 1099 1188 Ôgishô 1124 1144 Waka dômôshô 1145 1153 Waka ichijishô 1153 Fukur zôshi 1157 Gdaishû utamakura bef. 1165 Wakash gakushô 1169 Shûchû shô 1186 Rppyaku Chinjô 1193 Krai fûteishô 1197 Princess Shikishi Man yôshû 11 N. 2453 N. 2538 N. 2707 N. 2753 N. 2763 Man yôshû 12 N. 2862 N. 3002 N. 3025 N. 3047 N. 3065 N. 3081 N. 3201 Other Hitmarshû, Shûishû Hitmarshû, Shûishû Hitmarshû, Shûishû, Ise mngatari Hitmarshû, Hitmarshû, Shûishû
16 MA GORZATA CITKO Table 1. Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in petry f Princess Shikishi vs. inclusin f Man yôshû pems in secndary surces (until 1200s) Kkinwaka rkujô 976 982 Tshiyri zuinô 1111 1115 Kigshô 1099 1188 Ôgishô 1124 1144 Waka dômôshô 1145 1153 Waka ichijishô 1153 Fukur zôshi 1157 Gdaishû utamakura bef. 1165 Wakash gakushô 1169 Shûchû shô 1186 Rppyaku Chinjô 1193 Krai fûteishô 1197 Princess Shikishi Man yôshû 14 N. 3400 Man yôshû 16 N. 3851 Man yôshû 17 N. 3899 Other
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 17 and tendai 61 Buddhism, by saying that they are bth philsphical and artistic paths (michi) having a sense f cntinuity. 62 This cmparisn prves that Krai fûteishô had a clear agenda and idelgy behind it, which nne f the earlier examples f petry criticism seemed t have. Shunzei s brad and sphisticated receptin f petry must have been different frm that f ther and earlier waka schlars. 63 Thus, we shuld perhaps perceive Krai fûteishô as Shunzei s call fr a nvel apprach twards waka in general, as well as his recnsideratin f the petic discurse, by which Princess Shikishi might have been affected. In fact, I believe that it was exactly due t this kind f petry criticism f Rkujô and Mikhidari schls, as well as sme earlier wrks cntaining a significant number f pems believed t cme frm Man yôshû and due t the apprpriative practice f hnkadri (allusive variatin) 64, that mre extensive knwledge f Man yôshû became mre and mre desirable in the era f Shinkkinshû s cmpilatin, which generally sught petic innvatin amng thers thrugh the renewal f petic traditin. Thus, the receptin f Man yôshû s petry in the early medieval era shuld be perceived and understd in a brad cntext f attaining the art f waka cmpsitin, and participatin in and cntributin t petic discurse. Such participatin and cntributin, if sufficiently diversified pet by pet, may be interpreted as the manifestatin f a quite plitically charged, Fucauldian attempt t gain pwer thrugh knwledge. Since Princess Shikishi happened t live in the early medieval era, I assume that she participated in and cntributed t the same Man yôshû discurse as her cntemprary pets. 4. Apprpriatin f Man yôshû in selected pems by Princess Shikishi As emphasized abve, apprpriatin f Man yôshû petry in Princess Shikishi s wrks has unfrtunately nt been treated t a great deal f schlarship yet. Hwever, the sle schlarly paper dealing with this subject, by Hirai Keik, makes several imprtant remarks; fr example, Princess Shikishi s petry did nt necessarily fcus n allusins t Man yôshû, and that the references t this cllectin were simply a part f the prcess f her educatin in the art f waka. Hirai als emphasized that Princess Shikishi prbably fllwed Fujiwara Shunzei s guidance and style in regard t Man yôshû pems apprpriatin 65, which seems reasnable because she studied waka under Shunzei s supervisin. Als, based n my wn research, Princess Shikishi drew n the same Man yôshû petic examples as Shunzei seven times. On the ther hand, her pems alluding t Man yôshû pssess characteristics ntable in many ther cntemprary pets wrk, and they in fact prve that Princess Shikishi was an active member f the early medieval Man yôshû discurse, wh was aware f nt nly the existence f Man yôshû s manuscripts but abve all f the secndary surces cntaining Man yôshû petry as well as ther pets wrk alluding t this cllectin. Thus, based n an analysis f Table 1, we see that f abut 400 extant pems by Princess Shikishi, 41 cntain allusins t Man yôshû. The majrity f her pems refer t 61 Tendai was a Buddhist schl funded in Japan in 806 by Saichô (767 822). It was ne f the dminant schls in Heian Perid (794 1185). See Encyclpedia f Japan 62 Watanabe, Krai fûteishô, p. 30. 63 Shibayama, Ôe n Masafusa and the Cnvergence f the ways, p. 373. 64 Hnkadri (allusive variatin) is a practice f brrwing lines frm earlier pems and recnfiguring them in ne s wn wrk. 65 Hirai, Shikishi Naishinnô ni keru Man yô sesshu..., p. 186.
18 MA GORZATA CITKO vlumes X XI f Man yôshû, which are the vlumes brught up mst frequently in petic treatises and referred t in the petry f the early medieval era. Mrever, almst all f Man yôshû pems apprpriated in the wrk f Princess Shikishi are included in numerus secndary surces, e.g. Kkinwaka rkujô: 30 pems, Gdaishû utamakura [Petic Landmarks in Cllectins f Five Eras, befre 1165] by Fujiwara Nrikane (1107 1165): 20, Shûchûshô [Sleeve Ntes, 1186] by Kenshô: 14, Hitmarshû: 13, Krai fûteishô: 12, Kigshô [Ntes n Petic Wrds, 1099 1118] by Fujiwara Nakazane (1075 1133), etc. This suggests that instead f studying any f Man yôshû manuscripts, Princess Shikishi might rather have utilized the secndary surces. In fact, ne f Princess Shikishi s pems alluding t Man yôshû is a clear evidence f the significance f secndary surces in her apprpriatin practices. This is tanka N. 478 frm a cntest n paper Sanbyaku rkujûban uta awase [Petry Cntest in Three Hundred and Sixty Runds, 1200] rganized prbably by Kujô Yshitsune: nanifagata asibe w sasite kgiyukeba uraganasikaru tadu n fitkwe 66 When I rw my bat Tward the reeds n the shre Int the Naniwa Bay, The single vice f a crane Sunds lnesme. The pem quted abve clearly cntains elements f ancient Japanese petics. Nanifagata (Naniwa Bay) is a frequent utamakura (petic place name) signifying a shre in the ancient Setsu Prvince (eastern part f Hyôg Prefecture and the nrthern part f Ôsaka Prefecture). 67 Tadu (crane) n the ther hand, is an image frequently incrprated by ancient pets in their cmpsitins abut lng travels alng the cast, and it is a metaphr fr the lneliness f the traveler. Thus, the vice f the crane is a symbl f the traveler s lnging fr their belved. 68 We bserve that Princess Shikishi s pem is cmpsed frm the viewpint f a lnely traveler, wh is reminded abut his/her slitude by the vice f a crane. In fact, as nted by tw ut f three anntatrs f Princess Shikishi s pems 69, her tanka undeniably refers t the fllwing Man yôshû pem frm vlume VI: 919 by the renwned pet Yamabe Akahit (early 8th century), in which we find a similar expressin f lneliness during a slitary trip: 66 I decided nt t transcribe but t transliterate the pems based n the Heian Japanese system cdified by Jhn R. Bentley. This transliteratin expses cnsnant repetitins that the Hepburn system bscures, and thus reveals phnlgical features f Classical Japanese. This system is nt applied t Japanese names and titles f petry cllectins, since their transcriptins in the Hepburn system are widely acknwledged in academia. The riginals f all pems are frm Shinpen kkka taikan [New Cllectin f Japanese Pems], CD-ROM, Tôkyô: Kadkawa Shten, 2003. 67 See Utaktba utamakura daijiten [Great Dictinary f Japanese Vcabulary and Petic Place Names)] Nihn bungaku web tshkan [Online Library f Japanese Literature], Tôkyô: Kadkawa Gakugei Shuppan, 2001. 68 Haru Shirane, Japan and the Culture f the Fur Seasns: Nature, Literature, and the Arts, New Yrk: Clumbia University Press, 2012, p. 138. 69 Oda, Shikishi Naishinnô zenkachûshaku, p. 544, Nishiki, Shikishi Naishinnô zenkashû, p. 121.
Ancient Japanese Petry in Early Medieval Petic Discurse 19 waka n ura ni When the tide verflws sif miti kureba In the Waka Bay 70, kata w nami It cvers the shre asibe w sasite And cranes fly ff crying tadu nakiwataru T the reeds n the ther shre. Even thugh this Man yôshû pem is an bvius reference fr Princess Shikishi s tanka, it is nly thrugh the analysis f the secndary surces cntaining Man yôshû pems (Table 1), that we are able t nte that Princess Shikishi might have brrwed this pem frm Tshiyri zuinô, where it appears cntaining a significant textual variant nanifagata 71 : nanifagata sif miti kureba kata w nami asibe w sasite tadu nakiwataru When the tide verflws In the Naniwa Bay, It cvers the shre And cranes fly ff crying T the reeds n the ther shre. Simultaneusly, we shuld nt exclude anther pssibility, namely that the vcabulary f this Man yôshû pem was channeled via the petry f Princess Shikishi s cntemprary pets. In fact, it turns ut that this Man yôshû pem was quite a ppular reference in the early medieval era. Numerus pets, such as Fujiwara Kinzane (1053 1107), Fujiwara Shunzei, Fujiwara Teika, Minamt Ienaga (1170? 1234), Fujiwara Ietaka (1158 1237), etc. used similar vcabulary in their wn petic cmpsitins. We even find the expressins nanifagata/nanifae (the Naniwa Bay) tgether with asibe w sasite (reeds n the shre) in pems by tw pets cntemprary t Princess Shikishi, Shun e (1113 1191?) and Retired Emperr Juntku (1197 1242): 72 tadu n wiru The Bay f Naniwa, asibe w sasite Where the cranes rest nanifagata On the reedy shre, muk n ura made Became veiled in haze kasumi sinikeri All the way t the Muk Bay 73. nanifae ya Is it the Bay f Naniwa, tamin n sima ni Where n the Isle f Tamin 74 70 Waka Bay (waka n ura) is an utamakura (petic place name) fr Kii Prvince (currently Wakayama Prefecture and the suthern part f Mie Prefecture). At the end f Heian Perid it started t symblize the art and path f waka. See Utaktba utamakura daijiten 71 In all extant Man yôshû manuscripts frm the early medieval era and all f the ther secndary surces, this Man yôshû pem appears cntaining waka n ura ni in the first line. 72 Shun e and Juntku s pems are included in Rin yô wakashû [Cllectin f Frest Leaves, 1178]: 29, and in Shikin wakashû [Cllectin f Frbidden Verses, ca 1220]: 271, respectively. 73 Muk (muk) is an utamakura fr Setsu Prvince. Muk was ne f the mst imprtant harbrs in ancient Japan, which appears in Man yôshû in a lve cntext. See Utaktba utamakura daijiten 74 Isle f Tamin (tamin n shima) is an utamakura fr Setsu Prvince but its current lcatin is unknwn. It appears in waka tgether with the image f cranes. See Utaktba utamakura daijiten