Fostering Britain s outstanding cultural heritage The British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG www.britishmuseum.org The Trustees of the British Museum 03/2015 The British Museum across the UK Aberdeen.Aberystwyth.Andover.Anglesey.Aylesbury. Bath.Belfast.Bexhill-on-Sea.Birmingham.Bishop s Stortford. Blackburn.Bristol.Bury St Edmunds.Cambridge.Cardiff.Carlisle. Chelmsford.Cheltenham.Chepstow.Chichester.Cirencester. Colchester.Compton Verney.Croydon.Derby.Derry.Dorchester. Dover.Downpatrick.Driffield.Durham.Edinburgh.Gateshead. Glasgow.Hartlepool.Hexham.Kendal.Kingston-upon-Hull. Lichfield.Lincoln.Littlehampton.Llandudno.Llanfairpwll. Lochgilphead.London.Luton.Lymington.Manchester. Newcastle.Norwich.Oxford.Penzance.Plymouth.Preston. Reading.Romford.Rotherham.Salisbury.Sheffield.Shrewsbury. South Shields.Southampton.Stratford-upon-Avon. Stroud.Sudbury.Sunderland.Thetford.Truro.Wakefield. Wellingborough.Welshpool.Woking.Worcester.York
Message from the Director In 2013/14 three millon visitors saw objects from the British Museum (BM) on display in museums and galleries across the UK. The BM supports cultural participation around Britain, and there is hardly a facet of the work of the BM from conservation to fieldwork that does not involve national partnerships. Research collaborations take place across the UK. Some new acquisitions such as this year s beautiful Lacock Cup are made jointly in this case, in partnership with the Wiltshire Museum, where the rare medieval cup will also be displayed. Successful national programmes emerge from strong working relationships. In close discussion with our UK partners we run training programmes, share expertise, lend objects and build professional networks. We encourage museums and galleries to get involved, enlarging what they can do by drawing on other institutions. Together we enrich local programmes and attract new visitors. Online, the BM and its partners offer new ways to access UK collections, publish research and engage with audiences. In 2013 the BM supported one of Britain s most significant archaeological sites by creating a digital exhibition on Sutton Hoo. It can now be seen on the Google Cultural Institute, a virtual museum of several million artefacts to which museums and archives around the globe have contributed. Like so many of the projects in this review, the aim is to foster a keener interest in Britain s outstanding cultural heritage, its museums and galleries, its worlds to explore. Neil MacGregor Albrecht Dürer s Rhinoceros was part of the touring exhibition Curious Beasts: Animal Prints from the British Museum, which visited four venues across the UK
Thinking nationally The BM supports cultural participation around the UK, and there is hardly a facet of the work of the museum that does not involve its national partnerships. Across the UK, museums, galleries, universities, research bodies, charities and other organisations work with the BM. Together we run programmes tailored to benefit the country as a whole: exhibitions and loans that tour round Britain; knowledge exchange; training programmes; recording UK archaeological finds. The British Museum is the nation s museum. It is in one sense a museum of nations: the BM encourages people from around the world to be inspired by the great achievements of mankind everywhere, regardless of present borders and political entities. It is an embracing ambition, to present the history of all peoples side by side, where cultures can be compared and connections between them made. One of those nations is Britain. A large strand of the Museum s work is concerned with the history and culture of these islands. There is no presenting that culture without collaboration across the country. Objects are exchanged for display, expertise is shared. Our programmes build on longstanding ties with museums, galleries and heritage sites around the UK. We promote staff exchanges. We arrange work placements and study programmes. We ensure that Britain s cultural institutions and future experts are drawing on the best bodies of knowledge. Our partnerships are constantly evolving new ways of working together. A Ming dynasty vase of 1426 35 from the BM collection toured to several UK venues, including Weston Park Museum, Sheffield (Height 51cm) Looking across the Museum, you can see this connectedness to the UK in action. Whether arising in London or internationally, the BM s work has a national component. The annual International Training Programme involves not just the BM, but a whole range of Britain s museums and galleries. Events we ran during the past year included a national conference for the Money and Medals Network, supported by Arts Council England
International Training Programme participants undertake UK placements at partner museums, connecting them with colleagues and expertise across Britain Right: Artists Jonathan Wilkinson and Jane Elliot next to their commission Cargo at Weston Park Museum to complement the Made in China touring exhibition Below: In 2013 the Lacock Cup, a rare example of medieval secular silver, was jointly acquired by the British Museum and Wiltshire Museum. It will tour the UK in 2015 16 (Height 35cm) and the Vivmar Foundation. This free event, organised by the BM in March 2014, enabled the country s coins and medal experts to network and discuss how to display, store and inspire visitors to engage with collections of money and medals around the UK. Experts around the UK collaborate with the BM on the study of Britain s past. The Future Curators programme, supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund Skills for the Future programme, was set up to train the next generation of museum professionals. One trainee worked with curators from Bristol City Museum, the Roman Baths at Bath and the BM to study British numismatics and archaeology. A recipient of an AHRC Collaborative Doctorate Award is working with staff at the BM and the University of York to research late Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Norman metal finds, using UK museum collections and data from the BM s Portable Antiquities Scheme. That study is of the very material culture of Britain s past, which we all have a duty to care for and conserve. In 2013/14 conservators from the BM worked not just on the BM collection but visited other museums, including the Potteries Museum & Art Gallery, Stoke-on-Trent, and Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery. They were advising on the best way to conserve the Staffordshire Hoard discovered near Lichfield in 2009, a major find of Anglo-Saxon gold and silver metalwork worth 3.3million. BM scientists using radiographic equipment examined the 15th-century Wenlock Jug for Stockwood Discovery Centre and analysed charcoal from urn cremation burials found at Reffley Wood, part of a national collaboration to publish the finds from this ancient woodland in Norfolk. Publications on Britain s past in 2013/14 included studies of Anglo-Saxon coins, There are some great partnerships: Museums Sheffield has great links with the British Museum Paul Blomfield MP in a Westminster debate on regional arts and culture the Vikings in Britain and Ireland, and a children s book on the famous and much-loved chessmen found on the Isle of Lewis. Our ambition is to join up our partners work with that of the BM to create something better for all. The recent major show in the BM s newly opened Sainsbury Exhibitions Gallery is the BP exhibition Ming: 50 Years that changed China. As part of linked programming across the UK, supported by BP, and to help regional museums draw on some of the London show s media impact, the BM is touring an imperial Ming vase to Glasgow, Sheffield, Bristol and Basingstoke, with support from the John Ellerman Foundation. Such linked programming advocates for the nation s museums. Members of Parliament debating regional arts and culture in February 2014 singled out the BM for the success of its Portable Antiquities Scheme in England and Wales, and its partnerships with museums and galleries in Sheffield and elsewhere. When the BM s Deputy Director Jonathan Williams spoke to a House of Lords Committee on soft power and the UK s influence in July 2013, he was discussing the impact of an entire body of UK cultural organisations that work together. The BM programmes in the pages that follow are examples of national work tailored to specific needs: for better training of young professionals, for wider access to collections and new ways of thinking about them, for increased support for regional museums. These cultural collaborations are the nation s joint project, and the BM is proud to support them.
New audiences Working in collaboration with a variety of specialist and community organisations, the BM makes its collection and expertise relevant to a diverse audience. In June 2013, Pompeii Live from the British Museum was the BM s first-ever live-streamed broadcast in major cinemas around the country. It was a new venture in opening a BM exhibition to a wider UK audience and it proved an enormous success. Featuring scholars and celebrities, the two screenings (one for adults and one made specially for schoolchildren) introduced an audience of 50,000 to the BM s blockbuster exhibition Life and death in Pompeii and Herculaneum, sponsored by Goldman Sachs. It was followed by Vikings Live, which ran in nearly 400 cinemas in the UK. Developing audiences of all ages involves a variety of national partnerships. BM resources to support the teaching of ancient Greece in schools in England were published on the Guardian website. Various programmes drew new audiences to the BM itself. Two hundred young musicians from the Royal Northern College of Music in Manchester performed Sound Histories in the Great Court and ground-floor galleries. In March 2014, a preview of the BP exhibition Vikings: Life and Legend saw 1500 guests from community groups in and around London attend. Carpe Diem/Seize the Day was a partnership with Rosetta Life (an arts and health charity based in Oxfordshire), The Place contemporary dance studio in London, and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery. For this innovative project participants looked at the drama of Pompeii to find analogies with sudden change in their own lives due to stroke, illness and brain injury. The moving performance they created featured in an evening preview of the Pompeii exhibition. Participants perform in the BM for Carpe Diem/Seize the Day, a collaborative project for victims of stroke and brain injury Longer-term programmes continued throughout 2013/14. Age Collective, supported over 2012/13 by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, brought together the BM, Glasgow Life (Glasgow Museums), Manchester Museum and National Museums Northern Ireland. Exploring how
Bringing UK professionals together Museums around Britain face similar issues. Two conferences held at the BM encouraged UK participants to exchange ideas and discuss solutions. One looked at how museums can work more effectively with and for older people. Another examined the proliferation of Supplementary Schools. Teachers and museum and university professionals explored how creative programming could contribute to the lives of young people and their wider communities. Support for attendee travel costs ensured that both conferences could be attended by a range of delegates from around Britain, thanks to the Vivmar Foundation and Esmée Fairbairn Foundation respectively. museums can work better with and for older adults, this collaboration has produced practical outcomes such as a Manifesto for Age Friendly Museums. Talking Objects National, also supported by the Esmée Fairbairn Foundation, developed the methodology of learning through objects at UK museums. In partnership with the BM, participating museums evolved individual approaches that best suited young people in their local communities. Top: A community preview for the exhibition Vikings: Life & Legend attracted 1500 adults and children Right: A training session at the BM for Supplementary School teachers and volunteers to engage their students with the permanent collection
Developing skills The BM is committed to supporting museum professionals to develop skills and acquire new knowledge. It does this through a rich programme of sharing expertise. New directions At Manchester Museum, curator Stephen Welsh is developing an exhibition to coincide with the 25th anniversary of Manchester Pride in 2015. The displays will bring together objects from carnival and mardi gras festivities from around the world. Welsh credits his success to his experience in the Fresh Leads programme and positive support from his museum. Facilitated by the BM and supported by Arts Council England and the Vivmar Foundation, Fresh Leads brought together participants from across the UK to find ways of bringing new ideas into museums. A curator from the Royal Cornwall Museum, researches the African collection at the BM as part of the 2013 Knowledge Exchange programme Training programmes in partnership with the BM afford a double opportunity to participants. The core value is to develop skills and acquire new knowledge. But the BM and its UK partners believe that exposure to a variety of learning environments is also essential. By sending trainees to several museums, we foster a critically engaged approach in participants. Allowing trainees to compare working methods, we can ensure fresh thinking in the future when it comes to museum practice. Future Curators, supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund Skills for the Future programme, offers just such a balance. This year s trainees spent six months at the BM before proceeding to a year of placements at Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery, the Herbert Art Gallery & Museum in Coventry, Great North Museum in Newcastle, Bede s World in Jarrow, Bristol City Museum, the Roman Baths in Bath, Manchester Museum, the Burrell Collection in Glasgow, Paisley Museum and the McLean Museum and Art Gallery in Greenock. Such national placements feature in a number of BM programmes. The International Training Programme, supported through a range of grants and private donations, welcomes museum professionals from around the world to an annual summer school. In 2013, 21 participants from China, India, Palestine, Uganda and elsewhere combined working at the BM with time spent at museums around Britain. For the Knowledge Exchange programme, supported by the Vivmar Foundation, BM staff spend a week at five partner museums. Staff from those respective museums spend a return week at the BM. It has proved an effective way of sharing real museum experience around the country. In 2013 new partners included Aberdeen Art Gallery & Museums and The Historic Dockyard Chatham.
Collaborating on collections The UK has an outstanding cultural heritage. It is the BM s aim to profile these excellent collections with our partner museums. Future partnership galleries Future partnership galleries being prepared include the development of Lews Castle in Stornoway as a new museum for the Outer Hebrides, a collaboration with National Museums Scotland and Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. With Norfolk Museums and Archaeology Service, a major project is transforming Norwich Castle Keep. Loans and digital displays will create a sophisticated space to tell the story of East Anglia a thousand years ago. Work undertaken by the national institutions directly benefits the regions, such as the British Museum s Portable Antiquities Scheme Helen Goodman MP in a Westminster debate on regional arts and culture BM support for collections across the UK includes partnership galleries, joint acquisitions and touring exhibitions such Roman Empire: Power and People UK partnerships create useful mechanisms for improving museum spaces across Britain. Some museums, such as Bede s World The Museum of Early Medieval Northumbria, use the BM in a mentoring role. Together we work strategically and, in the case of the independent museum in South Tyneside, find ways to draw increased support from the local council. The director of Bede s World states that a large factor for this improvement was partnership with the BM. Joint acquisitions or shared displays create a useful link between UK museums. In 2013 the BM and Wiltshire Museum acquired the Lacock Cup, a 500-year-old feasting cup later used as a communion chalice at the Church of St Cyriac in Lacock, Wiltshire, with the support of the National Heritage Memorial Fund, John Studzinski, the Art Fund and additional private donations. An earlier joint acquisition with York Museums Trust featured prominently in the BM s debut exhibition in its new Sainsbury Exhibitions Gallery. It was the first time the huge hoard of Viking silver (discovered near Harrogate in 2007, and acquired with the support of the Art Fund) was displayed in its entirety and its prominence in the BP exhibition Vikings: Life and Legend raised the profile of the UK s important national heritage in the north of England. When the owner of the Crosby Garrett Roman cavalry helmet agreed to lend it for public display in 2013/14, two venues shared the honour: the BM and Tullie House Museum & Art Gallery in Carlisle. The pairing was a tribute to the longstanding partnership between both museums in explaining and exploring Roman Britain. Partnership galleries in regional museums draw on the BM for a range of support: the collection, advice, joint programming. Recent successes have included the Ancient Worlds Gallery at the Royal Cornwall Museum in Truro, supported by the Dorset Foundation, to which the BM offered professional assistance and loaned a number of artefacts.
Britain s archaeology Through the Portable Antiquities Scheme the people of the UK are rewriting our understanding of Britain s past. Perfumed in Canterbury Found near Petham in Kent and reported through the BM s Portable Antiquities Scheme, a beautiful 3rd-century AD Roman balsamarium was put it on public display at Canterbury Roman Museum. Used for storing oil or perfume, the container is decorated with a satyr halfgoat, half-man and three male figures. They are dancing in a wood, playing pipes and carrying an amphora of wine. It is a rare Roman find, probably exported to Kent from France, and has been carefully recorded by PAS experts. It has proved a popular attraction for local audiences. Top: A hoard of Viking silver jewellery, ingots and coins from Silverdale, Lancashire was acquired by Lancaster City Museum Below: A recently discovered copper-alloy balsamarium for storing perfume or oil was put on public display at Canterbury Roman Museum (Height 5cm) Since 1997 more than one million archaeological objects and coins, from hoards of Viking silver to Jacobean tableware, have been found by the public in England and Wales and reported through the BM s Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS). The BM encourages everyone who makes such a discovery to report it, so it can be added to the PAS database (www.finds.org.uk) for anyone to see. Recording such finds enables us to provide not just a database of what is discovered, but an important research tool for archaeologists and the wider public. Through PAS the UK public are rewriting our understanding of Britain s past. So fascinating are the finds that are unearthed that an ITV television series, Britain s Secret Treasures, was broadcast in the UK for a second season in 2013. Fronted by Michael Buerk and Bettany Hughes, the half-hour programmes welcomed guest presenters such as James Purefoy, Vic Reeves and John Prescott. The eight episodes featured important finds in England and Wales reported through PAS, as well as finds made by the public in Scotland and Northern Ireland. The programmes attracted on average 2.6 million viewers. A companion book was published by Headline, taking the stories behind the finds and creating what Time Out called pure historical gold. PAS is part of a wider commitment at the BM to studying Britain s archaeological past. Fieldwork in 2013/14 included studying Palaeolithic and Mesolithic archaeology on Jersey. The year s major story received media coverage worldwide. A team led by the BM discovered the oldest human footprints ever found outside Africa. It was a UK collaboration with colleagues from the Natural History Museum, Queen Mary University of London and Liverpool John Moores University. Exposed on the coast of Norfolk, the footprints were left in the ancient muds at Happisburgh over 800,000 years before.
Loans across the UK Central to the BM s approach to partnership working is sharing collections in ways chosen by partners, allowing a symbiotic relationship between museums. Loans in 2014/15 include a display of the Ribchester Helmet just meters from where it was first discovered in 1796. The display is the culmination of years of planning to make Ribchester Museum secure to house national museum objects of high value (Height 28cm) In 2013/14, nearly 200 UK institutions displayed 2792 objects loaned by the BM. Some are single items from the collection. Others are groups that draw on the richness of the BM as a cultural lending library. At the Barber Institute in Birmingham the BM exhibited numismatic loans in Cityscapes: Panoramic Views on European Coins and Medals. The show was seen by 80,000 visitors and Nicola Kalinsky, Director of the Barber Institute, praised it as a really exceptional exhibition which combined accessibility with depth. When the BM won the Art Fund Prize in 2011, it used the funds to set up a national programme of Spotlight Loans. With additional investment from the John Ellerman Foundation, the programme focusing on single items or important groups which, create highimpact displays in regional museums to increase audiences and raise the museums profile in their local communities. Highlights in 2013/14 included the loan of the Witham Shield to The Collection in Lincoln. It was the first time the Iron Age shield had returned to Lincolnshire since its discovery in the River Witham in the 19th century. Nearly 27,000 visitors saw the loan, which also helped the museum in its advocacy work on the international importance of its archaeological collections. In Scotland, an Iron Age torc and bowl, discovered in the Lochar Moss in the 1840s, returned to the area for the first time in 150 years to be shown in Dumfries. In Wales, a magnificent gold cape of 1800 1500 BC one of the finest examples of prehistoric sheet and embossed gold work in Europe was displayed in Cardiff and Wrexham, near where it was found in 1833 at Mold. Developed in partnership with National Museum Wales and Wrexham County Museum, the tour
I have never seen the Museum so busy. We ve featured on local radio and had local television visitors are coming from far and wide. It s been an overwhelming success. Patrick Tostevin, Ribchester Museum on the loan of the Ribchester Helmet highlighted not just the existence of a prosperous and technologically advanced Bronze Age society in the region, but the wider history of gold production and mining in North Wales. Elsewhere in the UK the Spotlight loan programme has been able to bring back local finds. The loan of the Backworth Hoard, buried near Hadrian s Wall nearly 2000 years ago was a Roman treasure. Unearthed in Backworth, Tyneside in 1811, the valuable items included gilded brooches, rings, a silver pan, spoons and a mirror. Believed to be treasure deposits from a pagan shrine dedicated to mother-goddesses, the hoard was lent to Wallsend in 2013. Visitor figures at Segedunum Roman Fort and Baths, part of Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums, increased by 18%, and the success of the loan has prompted discussions for further regionally significant loans to the North-East. Top: Unearthed in Backworth, North Tyneside, the Backworth Hoard went on display at Segedunum Roman Fort, part of Tyne and Wear Archives and Museums Right: Displayed at National Museum Cardiff and Wrexham Museum in 2013, the Mold Gold Cape attracted over 33,000 visitors
Touring exhibitions The BM s Spotlight Tour of a Sikh fortress turban, seen at Cartwright Hall, Bradford in 2014 Touring exhibitions carry the BM collection outside London and are generously supported by the Dorset Foundation. Roman Empire: Power and People is one of our most popular exhibitions ever Steve Miller, Head of Norfolk Museums Exhibitions are an enticement into museums. They can attract interest in local collections, generate income and offer a fresh opportunity to display new finds and the latest research. They are a highly effective way of raising new ideas about history, culture and the world around us. The BM contributes to numerous exhibitions across the UK, lending objects, offering support in conservation and display, and sharing the knowledge of our staff, to help make the best possible museum exhibitions for everyone in Britain. A nationwide tour of a facial reconstruction of Richard III (whose skeleton was recently discovered under a carpark in Leicester) was the result of a broad collaboration that included curators from the BM. Touring exhibitions carry the BM collection outside London and are generously supported by the Dorset Foundation. A Spotlight Tour of a Sikh fortress turban has been seen by over 100,000 people so far in Birmingham, Derry, Coventry and Bradford. At Bristol and Norwich, a newly launched tour, created with Bristol Museums, was seen by 80,000 visitors. Roman Empire: Power and People included a range of linked activities, from events aimed at 16 24-year-olds to an academic conference on British influences on ancient Rome. More than 40 museums across the UK participated in a special Roman Day, which coincided with the opening of the exhibition in September 2013. In partnership with Compton Verney, the BM developed Curious Beasts: Animal Prints from the British Museum. Prints by Dürer, Goya and others encouraged visitors to consider European depictions of animals from the 15th to 19th centuries. School sessions at the first venue, Compton Verney, had to be increased by 40% to
Travelling emperors Accommodating the Roman emperor Commodus is no light task. In 2013, Bristol Museums and the BM cocurated a travelling exhibition which included over 160 of the BM s finest pieces from the Roman period. Across the UK the exhibition is touring sculpture from the imperial villas of Hadrian and Tiberius, jewellery, children s clothing, and artefacts from Roman Britain itself: a copper-alloy figure of Hercules found in Cumbria, and coins from the celebrated Hoxne Hoard. Also on display is a fine marble head of Commodus of AD 185 90. The popularity of the show has significantly boosted attendance at regional museums. In Norwich, visitor figures rose by 20% over the previous year. accommodate the large number of young pupils keen to see the show. The exhibition subsequently toured to Ulster Museum, National Museums Northern Ireland and the Ferens Art Gallery in Hull. Two popular BM tours concluded in 2013. The two-year journey of Warriors of the Plains: 200 Years of Native North American Honour and Ritual an exhibition first shown at the BM in London was then seen in Leeds, Omagh, Exeter and Manchester by nearly a quarter of a million people. Among the outcomes was that at Manchester Museum, MA students from Manchester University volunteered to assist staff in reorganising their Americas collection, improving public and research access to these stores of important artefacts. Top: Families in Norwich queue to buy tickets for Roman Empire: Power and People. The touring exhibition was the most popular in Norwich Castle Museum s history and attracted over 65,000 visitors Pharaoh: King of Egypt was the BM s award-winning touring exhibition developed in collaboration with the Great North Museum in Newcastle. Its six-city tour, from Bristol to Glasgow, drew to a close, having earned high praise for its innovative approach to collections sharing. It also drew large audiences, attracting over 300,000 visitors in total. Both tours were supported by the Dorset Foundation. Right: Community opening of the Sikh fortress turban tour at Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens, August 2014
Joint projects with the British Museum 2013/14 Aberdeen Aberystwyth Andover Anglesey Aylesbury Bath Belfast Bexhill-on-Sea Birmingham Bishop s Stortford Blackburn Bristol Bury St Edmunds Cambridge Cardiff Carlisle Chelmsford Cheltenham Chepstow Chichester Cirencester Colchester Compton Verney Croydon Derby Derry Dorchester Dover Downpatrick Driffield Durham Edinburgh Gateshead Glasgow Hartlepool Hexham Kendal Kingston-upon-Hull Lichfield Lincoln Littlehampton Llandudno Llanfairpwll Lochgilphead London Luton Lymington Manchester Newcastle Norwich Oxford Penzance Plymouth Preston Reading Romford Rotherham Salisbury Sheffield Shrewsbury South Shields Southampton Stratford-upon-Avon Stroud Sudbury Sunderland Thetford Truro Wakefield Wellingborough Welshpool Woking Worcester York Acknowledgements The BM is grateful to museums and galleries across the UK for their partnership in 2013/14 and to the Dorset Foundation for their lead support of our national work and this publication. We are grateful to the following for their support: The Art Fund; Arts Council England; BP; Esmée Fairbairn Foundation; Headley Trust; Heritage Lottery Fund; John Ellerman Foundation; John Lyon s Charity; Vivmar Foundation. Contact Please be in contact if you are interested in collaborating with the Britsh Museum or to find out more about the programme: London and National Programmes British Museum Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG ukpartnerships@britishmuseum.org +44 (20) 7323 8696 britishmuseum.org Photo credits: Photography at the British Museum; The Trustees of the British Museum (pp. 1, 4, 5, 14, 16, 18, 24); R Collier-Wright (p.5); Sheffield Museums (p.6); Benedict Johnson (pp. 8, 9, 10); Jane Marley, Royal Cornwall Museum (p.12); courtesy of the British Museum Portable Antiquities Scheme (p.19); Eyeimagery (p.20); Photograph Norman Taylor (p.22); Bill Smith Eastern Daily Press (p.23)