Cosmetology Exam Practice Questions
Table of Contents Practice Test... 3 Multiple Choice Questions... 3 Multiple Choice Answers... 24-2 -
1. How often should a foot spa be cleaned? a. After each client. b. Once a day. c. Once a week. d. When dirty. 2. What may happen if water is added to a disinfectant? a. Nothing. b. It may lose potency. c. It may foam. d. It may burn. 3. Which of the following refers to standards to follow to maintain safety and professionalism? a. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. b. Ethics. c. State laws. d. Principles. 4. What trait or skill allows people to listen and understand others as well as clearly express their own needs? a. Diplomacy. b. Communication. c. Sensitivity. d. Values. 5. Someone interested in a position such as salon manager may prepare in what way? a. Gain experience. b. Look in newspapers. c. Take a business class. d. Work all other salon positions. 6. What is one way to decide what role to take in the cosmetology field? a. Pick what you excel in. b. Choose based on job availability. c. Determine an area of expertise. d. Choose based on school specialty. 7. How many cranial bones do humans have? a. 7. b. 8. c. 9. d. 10. - 3 -
8. Which of the following refers to the deepest layer of the epidermis? a. Stratum spinosum. b. Stratum granulosum. c. Stratum germinativum. d. Stratum lucidum. 9. What might a dermatologist inject into the skin to increase its strength? a. Collagen. b. Melanin. c. Elastin. d. Comedone. 10. When thinking about infection control, what would be considered the highest level of decontamination? a. Washing your hands. b. Sterilization. c. Using new tools for each client. d. Using bleach. 11. Washing your hands is considered what type of precaution? a. Industry. b. Personal. c. Universal. d. Obvious. 12. Which part of the hair is responsible for protecting the inner layer of the hair shaft? a. Cortex. b. Cuticle. c. Medulla. d. Bulb. 13. As hair cells grow, what is the process they go through to reach full development? a. Eumelanin. b. Keratin. c. Keratinization. d. COHNS. 14. An individual s terminal hair naturally converts to vellus hair; what is this referring to? a. Alopecia areata. b. Androgenic alopecia. c. Postpartum alopecia. d. Canities. 15. What Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved product might a woman use to treat hair loss? a. Finasteride. b. Minoxidil. c. Vitamin D supplements. d. Mononyn. - 4 -
16. Which of the following nerve fibers are attached to the pili muscles? a. Secretory nerve fibers. b. Sensory nerve fibers. c. Motor nerve fibers. d. Voluntary nerve fibers. 17. Which of the following is not a function of the skin? a. Protection. b. Sensation. c. Heat regulation. d. Oil production. 18. What condition can be determined when pinched skin returns to normal slowly? a. Dehydration. b. Sensitive skin. c. Hyperpigmentation. d. Telangiectasias. 19. Why is it important to conduct an intake and skin analysis prior to any treatment? a. Determine the best product to use. b. Determine any contraindications. c. Determine history with skin care. d. Determine individual preferences. 20. A client enters the salon with visible red patches covered with white scales; what is the assessment of this individual s skin? a. Dermatitis. b. Eczema. c. Psoriasis. d. Herpes simplex. 21. How does one distinguish an individual with cheeks red from the cold and individuals with rosacea? a. There is no visible distinction. b. Papules form with rosacea. c. Rosacea goes away quickly. d. Black spots form with rosacea. 22. What is the purpose of feeling a client s individual strands of hair? a. Determine hair density. b. Determine hair texture. c. Determine hair porosity. d. Determine hair elasticity. 23. What is the average number of hairs on an individual with blonde hair? a. 140,000. b. 110,000. c. 108,000. d. 80.000. - 5 -
24. What occurs during the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle? a. New growth. b. Transition phase between growth and resting. c. Resting. d. Hair death. 25. Which of the following can be treated with conditioning and lubricating dry ends? a. Canities. b. Hypertrichosis. c. Trichoptilosis. d. Monilethrix. 26. Which of the following parasitic infections of the scalp resembles dandruff? a. Scabies. b. Pediculosis. c. Tinea capitis. d. Pityriasis. 27. What is unique about alipidic skin? a. It does not produce enough sebum. b. It is overhydrated. c. It produces too much sebum. d. It is oily. 28. Which of the following business models allows a hairstylist the freedom of owning their own business without having to maintain an entire salon? a. Salon operation. b. Partnership. c. Chair rental. d. Corporation. 29. An individual who opens a business with stockholders has what type of business? a. Sole proprietorship. b. Partnership. c. Corporation. d. Limited liability company. 30. Which of the following vitamins promote healing of the skin? a. Vitamin A. b. Vitamin B. c. Vitamin C. d. Vitamin D. 31. What protein makes up the majority of the nail? a. Ostin. b. Oxyn. c. Keratin. d. Collagen. - 6 -
32. Which of the following structures refers to the dead tissue on the nail plate? a. Eponychium. b. Cuticle. c. Ligament. d. Hyponychium. 33. Which of the following will not affect the rate of growth of a woman s nail? a. Diet. b. Prenatal vitamins. c. Exercise. d. General health. 34. An individual with onychocryptosis has which of the following conditions? a. Fungus. b. Separation of the nail from the nail plate. c. Ingrown nail. d. Tiny pits on the nail plate. 35. Upon what should you base shampoo selection for a client? a. Your favorite. b. The condition of the client s hair and scalp. c. The client s regular shampoo. d. What is available. 36. What scale measures both the acidity and alkalinity of a substance? a. Hydrogen. b. ph. c. Logarithm. d. Anion. 37. Why is soft water preferable to hard water when shampooing? a. It contains more minerals, so shampoo lathers easier. b. It is less acidic. c. It contains fewer minerals, so shampoo lathers easier. d. Its nutrients are beneficial for the hair. 38. What is the main ingredient in shampoo? a. Surfactant. b. Hydrophilic. c. Lipophilic. d. Water. 39. What is the main active agent in shampoo? a. Surfactant. b. Hydrophilic. c. Lipophilic. d. Water. - 7 -
40. Which of the following is a shampoo that is ph balanced to human hair? a. Acid-balanced shampoo. b. Moisturizing shampoo. c. Medicated shampoo. d. Clarifying shampoo. 41. What type of shampoo is more likely to contain the conditioning agents protein and biotin? a. Acid-balanced shampoo. b. Moisturizing shampoo. c. Medicated shampoo. d. Clarifying shampoo. 42. An individual with a severe case of dandruff should use what type of shampoo? a. Acid-balanced shampoo. b. Moisturizing shampoo. c. Medicated shampoo. d. Clarifying shampoo. 43. What type of ingredient is common in clarifying shampoos? a. Acidic. b. Alkaline. c. Protein. d. Calcium. 44. What is the purpose of a balancing shampoo? a. Treat dandruff. b. Add volume. c. Enhance shine. d. Remove excess oil. 45. Which shampoo may be preferable for a client who experiences discomfort with a traditional shampoo? a. Dry shampoo. b. Medicated shampoo. c. Balancing shampoo. d. Clarifying shampoo. 46. What type of shampoo combines a surfactant with color pigments? a. Moisturizing shampoo. b. Medicated shampoo. c. Clarifying shampoo. d. Color-enhancing shampoo. 47. What do stylists use to help protect the hair from damage? a. Shampoo. b. Color treatments. c. Conditioners. d. Medicated products. - 8 -
48. What is the moisture-binding material in most conditioners? a. Conditioners. b. Humectants. c. Moisturizers. d. Proteins. 49. How long should an instant conditioner stay on the hair? a. 0 3 minutes. b. 1 5 minutes. c. 5 10 minutes. d. 10 15 minutes. 50. What is one difference between an instant conditioner and a moisturizer? a. A moisturizer is heavier and creamier. b. A moisturizer can be left in the hair. c. A moisturizer needs to stay in the hair for a short period. d. There are no differences. 51. Which of the following increases the diameter of the hair? a. Protein conditioners. b. Deep conditioners. c. Instant conditioners. d. Spray-on thermal protectors. 52. What type of conditioner is designed to affect the cuticle layer of the hair? a. Protein conditioners. b. Deep conditioners. c. Instant conditioners. d. Spray-on thermal protectors. 53. What is the first step in performing any type of hair or scalp treatment? a. Shampoo. b. Get hair wet. c. Cut hair. d. Drape client. 54. Which of the following is a common reference point? a. Ear. b. Eyes. c. Top of the head. d. Mouth. 55. Which of the following is the widest section of the head? a. Four corners. b. Parietal ridge. c. Apex. d. Occipital bone. - 9 -
56. What bone can be found by looking where the comb leaves the head when placed against the bottom of the skull? a. Occipital bone. b. Parietal bone. c. Frontal bone. d. Neck bone. 57. When cutting hair, what type of line will create fullness? a. Vertical line. b. Diagonal line. c. Staggered line. d. Horizontal line. 58. Which of the following techniques is used for a basic graduated haircut? a. Zero-elevation. b. Side cutting. c. Elevation. d. Shears over comb. 59. What creates the cutting line? a. Reference point. b. Comb. c. Scissors. d. Fingers. 60. Which of the following would be best for cutting blunt edges? a. Clippers. b. Haircutting shears. c. Texturizing shears. d. Straight razor. 61. What tool would you use to create a soft look at the ends? a. Clippers. b. Haircutting shears. c. Texturizing shears. d. Straight razor. 62. What cut would you use to thin the hair? a. Slide cutting. b. Scissor-over-comb. c. Point cutting. d. Notching. 63. Which of the following cutting techniques comes from barbering and creates tapers? a. Slide cutting. b. Scissor-over-comb. c. Point cutting. d. Notching. - 10 -
64. What is the nonmoving section of the pin curl? a. Base. b. Stem. c. Circle. d. Nonstem. 65. When placing a clip to hold the pin curl, where should the clip enter? a. Through the curl. b. Perpendicular to the stem. c. Parallel to the stem. d. At the base. 66. How should a thermal iron be tested? a. Clamp it to a tissue paper or damp towel. b. Lightly tap it to your hand. c. Place on the hair and feel the hair for heat. d. Sprinkle water on it and see if it sizzles. 67. What is one characteristic that is important to consider when choosing a braid style? a. Hair length. b. Previous braid type. c. Facial shape. d. Feel of hair. 68. Concerning hair extensions, what type of hair is often mixed with human hair to reduce the shine caused from manufactured hair processes? a. Kanekalon. b. Yak. c. Nylon. d. Lin. 69. What type of braid uses an overhand technique and is good for longer hair? a. Rope braid. b. Visible braid. c. Fishtail braid. d. Invisible braid. 70. Which of the following is not a technique for creating dreadlocks? a. Braiding. b. Teasing. c. Comb technique. d. The palm roll. 71. What is one disadvantage to a human-hair wig? a. Maintenance requirements of real hair. b. Color will oxidize. c. The hair is dead. d. It may not match the client s real hair texture. - 11 -
72. Which of the following type of wig is typically hand knotted? a. Capless wigs. b. Cap wigs. c. Wefts. d. Turned wigs. 73. What type of wig is generally healthier for the skull and hair? a. Capless wigs. b. Cap wigs. c. Wefts. d. Turned wigs. 74. Which of the following methods for hair extensions requires the use of wefts and an adhesive? a. Tack-and-sew method. b. Bonding. c. Fusion. d. Braiding. 75. Which of the following type of perm rod can be easily bent into any shape? a. Concave rods. b. Straight rods. c. Soft rods. d. Loop rods. 76. Which of the following type of end papers allows for the most control and even distribution of the hair over the rod? a. Double flat wrap. b. Single flat wrap. c. Bookend wrap. d. Base wrap. 77. Using a half off-base placement, the hair should be wrapped at what degree of angle from the center of the section? a. 45 degree angle. b. 90 degree angle. c. 100 degree angle. d. 180 degree angle. 78. Which of the following refers to the angle a rod is placed and the direction the hair is wrapped on the rod? a. Half off-base placement. b. On-base placement. c. Base direction. d. Off-base placement. - 12 -
79. If your client wants a larger curl near the scalp and a tighter curl at the end of the hair, which wrapping technique would you use? a. Piggyback wrap. b. Spiral wrap. c. Croquignole wrap. d. Half wrap. 80. If your client is sensitive to heat, what type of perm wave may be most appropriate? a. Acid waves. b. Alkaline waves. c. Exothermic waves. d. Endothermic waves. 81. Which of the following types of wave application may cause allergic sensitivity to the client and the stylist? a. Acid waves. b. Alkaline waves. c. Acid-balanced waves. d. Endothermic waves. 82. Which of the following waves produces heat? a. Ammonia-free waves. b. Thio-free waves. c. Exothermic waves. d. Endothermic waves. 83. Which of the following perm type may be damage-free when used in moderation? a. Ammonia-free waves. b. Thio-free waves. c. Exothermic waves. d. Endothermic waves. 84. Which of the following perm types produces little to no odor? a. Ammonia-free waves. b. Thio-free waves. c. Exothermic waves. d. Endothermic waves. 85. Which of the following perm types uses sulfates as an alternative to ATG? a. Thio-free waves. b. Acid-balanced waves. c. Low-pH waves. d. True acid waves. 86. What is the function of thio neutralization? a. Activates the waving solution. b. Decreases the ph of the waving solution. c. Stops the action of the waving solution. d. Produces heat for the waving solution. - 13 -
87. Which perm waving procedure uses pie-shaped base sections? a. Basic perm wrap. b. Curvature perm wrap. c. Bricklay perm wrap. d. Weave technique. 88. What should be done prior to a perm if the client has damaged hair? a. Cut the hair. b. Conditioning treatment. c. Chemical relaxer. d. Wet the hair. 89. What is the result of underprocessed hair in perming? a. Breakage. b. Lightening. c. Will not hold the curl. d. Reduced acidity. 90. What is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers? a. Sodium hydroxide. b. Hydroxide ion. c. Potassium hydroxide. d. Lithium hydroxide. 91. If an individual wants to do an at-home relaxer, which would they most likely be able to find in a store? a. Metal hydroxide relaxer. b. Guanidine hydroxide relaxer. c. Low-pH relaxer. d. Thermal ionic reconstructors. 92. If a client has color-treated hair, which relaxer should be used? a. Metal hydroxide relaxer. b. Guanidine hydroxide relaxer. c. Low-pH relaxer. d. Thermal ionic reconstructors. 93. Which of the following relaxers uses double the heat for drying? a. Metal hydroxide relaxer. b. Guanidine hydroxide relaxer. c. Low-pH relaxer. d. Thermal ionic reconstructors. 94. What must a colorist consider before coloring a client s hair? a. Contributing pigment. b. Previous colors. c. Time of last hair color. d. Texture. - 14 -
95. If you tell a client their hair color is warm, what does warm refer to? a. Level of color. b. Contributing pigment. c. Tone. d. Base color. 96. What is the general definition for the law of color? a. Understanding of type and tone or hair. b. Lettering system for hue of hair. c. Numbering system for hair dye. d. System for understanding color. 97. What is violet s complementary color? a. Blue. b. Green. c. Yellow. d. Red. 98. Which of the following refers to a diffusion of natural hair color? a. Coloring. b. Hair lightening. c. Low lighting. d. Color defusing. 99. Which of the following hair color types would be most beneficial for a client wanting to neutralize yellow hair? a. Permanent hair color. b. Semipermanent hair color. c. Demipermanent hair color. d. Temporary hair color. 100. What type of temporary hair color will last through several shampoos? a. Permanent hair color. b. Semipermanent hair color. c. Demipermanent hair color. d. Temporary hair color. 101. Which of the following is also referred to as a nonlifting hair color? a. Permanent hair color. b. Semipermanent hair color. c. Demipermanent hair color. d. Temporary hair color. 102. Approximately what percent does heredity play in the role of skin aging? a. 10%. b. 15%. c. 20%. d. 30%. - 15 -
103. What materials in the skin weaken as aging occurs, which causes the skin to wrinkle? a. Dermis and endodermis. b. Collagen and dermis. c. Collagen and elastin fibers. d. Elastin fibers and blood. 104. For which of the following conditions must a physician be consulted before performing hair removal services? a. Comedo. b. Psoriasis. c. Mole. d. Skin tag. 105. If a client had coarse, dark hair, which hair removal techniques may be most appropriate? a. Electrolysis. b. Photoepilation. c. Laser hair removal. d. Shaving. 106. If your client has skin that is not producing enough sebum, what type of product might you recommend he or she should use? a. Foaming cleanser. b. Toner. c. Cleansing milk. d. Exfoliant. 107. Why is acne considered a skin type? a. It occurs on a majority of individuals. b. It is hereditary. c. It does not go away. d. It begins deep in the skin. 108. If tools are stored in an airtight container after disinfecting, what may occur? a. They will become sterilized. b. Bacteria may grow. c. Nothing. d. They may become brittle. 109. What type of movement is achieved during a scalp massage when you hold the head at the base and cup the chin, turning it slightly? a. Relaxing movement. b. Sliding movement. c. Forehead movement. d. Scalp movement. 110. When performing a blunt haircut, what part of the head is considered a danger zone? a. Crown. b. Nape. c. Bang. d. Apex. - 16 -
111. Why would a client with fine hair benefit from a graduated haircut? a. This is the simplest cut for fine hair. b. This cut creates a fuller look. c. Thin hair will expand when dry, creating an even look. d. Thin hair looks better short. 112. What type of hair follows the general rule: every quarter inch cut when wet will equal one inch when dry? a. Thin. b. Straight. c. Curly. d. Thick. 113. When using a curling iron or round brush and blow-drying a client s hair, in what direction should the blow dryer face? a. Toward the scalp. b. Opposite the direction the hair is wound. c. In the direction the hair is wound. d. Away from the scalp. 114. What type of therapy do galvanic and high frequency refer to? a. Massage therapies. b. Hydrotherapies. c. Electrotherapies. d. Visiotherapies. 115. What were light-emitting diodes (LEDs) originally designed to treat? a. Wrinkles. b. Dark spots. c. Acne. d. Wounds. 116. In the history of cosmetology, what liquid did the Romans often use for facials? a. Water. b. Wine. c. Seltzer. d. Ammonia. 117. Which of the following may prevent success for a clinician? a. Location. b. Price of services. c. Perfectionism. d. Motivation. - 17 -
118. Why is it important to understand and pay attention to your posture while working on a client? a. Avoid personal injury. b. Appear confident. c. Appear in charge. d. Avoid looking like a novice. 119. Approximately how long should hair remain wrapped when performing a wet wrap procedure? a. 15 minutes. b. 35 minutes. c. 45 minutes. d. 85 minutes. 120. What type of nail polish application will prevent the polish from chipping and provides the most coverage? a. Full coverage. b. Free edge. c. Hairline tip. d. Slimline. 121. Which of the following services will trap moisture into the skin and open the pores with heat? a. Deep nail conditioning treatment. b. Hot oil bath. c. Paraffin wax. d. Massage. 122. Which type of therapy would you be performing if you used bergamot? a. Hydrotherapy. b. Electrotherapy. c. Aromatherapy. d. Massage therapy. 123. What is the purpose of a metal pusher? a. Push back the cuticle. b. Push back the eponychium. c. Clean under the nail. d. Clean polish from the skin. 124. What type of product contains 2% to 5% sodium as well as moisturizing ingredients and dissolves dead tissue? a. Nail creams. b. Nail bleach. c. Cuticle removers. d. Pumice powder. - 18 -
125. When applying tips on the nail, what is the maximum the nail tip should cover the natural nail? a. ½. b. ¾. c. ¼. d. ⅓. 126. Which of the following are considered the strongest wrap fibers for a nail enhancement? a. Silk. b. Linen. c. Fiberglass. d. Paper. 127. What is most common material used to repair a break or crack in a nail that has a fiber wrap treatment? a. Acrylic. b. Repair patch. c. Gel. d. Glue. 128. When removing artificial nails, what should the client s nails be soaked in? a. Water. b. Acrylic. c. Acetone. d. Alkaline. 129. What process would be occurring if you forced liquid into the negative ends of a positive pole? a. Intophoresis. b. Cataphoresis. c. Anaphoresis. d. Desincrustation. 130. What artery supplies blood to the mouth, lower face region, and nose? a. Facial artery. b. Submental artery. c. Inferior labial artery. d. Angular artery. 131. How many strands of hair are used in a fishtail braid? a. 2. b. 3. c. 4. d. 5. 132. Which of the following muscles pulls the foot down? a. Peroneus longus. b. Extensor digitorum longus. c. Gastrocnemius. d. Soleus. - 19 -
133. For a facial, if your desire is to dissolve keratin proteins in surface cells, which process may you choose? a. Chemical exfoliants. b. Mechanical exfoliants. c. Toners. d. Enzyme peels. 134. If you observe a clinician performing a massage on the back, shoulders, and arms in which he or she uses the edge of the hands in a fast movement, what type of massage stroke is being used? a. Friction. b. Hacking. c. Tapotement. d. Vibration. 135. If your client has superfluous hair, how can you strip the sebum from the hair and break disulfide bonds? a. Waxing. b. Shaving. c. Tweezing. d. A depilatory. 136. A clinician may receive a portion of the sales from products in a salon, which is also called which of the following? a. Salary. b. Tip. c. Commission. d. Hourly rate. 137. Which of the following is not a career path for a cosmetologist? a. Hair color specialist. b. Texture specialist. c. Cutting specialist. d. Plastic surgeon assistant. 138. What agency is responsible for licensing different disinfecting agents? a. EPA. b. FDA. c. Board of cosmetology. d. ETA. 139. Which of the following body systems controls the circulation of blood? a. Nervous system. b. Muscular system. c. Cardiovascular system. d. Lymphatic system. - 20 -
140. What is the significance of the reticular layer of the skin? a. It is closest to the surface. b. It supplies oxygen. c. Not all individuals have this layer. d. It stops sweat production. 141. What is the main component of the onyx? a. Keratin. b. Blood. c. Hyponychium. d. Sebum. 142. Which of the following types of abnormal hair loss is noted by hair falling out suddenly in patches? a. Androgenic alopecia. b. Alopecia areata. c. Postpartum alopecia. d. Generalized alopecia. 143. Which of the following refers to a combination of light? a. Visible light. b. Ultraviolet light. c. White light. d. Infrared light. 144. What term best describes a comparative relationship? a. Balance. b. Symmetry. c. Proportion. d. Asymmetry. 145. What component of the principle of hair design will be considered in order to create symmetry? a. Balance. b. Rhythm. c. Proportion. d. Color selection. 146. What are the two main characteristics used to classify hair type? a. Hair texture and rhythm. b. Rhythm and balance. c. Wave pattern and hair texture. d. Wave pattern and balance. 147. To what facial type would you want to give width to the forehead? a. Triangular. b. Square. c. Round. d. Diamond. - 21 -
148. What is the ideal in terms of facial profiles? a. Concave. b. Convex. c. Straight. d. Open diamond. 149. Why should a mild shampoo be used on chemically treated hair? a. Chemically treated hair tends to be oily. b. Chemically treated hair tends to be dry. c. Chemically treated hair tends to be thin. d. Chemically treated hair tends to be weak. 150. What type of guideline is typically used for layered haircuts? a. Interior. b. Perimeter. c. Stationary. d. Traveling. 151. A client with canities has which type of hair? a. Extremely curly hair. b. Gray hair. c. Bleached hair. d. Fine, straight hair. 152. Which of the following is used to remove tangles and is made of rows of pins with protective tips? a. Square paddle brush. b. Vent brush. c. Wide-tooth comb. d. Double-tooth comb. 153. What type of hairpiece allows the client s hair to be pulled through and blended with the artificial hair? a. Capless. b. Integration. c. Blended. d. Fashion. 154. What is the main purpose of a client reading and signing a release form prior to a chemical service? a. Provide information about the service. b. Ensure that clients understand potential adverse effects. c. Release salon from all damages. d. Find out information about the client s previous treatments. 155. From what section does an epilator remove the hair? a. The free hanging hair that you would trim. b. The base of the hair that you would shave. c. The cuticle that would be removed chemically. d. The bottom of the follicle that would be waxed. - 22 -
156. If something is contraindicated, what does this mean for the client? a. They did not need the services. b. They did not like the service in the past. c. They have a condition and may need medical approval. d. The salon does not provide the service. 157. If you need to even out the color of a client s face when applying makeup, what is the best product to begin with? a. Cheek color. b. Foundation. c. Concealer. d. Talc powder. 158. Where should eyeliner never be applied? a. Upper eye. b. Outer rim of the eye. c. Inner rim of the eye. d. Corners of the eye. 159. What type of nail is thin with white nail plates? a. Beau s. b. Bruised. c. Ridge. d. Eggshell. 160. What tool should never be used on the foot during a pedicure? a. File. b. Metal pusher. c. Razor. d. Nippers. - 23 -
1. A: A foot spa should be cleaned after each client. To properly clean a foot spa, one should completely empty the water and rinse all debris from the spa. Detergent and a brush should be used to thoroughly clean the entire spa. Chelating detergents are typically the best to use in these cases, as they will remove any buildup in the foot spa. Once the foot spa is cleaned, it must be disinfected with an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-approved product. The disinfectant should stay in the foot spa for 10 minutes before rinsing. The foot spa should be dried with a disposable towel. 2. C: When mixing disinfectants, it is important to mix them in a certain order. When water is added to the disinfectant, the resulting mixture will be foam. Foaming of your mixture may cause you to incorrectly measure the ratios and may result in a mixture that is either too diluted or not diluted enough. Always add the disinfectant to the water. Another safety precaution when mixing disinfectant is to wear protective gloves and safety glasses. Burning may occur with the use of some disinfectants if they get on the skin. Anytime disinfectant gets on the skin, rinse it off immediately. A final precaution to consider is the use of bleach to clean equipment. In the case of equipment that may have oils, lotions, or creams, bleach is less potent: this type of equipment should be washed with a detergent prior to being disinfected with bleach. 3. B: Ethics are professional standards that we must follow in order to maintain safety and professionalism. Unlike principles, which are often more personalized rules to work and live by, ethics are mandatory, and violation of professional ethics can result in being fired or losing your professional license. A common set of guidelines to follow in order to demonstrate your work ethic includes being courteous and professional, maintaining confidentiality, striving for continual professional knowledge, and providing your clients with accurate information and education on products and services they may use or be interested in 4. B: Communication skills allow people to listen and understand others as well as clearly express their own needs. In the cosmetology profession, communication skills are essential to success. You will be in contact with a variety of people on a daily basis, and you will need to actively listen to clients needs in order to provide them with the best, most professional service. In addition to communication skills, possessing positive values, being sensitive toward others, and practicing diplomacy are also skills that will help you succeed in this field. For example, diplomacy refers to one s ability to be confident and assertive without being overbearing. This is also sometimes referred to as tact. 5. C: There are a number of positions within a salon. For those interested in becoming a salon manager, it would be most helpful to take additional business classes. These classes will provide the fundamental information needed to understand the inner workings of a salon. Because businesses, especially the spa business, are all about people, business classes will provide you with additional education about people, whether regarding managing others or providing customer service. While taking business classes will provide you with the fundamentals, working different positions within the spa setting will also provide you with necessary practical experience; however, taking this route may make it take longer to achieve a position as a salon manager. 6. C: One way to decide on what role to take in the cosmetology field is to determine an area of expertise. When you determine an area of expertise, you are stating whether you want to work in a day salon, a full-service salon, specialty salon, or own your own salon. Your area of expertise will depend on your interests and your talents and will inform your potential employers and clients - 24 -
what you are the best at. For example, if your area of expertise is coloring, clients may specifically request you for this service 7. B: There are eight cranial bones in the skull. The occipital bone is located in the lower back of the skull. There are two parietal bones that compose the majority of the skull and form the crown. The frontal bone is located in the front of the skull and shapes the forehead. Two temporal bones are located on the sides of the skull at the ear. The ethmoid bone is located between the eyes and is a part of the nasal cavity. Finally, the bone that joins the other skull bones together is called the sphenoid bone. 8. C: The deepest layer of the epidermis is the stratum germinativum. This layer is also sometimes referred to as the basal cell layer. This layer of the epidermis is a very active layer of skin and serves to produce new skin cells and functions in the overall growth of the epidermis. Cells located in this layer, called melanocytes, produce the pigment of the skin, or melanin. It is melanin in the skin that protects it from the sun s rays. Moving to the surface of the epidermis, the layers include the stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, and the stratum corneum. 9. A: Collagen is a fibrous material that works to increase the strength of the skin. While this protein is produced naturally in the body, collagen has also been manufactured for use as an injectable to enhance the strength of skin and reduce the presence of wrinkles. Naturally, collagen is located in the dermis and holds the structure of the skin together. In healthy skin, collagen is the material that allows the skin to stretc5h. However, unhealthy skin is loose and will sag, creating wrinkles. There are a number of elements that can cause unhealthy skin, such as overexposure to the sun, dehydration, radical changes in weight, and general aging. 10. B: Contaminants are found on all surfaces and are enhanced in public places. Therefore, it is importance for cosmetologists to be aware of decontamination processes. Sterilization is a process by which all germs and other contaminants are destroyed. The process of sterilization uses some form of heat and is designed to destroy everything on the tool being sterilized. Much like in hospitals, cosmetologists must also take precautions in order to protect themselves and their clients. This is particularly important for those tools that may be used directly on the skin and those designed to pierce the skin. 11. C: Handwashing is a universal precaution. Universal precautions were originally developed by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to address how to safely handle human blood and bodily fluid spills, because there are a number of infectious diseases that may be spread through these fluids, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Other universal precautions include wearing gloves, goggles, or a gown when working in situations in which these fluids may be present. Because cosmetologists work with their hands, it is important to keep the hands free from open wounds. If an open wound does occur on the hands, wearing gloves will protect yourself and your clients. 12. B: The cuticle is the outer layer of the hair shaft and is made up of shingle-like layers. These layers serve a number of purposes, which include protecting the inner layers of the hair and maintaining the hair s shine. Each shingle-like layer is attached to the middle layer of the hair shaft, called the cortex. This layer is made of protein fibers and composes the majority of the hair s weight. Finally, the medulla is in the inner layer of the hair shaft. This layer is made up of round cells and is not present in all hair types. For example, those with blonde hair may not have this layer in their hair shafts. - 25 -
13. C: The process of hair cell growth is called keratinization. During this process, the hair cells begin at the hair follicle and move in an upward direction. The cells are filled with keratin, a fibrous protein. This protein is an amino acid chain composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur, also referred to as the COHNS elements. This process will continue until the hair reaches the hair shaft, at which point the process will be complete and the hair cells will be dead. What remain are keratinized protein fibers. 14. B: When terminal hair naturally converts to vellus hair, the condition is called androgenic alopecia or androgenetic alopecia. This condition is abnormal hair loss and is caused by genetics, age, or changes in the body s hormone makeup. While the average age of onset for this condition is in the 40s, some cases have been reported as early as the teenage years. In addition, nearly 40% of men and women experience hair loss by time they are 35 years old. It must be noted that the degree of hair loss will vary among individuals. Androgenic alopecia affects men and women differently. In men androgenic alopecia, also called male pattern baldness, causes the hair to fall out, creating a horseshoe pattern on the head. In women, androgenic alopecia results in a general thinning of the hair. 15. B: Minoxidil is an FDA-approved product that is safe for women and men. This product can be bought over the counter and is applied topically. When used properly, applied two times a day, this product stimulates hair growth. Based on research, neither the 2% nor the 5% dosage of this product causes negative side effects. A stronger FDA-approved medication is available only to men by prescription: Finasteride. Finasteride is taken orally but has side effects such as sexual dysfunction and weight gain. Other cautions of Finasteride include the fact that pregnant women should not touch the product due to its harmful side effects. 16. C: Motor nerve fibers are those attached to the pili muscles. When the skin detects cold, these nerves send the signal to the pili muscles to cause goose bumps. In these instances of cold detection, the sensory nerve fibers initially detect the cold and send messages to the brain in order to determine the appropriate reaction. The sensory nerve fibers also detect heat, pressure, and pain. Finally, the secretory nerve fibers, found in the sweat and oil glands of the skin, regulate the body s sweat and oil secretion. 17. D: Oil production is not a function of the skin; rather it is a function of the oil glands. There are six main functions of the skin, including protection, sensation, heat regulation, excretion, secretion, and absorption. Specifically, the skin protects the inner organs from the elements. This organ is the body s first defense, as sensory nerves within the skin send messages to the brain. When necessary, the skin will excrete sweat or produce goose bumps in order to regulate the body s outer temperature. Finally, the skin secretes oil through its oil glands in order to keep the skin soft and lubricated. 18. A: One test to analyze the skin s hydration is pinching the skin on the back of the hand. Healthy skin should bounce back or return to normal quickly. However, with dehydrated skin, it will take a few milliseconds or seconds to return to normal. Dehydration can be caused by factors such as a lack of water in the diet, improper skin care, or too much sun. In order to treat for dehydrated skin, hydrators should be used. The type of hydrator will vary, depending on the type of skin the client has. For example, an individual with oily skin would need a lighter hydrator, while an individual with dry skin would use a heavier hydrator. - 26 -
19. B: The main reason for conducting an intake and skin analysis is to determine any contraindications. A contraindication is any condition that would not allow skin care procedures to be conducted. For example, the use of some medications, such as Accutane and Retin-A, is contraindicated for waxing procedures, because these medications cause the skin to become thin. Pregnancy is a contraindication for electrical procedures. Other contraindications to skin treatments include allergies, seizures, diabetes, and use of blood thinners. Cosmetologists must take extra care when determining contraindications, as some procedures can have negative effects and cause potential harm to clients. 20. C: Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin condition that results in red patches covered with white scales on the skin. The cause of this disorder is the overproduction of skin cells, which produce at a rate faster than the old cells die. These patches are typically found on the arms and legs, but rarely on the face. Psoriasis is not contagious and is not contraindicated for skin treatment. It must be noted that in more severe cases, when the patches are irritated, bleeding may occur. Other inflammatory skin disorders include dermatitis; lesions on the skin; eczema; dry, itchy lesions; herpes simplex; and blisters or sores on the skin. 21. B: Rosacea is a disorder of the sebaceous, or oil, glands. With this disorder an individual will present with redness on the cheeks and nose and papules small bumps. Also accompanied with rosacea are pustules, which are raised bumps with pus. It is not clear what the underlying cause of rosacea is, but there are various things that can intensify the condition. These include stress, caffeine, spicy foods, and alcohol. Other sebaceous gland disorders include comedo, milia, acne, seborrheic dermatitis, asteatosis, and steatoma. These disorders will vary in severity, and treatment should be carefully considered. 22. B: The purpose of feeling a client s hair is to initially determine the texture of the hair. There are three texture of hair, including fine, medium, and coarse. The texture is determined by the diameter of the individual strands. Additionally, the texture of an individual s hair will also determine how the hair will respond to treatment. For example, with coarse hair the thickest texture the hair will be more resistant to treatments and processing, such as taking color. The most common hair texture, medium, does not require special precautions. Finally, when treating and processing thin hair, one must be careful of damage or breakage. 23. A: Individuals with blonde hair average 140,000 individual strands of hair. This number is also referred to as the density of one s hair. The density of an individual s hair is calculated by counting the hairs in one square inch of the scalp. Hair density can be low, medium, or high and is different from hair texture. On average, per square inch, individuals have 2,200 hairs; however, density will vary between individuals and hair colors. Those with brown hair have an average density of 110,000; black hair, 108,000; and those with red hair, 80,000 total hairs. 24. A: During the anagen phase of hair growth, new growth is formed in the hair follicle. This process typically produces hair at a rate of a half an inch per month, which is faster than the growth of other cells in the body. The rate of hair growth also changes throughout the life cycle: between 15 and 30 years of age, growth is rapid; after age 50 years old, growth significantly slows. Catagen is the second phase in the hair growth cycle. This phase is a transition between the growth and resting phases. A number of things occur during this phase, including the end of growth, detachment from the dermal papilla, and the disappearance of the hair bulb. Finally, the telogen phase is the resting phase. This is typically a four- to five-year cycle. - 27 -
25. C: Trichoptilosis is the official term for split ends. Dry, brittle, split ends are a result of poor maintenance. This disorder can be treated with conditioning or with a haircut. Other hair disorders include canities, which is gray hair caused genetically at birth or with age. Hypertrichosis, also called hirsutism, is abnormal hair growth. This abnormality occurs when terminal hair grows where vellus hair is typically only found. An example of this includes upper-lip hair on women. Finally, monilethrix is beaded hair, which can be treated with conditioning. 26. B: Pediculosis is a parasitic infection of the scalp that resembles dandruff, which is also referred to as head lice. This infection is transmitted through the use of a hat, comb, or brush belonging to someone with head lice. This infection is itchy and may result in a scalp infection from excessive scratching. One way to tell the difference between dandruff and head lice is to examine the white flakes under a microscope. Treatment is in the form of prescribed medication. Head lice can be avoided by properly sanitizing all hair tools. If an individual enters the salon with head lice, they should be referred to their physician immediately. 27. A: Alipidic skin does not produce enough sebum, resulting in dry, dehydrated skin. Because it does not produce enough sebum, this type of skin will become tight and itchy with small wrinkles. What is unique about alipidic skin is that it does not have visible pores. The opposite of alipidic skin is oily skin, which overproduces sebum and has very large pores. Oily skin results from a buildup of dead skin cells. It is typical that those with oily skin also have a large presence of blackheads or open comedones. 28. C: With chair rentals, the hairstylist can rent a chair from a salon owner. This method gives the stylist more freedom than being employed by a salon owner. This is a relativity inexpensive way to start a business, and those that choose this route are fully responsible for all business supplies and expenses incurred. While this practice is widely used in many states, two states, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, do not accept this as a valid business practice. Determining whether you will rent a chair or booth or start your own salon will depend on your career plans and goals. 29. C: A corporation requires that shares be divided among stockholders. This practice is the company s main means of revenue, specifically by selling these shares, whose prices are determined by the current market and the success or failure of the company. In addition, there are a number of formal activities that are required with this business setup, including director meetings and shareholder meetings. Salaries are paid to all employees, including the owners, and income taxes are taken out of the individual s regular paychecks. Finally, the costs associated with setting up a corporation are higher than to set up a partnership or limited liability company, and all shareholders are responsible for paying unemployment insurance taxes. 30. D: Vitamin D is essential for healthy skin, and it helps with healing of the skin. This vitamin can be obtained from the sun, but only in moderation, as the sun can have negative effects on the skin. In addition, vitamin D can be obtained from milk, citrus, and supplements. Another function of vitamin D is for healthy bones. Other vitamins that promote healthy skin are vitamin A, which assists in repair and proper functioning of the skin; vitamin C helps quicken the healing process of the skin and other tissues in the body; finally, vitamin E helps protect the skin from the sun. Vitamin D is most effective when used in conjunction with vitamin A. 31. C: Keratin is the protein that is found in the natural nail. This protein is also found in the hair and the skin, but in the nails, it is harder than in the hair and skin. A healthy nail will be white, and the nail section over the nail bed will be pink in color. Nails are more porous than skin. Because of its porous nature, a healthy nail contains approximately 15% to 20% water, even if the nail looks - 28 -
dry. A nail that does not have sufficient water will be brittle and will be easy to break. Treatment for this condition is the use of an oil-based polish, which will help hold in water and increase the health of the nail. 32. B: The cuticle is the dead tissue that is attached to the nail plate. This tissue is colorless and comes from below the nail plate. The function of the cuticle is to protect the nail plate by creating a seal between the natural nail and the skin above the nail. Other segments of the nail include the eponychium, which is living cells attached to the nail plate. Finally, the free edge of the nail is the part of the nail that has grown past the end of the finger, and the hyponychium is the section of the nail just below the free edge. This underlayer is thick and serves as protection for the nail bed. 33. B: Prenatal vitamins do not affect the growth rate of the nails. While many believe this to be the case, what changes the rate of growth during pregnancy is the change in hormone levels. Other factors that do affect the growth rate of nails include diet, health, and exercise. Factors such as age and time of the year also affect growth rate. For example, a child s nails will grow quicker than an elderly individual s nails will grow. Nails will also grow quicker in the summer months compared to the winter months. On average, nails grow a tenth of an inch each month. 34. C: Onychocryptosis is the formal term for an ingrown nail. Ingrown nails occur when the nail grows into the skin around the nail. In cases when the area is not infected, the nail can be trimmed and rounded so the nail is no longer under the skin. Any time a client comes in with an ingrown nail that is infected, he or she should be referred to a physician. A few other nail diseases include onychomadesis, separation of the nail from the nail plate; nail psoriasis, tiny pits on the nail plate; and fungus, such as tinea pedis and onychomycosis. 35. B: When preparing to shampoo a client s hair, you should consider the condition of the client s hair and scalp. Because there are a number of different shampoos on the market, different clients will benefit from different shampoos. A client s hair may be classified in a number of ways, including oily, dry, normal, or treated. In addition, the scalp may also be oily or dry. Another important reason to consider the client s hair and scalp is that a client may have one type of scalp and a different type of hair. Knowing what product will work best in a client s hair, you will be able to provide the client with the best service and will be able to recommend the right products to your client. 36. B: ph (short for potential for hydrogen ion concentration) measures both the acidity and the alkalinity of substances. This measurement is the measure of hydrogen in a substance. It is important for a stylist to understand ph, because the ph level of a shampoo will affect different types of hair differently. The ph level ranges from 0 to 14. A ph of 7 is neutral, and if a substance is more acidic, its ph will be less than 7. A substance that is more alkaline will have a ph of greater than 7. The ph scale is a logarithmic scale, which means that an increase of 1 on the ph scale indicates a tenfold increase in alkalinity or decrease in acidity; an increase of 2 is a hundredfold change. The average hair and skin have a ph of around 5. 37. C: Soft water is preferable to hard water for shampooing because soft water has fewer minerals and allows the shampoo to lather easier. Soft water can be either rainwater or water that has been chemically treated. Hard water typically comes from wells, and the amount of minerals in hard water does not allow shampoo to lather. In addition to affecting the ability of shampoo to lather, the type of water can also affect the results of a color treatment. If a salon has a hard water source, this water should be treated to soften it in order to provide clients with the best service. - 29 -
38. D: The main ingredient in shampoo is water. Typically, the water used in shampoos is either purified of deionized. Deionized water is treated to remove chemicals, metals, and other impurities such as calcium and magnesium. The purpose of using this deionizing treatment process for water is because many of these impurities are harmful to the hair. Because water is the main ingredient in shampoo, it is listed first on the ingredient list, followed, in order of amount, by the other ingredients of the shampoo. While many shampoos will have similar ingredients, variances in the ingredients will determine the type and quality of the shampoo. 39. A: The main active ingredient in shampoo is surfactant. Surfactant is typically listed as the second ingredient and is also considered a base ingredient. Surfactants are the cleaning agents in shampoo, and the surfactant molecule itself has two ends, a hydrophilic and a lipophilic end. The hydrophilic end of a surfactant attracts water, while the lipophilic end attracts oil. The action of these two ends results in oil and dirt being lifted off the hair in small balls. Additional ingredients work together with the surfactant to treat the hair in a variety of ways, including protecting and adding moisture. 40. A: Acid-balanced shampoos create balance in the ph of the human hair, which is between 4.5 and 5.5. Adding a citric, lactic, or phosphoric acid will create an acid-balancing shampoo. Balancing the hair s ph helps protect the hair from excessive dryness and other damage due to treatment and coloring. An acid-balanced shampoo closes the hair cuticle, enhancing protection of the hair. While acid-balancing shampoos would be appropriate for all hair types, they are particularly beneficial for hair that has been colored or lightened, because these treatments typically dry out the hair. 41. B: A moisturizing, or conditioning, shampoo will typically contain the conditioning agents protein and biotin. The main propose of a moisturizing shampoo is to enhance the shine of the hair and protect from damage caused by treatment. Protein and biotin are conditioning agents that enhance and boost the effects of the shampoo and help to increase moisture; strengthen the hair; and add texture, elasticity, and volume to the hair. Another benefit to moisturizing shampoos is that they do not strip color-treated hair. These moisturizing shampoos are also known as a nonstripping shampoos. 42. C: For individuals with dandruff or other conditions, such as eczema or psoriasis, a medicated shampoo may be preferable, as they use certain drugs or chemicals specific to treat specific scalp conditions. There are various types and strengths of medicated shampoos. For stronger medicated shampoos, an individual will need a prescription from a doctor. While these shampoos will treat various scalp conditions, some may affect color-treated or lightened hair. Because medicated shampoos contain drugs to treat certain conditions, the shampoo may need to sit on the hair for a period of time in order for the active ingredients to work. 43. A: Clarifying shampoos often contain an acidic ingredient as their active ingredient. Acidic ingredients are those that can get through and remove buildup on the hair as well as enhance the shininess of the hair. Excess buildup results in a flattened appearance of the hair. These shampoos are not intended for daily use, and it is generally recommended that they only be used when there is apparent buildup or about once every two weeks. An example of an acidic ingredient that may be used in a clarifying shampoo would be an apple cider vinegar. 44. D: The purpose of a balancing shampoo is to remove excess oil. Another function of a balancing shampoo is to protect the hair from drying out. In addition to removing oil, balancing shampoos contain proteins to strengthen the hair and create a shiny look and feel. Because there are various hair types, there are also different types of balancing shampoos to address the unique needs of hair. - 30 -