UNWANTED EFFECTS OF COSMETICS AND DRUGS USED IN DERMATOLOGY Third edition Anton C. de Groot, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Dermatology Carolus-Liduina Hospital 's-hertogenbosch The Netherlands J. Willem Weyland, Ph.D. Food Inspection Service Cosmetics Department Enschede The Netherlands Johan P. Nater, M.D., Ph.D. formerly Department of Dermatology Academic Hospital State University of Groningen The Netherlands 1994 ELSEVIER -Amsterdam - London - New York - Tokyo
Table of contents Chapter 1. Contact dermatitis 1 Introduction 1 Morphological aspects of contact dermatitis 1 Chapter 2. Toxic and irritant contact dermatitis 2 Acute toxic contact dermatitis 2 Irritant contact dermatitis 2 Irritant dermatitis due to topical drugs and cosmetic ingredients 3 Chapter 3. Allergic contact dermatitis (general aspects) 6 Immunological aspects 6 The technique of patch testing 6 Patch testing with topically applied medicaments 7 The test concentration 7 The vehicle to be used for patch testing 8 Photopatch testing 8 The interpretation of patch test results 9 List of (pseudo)cross-reactions 15 Risks of patch testing for the patient 28 The use of patch tests in drug eruptions 29 The persistence of acquired epidermal sensitivity 33 Chapter 4. Unusual manifestations of allergic contact sensitivity 41 Purpuric allergic contact dermatitis 41 Pigmented contact dermatitis 41 Follicular contact dermatitis 42 Erythema multiforme-like eruptions 42 Contact urticaria (immediate contact reactions) 44 Lichenoid eruptions 44 Contact granuloma 44 Focal contact sensitivity 45 Toxic epidermal necrolysis (Lyell) 46 Lymphomatoid contact dermatitis 46 Pustular contact dermatitis 47 Miscellaneous unusual cutaneous manifestations 48 Allergic contact dermatitis complicated by extracutaneous symptoms 48 Miscellaneous 49 Chapter 5. Allergic contact dermatitis from topical drugs 55 Preservatives: antimicrobials and antioxidants 56 Fragrance materials 65 \ni
Local anesthetics 73 Vehicle constituents 75 Antibiotics and chemotherapeutics 80 Antihistamines 83 Antimycotics 86 Corticosteroids 89 Drugs used in the treatment of psoriasis, acne, eczema and pruritus 93 Plant-derived substances in topical drugs 95 Antiparasitic drugs 98 Miscellaneous drugs 99 Pigments used in tattoos 104 Accidental contactants 105 Chapter 6. Phototoxic and photoallergic contact dermatitis 136 Chapter 7. The contact urticaria syndrome 155 Chapter 8. Necrosis of the skin and the mucous membranes due to topical drugs 169 Chapter 9. Acne-folliculitis 171 Chapter 10. Discoloration of the skin and appendages 174 Chapter 11. Stinging sensations due to ingredients of cosmetics and topical pharmaceutical preparations 181 Chapter 12. Miscellaneous side effects 182 Chapter 13. Drugs used on the mucosae 187 Drugs used on the oral mucosa 187 Drugs used on the vaginal mucosa 193 Drugs used in ophthalmological practice 195 Drugs used on the nasal and bladder mucosa 208 Chapter 14. Local side effects of topical corticosteroids 217 Chapter 15. Percutaneous absorption of topically applied drugs 226 Chapter 16. Systemic side effects caused by topically applied drugs and cosmetics 228 Anaphylactic reactions to topically applied drugs and cosmetics 228 Toxic action of topically applied drugs and cosmetics 228 Arsenic 228 vm
Benzocaine 229 Boric acid 229 Calcipotriol 230 Camphor 230 Capsicain 231 Carmustine (BCNU) 232 Castellani's solution 232 Chloramphenicol 232 Clindamycin 232 Coal tar 233 Cocaine 233 Corticosteroids 234 Diethyltoluamide (DEET) 236 Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) 236 Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) 237 Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 237 Diphenylpyraline hydrochloride 238 Dithranol (cignolin, anthralin) 238 Ethyl alcohol 238 5-Fluorouracil 239 Fumaric acid monoethyl ester 240 Gentamicin 240 Henna dye and p-phenylenediamine 240 Hexachlorophene 241 4-Homosulfanilamide 242 Iodine 243 Isopropyl alcohol 243 Lead 243 Lidocaine 244 Lindane 244 Malathion 246 Mercury and mercurial compounds 246 Minoxidil 249 Monobenzone 250 Monosulfiram 251 2-Naphthol 251 Neomycin 251 Phenol (carbolic acid) 253 p-phenylenediamine 254 Podophyllum resin 254 Povidone iodine 255 Prilocaine 257 Promethazine 258 Quinine analogs 258 Resorcinol 259 Salicylic acid 260 Selenium sulfide 262 Sex hormones 262 Silver nitrate 263 IX
Sulfadiazine silver Sulfur Tretinoin Triclocarban Triphenylmethane dyes Transdermal drug delivery systems Clonidine Estrogens Glycopyrrolate Nicotine Nitroglycerin Scopolamine (Hyoscine) Testosterone 264 265 265 266 268 268 268 269 270 Chapter 17. Systemic eczematous contact-type dermatitis medicamentosa 286 Chapter 18. Side effects of photochemotherapy PUVA therapy Oncogenic effects of the Goeckermann regimen 295 295 316 Chapter 19. Side effects of systemic drugs used in dermatology 328 Corticosteroids 328 Retinoids 335 Antibiotics 353 Antifungal drugs. 365 Cytostatics and immunosuppressants 371 Cyclosporin A 376 Antihistamines 382 Antimalarials 389 Miscellaneous drugs 392 Acyclovir 392 Dapsone 394 Fumaric acid 396 Chapter 20. Other therapeutic modalities Dermal implants Laser therapy Chemical face peels Cryotherapy Chapter 21. Cosmetics: Introduction Cosmetics: what they are and what they do Cosmetics: the extent of their usage The ingredients of cosmetics The frequency of usage of cosmetic ingredients Legislation 415 415 417 418 419 422 422 423 427 429 433
Chapter 22. The spectrum of side effects of cosmetics 437 Chapter 23. The frequency of adverse reactions to cosmetics and the products involved 442 Chapter 24. Contact allergy to cosmetics 452 Clinical picture of allergic cosmetic dermatitis 452 The products causing cosmetic allergy 452 The allergens 452 Chapter 25. Patch testing with cosmetic preparations 469 Chapter 26. Hair cosmetics 473 Shampoo and anti-dandruff shampoo 473 Conditioning shampoo and hair conditioner (after-shampoo rinse) 476 Hair colours 478 Permanent wave 482 Hairspray, hairsetting lotion and styling foam 484 Hair bleach 485 Hair dressing 486 Hair straightener (hair relaxer) 487 Hair growth promotion 488 Chapter 27. Face cosmetics 498 Face cream (moisturizing cream) 498 Cleansing lotion 501 Facial make-up 505 Face mask 506 Aftershave 508 Other shaving aids 510 Eye make-up 511 Anti acne-products 514 Camouflage and greasepaint ("schmink") 515 Toothpaste and mouthwash 516 Lipstick and lipbalm 516 Chapter 28. Nail cosmetics 524 Chapter 29. Cosmetics for the body and parts of the body 530 Bath and shower cosmetics 530 Hand and body lotion 532 Body talc 535 Soap 536 Fluid soap and hand cleaner 537 Depilatory preparations 539 Skin bleaching agents 540 Deodorant-antiperspirant 542 Body make-up 547 XI
Sun and solaria cosmetics 548 Sport and massage oils 557 Foot cosmetics 558 Barrier cream 560 Chapter 30. Tabulation of ingredients of cosmetics 567 Antimicrobials and antioxidants 569 Antioxidants and chelating agents 569 Acids, esters, alcohols, amides 571 Formaldehyde and donor compounds 572 Mercurials 573 Phenols, halogenated phenols, organohalogen compounds 574 Cationic compounds 576 All other antimicrobials 577 Fragrance materials 578 Colours 628 Colours 631 Colour ingredients of hair dye preparations 646 Sunscreens 650 Lipids and surfactants 655 Lipids (hydrocarbons, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, esters and silicones) 655 Anionic surfactants 663 Cationic surfactants 666 Non-ionic surfactants 669 Amphoteric surfactants 680 Amines-aminoalkanols 682 Diols and polyols 683 Botanical ingredients 685 Miscellaneous cosmetic ingredients 700 Index 725 Xll