Middle Cypriot White Painted Ware: A Study of Pottery Production and Distribution in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus.

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Middle Cypriot White Painted Ware: A Study of Pottery Production and Distribution in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus. by Laura Ann Campbell Gagné A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Art University of Toronto Copyright by Laura Ann Campbell Gagné 2012

Middle Cypriot White Painted Ware: A Study of Pottery Production and Distribution in Middle Bronze Age Cyprus. Laura Ann Gagné, Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Art, University of Toronto, 2012 Abstract White Painted Ware, the most identifiable of pottery types of the Middle Bronze Age on Cyprus, has been studied by scholars either with the view to creating chronological typologies or to tracing trade routes. Little attention has been paid to the technology and social organization of production of this pottery. This thesis is concerned with the potters as much as with the pottery. The production sequence is examined from clay selection through to decoration of the vessels. An attempt is made to isolate production centres with unique methods of vessel construction as well as preferences for certain shapes and decorative schemes. Using petrographic analysis, different fabrics are isolated within the ware, and these are in turn related to the groups of vessels created based on style. Similar fabrics are used in multiple sites and most sites were found to have used multiple fabrics to create pottery that is considered to be part of the White Painted ware group. Beneath the major differences in styles between sites are several minor variations in construction method and decoration that are more likely to represent choices made by individual potters or small groups of potters working together. Based on vessel shape and decoration, seven distinct production centres appear to have been manufacturing White Painted ware on Cyprus over the course of the Middle Bronze Age. These were not operating simultaneously, but appear to have been active at the time that their regions were most prosperous, linking the production and use of White Painted ware with political and economic power. ii

Acknowledgments Many people helped me through the process of creating this thesis. I wish to thank my first advisor, Sturt Manning, for introducing me to Cyprus and for starting me off on my studies. For getting me back on track and making a scholar out of me, I thank my current advisor, Carl Knappett. Thanks also to Peter Day and Patrick Quinn for teaching me petrography and to Sue Sherratt for making the sherds of the teaching collection at the University of Sheffield available to me. Many thanks are also due to Jill Hilditch for helping me with the petrography in the Aegean Material Culture Lab. Thanks also to my dissertation committee, Tim Harrison and Michael Chazan, for their insights and wisdom and their patience in reading through endless pages about Cyprus, and many thanks to Tim Harrison and Stan Klassen for allowing me to use the petrographic microscope in the Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations. In addition, I would like to thank my external reader, Dr. Stuart Swiny, for his suggestions and constructive criticism. My thesis is a much better product as a result of his suggestions. I also wish to thank Dr. Pavlos Flourentzos and Dr. Maria Hadjicosti for allowing me to examine material in the Cyprus and Larnaca Museums and also for allowing me to take samples for petrographic analysis. Thanks also to the guards of the museums for their patience and kindness while I was working there, and the staff of the Geological Survey Department of Cyprus for producing thin sections for me. For allowing me to examine material from the Cornell Excavations at Lapithos, I wish to thank Dr. J. Coleman and also Lynn Green from the University of Pennsylvania Museum. No scholar working on Cyprus could succeed without the support of CAARI, both its hostel and its superb library. Thanks to Vathoulla Moustoukki, Diana Constantinides and Tom Davis for all their help. Many thanks also to Louise Maguire, Lindy Crewe and Jane Barlow for encouragement and advice. For their generous permission to use images from their publications in my appendices, I thank David Frankel, Jennifer Webb, Kjell Malmgren, Jane Barlow, John Coleman, Peter Fischer and Elizabet Åström (for permission to use the work of Paul Åström), Anne-Elizabeth Dunn-Vaturi, Lindy Crewe, Robert Laffineur, Basil Hennessy, Kristian Göransson (for the Swedish Cyprus Expedition), Ino Nicolaou, and the Department of Antiquities of Cyprus. I also thank my husband, Sylvain, for technical help and for cleaning up the numerous images in my appendix and for drawing my maps. The writing of the thesis would have been a most arduous task without the support of the Art History Dissertators group, particularly Alma Mikulinsky, Betsy Moss, Linda Stone and Amy Miller. To iii

my friends Meg Morden, Sally Stewart, and Joe and Maria Shaw, I owe a huge debt of gratitude for advice, encouragement and support. Finally, there is no way I could have done any of this without the love, support and encouragement of my husband, Sylvain and my two children, Stephen and Jessica. I dedicate this tome to them. iv

Table of Contents Abstract... Acknowledgements... Table of Contents... List of Tables... List of Figures... List of Maps... List of Appendices... List of Captions... ii iii v xvii xxii ciii civ cv Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 The Cypriot Middle Bronze Age... 1 1.2 General Overview... 4 Chapter 2- Problem Orientation 2.1 Introduction... 8 2.2.1 Transition to the Early Bronze Age... 11 2.3 Philia Culture... 13 2.3.1 Settlement and Subsistence... 13 2.3.2 Burials... 16 2.3.3 Metallurgy... 17 2.3.4 Pottery... 18 2.4 The Early Bronze Age... 22 2.4.1 Settlement and Subsistence... 25 2.4.2 Burials... 27 2.4.3 Metallurgy... 27 2.4.4 Pottery... 28 v

2.5 The Middle Bronze Age... 29 2.5.1 Settlement and Subsistence... 31 2.5.2 Burials... 32 2.5.3 Metallurgy... 32 2.5.4 Pottery... 33 2.6 Summary... 34 2.7 Traditional Approaches to the Study of Cypriot Ceramics... 37 2.7.1 Early Classifications of Cypriot Bronze Age Ceramics... 37 2.7.2 Seriation... 38 2.7.3 Regional Variation Considered... 39 2.7.4 Chemical Analyses... 42 2.7.5 Petrographic Analyses... 44 2.8 Summary... 47 2.9 Conclusion... 48 Chapter 3 Methodology 3.1 Introduction... 50 3.2 Ethnographic studies of traditional Cypriot Potters... 53 3.3 The transmission of knowledge... 56 3.4 Material Agency and the distributed network... 58 3.5 The chaîne opératoire and its application to ceramic analysis... 62 3.6 Fabric analyses... 63 3.7 Forming techniques... 64 3.8 Decoration and Style... 67 3.9 Firing... 68 3.10 The organization of production... 68 3.11 Summary... 69 vi

Chapter 4 Petrographic Analysis 4.1 Introduction... 70 4.2 Overview of the Geology of Cyprus 4.2.1 The North Coast... 71 4.2.2 The Southern Foothills... 71 4.2.3 The Western Region... 71 4.2.4 The Central River Valleys... 72 4.2.5 The Southern River Valleys... 72 4.2.6 The Eastern Area... 73 4.2.7 The Karpass Region... 73 4.2.8 The Larnaca Region... 73 4.3 Characterization of the Fabric Groups 4.3.1 Fabric Group 1 Quartz with sedimentary material no VRFs... 74 4.3.2 Fabric Group 2 Sedimentary inclusions with few VRFs... 76 4.3.3 Fabric Group 3 Sedimentary inclusions and VRFs... 78 4.3.4 Fabric Group 4 Micaceous... 80 4.3.5 Fabric Group 5 Micaceous with no VRFs... 82 4.3.6 Fabric Group 6 Micritic with sedimentary material and VRFs... 84 4.3.7 Fabric Group 7 VRFs and quartz with no sedimentary material... 85 4.3.8 Samples that do not conform to groups 4.3.8a Sample 1... 86 4.3.8b Sample 58... 87 4.3.8c Sample 59... 88 4.3.8d Sample 65... 90 4.3.8e Sample 66... 92 4.4 Conclusion... 93 Chapter 5 Determining Production Centres Based on Style 5.1 Introduction... 96 5.2 Lapithos... 100 vii

5.2.1Group 1 Solid coloured bases... 101 5.2.1a Group 1A Round-mouthed jugs... 101 5.2.1b Group 1B Jugs with angled spouts... 103 5.2.1c Group 1C Amphorae, askos and deep bowl... 104 5.2.2 Group 2 Bases decorated with broad lines... 105 5.2.2a Group 2A Round-mouthed jugs... 105 5.2.2b Group 2B Jugs with angled spouts... 105 5.2.3 Group 3 Bases decorated with alternating straight and wavy lines... 106 5.2.3a Group 3A Round-mouthed jugs... 107 5.2.3b Group 3B Jugs with angled spouts... 108 5.2.3c Group 3C Amphorae and deep bowls... 109 5.2.4 Group 4 Chequerboard patterns... 111 5.2.4a Group 4A Plain chequerboard... 111 5.2.4b Group 4B Elongated chequerboard... 113 5.2.4c Group 4C Crossed chequerboard bands... 114 5.2.5 Group 5 Broad bands... 114 5.2.6 Group 6 Hatched diamond bands... 115 5.2.7 Group 7 Cross-hatched diamond chains... 117 5.2.8 Group 8 Cross-hatched triangles... 118 5.2.9 Group 9 Hatched triangles... 121 5.2.9a Group 9A Unframed hatched triangles... 121 5.2.9b Group 9B Framed hatched triangles... 122 5.2.10 Group 10 Alternating oblique lines... 123 5.2.11 Group 11 Interlocking hatched triangles... 124 5.2.12 Group 12 Flasks decorated with vertical diamond chains 125 5.2.13 Objects that do not conform to groups... 125 5.2.14 Summary... 127 5.3 Vounous... 127 5.3.1 Group 1 White Painted I... 128 viii

5.3.2 Group 2 Vertical lattice panels... 129 5.3.3 Group 3 Horizontal lattice panels... 129 5.3.4 Group 4 Elongated chequerboard bands... 130 5.3.5 Objects that do not conform to groups... 131 5.3.6 Summary... 131 5.4 Kazaphani... 132 5.4.1 Group 1 Framed wavy lines... 133 5.4.2 Group 2 Lattice bands... 134 5.4.3 Group 3 Cross-hatched diamonds, triangles and zigzags... 134 5.4.4 Group 4 Hatched triangles... 135 5.4.5 Group 5 Straight and/or oblique lines... 135 5.4.6 Vessels whose decoration has been obliterated... 136 5.4.7 Summary... 137 5.5 Dhiorios Aloupotrypes... 137 5.6 Stephania... 138 5.7 Kythrea... 139 5.7.1 Group 1 Round-mouthed jugs... 140 5.7.2 Group 2 Jugs with angled spouts... 143 5.8 Krini Merra... 146 5.9 Morphou Toumba tou Skourou... 146 5.9.1 Group 1 Jugs... 148 5.9.2 Group 2 Bottles... 149 5.9.3 Group 3 Askoi... 149 5.9.4 Group 4 Tankards... 149 5.9.5 Group 5 Amphorae... 151 5.9.6 Group 6 Hemispherical bowls... 151 5.9.7 Group 7 Deep bowls... 151 5.9.8 Summary... 152 5.10 Dhenia... 152 ix

Kafkalla... 153 5.10.1 Group 1 Lattice panels... 154 5.10.2 Group 2 Hatched triangles... 155 5.10.3 Group 3 Interlocking hatched triangles... 156 5.10.4 Group 4 Cross-hatched triangles... 156 5.10.5 Group 5 Hatched diamonds and triangles... 157 5.10.6 Group 6 Cross-hatched diamonds... 157 5.10.7 Group 7 Alternating oblique lines... 158 5.10.8 Group 8 Wavy lines... 159 5.10.9 Group 9 Cross-hatched chequerboard patterns... 160 5.10.10 Group 10 Various linear patterns... 160 5.10.11 Group 11 Chequerboard patterns... 161 5.10.12 Mali... 161 5.10.13 Summary... 162 5.11 Leondari Vouno... 163 5.12 Ayia Paraskevi... 164 5.12.1 Group 1 Lattice panels... 166 5.12.2 Group 2 Hatched triangles... 167 5.12.3 Group 3 Cross-hatched triangles... 168 5.12.4 Group 4 Hatched or cross-hatched diamonds... 169 5.12.5 Group 5 Chequerboard patterns... 170 5.12.6 Group 6 Linear decoration... 170 5.12.7 Summary... 171 5.13 Politiko... 172 5.13.1 Summary... 176 5.14 Alambra... 176 5.14.1 Group 1Cross-hatched designs... 177 5.14.2 Group 2 Interlocking hatched triangles... 178 5.15 Marki Alonia... 178 x

5.16 Ayios Iakovos... 179 5.16.1 Group 1 Jugs... 179 5.16.2 Group 2 Amphorae and deep bowls... 180 5.16.3 Group 3 Hemispherical bowls... 181 5.17 Galinoporni... 181 5.18 Kalopsidha... 182 5.18.1 Group 1 Pendent Line Style... 184 5.18.2 Group 2 Transitional Pendent and Cross Line Style... 184 5.18.3 Group 3 Cross Line Style... 185 5.18.3a Group 3A Style 1... 185 5.18.3b Group 3B Style 2... 187 5.18.3c Group 3C Style 3... 187 5.18.3d Group 3D Style 4... 187 5.18.3e Group 3E Vertical and horizontal crossed lines... 188 5.18.4 Group 4 White Painted VI Coarse Linear Style... 188 5.18.5 Group 5 White Painted VI Soft Triglyphic Style... 189 5.18.6 Group 6 White Painted V Tangent Line Style... 189 5.18.7 Group 7 White Painted V Zigzag Style... 190 5.18.8 Group 8 White Painted V Eyelet Style... 191 5.18.9 Objects that do not conform to groups... 191 5.19 Enkomi... 192 5.19.1 Group 1 Cross-hatched designs... 192 5.19.2 Group 2 Hatched triangles... 193 5.19.3 Group 3 Cross-hatched diamonds and zigzags... 194 5.19.4 Group 4 Cross Line Style... 194 5.19.5 Group 5 Linear patterns... 194 5.19.6 Group 6 Wavy lines... 195 5.19.7 Summary... 196 5.20 Milia... 196 xi

5.21 Boghaz... 196 5.22 Arpera... 198 5.23 Klavdhia... 199 5.23.1 Summary... 202 5.24 Laxia tou Riou... 202 5.25 Hala Sultan Tekke... 204 5.26 Xylotymbou-Katapetra... 206 5.27 Linou... 206 5.28 Magounda Polis tis Chrysokou... 207 5.29 Koulia... 207 5.30 Discussion... 208 5.30.1 The production centre at Vounous... 209 5.30.2 The production centre at Lapithos... 210 5.30.3 The production centre at Ayios Iakovos... 214 5.30.4 The production centre at Kythrea... 214 5.30.5 The production centre in the Mesaoria... 215 5.30.6 The production centre at Kalopsidha... 215 5.30.7 The production centre at Morphou Toumba tou Skourou... 216 5.31 Conclusion... 218 Chapter 6 Fabric Groups and the relationship to production centres 6.1 Introduction... 220 6.2 Alambra... 220 6.2.1 Alambra 1 AS 303... 220 6.2.2 Alambra 2 AS 425... 221 6.2.3 Alambra 3 AS 439... 221 6.2.4 Alambra 4 AS 561... 222 6.2.5 Alambra 5 AS 604... 222 6.2.6 Alambra 6 AS 781... 222 6.2.7 Alambra 7 AS 301... 223 xii

6.2.8 Summary... 223 6.3 Ayia Paraskevi... 224 6.3.1 Ayia Paraskevi 2006.7... 224 6.3.2 Ayia Paraskevi 2006.8... 224 6.3.3 Ayia Paraskevi 2006.9... 225 6.3.4 Ayia Paraskevi 2006.13... 225 6.3.5 Ayia Paraskevi 2006.30... 225 6.3.6 Ayia Paraskevi 1... 226 6.3.7 Ayia Paraskevi 2... 226 6.3.8 Ayia Paraskevi 3... 227 6.3.9 Ayia Paraskevi 4... 227 6.3.10 Ayia Paraskevi 5... 227 6.3.11 Ayia Paraskevi 6... 228 6.3.12 Ayia Paraskevi 7... 228 6.3.13 Ayia Paraskevi 8... 229 6.3.14 Ayia Paraskevi 9... 229 6.3.15 Summary... 229 6.4 Dhenia... 230 6.4.1 Dhenia 2006.39... 230 6.4.2 Dhenia 2006.44... 231 6.4.3 Dhenia 2006.57... 232 6.4.4 Dhenia 2006.58... 232 6.4.5 Dhenia 2006.63... 233 6.4.6 Dhenia 1... 233 6.4.7 Dhenia 2... 234 6.4.8 Dhenia 3... 234 6.4.9 Dhenia 4... 235 xiii

6.4.10 Dhenia 5... 235 6.4.11 Dhenia 6... 236 6.4.12 Dhenia 7... 236 6.4.13 Dhenia 8... 237 6.4.14 Dhenia 9... 238 6.4.15 Dhenia 10... 238 6.4.16 Summary... 239 6.5 Enkomi... 239 6.5.1 Enkomi 1 3219-10A... 239 6.5.2 Enkomi 3 3256B... 240 6.5.3 Enkomi 4 3256C... 240 6.5.4 Enkomi 5 2987A... 241 6.5.5 Enkomi 6 2987B... 241 6.5.6 Enkomi 7 2987C... 242 6.5.7 Enkomi 8 2987D... 242 6.5.8 Enkomi 9 2987E... 242 6.5.9 Enkomi 11 3957B... 243 6.5.10 Enkomi 12 3219-B A... 243 6.5.11 Enkomi 13 3219-B B... 244 6.5.12 Enkomi 14 3219-B C... 244 6.5.13 Enkomi 16 4108 B... 244 6.5.14 Enkomi 17 2283 A... 245 6.5.15 Enkomi 18 2283 B... 245 6.5.16 Enkomi 19 2283 C... 245 6.5.17 Enkomi 20 2283 D... 246 6.5.18 Enkomi 21 2511... 246 6.5.19 Summary... 247 xiv

6.6 Galinoporni... 247 6.6.1 Galinoporni 1... 247 6.6.2 Galinoporni 2... 248 6.6.3 Galinoporni 3... 248 6.6.4 Galinoporni 4... 249 6.6.5 Summary... 249 6.7 Lapithos... 250 6.7.1 Lapithos 69-35-50... 250 6.7.2 Lapithos 32-27-2139... 250 6.7.3 Lapithos 32-27-208... 251 6.7.4 Lapithos 32-27-183... 252 6.7.5 Lapithos 32-27-233... 252 6.7.6 Summary... 252 6.8 Politiko... 253 6.8.1 Politiko 2006.66... 253 6.8.2 Politiko 2006.85... 253 6.8.3 Politiko 1... 254 6.8.4 Politiko 2... 254 6.8.5 Politiko 3... 255 6.8.6 Summary... 255 6.9 Discussion... 256 6.9.1 Fabric Group 1 Quartz with sedimentary material no VRFs... 258 6.9.2 Fabric Group 2 Sedimentary inclusions with few VRFs... 259 6.9.3 Fabric Group 3 Sedimentary inclusions with VRFs... 260 6.9.4 Fabric Group 4 Micaceous... 261 6.9.5 Fabric Group 5 Micaceous with no VRFs... 262 6.9.6 Fabric Group 6 Micritic with sedimentary inclusions and VRFs... 262 xv

6.9.7Fabric Group 7 VRFs and quartz no sedimentary material... 263 6.9.8 Samples that do not correspond to groups... 263 6.10 Conclusion... 263 6.10.1 Fabrics of the Mesaoria... 264 6.10.2 Fabrics of the North Coast... 264 6.10.3 Fabrics of the Eastern Region... 265 6.10.4 Fabrics of the Karpass Region... 265 6.10.5 Fabrics found at Alambra... 266 6.10.6 Fabrics found at Ayia Paraskevi... 266 6.10.7 Fabrics found at Dhenia... 266 6.10.8 Fabrics found at Enkomi... 266 6.10.9 Fabrics found at Galinoporni... 267 6.10.10 Fabrics found at Lapithos... 267 6.10.11 Fabrics found at Politiko... 267 6.10.12 Relationships between production centres and sites where White Painted Ware has been found... 267 Chapter 7 Conclusion 7.1 Introduction... 273 7.2 Choosing and preparing the clay... 274 7.3 Choosing forming techniques and shapes... 275 7.4 Choosing motifs and decorative syntax... 277 7.5 The organization of production... 278 7.6 Consumer preferences... 280 7.7 Limitations of this study... 282 7.8 New directions for research... 283 Bibliography... 285 Appendix 1 Figures... 301 Appendix 2 Maps... 482 xvi

Appendix 3 Tables... 501 Appendix 4 Fabric Group Graphs... 607 Appendix 5 Proportion of Fabric Groups... 615 Appendix 6 Concordance of Sample Numbers... 616 Appendix 7 Legend of Decoration Codes... 619 Appendix 8 Chronological Tables... 622 xvii

List of Tables 1. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 1 Sedimentary material with no volcanic rock fragments Coarse Fraction 2. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 1 Quartz with sedimentary inclusions and no volcanic rock fragments Fine Fraction 3. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 2 Sedimentary inclusions with very few volcanic rock fragments Coarse fraction 4. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 2 Sedimentary inclusions with very few volcanic rock fragments Fine Fraction 5. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 3 Volcanic rock fragments and sedimentary inclusions Coarse Fraction 6. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 3 Volcanic rock fragments and sedimentary inclusions Fine Fraction 7. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 4 Micaceous Coarse Fraction 8. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 4 Micaceous Fine Fraction 9. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 5 Micaceous fabric with no volcanic rock fragments coarse fraction 10. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 5 Micaceous fabric with no volcanic rock fragments Fine Fraction 11. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 6 Micritic fabric with sedimentary inclusions and volcanic rock fragments Coarse Fraction 12. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 6 Micritic fabric with sedimentary inclusions and volcanic rock fragments Fine Fraction 13. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 7- Volcanic rock fragments and quartz with no sedimentary inclusions Coarse fraction 14. Relative percentages of inclusions in Fabric Group 7 - Volcanic rock fragments and quartz with no sedimentary inclusions Fine fraction 15. Relative percentages of inclusions in the samples that do not conform to groups coarse fraction 16. Relative percentages of inclusions in the samples that do not conform to groups fine fraction 17. Lapithos - Round-mouthed jugs with solid-coloured bases 18. Lapithos - Jugs with angled spouts and solid coloured bases 19. Lapithos - Amphorae and Askos with solid coloured bases 20. Lapithos - Jugs with round mouths and bases decorated with broad rings. 21. Lapithos - Jugs with angled spouts and bases decorated with broad rings. 22. Lapithos - Jugs with round mouths, bases decorated with alternating straight and wavy rings, and bodies decorated with lattice panels. 23. Lapithos - Jugs with angled spouts, bases decorated with alternating straight and wavy rings, and bodies decorated with lattice panels. 24. Lapithos - Amphora with straight and wavy lines in the lower part xviii

25. Lapithos - Vessels employing chequerboards in their decoration 26. Lapithos - vessels decorated with broad bands 27. Lapithos - vessels with hatched diamond chains 28. Lapithos - Vessels with cross-hatched diamond chains 29. Lapithos - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched triangles 30. Lapithos - vessels decorated with hatched triangles 31. Lapithos - Vessels decorated with alternating oblique lines 32. Lapithos - Bowls decorated with interlocking hatched triangles 33. Lapithos - Flasks decorated with vertical diamond chains 34. Lapithos - objects that do not conform to groups 35. Vounous - White Painted I 36. Vounous - Vessels with vertical lattice panels 37. Vounous - Vessels decorated with horizontal lattice panels 38. Vounous - Vessels employing elongated vertical chequerboard bands in their decoration 39. Vounous - Objects that do not conform to groups 40. Vounous - Objects from Vounous Site B (Kazaphani) 41. Kazaphani - Vessels decorated with framed wavy lines 42. Kazaphani - Vessels decorated with lattice bands 43. Kazaphani - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched lozenges, triangles and zigzags 44. Kazaphani - Vessels with hatched triangles 45. Kazaphani - Vessels decorated with straight and/or oblique lines 46. Kazaphani - Vessels whose decoration has been obliterated 47. Dhiorios Aloupotrypes 48. Stephania 49. Kythrea - Jugs with round mouths 50. Kythrea - Vessels with angled spouts 51. Krini Merra 52. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou - Jugs 53. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou Bottles 54. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou Askoi 55. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou Tankards 56. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou Amphora 57. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou Hemispherical bowls 58. Morphou Toumba tou Skourou Deep bowls 59. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with lattice panels 60. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with hatched triangles 61. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with interlocking hatched triangles 62. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched triangles 63. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels with hatched diamonds and hatched triangles 64. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched diamonds 65. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with alternating oblique lines 66. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with wavy lines xix

67. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels with cross-hatched chequerboard patterns 68. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels with linear decoration 69. Dhenia Kafkalla - Vessels decorated with chequerboard patterns 70. Dhenia Mali 71. Leondari Vouno 72. Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi - Vessels decorated with lattice panels 73. Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi - Vessels decorated with hatched triangles 74. Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched triangles 75. Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi - Vessels decorated with hatched and cross-hatched diamond chains 76. Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi - Vessels decorated with chequerboard patterns 77. Nicosia Ayia Paraskevi - Vessels decorated with linear patterns 78. Politiko Lambertis and Chomazoudhia 79. Alambra - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched designs 80. Alambra - Vessels decorated with interlocking hatched triangles 81. Ayios Iakovos Jugs 82. Ayios Iakovos Amphora and deep bowls 83. Ayios Iakovos Hemispherical bowls 84. Galinoporni 85. Kalopsidha - Cross Line Style 1 86. Kalopsidha - Cross Line Style 2 87. Kalopsidha - Cross Line Style 3 88. Kalopsidha - Cross Line Style 4 89. Kalopsidha - Cross Line Style Tankard 90. Kalopsidha - Coarse Linear Style 91. Kalopsidha - Soft Triglyphic Style 92. Kalopsidha - Tangent Line Style 93. Kalopsidha - Zig Zag Style 94. Kalopsidha - Eyelet Style 95. Kalopsidha - Objects that do not belong to groups 96. Enkomi - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched designs 97. Enkomi - Vessels decorated with hatched triangles 98. Enkomi - Vessels decorated with cross-hatched diamonds and zigzags 99. Enkomi - Vessels decorated in Cross-Line Style 100. Enkomi - Vessels decorated with linear patterns 101. Enkomi - Vessels employing wavy lines in their decoration 102. Milia 103. Boghaz 104. Arpera 105. Klavdhia 106. Laxia tou Riou 107. Hala Sultan Tekke xx

108. Kouklia 109. Magounda Polis tis Chrysokhou xxi

List of Figures 1. Red on White jar from Erimi. Vassos Karageorghis (1989) The Cyprus Museum. Nicosia: C. Epiphaniou Publications Ltd. 2. Red on White jar from Erimi. http://www.limassolmunicipal.com.cy/museum/foto5.jpg. Accessed March 22, 2011. 3. House-shaped bowl from Kissonerga. http://www. Åströmeditions.com/images/91-7081- 011-7B.jpg. Accessed March 22, 2011. 4. Red on White bowls from Kissonerga. After Steel, Louise (2004). Cyprus Before History. From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age. London: Duckworth. Figure 4.6. 5. Red on White deep bowls from Kissonerga. After Steel, Louise (2004). Cyprus Before History. From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age. London: Duckworth. Figure 4.6. 6. Red on White spouted deep bowls from Kissonerga. After Steel, Louise (2004). Cyprus Before History. From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age. London: Duckworth. Figure 4.6. 7. Red on White bottle from Kissonerga. After Steel, Louise (2004). Cyprus Before History. From the Earliest Settlers to the End of the Bronze Age. London: Duckworth. Figure 4.6. 8. Diagram showing associations and influences in pottery production. 9. Micrograph Dhenia 8, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 1 Quartz with sedimentary material and no volcanic rock fragments. 10. Micrograph Alambra 5, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 2 Sedimentary material with foraminifera and very few volcanic rock fragments. 11. Micrograph Enkomi 14, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 3 Volcanic and Sedimentary material. 12. Micrograph Ayia Paraskevi 8, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 4 Micaceous with small inclusions. 13. Micrograph Lapithos 32-27-208, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 5 Quartz with mica and no volcanic rock inclusions. 14. Micrograph Lapithos 32-27-2139, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 6 Micritic with foraminifera and volcanic rock fragments. 15. Micrograph Ayia Paraskevi 2, 10x in PPL and XP. Represents Fabric Group 7 Volcanic material and quartz with no sedimentary material. 16. Micrograph Alambra 1, 10x in PPL and XP. 17. Micrograph Galinoporni 4, 10x in PPL and XP. 18. Micrograph Lapithos 69-35-50, 10x in PPL and XP. 19. Micrograph Politiko 2006.66, 10x in PPL and XP. 20. Micrograph Politiko 2006.85, 10x in PPL and XP. 21. A 675, tomb 4, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 22. A675, tomb 4, Lapithos. Neck showing swelling and handle. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. xxii

23. A675, tomb 4, Lapithos. Handle join on neck and shoulder, respectively. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 24. A 678, tomb 9, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 25. A678, tomb 9, Lapithos. Neck close-up. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 26. A678, tomb 9, Lapithos. Clay collars on neck and shoulder. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 27. A678, tomb 9, Lapithos. Spout joint on shoulder. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 28. L.303 B.9, tomb 303 Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.5. Reproduced with permission. 29. L.313 A.21, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.3. Reproduced with permission. 30. L.313 A.47, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.2. Reproduced with permission. 31. L.313 A.71, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.1. Reproduced with permission. 32. L.316.107, tomb 316 Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.7. Reproduced with permission. 33. L.316.118, tomb 316 Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.6. Reproduced with permission. 34. 32-27-61, tomb 803B, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 35. 69-35-50, tomb 802A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 36. L.306 A. 14, tomb 306, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.5. Reproduced with permission. 37. L.311 A.13, tomb 311, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.6. Reproduced with permission. 38. L.313 B.101, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.9. Reproduced with permission. 39. L.315 B-C.6, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.5. Reproduced with permission. 40. 32-27-59, tomb 803B, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 41. L.306 A.7, tomb 306, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.2. Reproduced with permission. 42. L.306 C.6, tomb 306, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.3. Reproduced with permission. 43. L.313 A.114, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.4. Reproduced with permission. 44. L.322 D.86, tomb 322, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.1. Reproduced with permission. xxiii

45. L.313 A.113, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.5. Reproduced with permission. 46. L.315 A.10, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.10. Reproduced with permission. 47. L.311 A.35, tomb 311, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.8. Reproduced with permission. 48. L.313 B.82, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure IV.4. Reproduced with permission. 49. L.315 A.29, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.3. Reproduced with permission. 50. L.315 B-C.45, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.10. Reproduced with permission. 51. L.315 cupboard i, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.1. Reproduced with permission. 52. A 742, tomb 50, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 53. A742, tomb 50, Lapithos. Possible coil joins. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 54. A742, tomb 50, Lapithos. Neck and lugs. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 55. A742, tomb 50, Lapithos. Lugs on spout, and decoration. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 56. L.307 A.14, tomb 307, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.7. Reproduced with permission. 57. L.315 A.26, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.8. Reproduced with permission. 58. L.315 A.43, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.4. Reproduced with permission. 59. L.320.25, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.3. Reproduced with permission. 60. 32-27-82, tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 61. 32-27-85, tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 62. 32-27-2139, tomb not specified. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. Circled piece in second photo was sampled. 63. L.316.12, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.7 Reproduced with permission. 64. L.316.15, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.5. Reproduced with permission. 65. L.316.35, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.3. Reproduced with permission. 66. L.316.64, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVIII.5. Reproduced with permission. xxiv

67. L.316.107, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.4. Reproduced with permission. 68. L.316.118, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.6. Reproduced with permission. 69. L.316.120, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.2. Reproduced with permission. 70. L.316.126, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.7. Reproduced with permission. 71. L.316.178, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIII.13. Reproduced with permission. 72. L.316 cupboard 2.2, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVII.11. Reproduced with permission. 73. L.320.23, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVII.10. Reproduced with permission. 74. L.320.67, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.2. Reproduced with permission. 75. L.320.111, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.1. Reproduced with permission. 76. L.702.70, tomb 702, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIII.8. Reproduced with permission. 77. L.315 A.6, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.6. Reproduced with permission. 78. L.315 B-C.18, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.10 Reproduced with permission. 79. L.315 B-C.34, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.1. Reproduced with permission. 80. L.316.34, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.9. Reproduced with permission. 81. L.316.54, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.15. Reproduced with permission. 82. L.316.55, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.2. Reproduced with permission. 83. L.316.60, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.6. Reproduced with permission. 84. L.316.122, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.5. Reproduced with permission. 85. L.316.144, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VII.7. Reproduced with permission. 86. L.316.150, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.13. Reproduced with permission. xxv

87. L.322 D.41, tomb 322, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIII.11. Reproduced with permission. 88. L.315 B-C.27, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.11. Reproduced with permission. 89. L.316.4, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.15. Reproduced with permission. 90. 32-27-20, tomb 802A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 91. A717, tomb 49 (inventory number 81), Lapithos. Side and base of jug. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 92. A717, tomb 49, Lapithos. Dimpled surface of vessel. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 93. A717, tomb 49, Lapithos. Spout detail. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 94. A717, tomb 49, Lapithos. Handle, neck and lug. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 95. A766, tomb 50 (inventory number 269), Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 96. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Back and handle. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 97. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Base. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 98. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Uneven surface. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 99. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Attachment of rim and handle (beginning). Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 100. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Attachment of rim and handle (end). Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 101. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Attachment of rim and handle (interior). Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 102. A766, tomb 50, Lapithos. Rim exterior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 103. L.315 B-C.5, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XV.1. Reproduced with permission. 104. L.316.95, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVII.5. Reproduced with permission. 105. L.315 A.22, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.1. Reproduced with permission. 106. L.315 A.30, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.7. Reproduced with permission. 107. L.316.81, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XV.2. Reproduced with permission. 108. L.316.85, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.4. Reproduced with permission. xxvi

109. L.316.93, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.12. Reproduced with permission. 110. L.320.34, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.9. Reproduced with permission. 111. L.320.76, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.6. Reproduced with permission. 112. L.320.79, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.10. Reproduced with permission. 113. L.320.48, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.14. Reproduced with permission. 114. L.322 D.36, tomb 322, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.6. Reproduced with permission. 115. L.702.136, tomb 702, Lapithos. Karageorghis, V., Carl-Gustaf Styrenius and Marie-Louise Winbladh. (1977). Cypriote Antiquities in the Medelhavsmuseet, Stockholm (Vol. 2). Stockholm: Medelhavsmuseet, plate III.3. Reproduced with permission from the Medelhavsmuseet. 116. L.702.144, tomb 702, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVII.6. Reproduced with permission. 117. L.702.150, tomb 702, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVII.7. Reproduced with permission. 118. 32-27-87, tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 119. A654, tomb 21, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 120. A654, tomb 21, Lapithos. Scrape marks on surface. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 121. A654, tomb 21, Lapithos. Handle. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 122. L.315 A.18, Tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.4. Reproduced with permission. 123. L.316.6, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XV.5. Reproduced with permission. 124. L.316.25, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XV.9. Reproduced with permission. 125. L.316.79, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.11. Reproduced with permission. 126. L.316.102, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.2. Reproduced with permission. 127. L.316.104, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VIII.6. Reproduced with permission. 128. L.316.176, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.1. Reproduced with permission. xxvii

129. 32-27-92, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 130. 32-27-207, Tomb 804m, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 131. L.311 A.31, tomb 311, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.14. Reproduced with permission. 132. L.315 A.14, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.8. Reproduced with permission. 133. L.315 A.86, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIV.5. Reproduced with permission. 134. L.316.18, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.4. Reproduced with permission. 135. L.316.117, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.13. Reproduced with permission. 136. L.320.24, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIII.9. Reproduced with permission. 137. L.320.28, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XV.6. Reproduced with permission. 138. 32-27-10, tomb 802A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 139. 32-27-96, tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 140. A754, tomb 18, Inventory number 145, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 141. A754, tomb 18, Lapithos. Base. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 142. A754, tomb 18, Lapithos. Deep groove. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 143. A754, tomb 18, Lapithos. Indentation. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 144. A754, tomb 18, Lapithos. Surface detail. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 145. A754, tomb 18, Lapithos. Neck and handle joint. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 146. A660, Tomb 203A, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 147. A660, Tomb 203A, Lapithos. Base. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 148. A660, Tomb 203A, Lapithos. Rim and handle joint. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 149. A660, Tomb 203A, Lapithos. Rim and handle profile. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 150. A660, Tomb 203A, Lapithos. Handle joint from back. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. xxviii

151. A660, Tomb 203A, Lapithos. Hatched triangle. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 152. A713a, tomb 203, inventory number 25, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 153. A713a, tomb 203, Lapithos. Base. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 154. A713a, tomb 203, Lapithos. Neck and spout. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 155. A713a, tomb 203, Lapithos. Spout. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 156. A713a, tomb 203, Lapithos. Neck joint. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 157. A713a, tomb 203, Lapithos. Neck and handle joint. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 158. L.315 A.46, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIII.5. Reproduced with permission. 159. L.315 A.97, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XV.4. Reproduced with permission. 160. L.320.64, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XI.9. Reproduced with permission. 161. L.320.86, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XII.12. Reproduced with permission. 162. L.320.88, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure VI.3. Reproduced with permission. 163. 32-27-89, tomb 804p, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 164. 32-27-89, tomb 804p, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 165. 32-27-89, tomb 804p, Lapithos. Top. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 166. 32-27-211, tomb 804, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 167. 32-27-213, tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 168. 32-27-213, tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 169. 32-27-213, tomb 804A, Lapithos. Top view. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 170. A659, tomb 50, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 171. A659, tomb 50, Lapithos. Base. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 172. A659, tomb 50, Lapithos. Handle and rim interior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 173. A659, tomb 50, Lapithos. Handle. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. xxix

174. A659, tomb 50, Lapithos. Handle and rim joint interior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 175. A659, tomb 50, Lapithos. Handle and rim joint exterior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 176. L.315 A.2, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XII.10. Reproduced with permission. 177. L.315 A.70, tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XII.11. Reproduced with permission. 178. L.316.132, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XIII.2. Reproduced with permission. 179. L.316.162, tomb 316, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure V.7. Reproduced with permission. 180. L.320.65, tomb 320, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XII.7. Reproduced with permission. 181. 32-27-80, tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 182. 32-27-80, tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 183. 32-27-80, tomb 804A, Lapithos. Top view. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 184. 32-27-196, tomb 804h, cupboard h, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 185. 32-27-208, tomb 804n, cupboard n, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 186. A636, tomb 313, Lapithos. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 187. A636, tomb 313, Lapithos. Base. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 188. A636, tomb 313, Lapithos. Interior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 189. A636, tomb 313, Lapithos. Handle attachment, interior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 190. A636, tomb 313, Lapithos. Handle attachment, exterior. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 191. A636, tomb 313, Lapithos. Handle attachment, exterior, with fingerprint. Cyprus Museum. Photograph by author. 192. L.313 B.23, tomb 313, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure III.1. Reproduced with permission. 193. L.315 B-C.35, Tomb 315, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XII.2. Reproduced with permission. 194. L.702.69, Tomb 702, Lapithos. Åström, P. (1957). The Middle Cypriote Bronze Age. Lund: Hakan Ohlssons Boktryckeri, figure XVI.13. Reproduced with permission. xxx

195. 32-27-71, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 196. 32-27-71, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 197. 32-27-71, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Interior. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 198. 32-27-73, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 199. 32-27-73, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 200. 32-27-73, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Interior. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 201. 32-27-76, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 202. 32-27-76, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 203. 32-27-76, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Interior. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 204. 32-27-78, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 205. 32-27-78, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 206. 32-27-78, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Interior. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 207. 32-27-81, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 208. 32-27-81, Tomb 804A, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 209. 32-27-162, Tomb 804B, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 210. 32-27-162, Tomb 804B, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 211. 32-27-162, Tomb 804B, Lapithos. Interior. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 212. 32-27-182, Tomb 804g, Lapithos. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 213. 32-27-182, Tomb 804g, Lapithos. Base. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 214. 32-27-183, Tomb 804g, Lapithos. Exterior. Circled sherd has been sampled for petrographic analysis. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. 215. 32-27-183, Tomb 804g, Lapithos. Interior. University of Pennsylvania Museum. Photograph by author. xxxi

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