Questions & Answers
Contents What is BENTONE GEL PTIS V? What is pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate? What are the major application benefits? Where can BENTONE GEL PTIS V be used? How do I incorporate this product into my formulations? What are the typical use levels? How do the rheological properties of BENTONE GEL PTIS V differ from that of pure pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate? Can you demonstrate the applications with some formulation examples? Is testing data available to help show the performance benefits provided by BENTONE GEL PTIS V? 1
Q: What is BENTONE GEL PTIS V? A: BENTONE GEL PTIS V is a dispersion of fully activated BENTONE 38 V, a nonanimal origin hectorite organoclay, in pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate. It delivers a combination of benefits in a single, easy to use product. While providing cushioning emollience, long lasting lubricious skin feel, high pigment wetting and glossy films, this product further offers rheological modifications for the oil phase and emulsions, which leads to enhanced product stability, as well as increased viscosity, superior suspending capabilities, a rich texture and smooth skin feel, better spreading properties and thixotropic flow characteristics. Figure 1. BENTONE GEL PTIS V The INCI name of BENTONE GEL PTIS V is Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate, Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate. Typical Properties Property Specification Appearance Light Tan Paste Viscosity (MM cps) 1.0-2.5 Ash Content (%) 7.5-8.5 Total Plate Count 0-100 Table 1. Typical Properties of BENTONE GEL PTIS V 2
Q: What is Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate? Pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate is an elegant emollient ester, which is a polar, branched chain tretraester with low interfacial tension and high molecular weight, designed to impart long-lasting emolliency and low comodogenicity in colour cosmetics. It is a wonderful alternative too castor oil and provides highly occlusive skin protection with an appealing high-gloss finish. It is insoluble in water, ethanol and hydroalcoholic Figure 2. Chemical structure of systems. Pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate has a high pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate molecular weight with a relatively high viscosity, compared to other esters. Therefore it has one of the lowest Emollient Skin Spreading Factors available (ESSF = 2.9), as seen in figure 3, and spreads slowly on the skin. This means that it is not only a highly lubricious emollient, but it also provides persistent luxurious and cushiony skin feel. Its low interfacial tension shows that it has a relatively high polarity and is an excellent wetting and dispersing agent for pigments. Figure 3. Emollient skin spreading factors of various esters Figure 4. Interfacial tensions of various esters 3
Q: What are the major application benefits? A: The application benefits include: Improved formulation stability, including elevated temperature stability Thickening and suspending Thixotropic rheological flow Enhanced pigment wetting and dispersion Rich texture and improved formulation aesthetics Smooth skin feel and reduces greasiness Ease of spreading and even coverage Cushioning emollience Enhanced UV protection Improved shine/gloss for hair 4
Q: Where can BENTONE GEL PTIS V be used? A: BENTONE GEL PTIS V is suitable for various personal care applications. Some formulation examples are listed in this application guide. This product is very easy to incorporate into the oil phase of emulsions, or all oil systems. Applications may include: Lip products Mascara Make-up Skin care products Sunscreens Hair preparations Creams/lotions Ointments/oil gels/sticks 5
Q: How do I incorporate the product into my formulations? A: BENTONE GEL PTIS V may be added to the oil phase of a formulation at any convenient stage during the manufacturing cycle. This is a very high viscosity, shearthinning product. To ensure good homogeneous mixing is achieved, care should be taken to overcome the large viscosity differential existing between the BENTONE GEL and the other lower viscosity components. The use of medium to high shear mixing equipment is recommended. Thorough mixing of the BENTONE GEL in the oil phase should be ensured before continuing to the next processing step, such as emulsification. Batch Processing Single Phase Systems Always add the BENTONE GEL, under shear, to a portion of the organic component or solvent with which it is most compatible. Mix until homogeneous before adding the other ingredients. Multi-Phase Systems (e.g. emulsions) Treat as with the single phase but always ensure the BENTONE GEL thoroughly mixed in before continuing to the emulsification stage. additive is Continuous Processing The BENTONE GEL should be added to the oil phase at any convenient point, which meets the above guidelines for batch processing. In multimanifold systems, a flowable pre-mix of the BENTONE GEL with a compatible oil or solvent should be made in a side vessel. Where only lower shear mixing equipment is available, stir the BENTONE GEL and slowly add the most compatible component gradually, always ensuring the mixture remains homogeneous at each stage. 6
Q: What are the typical use levels? A: Product use levels depend on the amount of thickening, stabilisation and cushioning emollience desired in the final formulation. Suspension will be provided by concentrations of 2.5-10.0%. In emulsions, thickening will occur only in the oil phase. Emulsion viscosities will be influenced by concentrations of 3-5%. Higher levels of BENTONE GEL will have a greater effect on the viscosity. Thermostable viscosity in single phase systems may be achieved by adding 10-25% to the formulation. Q: How do the rheological properties of BENTONE GEL PTIS V differ from that of pure pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate? A: The flow curves and oscillation curve (frequency sweep) of BENTONE GEL PTIS V and pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate are compared below. BENTONE GEL PTIS V is a high viscosity gel, with thixotropic flow behaviour, while pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate is a low viscosity liquid with almost a constant viscosity when the shear rate is varied. In addition, BENTONE GEL PTIS V is a gel with a strong structure and excellent stability. Figure 5. Addition of BENTONE 38 V produces a high viscosity gel, with thixotropic flow behaviour Figure 6. BENTONE 38 V provides excellent stability in pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate 7
Q: Can you demonstrate the applications with some formulation examples? A: Some representative formulations with BENTONE GEL PTIS V are listed here to demonstrate the various potential applications. Formula 1: Mascara Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 15.0 Dow Corning 345 Fluid (Cyclomethicone) Dow Corning 21.0 DHL Black (C.I. 77499 and Dimethicone) US Cosmetic Group 20.0 Cerauba T1 (Carnauba Wax) Barlocher France 1.0 Tegin 4100 Pellets (Glyceryl Stearate) Evonik Degussa 1.0 Paratexin P (Propylparaben) S. Black Group 0.2 PHASE B Deionised Water 31.5 Glycerine 4.0 Propylene Glycol 2.0 Crill 43 (Sorbitan Sesquioleate) Croda 2.0 Luviskol VA 64 Powder (VP/VA Copolymer) BASF 1.0 D-Panthenol USP (Panthenol) BASF 1.0 Paratexin M (Methylparaben) S. Black Group 0.2 Tetrasodium EDTA 0.1 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Premix Phase A and heat to 70-75 C. 2. Premix Phase B and heat to 70-75 C. 3. Add Phase A to Phase B with high shear mixing (i.e. Silverson Homogeniser). 4. Cool with propeller stirring. Physical Properties Appearance Black viscous product ph 7.0-8.0 Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 50000-70000 8
Formula 2: Moisturising Lipgloss Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 10.0 Castor Oil (Ricinus Communis (Castor) Seed Oil) 77.1 Cerilla G (Candelila Wax) Barlocher 3.5 Timiron Supersheen MP1001 (Mica and C.I.77891) Merck 2.0 Ceresine 26555 (Ceresin) Barlocher 1.5 Multiwax W-835 (Microcrystalline Wax) Crompton 1.5 Ceruba T1 (Carnauba Wax) Barlocher 1.0 COOD 8006 (Ricinus Communis and CI 77491 and BHT) Sun Chemical 0.7 COOD 8005 (Ricinus Communis and C.I.77492 and BHT) Sun Chemical 0.7 COOD 8001 (Ricinus Communis and Red 7 Lake) Sun Chemical 0.5 COOD 8004 (Ricinus Communis and CI 77499 and BHT) Sun Chemical 0.3 Paratexin P (Propylparaben) S. Black Group 0.2 PHASE B Maxi Lip (Ethylhexyl Palmitate and Tribehenin and Sorbitan Isostearate and Palmitoyl Oligopeptide) Croda 1.0 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Combine Phase A and heat to 90-95 C. 2. Mix thoroughly and cool with mixing to 70 C. 3. Add Phase B and cool with cooling. Physical Properties Appearance ph Pink viscous product N/A Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 40000-60000 9
Formula 3: Foundation Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A Deionised Water 31.35 Glycerine 5.0 Tween 20 (Polysorbate 20) Uniqema 2.0 Sodium Chloride 0.6 Paratexin M (Methylparaben) S. Black Group 0.2 PHASE B BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 9.0 Tegosoft OS (Ethylhexyl Stearate) Evonik Degussa 7.0 Galenol 1618 AE (Cetearyl Alcohol and Ceteareth-20) Sasol 5.0 Abil WE 09 (Polyglyceryl-4 Isostearate and Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone and Hexyl Laurate) Evonik Degussa 3.0 Abil EM 90 (Cetyl PEG/PPG-10/1 Dimethicone) Evonik Degussa 3.0 Abil Wax 9814 (Cetyl Dimethicone) Evonik Degussa 2.0 Stearic Acid PC (Stearic Acid) Protameen 2.0 Fomblin HC-25 (Polyperfluoromethylisopropyl Ether) Uniqema 0.25 Paratexin P (Propylparaben) S. Black Group 0.1 PHASE C Dow Corning 345 Fluid (Cyclomethicone) Dow Corning 20.0 PHASE D Pigment Blend (Iron Oxides and Methicone) Cardre Inc 9.5 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Combine Phase A and B separately and heat to 70-75 C with mixing. 2. Add Phase C to Phase B with mixing. Add Phase D to Phase B+C and mix for 20 minutes. 3. Add Phase B+C+D to Phase A with silverson homogenising and cool with mixing to desired temperature. Physical Properties Appearance Pigmented viscous emulsion ph 7.0-7.8 Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 40000-60000 10
Formula 4: Organic Sunscreen Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 3.0 Cosmowax EM5483 PAST (Cetearyl Alcohol and Ceteareth-20) Croda 7.5 Eusolex 2292 (Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnimate and BHT) Merck 7.5 Cithrol GMS A/S PAST (Glyceryl Stearate and PEG-100 Stearate) Croda 7.0 Tegosoft CT (Caprylic/Capric Triglyceride) Evonik Degussa 6.0 Tegosoft TN (C 12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) Evonik Degussa 4.0 Eusolex 4360 (Benzophenone-3) Merck 3.0 PHASE B Deionised Water 57.9 PHASE C Propylene Glycol 4.0 Phenoxetol (Phenoxyethanol) Clariant 0.1 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Heat Phase A to 75 C. 2. Heat Phase B to 75 C. 3. With Silverson homogenising add Phase A to Phase B and continue to mix at high speed for 20 minutes. 4. Transfer to propeller stirrer and commence cooling. 5. Under 35 C add Phase C. 6. Mix until uniform. Physical Properties Appearance White viscous emulsion ph 7.4-7.9 Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 80000-100000 11
Formula 5: O/W Inorganic Sunscreen Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 3.0 Tegosoft TN (C 12-15 Alkyl Benzoate) Evonik Degussa 10.0 Tegosoft Liquid (Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate) Evonik Degussa 5.0 Tego Alkanol (Cetyl Alcohol) Evonik Degussa 3.0 Tego SMS (Sorbitan Stearate) Evonik Degussa 2.2 Beeswax A&E Connock 0.5 PHASE B NANOX 200 (Zinc Oxide) ELEMENTIS Specialties 7.0 T805 (Titanium Dioxide) Evonik Degussa 1.2 PHASE C Deionised Water 56.6 Vegetable Glycerin 8.0 Crillet 3 Super (Polysorbate 60) Croda 3.3 PHASE D Phenoxetol (Phenoxyethanol) Clariant 0.2 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Heat Phase A together to 75 C. 2. Transfer to a Silverson homogeniser, and with mixing gradually add Phase B. Mix until fully dispersed. 3. In a separate container warm Phase C to 75 C. 4. Using high shear mixing (e.g. Silverson homogeniser), slowly add Phase A+B to Part C. 5. Continue to mix for several minutes. 6. Transfer to propeller stirrer and commence cooling. 7. Under 35 C add Phase D. 8. Mix until uniform. Physical Properties Appearance White creamy emulsion ph 6.0-7.0 Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 60000-80000 12
Formula 6: Hand Cream Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 7.0 AEC Sweet Almond (Prunus Amygdalus Dulcis (Sweet Almond) Oil) A&E Connock 8.0 Crodamol PMP (PPG-2 Myristyl Ether Propionate) Croda 6.0 Stearic Acid PC (Stearic Acid) Protameen 1.5 Tegosoft 1618 (Cetearyl Alcohol) Evonik Degussa 1.5 Dow Corning 200 Fluid 200cps (Dimethicone) Dow Corning 1.0 PHASE B BENTONE LT (Hectorite and Hydroxyethylcellulose) Elementis Specialties 1.5 Deionised Water 68.7 PHASE C Tegosoft LSE 65K (Sucrose Cocoate) Evonik Degussa 1.5 D-Panthenol USP (Panthenol) BASF 0.2 Tetrasodium EDTA 0.1 PHASE D Nutrilan Keratin W (Hydrolyzed Keratin) Cognis 2.0 Paratexin PE (Phenoxyethanol) S. Black Group 1.0 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Combine Phase A and heat with mixing to 80-85 C. 2. Combine Phase B and mix till dispersed. 3. Add Phase C to Phase B and heat with mixing to 80-85 C. 4. Add Phase A to Phase B+C and homogenise. 5. Cool to 35 C with propeller stirring. 6. Add Phase D and stir. Physical Properties Appearance White creamy emulsion ph 6.0-7.0 Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 60000-80000 13
Formula 7: Hair Pomade Ingredient Supplier % w/w PHASE A BENTONE GEL PTIS V (Pentaerythrityl Tetraisostearate and Disteardimonium Hectorite and Propylene Carbonate) ELEMENTIS Specialties 6.0 Tego Alkanol 1618 (Cetearyl Alcohol) Evonik Degussa 11.0 Mineral Oil 7.0 Tegosoft Liquid (Cetearyl Ethylhexanoate) Evonik Degussa 6.0 Beeswax 5.0 Tegin 4100 Pellets (Glyceryl Stearate) Evonik Degussa 4.0 Arlacel 987 (Sorbitan Isostearate) Uniqema 4.0 PHASE B Dow Corning 345 Fluid (Cyclomethicone) Dow Corning 57.0 Total 100.0 Procedure 1. Combine Phase A and heat to 80-85 C with mixing. 2. Cool with mixing to 70 C. 3. Add Phase B to main batch, with mixing. 4. Cool with mixing. Physical Properties Appearance ph White creamy product N/A Viscosity - Brookfield DV-II+, Spindle 7, 5rpm (cps) 60000-80000 14
Q: Is testing data available to help show the performance benefits provided by BENTONE GEL PTIS V? A: Experimental data has been obtained by testing the different formulations, with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V. Performance benefits are shown here: BENTONE GEL PTIS V in Mascara (Formula 1) Pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate provides an emollient film and aides pigment dispersion. The organoclay helps to improve application properties and stabilise the pigments. The flowcurve for the mascara with BENTONE GEL PTIS V, in figure 7, shows an increase in low shear viscosity and thixotropy, indicating better application properties. In figure the temperature increase from 10-80 C has no impact on the viscosity of the mascara with BENTONE GEL PTIS V. The temperature has a large effect on Figure 7. Flowcurve comparison of mascara with and the mascara without any organoclay, leading to without BENTONE GEL PTIS V large viscosity changes throughout the heating and cooling down process. Figure 9 shows that after a couple of weeks at 24 C the mascara without organoclay has undergone strong phase separation, whereas the mascara with BENTONE GEL PTIS V remained a viscous and stable product. Figure 10 the increased yield stress provided by the organoclay. This Figure 8. Temperature vs viscosity comparison of effectively stabilises the pigments. mascara with and without organoclay no Organoclay with BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 9. Mascara with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V after a couple of weeks at room temperature 24 C Figure 10. Yield value of mascaras 15
BENTONE GEL PTIS V in a Moisturising Lipgloss (Formula 2) This lipgloss uses pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate to impart an exceptionally glossy shine to the lips and the organoclay helps to suspend the pigments, allow for even application and provides a smooth creamy finish to the lips. The flowcurve shows greater thixotropy in the lipgloss with BENTONE GEL PTIS V, compared to the formula without organoclay. This implies improved pigment suspension and better application properties. Figure 12 shows that the G' (the storage or elastic modulus) of the moisturising lipgloss with BENTONE GEL PTIS V is constantly greater than the G'' (the loss or viscous modulus) throughout the entire range of angular frequencies (0.1-100s -1 ) investigated. This result predicts that the formulation will exhibit excellent shelf-life stability (low angular frequencies), remain unaffected by normal jostling and movements experienced during shipping (mid-range angular frequencies) and remain stable under the high shear imparted during application (high angular frequencies). On the other hand, the results for the lipgloss without organoclay only show stability while at rest (low angular frequencies) but very likely to be unstable during transport and during usage as well since the G'' crosses over the G' at about 1s -1. Real time accelerated aging and usage confirms this to be true. Figure 13 shows phase instability from 60-70 C in the lipgloss without organoclay. The lipgloss with BENTONE GEL PTIS V remains stable from 10-80 C. Figure 11 Flowcurve for moisturising lipgloss with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 12. Frequency sweep for lipgloss with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 13. Temperature oscillation curve for lipgloss with and without organoclay 16
BENTONE GEL PTIS V in a Foundation (Formula 3) BENTONE GEL PTIS V in this foundation offers the lubricating emollient effect from the pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate along with the added smooth application properties, better pigment dispersion and improved coverage achieved with hectorite organoclay. Figure 14 shows the improvement in pigment distribution when BENTONE GEL PTIS V is added to the formulation. The foundation with BENTONE GEL PTIS V and the formula without organoclay, contained the same amount of the same pigment blend. The formulation without organoclay, therefore, shows inferior pigment dispersion. no Organoclay with BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 14. Foundation with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V 17
BENTONE GEL PTIS V in an Organic Sunscreen (Formula 4) BENTONE GEL PTIS V in this organic sunscreen offers the emollient benefits of the pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate and rheological benefits of the hectorite organoclay. The hectorite organoclay also gives a smoother skin feel. SPF UVA/UVB Ratio Critical Wavelength Organic Sunscreen with no Organoclay 27.47 +/- 3.71 0.428 358.9 Organic Sunscreen with BENTONE GEL PTIS V 30.32 +/- 4.06 0.518 363.6 Table 2. SPF results for organic sunscreen with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V SPF testing, following Elementis internal SOP 008 (using Vitro Skin from IMS Testing Group) showed slight boosting of the SPF for the formulation with BENTONE GEL PTIS V. The formulation also gave an improvement in the UVA/UVB ratio and the critical wavelength. 18
BENTONE GEL PTIS V in an O/W Inorganic Sunscreen (Formula 5) BENTONE GEL PTIS V in this inorganic oil in water sunscreen helps offer improved skin feel and better dispersion and suspension of actives. Figure 15. Frequency sweep for O/W inorganic sunscreen with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 16. MPF Curve for O/W inorganic sunscreen with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 15 shows a frequency sweep, comparing the inorganic sunscreen without organoclay and with BENTONE GEL PTIS V. Here we can see that the storage and loss moduli for the formulation without organoclay cross over in the low angular frequency range, indicating possible instabilities when stored over time. Figure 16 shows the average plot of the Monochromatic Protection Factor, a measure of the absorbing characteristics at discrete wavelength intervals, taken when the suncream was applied to Vitro Skin (IMS Testing Group) following standard guidelines. The sunscreen with BENTONE GEL PTIS V is shown to slightly improve the UVA and UVB absorption, compared to the sample without organoclay. Table 3 shows that there is a slight boosting of the SPF in the formulation containing BENTONE GEL PTIS V. This will be due to the improved suspension of the actives and the improved application properties provided by the hectorite organoclay. SPF O/W Inorganic Sunscreen with no Organoclay 10.31 +/- 2.05 O/W Inorganic Sunscreen with BENTONE GEL PTIS V 15.18 +/- 3.36 Table 3 SPF results for O/W inorganic sunscreen with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V 19
BENTONE GEL PTIS V in a Hand Cream (Formula 6) This hand cream is non-greasy and applies easily, with good rub in properties. The pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate helps to soften the hands and the hectorite organoclay improves application and also helps leave a smoother skin feel. Addition of BENTONE GEL PTIS V gives an increase in the low shear viscosity and the thixotropy of the cream. This greater thixotropy accounts for the improved rub in properties of the cream with BENTONE GEL PTIS V. In figure 18 the hand cream with organoclay is less influenced by temperature changes than the product without organoclay. For the hand cream without organoclay G (storage modulus) and G (loss modulus) cross over at around 40 C, indicating phase changes, which could cause instability within the formulation. The storage modulus in the hand cream with BENTONE GEL PTIS V was constantly higher than the loss modulus from 10-80 C, which would imply physical stability. The storage stability at 40 C supported the temperature curve in the oscillation mode, figure 18. Here in figure 19 we can see that when stored at 40 C, for less than 1 month, the sample without organoclay, exhibited strong phase separation, whereas the cream with BENTONE GEL PTIS V remained stable. Figure 17. Flowcurve for hand cream with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V Figure 18. Temperature oscillation curve for hand cream with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V with BENTONE GEL no Organoclay PTIS V Figure 19. Hand cream with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V after less than 1 month at 40 C 20
BENTONE GEL PTIS V in a Hair Pomade (Formula 7) The pentaerythrityl tetraisostearate in the BENTONE GEL PTIS V helps provide an emollient film which gives the hair a better shine. The hectorite organoclay also aided the wet and dry combability, leaving the hair softer than the formulation without organoclay. Figure 20. Frequency sweep for hair pomade with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V In figure 20 we can see that the hair pomade without organoclay shows phase changes in the low angular frequency range, which indicates instability on storage. Figure 21 shows the phase behaviour of the hair pomades from 10-80 C. We can see that the elastic modulus of the formulation with BENTONE GEL PTIS V remains higher than the viscous modulus, showing stability. The hair pomade without organoclay undergoes a phase change at about 45 C, which indicates instabilities at this temperature and above. Figure 21. Temperature oscillation curve for hand cream with and without BENTONE GEL PTIS V 21
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