PRODUCTION OF A WHITEBOARD MARKER REFILLED INK FROM CRYSTAL DYE. By MAKUNBABA (2006/24187EH) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA NIGER STATE, NOVEMBER, 2011. ','::
PRODUCTION OF A WHITEBOARD MARKER REFILLED INK FROM CRYSTAL DYE. By MAKUNBABA (2006/24187EH) DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING FEDERAL UNIVESITY OF TECHNOLOGY, MINNA, NIGER STATE IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BARCHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B. ENG) DEGREE IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING NOVEMBER, 2011.
DECLARATION I declare that the work in the project report (thesis) entitled "Production of whiteboard marker refilled ink from crystal dye" has been performed (carried out) by me under the supervision of Engr. Abdullahi D. Mohammed. No part of this project report (thesis) was presented for another degree or diploma elsewhere at any institution to the best of my knowledge. BabaMakun Name of Student Date ii
CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project report (thesis) "PRODUCTION OF WHITEBOARD MARKER INK REFILLED INK FROM CRYSTAL DYE" by Makun Baba meets the requirements for the partial fulfilment of the award of Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng) degree in Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Minna. Date. ' Project Supervisor Engr. Dr. M. O. Edoga Date Head of Department External Examiner...----- Date '.'.,.' iii
DEDICATION This project is dedicated to my parents Mr. and Mrs Joseph Makun.A1so to the loving memory of my grandmother Ladi Makun. Also, this work is dedicated to all the lovers of Chemical Engineering. Finally and above all to God almighty for his mercy and love. iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I am most grateful to almighty god for his boundless bestowed upon us all and for sparing my life, especially for guiding me through my academic work, and for granting me the strength, wisdom and understanding to complete this proj ect. Words can never be enough to thank my parents Mr Joseph and Mrs Alice Makun.My sweet aunty Felice Ojo and my younger once Victor, David and Moses, I thank them for their unflinching moral and financial support. I am indebted to my proj ect supervisor, Engr. Abdullahi Dyadya Mohammed, sir, your tremendous contribution in the form of advice, constructive criticism and encouragement towards the successful completion of this work is appreciated. I also acknowledge the families of Mr and Mrs prosper Olowoyeye, Mr and Mrs Tarosi the olayiwole family, Galadima"s family and to my co engineers Engineer Jacob Olayiwola, Samson Enessi, chinedu Nduka. May god reward you all. I am also grateful to the head of department, especially those I hard the honour of learning. from during my staying in the school. I sincerely thank Jacob Galadima, Irene Shaba, Doma Joseph Galadima, Rita Galadima, Maria Galadima, Emmanuel Akpan Godwin, Isaiah Adebayo, Engr Adewale Ibrahim Adekunle. My appreciation also goes to those who have in one way or the other help towards the attainment of this success, I say thank you very much and finally to my colleagues Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology. Minna v
ABSTRACT This study is aimed at production of a whiteboard refilled ink from crystal dye manufactured from local materials, the whiteboard refilled ink was formulated by synthesizing crystal dye with gum Arabic and distilled water. The crystal dye was' sieved using a 63um aperture sieve type and dissolved in ethanol (solvent) to form a concentrated mixture. The concentrate was further mix1roperly'with gum Arabic and distilled water to form the ink. Seven different formulations were made and various properties of the inks produced were tested against that of the commercial whiteboard marker ink. When compared, the ink sample F, with test properties which include ph (7.94), drying time (6.0 s), viscosity (6.504 cst) and specific.gravity (1.23), Was -- found to have the best quality among other samples produced, and these values are in agreement to the standard set by standard organisation of Nigeria (SON). vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS Content Page Cover page Title page 11 Declaration 111. Certification IV Dedication V Acknowledgement VI Abstract VlI List of Tables XlI List of Figures X111 CHAPTER ONE.' 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Aim of the Research. 3 1.2 Obj ective of the Research. 3 1.3 Proj ectmotivation. 4 1.4 Scope of Work. 4 1.5 Research Problem Statement. 5 1.6 Justification of the Proposed Study. 5 1.7 Limitation of the Research. 6 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Literature review 7 2.1 Historical background 7 2.2 Classification of ink 9 2.3 Component of ink 11 vii
2.3.1 Coiorant 11 2.3.l.1 Dye stuff! Dye 11 " 2.3.l.2 Pigment 11 ;'~ 2.3.2 Resins 12 ~~ 2.3.3 Solvent 14 2.3:5 Additives 17 2.4 Difference between Dye and Pigment-Based Inks 18 2.5 Type of Ink 20 2.6 Characteristics oflnk 25..... '. 2.7 Physical Characteristics 27 2.8 Ink production process 28 2.9 Ink testing and Equipment 28 2.10 Ink Production Equipments 30 2.10 Storage of Inks. 31 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Research Methodology 32 \ 3. 1 Research Materials 32 3.2 Research Equipment Used 32 3.3 Production Procedure 33. 3.3: 1 Varnish Preparati on 33 t, : 3.3.2 Concentrate Preparation 33 ': 3.3.3 Fotmulations! Technique Used 33.., 3.4 Medium Formulation 36 3.5 Final Ink Formulation Procedure 36 3.4 Quality Checks! Ink Testing Methodology 41 3.4.1Drying Time Test 41 viii
3.4.2 ph Test 3.4.3 Viscosity 3.4.4 Specific Gravity 3.4.5 Tack 41 41 " 41 42 "",f.. CaAPTER FOUR 4.0 Results and Discussion 4.1 Prop~rties oflnk Test 4.4.1 ph Test 4.4.2 Tack Test 4.4.3 Drying Time Test 4. 1.4 Rub Resistance. 4.4:5 Viscosity Test 4.1.6 Specific Gravity Test 4.2 DisC1,lssion of Result 45 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendation Reference 46 46 46 47. ~ ix
List of Tables Tables Page Table 2.1 Drying mechanism for various ink 25 Table 3.1 Medium formulation Table 3.2 Ink Sample,A Formulation Table 3.3 Ink Sample B Formulation Table 3.4 Ink Sample C Formulation Table 3.5 Ink Sample D Formulation Table 3.6 Ink Sample E Formulation 36,." 37,. 38 38 39 39 '.' Table 3.7 Ink Sample FFormulation 40 Table 3.8 Ink Sample G Formulation 40 Table 4.1 Quality Assessment Test Table Table 4.2 Standard Ink Properties Values by Standard Organisation of Nigeria 44 x