Small Things Wide Horizons

Transcription

1 Small Things Wide Horizons Studies in honour of Birgitta Hårdh Edited by Lars Larsson, Fredrik Ekengren, Bertil Helgesson and Bengt Söderberg Archaeopress Archaeology

2 Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Gordon House 276 Banbury Road Oxford OX2 7ED ISBN ISBN (e-pdf) Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by Oxuniprint Ltd, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website

3 Contents Tabula 7 Preface 9 silver The background and the early history of the neck rings of the Glazov type (also called Permian) and the beginning of East-West connections in Early Medieval Northern Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries 13 Johan Callmer The social weight of silver in the Íslendingasögur and the Viking Age hoards 20 Fredrik Ekengren & Maria Domeij Lundborg 100 Viking Age hoards of Bornholm 27 Status, challenges and perspectives Gitte Tarnow Ingvardson & Finn Ole Sonne Nielsen Hoards and sinuous snakes 35 Significance and meaning of ring ornaments in Early Viking Age hoards from Gotland Christoph Kilger At the end of the silver flow 43 Islamic dirhams in Sigtuna and the shrinking Viking network Mats Roslund coins Viking-Age coins found in Sweden 51 Kenneth Jonsson The earliest coin hoard of Lund 58 Jens Christian Moesgaard Nicholas of St. Albans, Anketil and Alfvini three Danish moneyers of English origin from the 12 th and 13 th centuries 64 Jørgen Steen Jensen Three Crowns Coin motive and (trans-)national symbol 69 Cecilia von Heijne Buttons as brooches 77 Morten Axboe Hand rings 82 Torsten Capelle Gold in Guleboda 86 trinkets A Byzantine gold coin from southern Småland Martin Hansson A little piece of silver from the Romele ridge area 91 Bertil Helgesson Two brooch-knobs and a handful of thoughts 97 Karen Høilund Nielsen Notices on the Notitia 104 A comparison between heraldic insignia of late Roman military units as depicted in Notitia Dignitatum and certain patterns on Scandinavian Migration Period jewellery like wrist clasps and relief brooches Jan Peder Lamm Close to Asgard between West and South 110 Lars Larsson Shield-formed pendants and solar symbols of the Migration period 115 Bente Magnus Vikings in Bavaria 121 An unpublished spännbuckla from Munich and its history Sonja Marzinzik & Michaela Helmbrecht A female statement of power? 126 Some reflections on the Viking Age Yelets-brooch Michael Neiß A Hind to your Health! 132 Alexandra Pesch

4 burials Small items and major conclusions 141 A discussion of the findings from Gullhögen, Old Uppsala Birgit Arrhenius with contributions by Ingmar Jansson Uncovering more Death 150 Some recent excavations of graves from the Early Iron Age in Scania Tony Björk Vester Galsted an inhumation grave at P. Frey s field 160 Per Ethelberg Rune-stones and the localisation of graves 169 Burial customs in the Conversion period Anne-Sofie Gräslund Pidgirci (Western Ukraine) and Havor (Gotland, Sweden) two grave finds connected with Byzantine Christianity 175 Michael Müller-Wille Pot and amulet pendants in the early mediaeval grave 130 of Frankfurt-Harheim 182 Uta von Freeden centrality Small things and wide horizons from a Birka perspective 229 Björn Ambrosiani & Ingrid Gustin Detecting Vester Kærby 237 Problems associated with the interpretation of metal-detector finds from the plough soil Mogens Bo Henriksen & Helle W. Horsnæs Early medieval trading centres and transport systems between Dorestad, Ribe and Wolin 245 The latest results of the Priority Research Programme Harbours from the Roman Iron Age to the Middle Ages Hauke Jöns Quedlinburg before the Ottonian kings 253 Approaches towards an early topography of power Babette Ludowici The relationship between Uppåkra and Lund a status update 261 Ing-Marie Nilsson The Trelleborg constructors 267 Anders Ödman crafts Production of Scandinavian-style sword hilts on the southern Baltic coast? 191 A stray find, presumably dating to the Late Roman Iron Age, from Lübsow / Lubieszewo in Poland Andreas Rau, Ruth Blankenfeldt & Jan Schuster Joining threads a discussion of the archaeology of the tacit 199 Ulla Isabel Zagal-Mach Wolfe farms and fields What did the Wells conceal? 211 Hvissinge Vest a Village from the Germanic Iron Age Linda Boye Medicinal herbs useful and fatal 218 Early traces of medicinal plants in Europe Ulla Lund Hansen transformations From replica to relic Gokstad goes abroad 275 Bodil Petersson Monumental make over? 281 Remains of a long dolmen close to the ship-setting Ale s stones. Bengt Söderberg & Björn Wallebom Vikings and the Western Frontier 289 Jes Wienberg dust Dust to dust 297 A short story of no-thing and every-thing Jarl Nordbladh List of contributors 301 Birgitta Hårdh a Bibliography 303

5 Tabula Gratulatoria Torbjörn Ahlström & Caroline Arcini, Lund Björn Ambrosiani, Stockholm Eva Andersson Strand, København Gunnar Andersson, Kista Kent Andersson, Uppsala Anders Andrén, Stockholm Jan Apel, Lund Birgit Arrhenius, Stockholm Else Asmussen, København Morten Axboe, København Charlotte Behr, London Tony Björk, Färlöv Ruth Blankenfeldt, Schleswig Linda Boje, Taastrup Mats & Nanouschka M. Burström, Stockholm Johan Callmer, Lund Maria Domeij Lundborg, Östersund Johannes, Helena, Edwine &Wilhelmina Edvardsson, Lund Kjell Edvardsson, Lund Anna-Stina Ekedahl, Helsingborg Fredrik Ekengren, Lund Frédéric Elfver & Elisabet Regner, Enskede Lars Ersgård, Lund Per Ethelberg, Haderslev Charlotte Fabech & Ulf Näsman, Svalöv Jan-Henrik Fallgren, Aberdeen Claus Feveile, Kerteminde Josefine Franck Bican, Lyngby James Graham-Campbell, London Anne-Sofie Gräslund, Uppsala Ingrid Gustin, Lund Martin Hansson, Lund Rikard Hedvall & Karin Lindeblad, Linköping Bertil Helgesson, Kristianstad Michaela Helmbrecht, München Mogens Bo Henriksen, Odense Helle W. Horsnæs, København Susan Hydén, Höör Karen Høilund Nielsen, Beder Henrik Janson, Göteborg Ingemar Jansson, Stockholm Kristina Jennbert, Lund Kenneth Jonsson, Stockholm Hauke Jöns, Wilhelmshafen Lars & Anne N. Jørgensen, Bronshøj Christoph Kilger, Visby Annika Knarrström, Annelöv Egge Knol, Groningen Kristina & Jan Peder Lamm, Lidingö Lars & Ulla-Karin Larsson, V. Nöbbelöv Kerstin Lidén, Lidingö Babette Ludowici, Hanover Ulla Lund Hansen, København Karin Lundqvist, Eslöv Bente Magnus, Lidingö Ulla Mannering, København Sonja Marzinzik, München Jens Christian Moesgaard, København Michael Müller-Wille, Kiel Michael Neiß, Uppsala Finn Ole Nielsen, Rønne Ing-Marie Nilsson, Kristianstad Jarl & Elisabeth Nordbladh, Göteborg Deborah Olausson, Lund Alexandra Pesch, Schleswig Bodil Petersson, Kalmar Neil Price & Linda Qviström, Uppsala Per H. Ramqvist, Umeå Klavs Randsborg, København Andreas Rau, Schleswig Mads Ravn, Vejle Christoph & Elke Reichmann, Krefeld Erika & Jerry Rosengren, Lund Mats Roslund, Lund Elisabeth Rudebeck, Malmö Eva Rystedt, Stockholm Katalin Schmidt Sabo, Lund Jan Schuster, Łódź Iben Skibsted Klesø, Kokkedal Peter Skoglund, Göteborg Dagfinn Skre, Oslo Bergljot M. Solberg, Fana Jørgen Steen Jensen, København Bengt Söderberg, Lund Gitte Tarnow Ingvardson, Lund Raimond Thörn & Tove Hjørungdal, Göteborg Luc Van Impe, Leuven Claus von Carnap-Bornheim, Schleswig Uta von Freeden, Frankfurt am Main 7

6 Small Things Wide Horizons Cecilia von Heijne, Stockholm Björn Wallebom, Lund Egon Wamers, Frankfurt Margrethe Watt, Dyssegård Nancy L. Wicker, Oxford, USA Jens Wienberg, Lund Torun Zacrisson, Stockholm Ulla Isabel Zagal-Mach Wolfe, Lund Wolf Haio & Gunthild Zimmermann, Wilhelshaven Anders Ödman, Lund Avdelningen för Arkeologi vid Linnéuniversitetet, Kalmar Den kgl. Mønt- og Medaillesamling, København Nationalmuseet, København Statens Historiska Museer, Geoarkeologiska Laboratoriet, Uppsala 8

7 Preface The 16th of August 2015 is Professor Birgitta Hårdh s 70th birthday. At the Department of Archaeology and Ancient History in Lund, an editorial group was set up for the publication of a Festschrift in her honour. For several decades Birgitta has been an important staff member and researcher at the Department. Her doc toral dissertation was based on Viking Age silver deposits in southernmost Sweden. This is a field that she later developed in several national and international publications. As a result she is regarded as one of the leading experts on the Northern European Viking Age, engaged in diverse research projects both in Sweden and internationally, and she is a vital collaborator in various networks specializing in the Viking Age. Through time, Birgitta has extended her research to comprise other periods in the Iron Age. This is particularly clear in her research on the major site of Uppåkra outside Lund. Here she has devoted articles to a detailed treatment of the finds from the Late Iron Age. She has also edited several of the volumes in the series Uppåkrastudier, with both national and international contributions. Another special field examined by Birgitta Hårdh is the megalithic graves in south-west Scania. Both find material from individual sites and broader perspectives on the Middle Neolithic have been covered in these studies. Besides doing research, Birgitta Hårdh has for several decades been a lecturer and professor, with long experience of teaching students and supervising doctoral candidates in the subject. She has also been director of studies and served on a number of committees in the Faculty of Arts and Theology. A feature common to all Birgitta Hårdh s research is that she has been able, through analysis of a body of finds, to broaden the perspective, not least geographically through her profound knowledge of phenomena in Northern Europe and indeed all of Europe. This book has been given the title Small Things Wide Horizons, which is a good summary of Birgitta s research hitherto. Thanks to the large network of contacts to which Birgitta Hårdh belongs, the call for papers for this Festschrift met a great response. A total of fourty titles were submitted to the proposed volume. Through this Festschrift we wish to thank and honour Professor Birgitta Hårdh as a fine colleague and an excellent scholar. We all look forward to coming years and many more important contributions to archaeological research. Lars Larsson, Fredrik Ekengren, Bertil Helgesson, Bengt Söderberg 9

8 Birgitta Hårdh

9 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium From replica to relic Gokstad goes abroad Bodil Petersson Nicolaysen had great experience of digging barrows. He had been systematically examining and excavating barrows in Norway since the 1860s (Solberg 2003). The dig in 1880 gave him yet another chance to enhance his experience in this field. In the case of this specific barrow, the dig turned out to be a real stroke of luck. The mound turned out to contain the extremely well preserved remnants of a Viking longship. The ship find was named after the farm, Gokstad, on which the barrow was located (Fig. 1). Abstract This text is about the ship replica Viking, built as a copy of the Norwegian Gokstad ship and sailed from Bergen, Norway, to the World s Columbian Exposition in Chicago in It is argued that the ship started off as a replica that aroused a lot of enthusiasm among people on its voyage across the Atlantic, then fell into oblivion for some time, and has recently been reawakened and put on display as a historic relic in its own right. The Viking is transformed into an original testimony of modern Vikings conquering the West. The spectacular find was to become world-famous. It was soon to be exhibited at a museum in Kristiania (Oslo). The ship became an effective symbol of the Vikings and their international affairs. The Gokstad longship also went abroad only a few years after the find, now in the shape of a replica, suitably named the Viking. The original On a winter s day early in 1880 the idea of digging into the King s Mound at Gokstad farm in Vestfold, southern Norway, could no longer be resisted. Two brothers living on the farm started to dig into the centre of the grave mound. When the antiquarian Nicolay Nicolaysen heard about it, he immediately stopped any further digging. Later, in April the same year, when the ground frost had loosened its grip, the dig was resumed, now led by Nicolaysen himself (Nicolaysen 1882, 2f.). The replica In 1888 a Norwegian-American sailors association was founded in New York, and from the very beginning they took an interest in when Leif Erikson discovered America. During an early meeting of this sailors association, a Norwegian who had emigrated to the USA, Hjalmar Fig. 1. The original Gokstad Viking ship being excavated in (Source: Picture from Popular Science Monthly 1881, Vol. 19.) 275

10 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium Small Things Wide Horizons But although the sailors association found Andersen s idea alluring, it was not immediately an easy task to convince others about the initiative and thus find enough money to realize the project. The idea with the ship was that it would represent Norway at the world s fair in Chicago, and it would of course be a very specific manifestation at a fair aiming at celebrating Christopher Columbus as the prime discoverer of America. With a bit of conspiracy thinking, it might have been seen as a way for the Norwegians to steal the show. Andersen was the driving force behind the idea to build a replica and sail it to the world s fair in Chicago. He also stated in his autobiography in 1932 that a main purpose of the trip was to spread propaganda for the fact that Leif Erikson was the true discoverer of America (Andersen 1932, 150). One of the main opponents of the undertaking to build and sail a replica of the Gokstad ship to the world s fair was the antiquarian Nicolay Nicolaysen. His argument against the idea was that this kind of ship never was intended to sail across the Atlantic (Andersen 1932, 131f.; Haavardsholm 2004, 93). His arguments in a public newspaper made some of the supporters withdraw their financial support. After some effort Andersen nevertheless succeeded in raising enough money to accomplish the project. The fund-raising action gave the necessary amount of 12,000 Norwegian kroner to build the ship (Andersen 1895, 3; 1932, 130ff.). Fig. 2. Skipper Magnus Andersen from Norway, who took the initiative for the building of the replica Viking. (Source: Norsk Maritimt Museum.) Hjort Boyesen, at the time professor of German language at Columbia University (Seyersted 1999), presented an enthusiastic lecture to the sailors where he told the rather unknown story of the Norseman Leif Erikson and his trip to Vinland around AD He pointed out that especially sailors would have great interest in this event (Andersen 1895, 4). The association then, with the aid of Webster s Dictionary, settled the date of Erikson s arrival in Vinland in 985. A probable reason for this interest in Leif Erikson s voyage in the late 1880s might have been emigration issues, with hundreds of thousands who emigrated from the Nordic area and found their way to America in these years. Not many people at the time knew about Leif Erikson s arrival in America about 500 years before Columbus. The association saw the interest in Leif Erikson s voyage across the Atlantic as an opportunity to promote Norwegian sailors in the USA (Andersen 1932, 132). The journey The mission to build the Gokstad ship replica was assigned to a Norwegian boatbuilder, Christen Christensen in Sandefjord, southern Norway, whose shipyard Framnes lay close to the place of the Gokstad find. The Norwegian Navy had made the necessary drawings from the original vessel that the boat builder then had to follow to build the replica (Andersen 1895:33ff.). The replica was made according to original materials, mainly oak. The material for the keel was imported from Scotland but originally emanated from the USA, the rest of the oak timber needed was to be found within Norway (Andersen 1895, 38). The ship was built during a period of five months, from September 1892 until the end of January The Viking was launched on the 4th of February from Sandefjord shipyard, surrounded by icy winds and an audience of 6,000 8,000 people (Andersen 1895, 43ff.). The sailors association in New York received a gift from Norway in 1889, a gavel made from a plank from the recently excavated Gokstad ship. Now the interest increased in the Vikings and their voyages across the Atlantic. When it was decided to arrange a Columbian World s Fair in Chicago and, among other things, to celebrate Christopher Columbus s discovery of America in 1492, a member of the Norwegian-American sailors association, skipper Magnus Andersen, had a strong desire to build a replica of the Gokstad Viking ship for the fair, and he got support from the association for his idea (Andersen 1895, 5; 1932, 30). The Viking was sailed by a crew of 12 people, including Andersen himself. First the ship sailed from Kristiania (Oslo) along the southern coast of Norway. The ship and its crew stopped and were greeted by crowds of people at several places. Then the ship finally left Bergen on the Norwegian west coast on 30 April 1893 and headed towards America (Andersen 1932, 134; Fig. 2). They reached Newfoundland around four weeks later, on 27 May. When they arrived in New York some days later they were greeted by a crowd of people and invited to receptions and dinner parties to celebrate their arrival. 276

11 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium From replica to relic Gokstad goes abroad Fig. 3. The Viking in Chicago (Source: Photo by unknown photographer Accessed through Library of Congress PPOC, picture belongs to Detroit Publishing Company Photograph Collection.) Their stay in New York lasted for nine days (Andersen 1932, 140ff.). They left New York at the end of June and the trip to Chicago took around 14 days with a tricky trip along rivers and canal systems, and they finally arrived the world s fair on the 12th of July (Fig. 3). World s Science, Art, and Industry, as Viewed through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in Designed to set forth the Display made by the Congress of Nations, of Human Achievement in Material Form, so as the more Effectually to Illustrate the Progress of Mankind in all the Departments of Civilized Life. (Bancroft 1893, front page). World s Columbian Exposition in Chicago 1893 The Viking was not the only ship replica attending the Columbian world s fair. Since this was a Columbian exposition, the main focus was naturally on the Columbian discovery of the Americas in In Spain three ship replicas were built and sailed from Barcelona to Cuba and then to New York. They were constructed like the ships that Columbus had sailed across the Atlantic. These ships were named the Santa Maria, after Columbus s own ship (Fig. 4), the Niña and the Pinta. They arrived in Chicago on 12 July 1893, actually the same day as the Viking (Appelbaum 1980, 86). At each world s fair since the phenomenon started in London in 1851, there had also been departments of ethnographic display and historic presentations, all with the purpose of showing astonishing pieces of the past to the audience (Ekström 1994). The ships arriving at Chicago, Viking as well as Columbian, were fitted into the fair as objects of marine transportation (Bancroft 1893, 582). Vikings vs Columbians Even though the Columbian World s Fair was a happy occasion for the world to feel closer to the future, there were also conflicts, and one of these conflicts had to do with who once upon a time discovered America. One day in Brooklyn, New York, before the Viking set off for Chicago, some Columbian celebrators met the Viking crew in the streets, and on that occasion a fight occurred, and The idea of world s fairs was to expose achievements of mankind to a large audience, and primarily to describe the progress and development of industry and culture, better expressed on the front page of a book from the Chicago world s fair: 277

12 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium Small Things Wide Horizons Fig. 4. The Santa Maria, replica of Columbus s ship, (Source: Photo probably by Edward S. Hart Accessed through Library of Congress PPOC, picture belongs to Detroit Publishing Company Photograph Collection.) the police put some of the people, mainly Norwegians, in custody for a while to cool feelings down a bit (Andersen 1895, 308ff.). Andersen s analysis of the situation was that the police force was not so positive towards the Norwegian intruders into the Columbian party. They thought it tactless to come with a Norwegian Viking ship to a world s fair that was intending to celebrate Columbus s arrival, and this action was seen as a way to demonstrate against the role of Columbus (Andersen 1895, 311). This, according to Andersen, was the probable reason why the police in New York put the Vikings in custody even though they, according to their own account, were not at all drunk or disturbing or provoking anyone. Another argument put forward by Andersen was that some people, also among the police force, were Catholics, while the Nordic people were Protestants, and that this could also have been a reason for them to be annoyed by the visit of Vikings (Andersen 1895, 311), i.e. a reason emanating from contemporary religion in the twentieth century rather than in the tenth century, when even Christianized Vikings ought to have been Catholics in a way. Fig. 5. The Viking on a US stamp from (Source: Wikimedia Commons.) event ended in tragedy. This had as a consequence that the celebration when the Viking arrived in Chicago was somewhat restrained, but still Andersen retells the story as a great moment (Andersen 1895, 428). More than 27 million people visited the fair, and many of these had the opportunity to see the Viking. Remembrance and forgetting World s fairs are, however, temporary. The fair in Chicago lasted from May to October Buildings were torn down again, objects removed, and in the case of Chicago the so-called Jackson Park was re-established in better shape than before the fair. But what happened to the Viking The Viking arrived in Chicago only two days after a great fire had destroyed a building and killed several firemen. On 10 July one of the fair s buildings caught fire and this 278

13 Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium From replica to relic Gokstad goes abroad Fig. 6. The Viking today in the plastic shelter at Good Templar s Park, Geneva, Illinois. Photo: Perry Straw (Source: Friends of the Viking Ship. Copyright Friends of the Viking Ship. Used by permission.) after the fair had closed? Immediately after the closing of the fair, at end of October 1893, the ship and its crew went along the Mississippi all the way from Chicago to New Orleans. They arrived in New Orleans after some months, and then the ship was there for several months, and the navigating officer Christensen looked after it while awaiting some kind of decision as to what would happen to the ship. Norwegians as well as Americans were involved in these discussions. At last some money was raised to give the ship back to Chicago and to a museum established there called Fields Columbian Museum, which promised to take care of the ship. In reality this never happened, and the ship became nearly a wreck already in Bit by bit parts of the ship disappeared, probably picked as souvenirs by visitors passing by the park (Andersen 1935, 159). A decision was made to restore the ship, and in 1919 it was put under roof in Lincoln Park, Chicago. From now on the Leif Erikson event was celebrated every year in the park. In 1925, a stamp was produced to commemorate the centennial of Norse-American relations, and the motif on this stamp is the Viking (Fig. 5). The reawakening of the relic In 2007 work to rescue the Viking was intensified, and the organization Friends of the Viking Ship (FOVS) started to spread information and collect money to save the ship, and the Viking was moved to another park in the town of Geneva, Illinois (Fig. 6). Here it has been given a plastic museum shelter of its own, but of course this is not the best way of preserving an old replica. It is still vulnerable to the elements, and needs a great deal of protection to be preserved for the future. A website for the ship was launched in 2007, containing information on the ship, its history and present state ( A campaign to restore and save the Viking, Rescue a Rivet was started by the society which keeps the ship in shape, and they have succeeded in getting some funding to work with this matter. There is also a film available online that tells the story of the replica ( It is obvious that the Viking once again, some 120 years after its original launch, is surrounded by a caring group of people who want to resurrect the ship in its former glory. The replica has now obviously been transformed into an 279

14 Small Things Wide Horizons Copyright material: no unauthorized reproduction in any medium ancient object in its own right, a relic from the past that has to be preserved and cared for. Conclusion: From replica to relic Many things are temporarily forgotten or even forgotten forever, but some can be reawakened, depending on the interest among people. This is the case with the Gokstad replica Viking and its fascinating journey through time, celebrated and then forgotten and decayed, now remembered again, cared for, restored and put in a new setting. Not everything can be remembered, and some things are even consciously forgotten. Mostly it is about falling into oblivion, things get lost in people s memory, and there is nothing that keeps up the celebration. Still, when it comes to Vikings, there has been a continuous and even accelerating interest in the theme in recent years (cf. Wienberg in this volume). Supposedly this is one of the reasons for the reawakening today of the Viking. Now the replica itself has become history, since a perspective of 120 years is a long time. There is another example of a later Gokstad ship replica being transformed into an ancient object. It is the ship Hugin, built as a replica of Gokstad in 1949 and sailed from Denmark to England in remembrance of contacts between the areas as early as the fifth century AD (Røjel 1949). Hugin is today on display outdoors in Ramsgate, Kent, England. The Viking fits well into the discourse of remembrance and forgetting (Ricœur 2000), and it also is a case of obvious biography of a thing (Appadurai 1986), where the story told here can form one part. Several layers of pasts are put on top of each other, as in the case with the Gokstad excavation, the subsequent exhibition of the original Gokstad ship the replica Viking that was built and sailed to Chicago, the world s fair and the afterlife of the ship, recently the reawakening of this ship, now as a relic of the past, even though it might not be that easy to establish what past it symbolizes. In this case it is obviously a symbol of religious affiliation, conquest and settlement, the greatness of the Vikings in the world, seafaring technology, and being represented at a fair where the progress of the (Western) world is shown to a huge audience. Underlying the popularity of the Vikings in the Western world can be the argument of the Vikings conquering the West and thereby approaching the frontier (Wienberg, this volume), and in 1893 the Viking indeed came very close to the frontier. As time goes by, the Viking increasingly comes to resemble the Gokstad ship as it was found in the mound, with the details decayed, removed or destroyed, and the ship itself exposed to the ravages of time. Today it is exhibited almost like its mother ship Gokstad, but in a more humble setting. Acknowledgements Thanks to Jes Wienberg for reading and commenting on the manuscript. Thanks to Alan Crozier for revising the language.thanks to the editors of this book for constructive comments to the text. References Andersen, M Vikingefærden: En illustreret Beskrivelse af Vikings Reise i Kristiania. Andersen, M års tilbakeblikk på mitt virke på sjø og i land. Oslo. Appadurai, A. (red.) The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective. Cambridge. Appelbaum, S The Chicago World s Fair of 1893: A Photographic Record. New York. Bancroft, H. H The Book of the Fair: An Historical and Descriptive Presentation of the World s Science, Art, and Industry, as Viewed through the Columbian Exposition at Chicago in Chicago & San Francisco. Bolotin, N. & C. Laing The World s Columbian Exposition: The Chicago World s Fair of Urbana/ Chicago. Ekström, A Den utställda världen: Stockholmsutställningen 1897 och 1800-talets världsutställningar. Uppsala. Haavardsholm, J Vikingtiden som 1800-tallskonstruksjon. Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of Oslo, No Oslo. Nicolaysen, N Langskibet fra Gokstad ved Sandefjord. Kristiania. Petersson, B Föreställningar om det förflutna Arkeologi och rekonstruktion. Lund. Ricœur, P La mémoire, l histoire, l oubli. Paris. Røjel, J På vikingefærd med Hugin. København. Seyersted, P Boyesen, Hjalmar Hjorth. Norsk biografisk leksikon 1, Oslo, pp Solberg, B Nicolaysen, Nicolay. Norsk biografisk leksikon 6, Oslo, pp Internet Friends of the Viking Ship Accessed 25 February 2014 The Viking Ship on Vimeo Accessed 25 February World s Columbian Exposition of 1893 website Accessed 11 May