Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology

Transcription

1 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology Volume

2 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45/2014 Editor, Timothy K. Perttula Woodhaven Dr. Austin, Texas Distribution, Bo Nelson 344 CR 4154 Pittsburg, Texas Cover art: Engraved compound bowl from the Sipes Hill site (41RK602) Copyright 20 14, Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology Pittsburg and Austin

3 Table of Contents The Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Boatstone Site in Gregg County, Texas Tirnothy K. Perttula A Woodland Period Ceramic Assemblage from Rabbit Creek in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Pertttt!a Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Sipes Hill Site (41RK602) along Martin Creek in the Sabine River Basin in East Texas Timothy K. Perttu/a, Robert Z. Selden, Jr., and Bo Nelson The Caddo Ceramics from Three Sites on Hawkins Creek in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula The Sipes' Home Site ( 41 RK603 ): A Late 18'h to Early l9'h Century Caddo Site on Martin Creek in Rusk County, Texas Tin1othy K. Perttula Archaeological Investigations at the Wade (GC-38) and Estes (GC-49) Sites in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden, Jr., and Bo Nelson Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Loftis and Pearl Smith Sites in Harrison County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula and Bo Nelson lll

4 List of Authors Bo Nelson, Archeological & Environmental Consultants, LLC, Pittsburg. Texas Timothy K. Perttula, Archeological & Environmental Consultants, LLC. Austin, Texas Robert Z. Selden, Jr., Center for Regional Heritage Research, Stephen F. Austin State University. Nacogdoches, Texas IV

5 The Ceramic Sherd Assemblage from the Boatstone Site in Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula INTRODUCTION The Boatstone site (GC-50 in Buddy Jones' site numbering system) is one of many Caddo sites that Buddy Jones investigated along the Sabine River and its tributaries in the Longview, Texas, area. In most cases, his investigations at the sites consisted of the surface collection of ceramic and lithic artifacts, and only in rare cases did Jones complete analyses or publications on his investigations (see Jones 1957, 1968). This article discusses the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblage from the Boatstone site, which is situated near the confluence of Iron Bridge Creek and the Sabine River in southeastern Gregg County in the East Texas Pineywoods (Figure 1). This collection is curated at the Gregg County Historical Museum. Legend - Blackland Prairie - Pineywoods D Post Oak Savannah N l miles Caddo Archaeological ---Area in East Texas 1. Figure I. The location of the Boatstone site in Gregg County, in the East Texas Pineywoods. Figure prepared by Lance Trask. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45, 2014

6 2 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) SHERD ASSEMBLAGE The ceramic sherd assemblage from the Boatstone site consists of 203 plain and decorated sherds (Table 1 ). The plain to decorated sherd ratio for this assemblage is 2.03; the proportion of plain vessels is considerable, as shown by the fact that 36% of the rims are from plain vessels. Table 1. Sherd assemblage from the Boatstone site. Category Rim Body Base N Plain ware * 136 Utility ware Brushed Brushed-incised 2 2 Brushed-im:ised-punctated 1 I Incised 5 5 Incised-punctated Tool punctated 7 7 Fine ware Engraved Totals *one of the base sherds is a spindle whorl with a drilled hole The Boatstone site ceramic assemblage is comprised primarily of sherds from grog-tempered vessels (ca. 72%), but a significant proportion (27.6%) are bone-tempered.. The significant use of bone as a temper is broadly consistent with other Caddo ceramic assemblages in this part of the Sabine River basin (Heartfield, Price, and Greene 1988; Gadus et al. 2006; Dockall et al. 2008; Dockall and Fields 2011; Perttula and Nelson 2013). The 67 decorated sherds in the Boatstone site ceramic assemblage include both utility wares (76%) and fine wares (24%); 18% of the rims are from utility wares while 45% are from fine wares (see Table 1). Sherds with brushing marks are particularly common in the assemblage, comprising 57% of all the decorated sherds and 75% of the utility wares (see Table I). The brushed sherds are from utility ware jars with horizontal brushing on the rim and vertical or opposed bmshing, or brushed-incised marks, on the vessel body. One body sherd from a Pease Brushed-Incised jar has parallel brushed-incised marks with a row of tool punctates pushed through the brushing. The very high proportion of brushed sherds in the Boatstone ceramic assemblage suggests that the Caddo occupation likely dates primarily after ca. A.D (Perttula and Nelson 2013:70). Other utility wares include body sherds with parallel incised lines (n=5), body sherds with rows of tool and linear tool punctations (n=7), and one incised-punctated sherd from a Pease Brushed-Incised vessel. This sherd has a row of punctations (likely mnning vertically on the body, creating panels) with diagonal incised lines on either side of the punctated row that are pitched in opposite directions (see Suhm and Jelks 1962:119). These incised line elements would have filled the panels. Among the fine wares are two rims with horizontal engraved lines, another with vertical engraved lines, and a fourth rim with part of a horizontal and curvilinear scroll divided by a hatched bracket. This

7 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 3 decorative element may be part of the scroll motif seen on certain post-a.d Ripley Engraved vessels ( cf. Thurmond 1990: Figure 6; Perttula et al. 20 l2:figure 5b), although engraved scroll motifs on vessels are not confined to that period in mid-sabine River Caddo sites. Engraved body sherds have parallel lines (n=3), opposed lines (n=2), a straight line (n=l), as well as one sherd with sets of closely-spaced vertical lines in panels. One other body sherd has portions of a slanted scroll, and there is another with horizontal and diagonal bands of cross-hatched lines. Finally, one body sherd has portions of an engraved scroll with a scroll fill zone with at least one hatched bracket and closely-spaced parallel engraved lines (Figure 2a-e). G*F l r/.. a b c ) d Figure 2. Engraved decorative elements on Boatstone site sherds. e The one remaining engraved sherd from the Boatstone site is from a Holly Fine Engraved vessel. The sherd has sets of concentric circles or spirals with an excised bracket dividing the circles or spirals (see Figure 2a; see also Suhrn and Jelks 1962:Plate 40f). This one sherd suggests some use of the site by Caddo peoples prior to ca. A.D (see Story 2000). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The Boatstone site on the Sabine River has a grog- and bone-tempered ceramic assemblage of sherds from plain, utility, and fine ware vessels that were collected from the surface by Buddy Jones in the 1950s. The high proportion of sherds from jars with brushing marks (or brushed-incised and brushed-incised-punctated elements) among the decorated sherds, and several distinctive engraved sherds, suggest that the principal Caddo occupation at the Boatstone site took place after ca. A.D. 1450; one Holly Fine Engraved rim sherd is evidence of the use of the site by Caddo peoples before A.D The occupation of the site at this time may mean it was part of the Pine Tree Mound community centered at the Pine Tree Mound site ( 41 HS 15) on Potters Creek, ca. 32 km to the cast in the Sabine River basin (see Fields and Gadus 2012:Figure 9.1 0).

8 4 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Patti Haskins greatly facilitated the study of the ceramic sherds from the Boatstone site in the collections of the Gregg County Historical Museum. REFERENCES CITED Dockall, J. E. and R. C. Fields 2011 National Register Testing of Three Sites in the Sabine Mine's South Hallsville No.1 Mine-Rusk Permit, Rusk County, Texas. Report of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Dockall, J., S. Katauskas, and R. Fields 2008 National Register Testing of Four Sites in the Sabine Mine's Area M, Harrison County, Texas. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Fields, R. C. and E. F. Gadus (editors) 2012 Archeology of the Nadaco Caddo: The View.from the Pine Tree Mound Site (41 HS/5), Harrison County, Texas. 2 Vols. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Gadus, E. F., R. C. Fields, J. K. McWilliams, J. Dockall, and M. C. Wilder 2006 National Register Testing of Seven Prehistoric Sites in the Sabine Mine's Area Q, Harrison County, Texas. Reports oflnvestigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc. 19R8 Data Recovery at 41 HS74, Harrison County, Texas. Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc., Monroe. Jones, B. C The Grace Creek Sites, Gregg County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 28: The Kinsloe Focus: A Study of Seven Historic Caddoan Sites in Northeast Texas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Perttula, T. K. and B. Nelson 2013 Two Middle Caddo Period Habitation Sites and Cemeteries in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas. Special Publication No. 27. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin. Perttula, T. K., B. Nelson, and M. Walters 2012 Caddo Archaeology at the Henry Spencer Site (41UR315) in the Little Cypress Creek Basin of East Texas. Special Publication No. 20. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin. Story, D. A Introduction. In The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas, by H. P. Newell and A. D. Krieger, pp nd Edition. Society for American Archaeology, Washington, D.C. Suhm, D. A. and E. B. Jelks (editors) 1962 Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Special Publication No. 1, Texas Archeological Society, and Bulletin No.4, Texas Memorial Museum, Austin. Thurmond, J.P Archeology of the Cypress Creek Drainage Basin, Northeastern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana. Studies in Archeology 5. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin.

9 A Woodland Period Ceramic Assemblage from Rabbit Creek in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula INTRODUCTION The GC-123 site was located and investigated by Buddy C. Jones during his years of archaeological work and surface collecting at numerous aboriginal sites in the mid-sabine River basin in East Texas. The site is in south-central Gregg County (Figure 1 ), on Rabbit Creek (a northern-flowing tributary to the Sabine River), but only a few miles from the Sabine River valley. Legend - Blackland Prairie - Pineywoods D Po!.1 Oak Savannah N t miles Caddo Archaeological _..--Area in East Texas Figure 1. The location of Site GC-123 in East Texas. Figure prepared by Lance Trask. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45,2014

10 6 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeolof{y 45 (2014) The site is notable for its ceramic sherd assemblage. Based on characteristics of Woodland period ceramics from the mid-sabine River basin, including sites such as 41HS231 and 41RK562 (see Dockall and Fields 2011; Dockall et al. 2008), Hawkwind (41HS915), Folly (41RK26), Herman Ballew (41RK222), and Resch (41HS16 (see Ellis 2013; Ellis et at. 2013; Perttula 2001; Webb et al. 1969), the GC-123 site appears to be a single component Woodland period occupation. SHERD ASSEMBLAGE There are only 26 rim, body, and base sherds in the GC-123 assemblage. None of the sherds are decorated. About 73% of the sherds (four rims, 12 body, and three base) are from grog-tempered vessels, and the remaining 27% (seven body sherds) are bone-tempered. The grog-tempered sherds are from plain bowls and jars with direct rims and rounded lips (Figure 2), with two different sizes: one group of rims with thin vessel walls (mean thickness of 6.0 mm) and another with thick vessel walls (mean thickness of 11.1 mm). The latter rim sherds may be from Williams Plain vessels. Grog-tempered body sherds are variable in thickness, with a range from mm, with a mean thickness of 7.66 mm. Grog-tempered base sherds have a mean thickness of mm. The thickness of the plain grog-tempered vessels at GC-123 is comparable to the vessels from the Woodland period components at the Hawkwind and Resch sites (Ellis 2013:151 ). Figure 2. Plain grog-tempered rim sherds from site GC-123.

11 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 7 The bone-tempered sherds are from thick and coarsely tempered vessels, as the mean thickness of the body sherds is 9.87 mm, with a range from mm. These are likely sherds from Cooper Boneware jars (cf. Schambach 1998). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The small sample (n=26) of plain ware sherds from site GC-123 in the mid-sabine River basin are from thin and thick-walled grog-tempered and thick-walled bone-tempered vessels, likely including both Williams Plain and Cooper Boneware. The sherds appear to be from a single component Woodland period occupation. The occurrence of Cooper Boneware sherds at GC-123 suggests that the Woodland period occupation took place sometime prior to ca. A.D. 400 (e.g., Ellis 2013: 173). REFERENCES CITED Dockall, J. E. and R. C. Fields 2011 National Regi~ter Te~ting ofthree Sites in the Sabine Mine'~ South Hallsville No. I Mine-Rusk Permit, Rusk County, Texas. Report of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Tnc., Austin. Dockall, J., S. Katauskas, and R. Fields 2008 National Register Testing of Four Sites in the Sabine Mine's Area M, Harrison County, Texa~. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Ellis, L. W Woodland Ceramics in East Texas and a Case Study of Mill Creek Culture Ceramics. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 84: Ellis, L. W., R. Rogers, C. Wallace, D. Burden,A. Burden, A. Kalter, M. Smith, and C. Heiligenstein 2013 Data Recovery at the Hawkwind Site (4JHS915), Harri~on County, Texas. Document No , Atkins, and Report No. 138,Archeological Studies Program, Environmental Affairs Division, Texas Department of Transportation, Austin. Perttula, T. K Ceramic Analysis. In Excavations at the Herman Bellew Site (41 RK222), Rusk County, Texas, by R. M. Rogers, M.A. Nash, and T. K. Perttula, pp Document No PBS&J, Inc., Austin. Schambach, F. F Pre-Caddoan Cultures of the Trans-Mi~si~sippi South. Research Series 53. Arkansas Archeological Survey, Fayetteville. Webb, C. H., F. E. Murphey, W. G. Ellis, and H. R. Green 1969 The Resch Site, 41HS 16, Harrison County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texa~ Archeological Society 40:3-106.

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13 Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Sipes Hill Site ( 41RK602) along M artin Creek in the Sabine River Basin in East Texas Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden, Jr., and Bo Nelson INTRODUCTION The Sipes Hill site ( 41 RK602) is an ancestral Caddo site on Martin Creek, near Trammel's Trace, about 20 km from its confluence with the Sabine River (Figure 1). It is ca. 2 km downstream from the Martin Lake dam. The Sipes' Home site (41RK603) is about 100m to the northeast. Legend Rlackland Prairi~ - Pine)"oods 0 Post Oak Sanumah N! 0 \ iiiiiiiiil miles Caddo Archa..:ological --Area m Ea'"t T~xas Figure l. Locations of the Sipes Hill (41RK602) and Sipes' Home (41RK603) sites in East Texas. Figure prepared by Lance Trask. This site was found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones in the 1950s or early 1960s. He did an unknown amount of excavations at the site, and ended up excavating at least one Caddo burial at the site; there are no available notes concerning these excavations or the burial feature, however. Whole vessels from the Sipes Hill site in the Jones collection are at the Gregg County Historical Museum. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45,2014

14 lo Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) VESSELS A total of 10 whole or almost whole ceramic vessels have been documented from the Sipes Hill site. The engraved fine ware vessels are typologically identified as Ripley Engraved, a post-a.d fine ware in Titus phase communities in both the Big Cypress and Sabine River basins (Fields and Gadus 2012; Perttula 2012), or at least have stylistic elements commonly seen on Ripley Engraved in the mid-sabine River basin. This suggests that the Sipes Hill site has a Late Caddo period component (ca. A.D ) that is part of the Pine Tree Mound community (Fields and Gadus 2012:Figure 9.10). SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Jar RIM AND LIP FORM: Everted rim and rounded lip CORE COLOR: F (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light reddish-brown; tire douds on the rim EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; fire douds on the body and base WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 4.2 mm; body, 6.3 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: none HEIGHT (IN CM): 14.4 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 18.8 DIAMETER AT BOTIOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 18.2 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: 6.1; circular and flat ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 1.6 Figure 2. Pease Brushed-Incised jar from the Sipes Hill site. DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim is decorated with horizontal brushing marks as well as two rows of linear tool punctates pushed through the brushing; the punctated rows are under the lip and at the rim-body juncture. The vessel body is divided into seven vertical panels by vertical rows of tool punctates that extend to the base. The panels are filled with vertical brushing marks that also extend to the vessel base (Figure 2). PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: Pease Brushed-Incised

15 Journal of Northeast Texas ArchaeolORY 45 (2014) 11 SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Jar RIM AND UP FORM: Direct rim and rounded lip CORE COLOR: B (!ired and cooled in a reducing environment) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 6.9 mm; body, 10.2 mm; base, 11.0 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed on the rim HEIGHT (IN CM): 4.4 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 8.4 DIAMETER AT BOTIOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 8.8 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A; circular and flat ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 0.22 DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The vessel rim is plain, but the body has horizontal brushing marks. PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: Unidentified utility ware

16 12 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Carinated bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Direct rim and a rounded lip CORE COLOR: F (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY. AND BASE IN MM): rim, 6.1 mm; body, 4.9 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed on the rim EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed HEIGHT (IN CM): N/A; rim height is 2.2 em ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 10.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): N/ A BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): N/A DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): Plain PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: Unidentified plain ware

17 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (20 14) 13 SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Carinated bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Direct rim and a rounded, exterior folded lip CORE COLOR: G (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: grayish-brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; lire clouds on the rim, body, and base WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim,4.2 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed on the body HEIGHT (IN CM): 6.7 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 16.1 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 14.4 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: 6.7; circular and flat ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 0.65 DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim has a series of eight horizontal rows of circular tool punctates. The rows are divided into four rim panels by four sets of vertical punctated rows. One set has 10 vertical punctated rows, another has six sets of punctated rows, a third has four punctated rows, and the fourth divider has three vertical punctated rows (Figure 3). PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: Unidentified utility ware Figure 3. Punctated carinated bowl from the Sipes Hill site. II

18 14 Journal ofnortheast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Compound bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Everted rim and rounded lip CORE COLOR: F (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; fire cloud on the base EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 4.2 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed HEIGHT (IN CM): 7.9 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 18.1 DIAMETER AT BOTIOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 16.6 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: 6.7; circular and flat ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 1.1 Figure 4. cf. Ripley Engraved, var. unspecified compound bowl from the Sipes Hill site. DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The upper rim panel is plain, but the lower rim panel has a number of nested negative S or SZ engraved elements-executed both sideways and vertically-outlined by excised triangle elements (Figure 4). There are also ovalshaped engraved elements and a hooked arm element with a single excised pendant triangle on the outer part of the hooked arm. PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: red in engraved lines TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: cf. Ripley Engraved, var. unspec~fied

19 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 15 SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog and hematite VESSEL FORM: Carinated bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Direct rim and rounded lip CORE COLOR: F (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark yellowish-brown EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark yellowish-brown WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 5.9 mm; body, 6.4 mm; base, 7.4 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: none EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed HEIGHT (IN CM): 8.9 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 14.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 14.0 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: 8.0; circular and flat ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 0.75.r I Figure 5. Plain carinated bowl from the Sipes Hill site. DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): Plain (Figure 5) PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY LIF KNOWN]: Unidentified plain ware

20 16 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (20 14) SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Compound bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Everted rim and rounded lip CORE COLOR: H (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark yellowish-brown EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark grayish-brown WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 4.6 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: burnished HEIGHT (IN CM): 9.0 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 21.2 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 20.4 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: 8.9; circular and flat ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 1.5 II Figure 6. cf. Ripley Engraved, var. unspecified compound bowl from the Sipes Hill site.

21 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 17 DECORATION (INCLUDiNG MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The upper rim panel has three horizontal engraved lines. The lower rim panel has an engraved slanted scroll and circle/rectangular panel motif each alternately repeated two times around the vessel. The central circles or rectangular panel have smaller swastika in circle elements. The circles and panels are surrounded by closely-spaced vertical engraved lines, as do the upper and lower scroll fill zones. The scroll fill zones also have small sideways engraved brackets and single vertical engraved lines dividing open space between the closely-spaced vertical engraved lines (Figures 6 and 7a). PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN 1: cf. Ripley Engraved, var. unspecified ~[//[ ))If~ a -.. -, * b Figure 7. Drawings of engraved motifs of selected Sipes Hill vessels: a, L 721; b,

22 18 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog and bone VESSEL FORM: Carinated bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Direct rim and rounded, exterior folded lip CORE COLOR: G (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark grayish-brown EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark yellowish-brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 4.9 mm; body, 5.1 mm; base, 5.1 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: burnished HEIGHT (IN CM): 6.4 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 16.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 15.8 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): Figure 8. Ripley Engraved, var.mckinneycarinated bowl rim sherds from the Sipes Hill site. DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim panel has a horizontal scroll line with central diamond and circle elements; these elements alternately repeat two times around the vessel. The central diamond element has a smaller and centrally-placed negative oval with excised rays, while the central circle element has a central excised dot. Above and below the scroll lines are excised dashes or small excised pendant triangles (Figures 7b and 8). There is also an interior horizontal engraved line at the vessel carination. PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY flf KNOWNl: Ripley Engraved, var. McKinney

23 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 19 SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Jar RIM AND LIP FORM: Direct rim and rounded lip CORE COLOR: H (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark yellowish-brown EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: dark grayish-brown; organic residue on the rim WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 6.7 nun INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: none HEIGHT (IN CM): N/A ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 18.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 17.9 BASE DlAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): N/ A. - ~ ~-- -I_ Figure 9. Brushed-punctated jar rim from the Sipes Hill site. DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim is decorated with horizontal brushing marks, and there are two rows of tool punctations on the rim. One row of punctates is under the lip and the other is at the rim-body juncture (Figure 9). PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN 1: Unidentified utility ware

24 20 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Sipes Hill VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Compound bowl RIM AND LIP FORM: Everted rim and a rounded lip CORE COLOR: F (fired in a reducing environment and cooled in the open air) INTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; fire cloud on the base EXTERIOR SURFACE COLOR: light brown; fire clouds on the rim, body, and base WALL THICKNESS (RIM, BODY, AND BASE IN MM): rim, 5.8 mm; body, 6.3 mm; base, 8.9 mm INTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed EXTERIOR SURFACE TREATMENT: smoothed HEIGHT (IN CM): 13.5 ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 25.7 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 23.0 BASE DiAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: 5.1; circular and A at ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): 2.8 DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The upper rim panel of this vessel is plain, but the lower rim panel has a slanted scroll and semi-circle engraved motif repeated four times around the vessel. The slanted scrolls meet with upper and lower concentric semi-circles (each with four semi-circles), and there are large excised triangle elements at the juncture of the scrolls and semicircles. There are short vertical and diagonal hatched lines on either side of the slanted scrolls, as well as a central scroll line. PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: white in the engraved lines TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: cf. Ripley Engraved, var. unspecified

25 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 ( 2014) 21 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The 10 documented ceramic vessels from the Sipes Hill site include two plain vessels, four utility ware vessels, and four fine ware vessels. All of the vessels are tempered with grog, but two of them (20%) also have either burned bone or crushed hematite added to the paste. The vessels have been uniformly fired in a low oxygen or reducing environment, but 90% of them were subsequently cooled in the open air, leaving a thin oxidized surface on one or both vessel cores. The plain vessels from the Sipes Hill site are small carinated bowls. The utility ware vessels are small to medium-sized jars (n=3) and a carinated bowl. They are decorated with brushed and/or punctated elements, and the jars include one Pease Brushed-Incised vessel. The fine wares are small to medium-sized Ripley Engraved carinated and compound bowls. One is a Ripley Engraved, var. McKinney vessel with excised pendant triangles and dashes: the pendant triangle motif (Turner 1978; Thurmond 1990:Figure 6; Perttula et at. 2012:Figure 5). The design elements and motifs on the Sipes Hill vessels are consistent with other Titus phase funerary wares from the mid-sabine River basin (see Fields and Gadus 2012). This pendant triangle Ripley Engraved motif is thought to be common only in later post-a.d Titus phase sites where it is part of the ceramic repertoire of local communities. However, no bowls with the traditional pendant triangle motif are present at the Pine Tree Mound site itself (Fields and Gadus 20 12:674), calling into question the community affiliation of the Sipes Hill site, even though it falls within the de tined boundaries of the Pine Tree Mound community (Fields and Gadus 2012:Figure 9.10). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We appreciate the help provided by Patti Haskins of the Gregg County Historical Museum in facilitating the vessel documentation, and thanks to Katie Tadlock for reconstructing several of the vessels from the site for documentation purposes. REFERENCES CITED Fields, R. C. and E. F. Gadus (editors) 2012 Archeology of the Nadaco Caddo: The View from the Pine Tree Mound Site (4/HS/5), Harrison County, Texas. 2 Vols. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Perttula, T. K The Character of Fifteenth- to Seventeenth-Century Caddo Conununities in the Big Cypress Creek Basin of Northeast Texas. In The Archaeology of the Caddo, edited by T. K. Perttula and C. P. Walker, pp University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln. Perttula, T. K., B. Nelson, and M. Walters 2012 Caddo Archaeolo~:y at the Henry Spencer Site (41UR315) in the Lillie Cypress Creek Basin of East Texas. Special Publication No. 20. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin. Thurmond, J. P Archeology of the Cypress Creek Drainage Basin, Northeastern Texas and Northwestern Louisiana. Studies in Archeology 5. Texas Archeological Research Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin. Turner, R. L The Tuck Carpenter Site and Its Relations to Other Sites within the Titus Focus. Bulletin of the Texas Archeolo~:ical Society 49:1-110.

26

27 , 0 The Caddo Ceramics from Three Sites on Hawkins Creek in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula INTRODUCTION Buddy Jones collected ceramic sherds from Caddo sites across the mid-sabine River basin, in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties, in the 1950s and 1960s. With only a few exceptions, however, did Jones complete analyses or publications on his collecting activities (see Jones 1957, 1968), and in most cases his general collections have not been fully inventoried or analyzed. In an attempt to remedy that, and in the process gather important information on the technological and stylistic character of Caddo ceramics found in Caddo settlements in the mid-sabine River basin, this article discusses the ancestral Caddo ceramic assemblages from three sites in the Hawkins Creek drainage in central Gregg County, Texas (Figure 1). Hawkins Creek is a small and southern-flowing tributary to the river. Legend - Blackland Prairie - Pineywoods D Post Oak Savannah N t miles Caddo An.:haeological.-Area in Ea~1 Texas Figure I. Location of the Hawkins Creek sites in Gregg County in East Texas. Figure prepared by Lance Trask. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45, 2014

28 24 Journal of Northeast Texas ArchaeoiORY 45 (2014) GROUP'S PLACE SITE (GC-77) There are 199 ceramic sherds from the Group's Place site, 132 plain sherds, 52 utility ware sherds, and 15 fine ware sherds (Table I). The plain to decorated sherd ratio (P/DR) is The sherds are from both grog-tempered (67%) and bone-tempered (33%) vessels. Table 1. Ceramic sherds from the Group's Place site. Ware Rim Body Base N Plain ware Utility ware Brushed Brushed-Incised Incised Incised-Punctated Punctated Fine ware Engraved Totals The most common utility wares have punctations (see Table 1), including sherds with rows of fingernail punctates (n=l), tool punctates (n=ll), linear tool punctates (n=4), and rows of circular punctates (n=2). The one rim, probably from a Washington Square Paneled vessel (see Hart 1982; Perttula et al. 2010), has a row of diagonal tool punctates under the vessel lip. Sherds with brushed and brushed-incised decorative elements comprise 32% of all the utility wares, and 25% of the decorated sherds from the Group's Place site (see Table I). The one rim has horizontal brushing marks, while the body sherds have parallel bmshed and/or incised marks and lines on the body of jars. Incised sherds are common in the Group's Place utility wares (see Table I). The one rim has diagonal incised lines. The body sherds have parallel (n= 7), cross-hatched (n=2), diagonal ( n= I), and straight (n= 1) lines. The first incised-punctated rim shcrd from the site has a band of diagonal tool punctates under the lip and above a single horizontal incised line. This rim may also be from a Washington Square Paneled vessel. Two body sherds have incised triangles filled with tool punctates, while a third incised-punctated body sherd has curvilinear and semi-circular incised elements or panels filled with tool punctates (Figure 2b-c). The engraved fine wares at the Group's Place site account for 22.4% of the decorated sherds in the assemblage (see Table 1), indicating ready access to the use of fine wares by the Caddo peoples living there. All three rim sherds have horizontal engraved lines, and at least one is from a compound bowl with horizontal engraved lines on the rim 's upper panel. One sherd from the neck and upper body of a collared bottle has a single horizontal engraved line on the upper body. Other body sherds have a straight line (n=3), diagonal opposed engraved lines (n=3, Figure 3b), vertical lines (n=2), and parallel lines (n=l). Another sherd from a carinated bowl has horizontal and diagonal opposed engraved lines, while the last engraved sherd from the sherd has a horizontal engraved line and narrow near-vertical open or diagonal hatched panels or ladders (Figure 3c).

29 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 25 ~ Q R,? " 0 0 q )). Q a b c Q...-r ~ \ ' ' '..- -:;:;: :: ::: :.: :::! ~ -... _... ::::: d e Figure 2. Hawkins Creek sites utility wares: a, incised-punctated-brushed element, GC-90; b-e, incised-punctated elements, GC-77; d, parallel brushed-tool punctated row, GC-78; e, incised-punctated-brushed element, GC-78. \ LL l a b c d e Figure 3. Hawkins Creek sites fine wares: a, engraved carinated bowl element, GC-90; b-e, engraved elements, GC-77; d-e, engraved elements, GC-90.

30 26 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeolof?y 45 (2014) GC-78 There is only a small sample of ceramic sherds from GC-78, including 21 plain sherds, 26 utility ware sherds, and two line ware sherds (Table 2). The P/DR is The sherds are from vessels tempered with grog (88%) and bone (12%). Table 2. Ceramic sherds from GC-78. Ware Rim Body Base N Plain ware Utility ware Brushed Brushed-Incised Brushed-Punctated Incised Incised-Puncta ted Incised-Pum.:tated-Brushed Pinched II 4 l 3 2 I 2 II l 2 Fine ware Engraved-Punctated Red-slipped Totals Among the utility wares, the most common are sherds from vessels with brushed or brushed-incised bodies, likely decorated with vertical brushing and/or incised marks and lines that extend from the rim-body juncture to near the vessel base. The brushed and brushed-incised sherds account for 58% of the utility wares, and 54% of all the decorated sherds from GC-78 (see Table 2). Incised utility wares include a single rim with diagonal incised lines, probably from a Maydelle Incised vessel, as well as body sherds with cross-hatched or parallel incised lines. There are two sherds with brushed-punctated and incised-punctated-brushed decorations (see Table 2). The first may be from a Pease Brushed-J ncised jar: it has vertical open panels with a row of tool punctations down their center, with the panels flanked by vertical brushing marks (see Figure 2d). The second sherd has horizontal incised lines below the rim-body juncture, followed by a row of linear tool punctations, and then by horizontal brushing marks (sec Figure 2e). The two pinched body sherds are likely from Killough Pinched jars. One sherd has curvilinear rows of pinching while the other has parallel pinched rows. The incised-punctated rim sherd has at least two rims of tool punctates between horizontal incised lines. One of the body sherds has a similar decorative element, except there are multiple incised lines between the bands of punctates. The other incised-punctated body sherd has an in<.:ised triangle filled with tool punctates; it is from a Maydelle Incised jar. One of the fine ware sherds from GC-78 (see Table 2) is a body sherd with a red slip on both interior and exterior vessel surfaces. The other is a rim, likely from a carinated bowl, with a narrow horizontal

31 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 27 engraved band under the lip filled with diagonal tool punctates. This decorative element is consistent with the Washington Square Paneled type (see Hart 1982). A vessel of this type has been identified from Burial 2 (Vessel No.7) at 41GG50 on Hawkins Creek (Perttula and Nelson 2013:Figures 27 and 28). LOCKS' (GC-90) The Locks' site ceramic sherd assemblage includes 96 sherds, 22 plain ware, 64 utility ware, and lo fine ware (Table 3). The P/DR is Almost 40% of the sherds are from bone-tempered vessels, and the remainder are grog-tempered. Table 3. Ceramic sherds from Locks' (GC-90). Ware Rim Body Base N Plain ware Utility ware Brushed Brushed-Incised Brushed-Punctated Incised Incised-Punctated Incised-Punctated-Brushed Puncta ted I l I Fine ware Engraved 9 lo Totals The utility wares from the Locks' site are dominated by sherds from vessels with brushed rims and bodies. These comprise 83% of the utility wares and 72% of all the decorated sherds from the site (see Table 3). The one brushed-punctated rim sherd has a row of tool punctates under the vessel lip, as well as horizontal brushing marks. A lower rim and body sherd from a probable Maydelle Incised jar has diagonal incised lines on the rim, as well as a tool punctated row at the rim-body juncture, and diagonal brushing marks on the vessel body. Body sherds have parallel brushing marks (n=30) and parallel or opposed brushed-incised marks and lines (n=l4). The brushed-punctated body sherds include one with a row of tool punctates above diagonal brushing marks, another two sherds with parallel brushing marks adjacent to a tool punctated row, and three Pease Brushed-Incised sherds with tool punctated rows pushed through parallel brushing marks. The one incised-punctated-brushed body sherd has an incised panel filled with two rows of tool punctates, with the panel above vertical and horizontal opposed brushing marks (see Figure 2a). The incised sherds include a Maydelle Incised rim with diagonal opposed lines and six body sherds with parallel incised lines. Both incised-punctated sherds are rims (see Table 3). Both have a row of tool punctates under the vessel lip and above horizontal incised lines. Fine wares account for only 13.5% of the decorated sherds from the Locks' site (see Table 3). The engraved rim has horizontal engraved lines on it. The body sherds are likely all from carinated bowls. These include sherds (n=7) with simple geometric elements: two sherds have parallel lines, three body sherds have

32 28 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) a single curvilinear engraved line, and another has a straight engraved line with an open triangle element pendant from the line. One body sherd has sets of diagonal lines attached to a straight line (see Figure 3a); this may be part of a slanted scroll motif. The other engraved body sherds have curvilinear elements: the first has a panel with ovals, semi-circles, and open triangles (see Figure 3d), while the other has a set of two curvilinear lines adjacent to a set of several parallel engraved lines (see Figure 3e). SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Between the three Hawkins Creek sites there are 169 decorated sherds. Fine wares comprise only between % of the decorated sherds, and the assemblages are dominated by utility wares (Table 4). In the case of the Group's Place site (GC-77), the utility wares have primarily punctated, incised, and incised-punctated (52.3% of all the decorated sherds) elements, while the utility wares at GC-78 and Locks' (GC-90) have primarily brushed decorative elements, or brushing in combination with other (i.e., incised, punctated, and incised-punctated) decorative methods. At the latter two sites, sherds with brushing marks comprise % of all the decorated sherds in their assemblages (Table 4); incised, punctated, and incised-punctated sherds represent only % of the sherds from these two sites. Sherds with pinching are only present at GC-78. Table 4. Decorated sherd comparisons. Del:orative Method GC-77 GC-78 GC-90 Brushed 17.9* Bmshed-lncised B mshed-punctated Incised Incised-Puncta ted Incised-Punctated-B mshed Pinched 7.1 Puncta ted Engraved Engraved-Punctated 3.6 Red-slipped 3.6 Totals *Percentage Identified ceramic types in these sherd assemblages include Washington Square Paneled (GC-77 and GC-78), Maydelle Incised (GC-78 and GC-90), Pease Brushed-Incised (GC-78 and GC-90), and Killough Pinched (GC-78). In general, the Washington Square Paneled vessel sherds are indicative of Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D ) components, while the other identified types can be expected in both Middle and Late Caddo components in the mid-sabine River basin. Another indication of the age of the ceramics on these Caddo components is the proportions of brushed sherds in broadly contemporaneous mid-sabine River Harrison and Rusk County sites, which range from 26-67% (Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc. 1988; Gadus et al. 2006; Dockall et al. 2008; Dockall and Fields 2011; Perttula and Nelson 2013). The site with the lowest proportion of brushed pottery in the decorated sherd assemblages is 41 HS846 (Gadus et al. 2006), which has Bonham arrow points and two calibrated

33 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (20 14) 29 radiocarbon dates that range from A.D at two sigma (Gadus et al. 2006). At 4 LGG5, 28% of the shcrds from burial!ill and surface collections have brushing marks, while at the Joe Smith site (41GG50), 40% of the decorated sherds are brushed or brushed-punctated. At 41 HS74, 29% of the decorated sherds are brushed; the site has an uncalibrated radiocarbon date of A.D ± 240 (Heartfie1d, Price, and Greene, Inc. 1988). These dates probably serve as a good approximation of the age range of the settlements and small cemeteries at the Group's Place site, from the late 13'hcentury to the mid-14'h century. The occupation at GC-78 may date a few generations later, perhaps to the early 15'h century. The site with the highest proportion of brushed sherds is 41 HS573 (Gadus et al. 2006). The sherd assemblage from the site ( 67% brushed) is associated with a calibrated 2 sigma age range of A.D (Gadus et al. 2006). The Locks' (GC-90) site may date to sometime in this Late Caddo time range. The engraved fine wares at this site do not resemble Late Caddo, Titus phase styles such as have been documented at a number of sites in the Pine Tree Mound community (see Fields and Gadus 2012). Two of the three Hawkins Creek sites have ceramic assemblages where burned bone was an important temper used in vessel manufacture (Table 5). This is consistent with the aforementioned broadly contemporaneous Caddo sites in the mid-sabine River basin. This includes sherds from 41 HS74 (20% with bone temper, Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc. 1988); 41 HS573 (29% with bone temper and 21% with grog and bone, Gadus et al. 2006); 41 HS574 ( 19.5% with bone temper and 16.5% with grog and bone, Gadus et al. 2006); 41HS588 (3.4% with bone temper and 35% with grog and bone, Dockall et al. 2008); 41HS844 ( 11% with bone temper and 25% with grog and bone, Gadus et al. 2006); 41 HS846 ( 12% with bone temper and 16% with grog and bone); and 41RK557 (29% with bone temper and 22% with grog and bone, Dockall and Fields 20 11). Table 5. Use of bone temper in Hawkins Creek Caddo ceramics. Ware GC-77 GC-78 GC-90 Plain Utility Fine 31.8* Total Percentage *Percentage In general, sites in the region with considerable use of burned bone temper also have high proportions of brushed sherds. This is not the case at site GC-78, however (see Table 5), even though the proportions of brushed sherds in the assemblage is considerable (see Table 4), suggesting the existence of different ceramic manufacturing practices among the Caddo potters that lived there when compared to the potters at the Group's Place and Locks' sites. In conclusion, these three sites on Hawkins Creek are part of a community of ancestral Caddo peoples that lived along the Sabine River and its tributaries, and they were contemporaneous with better known Middle and Late Caddo sites in the Pine Tree Mound community de lined by Fields and Gadus (20 12:Figure 9-10) some km downstream in the Sabine River basin- which was established in the 1300s. However, the differences in the ceramics between the two areas suggest that the Hawkins Creek sites were not part of that community.

34 30 Journal uf Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I very much appreciate the assistance provided by Patti Haskins of the Gregg County Historical Museum in accessing these sherd assemblages in the Buddy Jones collection. Lance Trask prepared the sherd drawings. REFERENCES CITED Dockall, J. E. and R. C. Fields 2011 National Register Testing ofthree Sites in the Sabine Mine's South Hallsville No. I Mine-Rusk Permit, Rusk County, Texas. Report of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Dockall, J., S. Katauskas, and R. Fields 2008 National Register Testing of Four Sites in the Sabine Mine 's Area M, Harrison County, Texas. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Fields, R. C. and E. F. Gadus (editors) 2012 Archeology of the Nadaco Caddo: The View from the Pine Tree Mound Site (41 HS/5), Harri.wn County, Texas. 2 Vols. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Gadus, E. F., R. C. Fields, J. K. McWilliams, J. Dockall, and M. C. Wilder 2006 National Rexister Testing of Seven Prehistoric Sites in the Sabine Mine :v Area Q, Harrison County, Texas. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Hart,J. P. I 982 An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramics from the Washington Square Mound Site, Nacogdoches County, Texas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe. Heartfield, Price, and Grccnc,lnc Data Recovery at 4JHS74, Harrison County, Texas. Heartfield, Price, and Greene, Inc., Monroe. Jones, B. C The Grace Creek Sites, Gregg County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society 28: I The Kinsloe Focus: A Study of Seven Historic Caddoan Sites in Northeast Texas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Perttula, T. K. and B. Nelson 2013 Two Middle Caddo Period Habitation Sites and Cemeteries in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas. Special Publication No. 27. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin. Perttula, T. K., M. Walters, B. Nelson, B. Gonzalez, and R. Cast, with a contribution by R. G. Fram:iscus 20 I 0 Documentation of Associated and Unassociated Caddo Funerary Objects in the Stephen F. Austin State University Collections, Nacogdoches, Texas. Stephen F. Austin State University Press, Nacogdoches.

35 The Sipes' Home Site (41RK603): A Late 18th to Early 19th Century Caddo Site on Martin Creek in Rusk County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula INTRODUCTION The Sipes' Home site (41RK603) is an Historic Caddo site on Martin Creek, near Trammel's Trace, about 20 km from its confluence with the Sabine River (see Figure 1 in Perttula et al., this volume). It is ca. 2 km downstream from the Martin Lake dam. This site was found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones in the 1950s or early 1960s. He obtained surface collections of historic and aboriginal artifacts from the site; there are no available notes concerning this work. ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE Faience A single rim sherd of faience brune from a plate is in the collections from the Sipes' Home site. Its exterior surface has an iron oxide or manganese-enhanced lead glaze, while its interior has a white tin enamel interior surface as well as blue and black painted lines and circle elements (Figure I a). It may be from a St. Cloud Polychrome or Rouen Polychrome plate (see Avery et al. 2007:Figures 13-14, 16-18,28-35), and Avery et al. (2007:Figure 39) also illustrate an unidentified faience brune sherd that is similar from the Jordan-Metoyer site (16NA53), in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. This is a post-1790 habitation site (Avery et al. 2007:Table 2). According to Avery et al. (2007:467) faience brune dates between a b Figure 1. Faience sherd and English blade gunflint from the Sipes' Home site: a, faience sherd; b, gunft int. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45,2014

36 32 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) Refined Earthenwares The refined earthenware sheds from the Sipes' Home site (n=35) include plain c.: ream ware (n=3, , South 1977), plain and decorated pearlware (n=17, , Majewski and O'Brien 1987), and decorated whiteware (n= 15, post 1820s). The decorated pearl ware sherds include one brown-black annular ware body sherd (see Figure 3b, below), blue and green scalloped edge ware (n=3) (Figure 2), and 10 blue transfer-printed rim and body sherds with oriental and floral motifs (Figure 3). Blue and green scalloped edge pearlware vessels were produced between 1800 and 1820 (Hunter and Miller 2009:13). Among the whitewares there are six blue and green scalloped edge ware rim sherds (ca. 1820s-1840 at the latest) and nine blue transfer-printed rim and body sherds with oriental and floral motifs, as well as a green-yellow hand-painted body sherd (Figure 3a). Blue transfer-printed wares have mean beginning production dates that range from (Samford 1997:Table 5). The varying proportions of the three wares, particularly the decorated wares, suggest that the Sipes' Home site was likely first occupied by Nadaco Caddo peoples in the late 18th century, and that occupation probably lasted into the first quarter of the 19th century. b a c d - e ~ f g h Figure 2. Shell-edged refined earthenware from the Sipes' Home site: a-b, green; c-j, blue.

37 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 33 a b c e f h g k Figure 3. Other decorated refined earthenware from the Sipes' Home site: a, hand-painted; b, annular ware; c-k, blue transfer-printed. Kaolin Pipe Bowl and Stem Sherds The Sipes' Home site surface collection has three kaolin pipe stems and one kaolin plain pipe bowl (Figure 4). The pipe stems have boreholes with 4/64-inch (n=2) and 3/64-inch (n=l) diameters. These pipe stem bore diameters are consistent with a late 18th-early 19th century age, based on Harrington (1954) histograms, in that pipes with a 4/64-inch bore hole comprised 77% of a pipe stem sample dating between , and Binford's (1962) regression formula (see discussion in Mallios [2005:90-91]). Binford's formula for pipe stems is: Y=l93l X where Y represents time in years, and X signifies the pipe assemblage's average bore-diameter measurement. In the small Sipes' Home site sample, the average bore-hole diameter is Y is thus , the mean site occupation date, supporting the late 18th century age of the Caddo component at the site.

38 34 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014)... b c d a Figure 4. Kaolin pipe sherds: a, pipe bowl; b-d, stem sherds. Bottle Glass Sherds There arc five olive green wine bottle glass body or base sherds in the collection. The one base sherd from a late 18th-early 19th century bottle (see Jones 2000: 157) has a deep pontil (Figure 5). Figure 5. Olive green wine glass base sherd from the Sipes' Home site.

39 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 35 Gunflint The collection from the Sipes' Home site has a single post-1790 black Brandon chert English blade gunflint (see Kenmotsu 2000:343). The gunflint is 20.8 mm in length, 21.1 mm in width, and 7.8 mm thick; there is edge flaking on all four edges (see Figure I b). Similar English gunftints have been recovered from nearby Martin Creek late 18th century Caddo sites on Trammell's Trace: the Taylor site (41RK36) (Clark and Ivey 1974:67 and Figure 13e) and Millsey Williamson (41RK3) (Jones 1968). Clark and lvey (1974:69) suggest these two sites, as well as others yet to be documented, are part of a late 18'h century Nadaco dispersed village or community. Aboriginal Shell-Tempered Ceramic Sherds There are three plain shell-tempered body sherds in the Sipes' Home site collection (Figure 6). These are from thin-walled (mean thickness of 5.5 mm) jars that were fired in a reducing environment, but cooled in the open air, leaving oxidized vessel surfaces. Shell-tempered ceramic vessels are rare in East Texas Caddo contexts before the Historic Caddo period (see Perttula eta!. 2012), and even when they are present, it is likely that they are from traded/exchanged vessels from Northwest Louisiana, rather than vessels that were made with local clays. At the nearby 18th century Millsey Williamson site (41RK3), 5.5% of the vessels and 4% of the sherds were tempered with shell (Perttula and Nelson 2014). Figure 6. Plain shell-tempered body sherds from the Sipes' Home site. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The artifact collection from the Sipes' Home site ( 41RK603) gathered from the sutface by Buddy Jones many years ago appears to represent a single component late 18th-early 19th century Caddo settlement near Trammell's Trace and Martin Creek in the East Texas Pineywoods. In addition to both English and French trade goods, including faience brune, refined earthen wares, kaolin pipe stem and bowl sherds, wine bottle glass sherds, and an English blade gunflint being recovered from the site, the Sipes' Home site has aboriginally manufactured shell-tempered ceramic sherds. Given the probable maximum age range of the site, from ca to the 1820s, the Sipes' Home site was a farmstead likely occupied by Nadaco Caddo

40 36 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) peoples in a larger village community that was dispersed along Martin Creek and Trammell's Trace, an ancient Caddo trail. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I appreciate the assistance provided by Patti Haskins of the Gregg County Historical Museum in facilitating the study and analysis of the Sipes' Home site collections. Bo Nelson took the photographic images used in this article. REFERENCES CITED Avery, G., H. F. Gregory, J. Emery, and J. Girard 2007 French Faience in Northwest Louisiana. In French Colonial Pottery: An International Conference, edited by G. Avery, pp Northwestern State University Press, Natchitoches. Binford, L A New Method of Calculating Dates from Kaolin Pipe Stem Samples. Southeastern Archaeological Conference Newsletter 9( I): Clark, J. Wand J. E. Ivey 1974 Archaeological and Historical Investigations at Martin Lake, Rusk and Panola Counties, Texas. Research Report 32. Texas Archeological Survey, Austin. Harrington, J. C Dating Stem Fragments of Seventeenth- and Eighteenth-Century Clay Tobacco Pipes. Quarterly Bulletin, Archaeological Society of Virginia 9(1): Hunter, R. and G. L. Miller 2009 Suitable for Framing: Decorated Shell-Edge Earthenware. Early American Life,August 2009, pp Jones, B. C The Kinsloe Focus: A Study of Seven Historic Caddoan Sites in Northeast Texas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Jones, Glass Bottle Push-Ups and Ponti! marks. ln Approaches to Material Culture Research for Historical Archaeologists, 2"d Edition, compiled by D. Brauner, pp The Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania. Kenmotsu, N. A Gun flints: A Study.ln Approaches to Material Culture Research for Historical Archaeologists, 2"d Edition, compiled by D. Brauner, pp The Society for Historical Archaeology, California, Pennsylvania. Majewski, T. A. and M. J. O'Brien 19B7 The Use and Misuse of Nineteenth-Century English and American Ceramics in Archaeological Analysis. In Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Vol. JJ, edited by M. B. Schiffer, pp Academic Press, New York. Mallios, S Back to the Bowl: Using English Tobacco Pipebowls to Calculate Mean Site-Occupation Dates. Historical Archaeology 39(2):

41 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (20 14) 37 Perttula, T. K. and B. Nelson 2014 The Millsey Williamson (41 RK3), Bead Burial, and L. N. Morwell Farm Sites on Martin Creek: Historic Caddo Settlements along Trammels Trace, Rusk County, Texas. Jounwl of Northeast Texas Archaeolof?y 44: Perttula, T. K., M. B. Trubitt, and J. S. Girard 2012 The Use of Shell-Tempered Pottery in the Caddo Area of the Southeastern United States. Southeastern Archaeology 30(2): Samford, P. A Response to a Market: Dating English Underglaze Transfer-Printed Wares. Historical Archaeology 31(2):1-30. South, S Method and Theory in Historical Archaeology. Academic Press, New York.

42

43 Ar chaeological Investigations at the Wade (GC-38) and Estes (GC-49) Sites in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula, Robert Z. Selden, Jr., and Bo Nelson INTRODUCTION Buddy C. Jones conducted extensive archaeological investigations in the 1950s and 1960s at many sites in the mid-sabine River basin of East Texas, especially on Caddo sites of various ages in Gregg, Harrison, and Rusk counties. However, that work has not illuminated our understanding of the archaeology of the Caddo Indian peoples that lived along this stretch of the Sabine River as much as it could have, primarily because little of the work completed by Jones was ever published (see Jones 1957, 1968), or the results and findings shared with professional and avocational archaeological colleagues working in the region. The Caddo archaeology of the Gregg County stretch of the Sabine River, in particular, is poorly known by comparison with the archaeological record in the upper Sabine River (cf. Perttula 1995) or to the archaeological studies recently completed downstream in Harrison County at sites such as Pine Tree Mound (41HS 15) (see Fields and Gadus 2012). To begin to develop a better appreciation of the Caddo archaeology in the mid-sabine River basin, we have made a concerted effort to analyze and document collections obtained by Jones from Caddo sites in Gregg County and the surrounding region (see Perttula 2011,2012, 2013; Perttula and Nelson 2013; see also other articles in this volume of the Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology). In this article, we discuss the archaeological findings from the Wade and Estes sites discovered and investigated by Jones in the late 1950s and early 1960s. The sites are near each other in the southeastern part of Gregg County (Figure 1). The Wade site is on a landform near the confluence of Peatown Creek and Dutchman Creek, northern-flowing tributaries to the Sabine River. The Estes site is on a large alluvial terrace on the north side of the Sabine River, across from the confluence of Dutchman Creek and the Sabine River This article focuses particularly on the excavations of portions of an ancestral Caddo house structure at the Wade site and the analysis of the substantial decorated sherd assemblages at both the Wade and Estes sites. THE WADE SITE (GC-38) Buddy C. Jones found the Wade site in 1955, and he apparently collected ceramic and lithic artifacts from the surface of the site for several years. [n , he completed limited excavations at the site, this work consisting of several narrow trenches and four 5 x 5 ft. units (Squares 1-4) in a small block off one of the trenches. Evidence of pits, post holes, and concentrations of daub in several areas of his work indicate that Jones encountered the remains of at least one ancestral Caddo house structure in the small block and trenches. The collections to be discussed below are from both the surface collections and hand excavations, but they are considered as one assemblage for analytical purposes. Excavations After noting that ceramic sherds were abundant on the surface of the Wade site in 1958, Jones excavated three narrow northwest -southeast and northeast -southwest oriented trenches across one part of the site (Figure journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45, 2014

44 40 Journal of Northeast Texas Arclzaeolof?y 45 (2014) Legend Blackland Prairie - Pinenvoods D Post Oak. Savatmah N i miles Caddo Archaeological.-Area in East Texas ~. Figure 1. The location of the Wade and Estes sites in East Texas. Figure prepared by Lance Trask. 2). These trenches were an unspecified width (likely 2 feet in width, based on his use of similar trenches in the 1957 excavations at the Henry Spencer site [41 UR315], see Perttula eta!. [2012:Figure 31) and were probably dug in loft. sections. Trench A was 75ft. in length, Trench B was 55 ft. in length, and Trench C was 70ft. in length, for a total of 200ft. of hand-excavated trenches. Cultural features, including pits and post holes, were present in the trenches (see Figure 2), and Jones continued his excavations in 1961 at the Wade site by excavating four 5 x 5 ft. squares (Units 1-4, 100 ft. 2 ) in the area of what he called an ash pit, possibly a hearth, found in Trench C; these units were excavated in 3 inch levels. These excavations first encountered a plow zone (0-15 em), followed by a dark midden deposit from em bs; this deposit contained animal bone, mussel shells, and pottery sherds (Figure 3). A pit with about 5 em of ash was encountered in Unit 2 at 30 em bs (found in it were a pitted stone, pottery sherds, deer bone, and a single Yarbrough point). A number of post holes (n= II) and possible post holes (n=6) were defined at about 40 em bs in the units (particularly in Units 3 and 4), in the middle part of the sandy E-horizon, extending to ca. 66 em bs in the B-horizon clay subsoil. The post holes ranged from 15-

45 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 41 Trench C Estimated 1----Area of Block Excavations ~ N =Feature Figure 2. Trench excavations at the Wade site. S. N. -~=-====~:::;;::::;;::::;.=:;=~:;::=;::=;:=;~;:=~~~:::=~~=;:=:;;=;=:;--=-Plow Zone -7Z/2L/ZZZZZZZZZ/?Zr/ZZZZ/Z/7- Midden Ash _.._ E- horizon Feature ---r ,_ t..-r-----r _ Base of Excavations 0 5 ft Figure 3. Profile of the excavations at the Wade site. 20 em in diameter, and likely mark wall posts to a Caddo stmcture; no clear wall pattern can be discerned in the small excavated area, but there may have been more than one possible rectangular stmcture built at this location given the proximity of two roughly north-south lines of posts in Units 3 and 4 (Figure 4); these posts may also mark a rebuilt wall. In these same units was a ca. 1.5 x l m concentration of daub that was encountered immediately below the midden deposits, from ca em bs; several post holes lie beneath the daub. The daub deposit clearly indicates that the structure or stmctures on this part of the Wade site had been clay, grass, and thatch-covered, and at some point had been burned down, preserving the daub from the structure walls.

46 42 Journal of Northeast Texas ArchaeolORY 45 (2014) Unit 3 Unit 4 daub concentration Unit2 o0 -- / Ash 'Feature \ I Unit 1 ~ N Posthole and Possible Posthole 0 ft 5 Figure 4. Plan map of post holes/possible post holes, daub concentration, and ash feature in the excavations at the Wade site. Ceramic Assemblage The ceramic vessel sherd assemblage (n=l472) from Jones' investigations at the Wade site consists of 678 plain rim, body, and base sherds and 794 decorated sherds from utility ware (n=688) and fine ware (n=106) vessels. The plain to decorated sherd ratio (P/DR) is One of the plain rims has a Redwine mode lip treatment (see Walters 20 I 0). More than 85% of the sherds are from grog-tempered vessels, with 14.7% of the sherds from vessels tempered with burned bone (Table 2). The proportions of bone temper use in the three wares at the Wade site is generally similar, with the highest usc of bone temper in utility ware jars and the lowest bone temper use in the fine wares. Plain ware vessels are a significant component of the Wade site ceramic assemblage, given that 35% of the rims from the site are from plain ware vessels. Another 16% of the rims are from fine wares, ami the remaining 49% are from utility wares (see Table 1).

47 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 43 Table 1. Ceramic sherd assemblage from the Wade site. Ware Rim Body Base N % Plain ware Utility ware Appliqued Bmshed Brushed-Appliqued Brushed-Incised Brushed-Incised-Appliqued I 0.1 Brushed-Incised-Punctated Brushed-Punctated Incised Incised-Appliqued Incised-Punctated Pinched Pinched-Punctated 0.1 Puncta ted Fine ware Engraved Red-slipped Totals Table 2. Use of bone temper in the ceramic sherds from the Wade site. Ware No. of sherds % bone-temper Plain ware Utility ware Fine ware Totals Among the many utility ware sherds (comprising 87% of the decorated sherds from the site), the vessels are most commonly decorated with brushed, brushed-incised, incised, incised-punctated, and punctated decorative elements on the rim and/or the vessel body (Figure Sc-i)). Approximately 13% of the decorated shcrds are from fine ware vessels decorated with e ngraved lines (Figure 5a-b,j) or with red slipping on both vessel surfaces (see Table 1).

48 44 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) c Figure 5. Examples of decorated rim and body sherds from the Wade site: a-b, j, engraved rim sherds; c, incised-punctated; d, brushed-appliqued; e, punctated; f-g, incised; h, brushed-punctated; i, incised-punctated. The decorative elements on the utility ware rims from the Wade site feature rows of tool punctates, brushing marks in various directions as well as brushing marks and incised lines, diagonal incised lines (see Figure Sg), and brushing decorations on the rim in combination with one or more rows of tool punctations pushed through the brushing (Table 3). Rims with brushing comprise 15.5% of the utility ware rim sample in the assemblage; 7.0% of the rims have brushed-incised decorations; 11.2% have brushed-punctated decorations (Figure 6c, f; see also Figure 5h); incised rims and punctated rims both account for 19.7% of the utility ware rims; and 26.7% of the utility ware rims have incised-punctated decorative elements (Figure 6g, i, I; see also Figure Sc, i). One incised body sherd has bisected rectangle and triangle elements filled with straight lines pitched in opposite directions (see Figures Sf and 6k). Another incised sherd is from a Pease Brushed-Incised vessel with panels defined by sets of vertical incised lines, and the panels then filled with diagonal incised lines pitched in opposite directions (see Suhm and Jelks l962:plate 60k). The incised-punctated rims from the Wade site are particularly interesting because they include nine rims from Washington Square Paneled vessels (see Figure 6a-b and Table 3). These rims have horizontal

49 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (20/4) 45 Table 3. Decorative elements and motifs on utility ware rim sherds from the Wade site. Decorative element and motif Diagonal brushed Horizontal brushed Vertical brushed N % Diagonal incised lines on rim-diagonal brushed body Horizontal brushed-incised marks and lines Horizontal brushed, with diagonal tool punctates under lip Horizontal brushed, with diagonal tool punctated rows pushed through the brushing Horizontal brushed with tool punctated row pushed through the brushing Diagonal brushed, with tool punctated row under lip Tool punctated row at rim-body juncture and vertical brushed body Cross-hatched incised lines Diagonal incised lines Horizontal incised lines Horizontal and diagonal opposed incised lines Horizontal and vettical incised lines Opposed diagonal incised lines Vertical incised lines Incised circle and triangle filled with tool punctates incised triangle filled with tool punctates Curvilinear incised band filled with tool punctates* Diagonal incised line above linear tool punctated row Horizontal incised line and circular incised element filled with tool punctates Horizontal incised bands with diagonal tool punctates and diagonal incised lines between bands Horizontal incised bands filled with crescent-shaped finger-nail punctates Horizontal incised band filled with tool punctates* Horizontal and vertical incised bands filled with punctates* Tool punctated row under lip and horizontal incised lines Tool punctated row at rim-body juncture and diagonal incised lines on body 6 3 I 3 I Crescent-shaped fingernail punctated rows Diagonal and linear tool punctated rows Linear tool punctated rows Tool punctated rows Tool punctated row under the lip Totals l *Washington Square Paneled

50 46 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) a, p ~.? t L iz (!' p9.p(j b - --:- - ';%""'; rim :;t. <J'=cCIWP. )...,.. ;>*J,. t :f.?. 'f ~.~ ~ - -.:.==;-- -~== -;::;;::::...""=;:::.~~-:-::;:;: f ~ t! 41 I?' "..I /...-- ~~ g rim I!# I ;: l ' ~ '""";. ' (I,' a o ie ~ n ~ ~ a n & It ~ ~ ~ h 1 rim.. ' ". J k 1 Figure 6. Drawings of selected sherd decorative elements: a-b, Washington Square Paneled; c, f, brushed-punctated; d, appliqued-incised; e, j, brushed-appliqued; g, i, I, incised-punctated; h, punctated; k, incised. interlocking incised scrolls with upper, lower, and vertical incised bands filled with tool punctates. This particular decorative style on the rims from these vessels has a considerable distribution on Middle Caddo (ca. A.D ) period sites in the mid-sabine River basin and tributaries (Gadus et al. 2006; Perttula and Nelson 2013; Walters 2008) as well as contemporaneous Caddo sites in the Angelina River basin (see Hart 1982; Perttula et al. 20 I 0). While incised triangles filled with tool punctates are notable in the incised-punctated rims from the Wade site (see Table 3 and Figure Si), there is at least one body sherd with a circular incised element filled with tool punctates as well as a rim sherd with punctate-filled triangles and circles (see Figures Sc and 61). Another has a set of curvilinear or arcing incised lines with an overlying series of linear tool punctates. One of the punctated rims has crest:ent-shaped fingernail punctates (see Table 3), and may be from a Weches Fingernail Impressed jar (see Suhm and Jelks l962:plate 77); a rim sherd from another Weches

51 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 47 Fingernail Impressed jar has horizontal incised bands filled with crescent-shaped fingernail punctates. Other rims have only tool punctates that are in rows on the rim (see Figure 6h), beginning under the vessel lip and extending to the rim-body juncture. There are several other notable decorative elements on the utility ware body sherds. Two body sherds have straight appliqued fillets that divide panels with either parallel brushed-incised marks and lines or diagonal incised lines pitched in the same direction (see Figure 6d-e). A third body sherd (perhaps from a Pease Brushed-Incised vessel) has parallel brushed-incised marks and lines with a row of tool punctates pushed through the brushing, while another has parallel brushed-incised marks and lines divided by an alternating set of straight appliqued fillets and tool punctated rows pushed through the brushing. Another body sherd has a diagonal appliqued ridge that overlies a lleld or parallel brushing marks, while grog and bone-tempered jar body sherds have opposed diagonal appliqued fillets with surrounding brushing marks pitched in opposite directions (see Figures 5d and 6j). The fine ware rims include 22 sherds from vessels with engraved elements and motifs and one rim sherd (either a bowl or a carinated bowl) decorated only with a hematite-rich red slip on both interior and exterior surfaces (Table 4). The engraved rims are stylistically diverse, with both simple lines and geometric elements-diagonal (Figure 7g), horizontal (see Figure 5j), opposed diagonal, and vertical-on the rims of carinated bowls as well as bracket (see Figure 7j), concentric semi-circle (see Figures 5b and 71), excised triangles and excised pendant triangles, rectangles, and a scroll element. The one rim with a scroll has a panel created with horizontal engraved lines, and on the panel is part of a slanted scroll and possibly part of a circle element; there is no apparent upper and lower scroll fill zone on this sherd, suggesting it is not from a Ripley Engraved vessel. Two rims are from Washington Square Paneled vessels (see Hart 1982; Perttula et al. 2010; Perttula and Nelson 2013) with horizontal engraved lines creating narrow bands filled with small excised punctations; this is in addition to the numerous incised-punctated Washington Square Paneled rim sherds listed in Table 3 and illustrated in Figure 6a-b. Another rim with hatched and cross-hatched brackets Table 4. Decorative elements and motifs on fine ware rim sherds from the Wade site. Decorative element and motif N % Cross-hatched and excised brackets Diagonal engraved lines Diagonal lines and concentric semi-circles Horizontal engraved lines Horizontal engraved lines and punctated band* Horizontal engraved lines, excised triangles, and cross-hatched zone Horizontal engraved lines and small excised pendant triangles Horizontal and diagonal band of engraved lines Horizontal and diagonal engraved lines Horizontal lines and rectangle element Horizontal lines and scroll element Horizontal hatched zone Opposed diagonal engraved lines Vertical engraved lines I Red-slipped, interior and exterior surfaces 4.3 Totals *Washington Square Paneled

52 48 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeolof?y 45 (2014) a b c ::s \ : - d e f ~. ( g h. 1 rim....ij '-... J ~ n.. k 1 Figure 7. Drawings of selected engraved elements on rim and body sherds: g, j-1, rim sherds; a-f, h-i, body sherds. has a distinctive Redwine mode lip treatment (see Figures Sa and 7j; see also Walters 20 I 0). Such lip treatment has been documented in both utility ware and fine ware assemblages in the Sabine, Big Cypress, and Angelina-Neches drainage basins in East Texas. Distinctive engraved body sherds include diagonal opposed lines, narrow hatched and cross-hatched lines, straight and curvilinear zones and circles (see Figure 7a, d, i), open circles, engraved and excised brackets (on carinated sherds and bottles), narrow panels with stepped lines (see Figure 7c), and parallel lines with attached semi-circles (see Figure 7e). There is also one engraved diamond central scroll element on a body sherd (see Figure 7f) that may be from a Ripley Engraved, var. McKinney vessel. There are only three engraved bottle sherds (2.9% of all the engraved sherds) with sets of curvilinear lines in the fine ware assemblage from the Wade site. Another bottle sherd has part of a straight engraved line and an excised bracket Only one engraved sherd ( 1.0% of all the engraved sherds) has a white pigment rubbed in the engraved lines.

53 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 49 Ceramic Pipe A Middle Caddo period style L-shaped clay elbow pipe stem sherd is in the Wade site ceramic assemblage. This style of elbow pipe has been found in a number of ca. A.D Caddo habitation sites and burials in the Sabine and Neches-Angelina river basins. In general, elbow pipes began to be made after ca. A.D in East Texas and elsewhere in the Caddo area. Lithic Assemblage There is one Late Archaic style quartzite Yarbrough dart point from the Wade site, along with a quartzite Wells point and a gray chert Ellis point, and a ferruginous sandstone gouge, as well as quartzite, petrified wood, and gray chert Gary points (n=5) (Figure 8c) and two (brown chert and quartzite, Figure 8e) Kent points that evince Woodland period use. There are also two petrified wood biface preforms, a gray chert bifacial perforator, a gray chert expedient flake tool, and a gray chert end/side scraper. Ground stone tools from the Late Archaic and Woodland period components includes a ferruginous sandstone abrader, a ferruginous sandstone grinding slab fragment, a hematite mano, a quartzite mano and pitted stone, and a quartzite hammers tone. a b c d e Figure 8. Projectile points from the Wade site: a, Perdiz arrow point; b, Bonham arrow point; c, Gary dart point; d, Scallorn arrow point; e, Kent dart point. Arrow points from the Wade site include a quartzite Scallorn (see Figure 8d), a petrified wood Bonham (see Figure 8b), and a gray chert Perdiz (see Figure 8a), all indicative of aboriginal use by and after ca. A.D In the Caddo component there are also a greenstone celt fragment, two quartzitic sandstone celt fragments, a celt preform of the same material, and a single celt resharpening flake (Figure 9). These materials have their source in the Ouachita Mountains of southeastern Oklahoma. Other Recovered Artifacts There are also numerous pieces of unburned mussel shell valves, turtle bones, deer phalanges, as well as chunks of daub, burned clay, and a clay coil in the archaeological deposits at the site.

54 50 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) Figure 9. Celt fragments from the Wade site. THE ESTES SITE (GC-49) The Estes site artifact assemblage was presumably collected by Jones from the surface of the site after it had been plowed. There are no available records or notes that indicate Jones conducted any excavations at this site. Ceramic Assem blagc There is a large assemblage of Caddo ceramic vessel sherds ( n= I 097) from surface collections at the Estes site. This includes 410 plain rim, body, and base sherds, and 687 decorated utility ware (n=585) and fine ware (n=l02) sherds (Table 5). The P/DR is As with the previously discussed Wade site ceramic assemblage, the Estes site ceramic sherds are also predominantly from grog-tempered vessels. Approximately 13.9% of the sherds are from vessels tempered with crushed burned bone. The highest proportion of burned bone use is in the fine wares (17.6%) (Table 6). Almost 30% of the rims in the assemblage are from plain ware vessels, compared to about 58% from utility wares, and 13% from fine ware vessels (see Table 5). With respect to the decorated sherds, approximately 85% of the rim and body sherds are from utility wares, especially sherds from brushed, brushed-incised, incised, punctated, and brushed-punctated vessels (Figures ). As a group, 40.8% of all the sherds from the Estes site have brushing marks, either as the sole decoration or in combination with appliqued, incised, or punctated elements. The remaining 15% are sherds from engraved and engraved-punctated fine wares (see Table 5). In addition to the many ceramic sherds, a single clay coil and a piece of daub were also in the assemblage. Decorative elements and motifs on rim sherds from utility ware vessels at the Estes site are listed in Table 7. The most common decorative treatments on these vessels are horizontal brushing (13.3% of the utility ware rims), horizontal brushing on the rim below a row of diagonal tool punctates (see Figure loh-j, 13.3%), and horizontal brushed-incised marks and lines (12.2%).

55 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 51 Table 5. Ceramic sherd assemblage from the Estes site. Ware Rim Body Base N % Plain ware Utility ware Appliqued Appliqued-punctated Brushed Brushed-appliqued Brushed-appliqued-incised Bmshed-incised Bmshed-punctated Grooved 0.1 Incised Incised-appliqued Incised-punctated Incised-punctated-brushed 2 I Lip notched 0.1 Pinched Puncta ted Fine ware Engraved Engraved-punctated Totals Table 6. Use of bone temper in the ceramic sherds from the Estes site. Ware No. of sherds % bone-temper Plain ware Utility ware Fine ware Totals L

56 52 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (201 4) a d e k Figure 10. Selected utility wares in the Estes site ceramic assemblage: a, brushed-appliquedincised; b, incised-appliqued; c-e, incised; f, incised-punctated; g, punctated (cf. Washington Square Paneled); h-j, bmshed-punctated; k, incised-punctated. a b c d e f g Figure 11. Selected decorated rim and body sherds from the Estes site: a, engraved; b, incised-punctated; c, punctated; d, bmshed-punctated; e, incised-appliqued; f-g, bmshed-appliqued.

57 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 53 :: ': a b c Figure 12. Drawings of selected decorative elements in utility wares: a, brushed-punctated; b, incisedpunctated; c, brushed-incised-appliqued. Table 7. Decorative elements and motifs on utility ware rim sherds from the Estes site. Decorative element and motif N % Diagonal brushing marks Horizontal brushing marks Horizontal brushed on rim and vertical brushed body Vertical brushing marks 12 l.l 13.3 l.l 1.1 Horizontal brushed rim-vertical and diagonal incised lines on body Horizontal brushed-incised marks and lines Horizontal brushed-incised on rim and vertical brushed-incised on body Horizontal incised lines on rim and diagonal brushed body II 8 l.l Horizontal brushing marks below a row of diagonal tool punctates Horizontal brushed below row of tool punctates under lip Horizontal brushing marks and tool punctated row at rimbody juncture-vertical brushing on body Horizontal brushed with tool punctated rows under lip and mid-rim Diagonal tool punctates under lip and vertical brushed Tool punctated row at rim-body juncture and vertical brushed body Tool punctated row under lip and vertical brushed body l.l 1.1 l.l Diagonal incised lines Diagonal-horizontal incised lines Diagonal incised lines on the rim and vertical incised on body Horizontal incised lines Opposed diagonal incised lines l Horizontal incised lines-diagonal linear tool punctateshorizontal brushing on body Tool punctated row under lip and horizontal incised and brushed panel

58 54 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) Table 7. Decorative clements and motifs on utility ware rim sberds from the Estes site, cont. Decorative element and motif Incised triangle filled with tool punctates Tool punctated bands between horizontal incised lines Diagonal tool punctates under lip-incised triangle filled with tool punctates Horizontal incised line and row of diagonal tool punctates Lip notched Circular tool punctated rows Diagonal tool punctated row under lip Tool punctate rows Tool punctated row under lip and diagonal linear tool punctates Tool punctated row at rim-body juncture and random tool punctates on body Totals N I % About 68lfo of the utility rim sherds have a brushed decoration, but this brushing occurs in several different ways on vessels: as the sole decorative element (16.6%), usually horizontal brushing (Figures l3a-b and 14f), perhaps from Bullard Brushed jars; in combination with incised lines, sometimes together on the rim, or with one decorative method on the rim and the other on the body (23.3%); in combination with punctations (25.5%) of different forms, where the punctations are in various locations on the rim (see Figures I Of, h-j, lld, and l2a); or in combination with incised lines and tool punctated rows on the rim (2.2%). Brushed sherds with portions of the rim and body preserved on them indicate that brushed jars have brushed bodies (vertical and diagonal marks, Figures 13b and 14a-b, d-e), opposed brushing marks (Figure l4c), or with diagonal incised bodies (see Table 7). Brushed body sherds sometimes occur with panels defined by straight appliqued fillets (see Figure llf-g). One body sherd has a straight appliqued fillet dividing a field of diagonal brushing marks from a field of diagonal incised lines pitched in the opposite direction (see Figures loa and 12c).Another has parallel brushing marks with an overlying straight appliqued fillet and overlying parallel incised lines (see Figure Ile). Approximately 14% of the utility ware rim sherds from the Estes site have simple geometric incised line elements and motifs, featuring primarily diagonal lines pitched in various directions (see Figure loc-e and Table 7). Incised body sherds have the same decorative elements (see Figure l2b). Incised-appliqued body sherds have single short appliqued ridges nested in a series of opposed incised lines (see Figure lob). lncised-punctated rim and body sherds are probably from Maydelle Incised vessels (see Suhm and Jelks 1962) as they have a series of diagonal incised lines and incised triangles on the rim filled with tool punctations (see Figure 101). Other body sherds simply have rows of tool punctations and incised lines in various directions (see Figure llb). Some of the utility ware rim sherds have rows of different shapes of tool punctations on the rim, typically beginning in a row under the vessel lip and ending with a row at the rim-body juncture (see Table 7 and Figure II c). Punctated rims comprise 8.9% of the utility ware rims at the Estes site. One rim and body sherd indicates that vessel bodies were sometimes covered with randomly-placed tool punctates.

59 Journal of Northeast Texas Arclzaeoloxy 45 (2014) 55 a Figure 13. Brushed rim and lower rim-body sherds from the Estes site: a, horizontal brushed rim; b, horizontal brushed rim and vertical brushed body. a b c f d Figure 14. Brushed rim and body sherds from the Estes site: a-b, d-e, parallel brushed; c, opposed brushed; f, horizontal brushed.

60 56 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) Finally, a rare decorative element on utility wares is lip notching. One rim sherd from the Estes site is notched on the lip (see Table 7). The fine ware rims are from both engraved and engraved-punctated vessels (Table 8); a few of the engraved sherds have white (n=l) (Figure 15e) or red pigment (n=2) rubbed in the engraved lines; about 3% of the engraved line wares have a preserved pigment. The four engraved-punctated rims (Figures 15e-f and 16b) are from the engraved variety of Washington Square Paneled carinated bowls (see Hart 1982; Perttula et al. 2010; Perttula and Nelson 2013), which appear in ca. A.D contexts in sites in both the mid-sabine and Angelina River basins of East Texas. The majority of the other engraved rims have diagonal, horizontal, or vertical lines as decorative elements, along with several with narrow hatched zones (Figure ISd), hatched and cross-hatched ladders (Figures 15g and 16h), and hatched triangles (Figure 16c). Three other rims either have engraved semi-circles or sets of near vertical arcing lines extending from a horizontal engraved line above the carination. Table 8. Decorative elements and motifs on fine ware rim sherds from the Estes site. Decorative element and motif Diagonal hatched zones Horizontal hatched zone Horizontal engraved lines Horizontal and diagonal engraved lines Horizontal and diagonal opposed lines Horizontal engraved line and hatched triangle element Horizontal engraved lines and hatched triangles and ladders Horizontal engraved line and near vertical arcing lines Horizontal engraved lines and semi-circle Vertical engraved lines Vertical cross-hatched engraved zone Interlocking horizontal engraved scroll and punctated rows* Totals *Washington Square Paneled N % Notable by their absence in the engraved fine ware rims from the Estes site are sherds with any of the decorative elements seen on mid-sabine River post-ca. A.D Ripley Engraved vessels (see Fields and Gadus 2012: ), particularly scrolls, diamonds, circles with swastikas or crosses, or pendant triangles. This would certainly seem to suggest that the principal Caddo occupation of the Estes site occurred in the Middle Caddo period. Among the engraved body sherds in the fine wares from the Estes site are a number with simple geometric decorative elements, such as straight, diagonal, parallel, or opposed engraved lines (see Figures 15b and 16d). There is one body sherd with parallel engraved lines and small excised triangles; this is probably from another Washington Square Paneled vessel. Other carinated bowl sherds have narrow engraved zones with hatched or cross-hatched lines (see Figures II a, I Sa, c-d, g, k-1, and 16g) and hatched triangles. Engraved bottle sherds (n= ll) have sets of curvilinear or parallel lines (see Figures ISh, j and 16e), but one has a large negatives or SZ (see Fields and Gadus 2012:Figure 6.1) element outlined by closely-spaced

61 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 57 a b c e g Figure 15. Engraved rim and body sherds from the Estes site: a-c, k-1, body sherds; d, g, rim sherds; e-f, Washington Square Paneled carinated bowl sherds; h-j, bottle sherds. -../\~== 7 a c d e g h Figure 16. Drawings of selected engraved decorative elements: a, d-g, body sherds; b, Washington Square Paneled carinated bowl sherd; c, h, rim sherds.

62 58 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) vertical engraved lines, an excised zone, and portions of a narrow hatched zone (see Figures lsi and 16f), and another (with red pigment) has diagonal excised zones and an open triangle clement (see Figure 16a). Lithic Assemblage There is evidence in the chipped stone artifacts of Late Archaic use of the Estes site. This includes a ferruginous sandstone gouge and a straight stemmed dart point manufactured from a grayish-red chert, as well as examples of Ellis and Yarbrough points. A single Gary, var. Camden dart point of quartzite and a Kent dart point of petrified wood are indicative of a late Woodland period use (ca. A.D ) (see Schambach 1982, 1998). The post-ca. A.D. 800 Caddo lithic artifacts from the site include a red chert Alba point (Figure 17c), a gray chert Bonham-Perdiz (Figure 17b)-which is likely associated with the principal Middle Caddo component at the site-and a quartzite Maud point (Figure l7a) of post-a.d age. There are also expedient flake tools (n=7), a chert drill, and scrapers (n=2), as well as a greenstone celt fragment (Figure 18). a b c Figure 17. Arrow points from the Estes site: a, Maud; b, Bonham-Perdiz; c, Alba. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The Wade and Estes sites are located in the mid-sabine River basin in Gregg County, in the East Texas Pineywoods, in the general area of the city of Longview. Both sites were found and investigated by Buddy C. Jones more than 50 years ago. He obtained surface collections of artifacts-mainly plain and decorated sherds from ancestral Caddo occupations-from both sites, and carried out limited excavations at the Wade site in That work identified a variety of features, mainly post holes and pits, from an ancestral Caddo house structure as well as associated midden deposits. Chipped stone artifacts found at both sites also show that the sites were used to some limited extent during both the Late Archaic (ca years B.P.) and Woodland (ca years B.P.) periods. The work at both sites by Jones resulted in the collection of large assemblages of decorated utility ware and fine ware rim and body sherds ( sherds per site). The stylistic character of these sherds is useful in assessing the age of the Caddo occupations, and the historical relationships evidenced in the decorative elements and motifs that speak of cultural transmission and stylistic change and continuity in the decoration of Caddo vessels in the mid-sabine River basin. As best as can be determined from the decorated sherd

63 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 59 Figure 18. Greenstone celt fragment from the Estes site. assemblages and a clay pipe from the Wade site, but in the absence of radiocarbon dates from the sites, the principal ancestral Caddo domestic settlements at both sites predate ca. A.D. 1450, but possibly they both date between ca. A.D The engraved fine wares, and the incised-punctated variant of Washington Square Paneled at the Wade site. are not stylistically similar to the post-a.d fine wares documented from the Pine Tree Mound community (see Fields and Gadus 2012) a few miles downstream on a tributary to the Sabine River. Instead they are more like ceramic assemblages on Middle Caddo period (ca. A.D ) sites in the mid-sabine and Angelina River basins (cf. Gadus et al. 2006; Hart 1982; Perttula and Nelson 20 13; Walters 2008, 20 10), and it is likely that various Caddo communities in these areas had close social and cultural ties and established networks of contact and cultural transmission of ideas and practices. Rim and body sherds with brushing marks as the decorative treatment dominate the decorated sherd assemblages from both the Wade and Estes sites (Table 9). At the Wade site, for example, 50% of the decorated sherds have brushing marks-either as the sole decorative element or in combination with other decorative methods such as incised lines or punctations- and 57% of the utility wares have brushing marks. The proportion of brushed sherds is even higher at the Estes site: 65% of all the decorated sherds have brushing marks, and 76% of the utility wares have brushed decorations. These differences may suggest that the ancestral Caddo component at the Estes site is a bit younger than that at the Wade site, given temporal trends (i.e., increasing proportions of brushed sherds as assemblages get progressively younger in age) in the relative popularity of brushing in decorated sherd assemblages in the mid-sabine River region. The differences between the two sites in the amount of sherds with brushing lies particularly with an increased percentage of sherds with brushed-incised and brushed-punctated decorative elements at the Estes site when compared to the Wade site assemblage (Table 9). In other respects, utility wares with incised (20.2%, including sherds with incised and other decorative elements on the same rim and body sherds) and punctated (16.2%) decorative elements are more common in the Wade site assemblage when compared to the Estes assemblage: only 11.0% and 7.7%, respectively (see Table 9). Sherds from fine ware vessels are equally rare in both sites: 13.4%- 13.7%. However, red-slipped sherds are present only at the Wade site and engraved-punctated Washington Square Paneled sherds are present only at the Estes site. At the Wade site, rim and body sherds from Washington Square Paneled vessels have both engraved-punctated and incisedpunctated decorative elements.

64 60 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) Table 9. Comparison of the decorated sherd assemblages from the Wade and Estes site. Ware Wade Estes N % N % Utility ware Appliqued Appliqued-punctated Brushed Brushed-appliqued Brushed-app1iqued-incised Brushed-incised 78 9.g Brushed-punctated Grooved 0.1 Incised R 7.0 Incised-appliqued lncised-punctated Incised-punctated-brushed Lip notched 0.1 Pinched Pinched-Punctated 0.1 Puncta ted Fine ware Engraved R 13.1 Engraved-punctated Red-slipped Totals ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank Patti Haskins of the Gregg County Historical Commission for her help during the analysis of the archaeological material remains from the Wade and Estes sites. Lance Trask prepared the drawings of the decorated ceramic sherds from the sites.

65 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (20 14) 61 REFERENCES CITED Fields, R. C. and E. F. Gadus (editors) 2012 Archeology of the Nadaco Caddo: The View from the Pine Tree Mound Site (41 HS 15), Harrison County, Texas. 2 Yols. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Gadus, E. F., R. C. Fields, J. K. McWilliams, J. Dockall, and M. C. Wilder 2006 National Register Testing of Seven Prehistoric Sites in the Sahine Mine's Area Q, Harrison County, Texas. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Hart, J.P An Analysis of the Aboriginal Ceramics from the Washington Square Mound Site, Nacogdoches County, Texas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, Northeast Louisiana University, Monroe. Jones, B. C The Grace Creek Sites, Gregg County, Texas. Bulletin of the Texas Archeolo~:ical Society 28: The Kinsloe Focus: A Study of Seven Historic Cadduan Sites in Northeast Texas. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Oklahoma, Norman. Perttula, T. K Collected Papers on Caddoan Archaeology in the Upper Sabine River Basin, Northeastern Texas. Special Publication No. 1. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin Another Look at the Grace Creek #I Site in Gregg County, Texas, as Seen Through Ceramic Analysis. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 35: Three Mounds Creek Site, Gregg County, Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 36: Additional Ancestral Caddo Ceramic and Lithic Artifacts from the Three Mounds Creek Site, Gregg County, Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 40: Perttu1a, T. K. and B. Nelson 2013 Two Middle Caddo Period Habitation Sites and Cemeteries in the Sabine River Basin, Gregg County, Texas. Special Publication No. 27. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin. Perttula, T. K., B. Nelson, and M. Walters 2012 Caddo Archaeology at the Henry Spencer Site (4/URJ/5) in the Little Cypress Creek Basin of East Texas. Special Publication No. 20. Friends of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Pittsburg and Austin. Perttula, T. K., M. Walters, B. Nelson, B. Gonzalez, and R. Cast, with a contribution by R. G. Franciscus 2010 Documentation of Associated and Unassociated Caddo Funerary Objects in the Stephen F. Austin State University Collections, Nacogdoches, Texas. Stephen F. Austin State University Press, Nacogdoches. Suhm, D. A. and E. B. Jelks (editors) 1962 Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. Special Publication No. 1, Texas Archeological Society, and Bulletin No.4, Texas Memorial Museum, Austin. Walters, M., with contributions from L. G. Cecil, L. S. Cummings, J.P. Dering, J. R. Ferguson, M.D. Glascock, T. K. Perttula, L. Schniebs, H. J. Shafer, J. Todd, and C. P. Walker 2008 Life on Jackson Creek, Smith County, Texas: Archeological Investigations of a 14'h Century Caddo Domicile at the Leaning Ruck Site (41SM325). Caddo Archeology Journal 17: Walters, M., with contributions by T. Middlebrook and T. K. Perttula 2010 Redwine or Pie-Crust Mode Forms in East Texas Caddo Ceramics and comparisons with Sprocket-Rims of Southwest Arkansas. Caddo Archeology Journa/20:

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67 Caddo Ceramic Vessels from the Loftis and Pearl Smith Sites in Harrison County, Texas Timothy K. Perttula and Bo Nelson INTRODUCTION The Loftis (HC-53) and Pearl Smith (HC-60) sites are ancestral Caddo sites that were investigated by Buddy Jones, probably in 1960, but those investigations were never published by Jones. The sites are along Clarks Creek in the Sabine River basin in southwestern Harrison County in East Texas (Figure 1); Loftis is about 3 km north of the Pearl Smith site. Jones excavated Caddo burials from both sites, and also conducted limited investigations in Caddo habitation deposits at the Loftis site. Legend Blackland Prairie - Pineywoods D Post Oak. Savannah N t miles Caddo Archaeological ---Area in East Texas 1. Figure l. General location of the Loftis and Pearl Smith sites in East Texas. Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology, Volume 45,2014

68 64 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) There are two vessels from the Loftis site and one vessel from the Pearl Smith site in the Buddy Jones collection at the Gregg County Historical Museum. There are no notes or plans of the burial features excavated by Jones at either site. Burials had apparently been excavated by several people at the Loftis site, including Jones, and the burials ex<.:avated at the Pearl Smith site may have been first discovered during construction of a new gas well on the site. Catalog information suggests that at least 17 Caddo burials were excavated at the Pearl Smith site. LOFTIS SITE VESSELS SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Loftis VESSEL NO.: VESSEL FORM: Jar with rim peaks and strap handles (23 x 21 mm in length and width) HEIGHT (IN CM): N/A ORIFICE DlAMETER (IN CM): 21.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 20.6 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): N/A DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim has vertical brushed-incised marks and lines. The vessel body has appliqued circles repeated four times around the vessel. Each appliqued fillet drcle has a central appliqued node. The circles arc divided and connected by a series of upper and lower nested appliqued fillets, and there is a single horizontal appliqued fillet immediately below the rim-body juncture (Figure 2). PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: Harleton Appliqued, Ira Figure 2. Harleton Appliqued jar rim and body sherds from the Loftis site.

69 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) 65 SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Loftis VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog VESSEL FORM: Carinated bowl HEIGHT (IN CM): N/A ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 20.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 19.6 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): N/A DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim has a panel defined by upper and lower horizontal engraved lines. On the panel are a series of engraved ovals and semicircles marked by sets of closely-spaced lines. PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN]: Unidentified fine ware l)earl SMITH SITE VESSEL SITE NAME OR SITE NUMBER: Pearl Smith VESSEL NO.: NON-PLASTICS AND PASTE: grog and sandy paste VESSEL FORM: Jar with four rim peaks HEIGHT (IN CM): N/A ORIFICE DIAMETER (IN CM): 14.0 DIAMETER AT BOTTOM OF RIM OR NECK (IN CM): 13.8 BASE DIAMETER (IN CM) AND SHAPE OF BASE: N/A ESTIMATED VOLUME (IN LITERS): N/ A DECORATION (INCLUDING MOTIF AND ELEMENTS WHEN APPARENT): The rim has Figure 3. Brushed-punctated jar from the Pearl Smith site.

70 66 Journal of Northeast Texas Archaeology 45 (2014) horizontal brushing marks and two rows of tool punctations, one mid-rim and the other at the rim-body juncture. The vessel body has four panels defined by vertical rows of tool punctates. Each panel has a single triangle element outlined by six rows of tool punctates (Figure 3). PIGMENT USE AND LOCATION ON VESSEL: none TYPE AND VARIETY [IF KNOWN[: Unidentified utility ware SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS The three ancestral Caddo ceramic vessels from the Loftis and Pearl Smith sites on Clarks Creek likely come from post-a.d Titus phase burials in settlements and cemeteries that are part of the recently defined Pine Tree Mound community (Fields and Gadus 20l2:Figures 9.9 and 9.10) in the mid-sabine River basin. Harleton Appliqued jars are a principal utility ware in Titus phase vessel assemblages, and brushedpunctated jars are also well represented in Titus phase vessel collections from sites in the mid-sabine River and Big Cypress Creek basins. The one engraved fine ware vessel from the Loftis site has decorative elements-open panels, near vertical arcing lines and ovals, and closely-spaced engraved lines-consistent with some varieties of Poynor Engraved, a post-a.d fine ware made in the upper Neches River basin in East Texas (Perttula 2011 :Figure 6-64c-d). A stylistically similar carinated bowls was excavated from one of the burials at the Pine Tree Mound site (41HS 15) (Fields and Gadus 2012:Figure 6.25). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Patti Haskins of the Gregg County Historical Museum for her help with the vessel documentation from the Loftis and Pearl Smith sites. REFERENCES CITED Fields, R. C. and E. F. Gadus (editors) 2012 Archeology of the Nadaco Caddo: The View from the Pine Tree Mound Site (41HS15), Harrison County, Texas. 2 Vols. Reports of Investigations No Prewitt and Associates, Inc., Austin. Perttula, T. K The Ceramic Artifacts from the Lang Pasture Site ( 41AN38) and the Place of the Site within an Upper Neches River Basin Caddo Ceramic Tradition. In Archeologicallnvestigations at the Lang Pasture Site (4/AN38) in the Upper Neches River Basin of East Texas, assembled and edited by T. K. Perttula, D. B. Kelley, and R. A. Ricklis, pp Archeological Studies Program Report No. 129, Texas Department of Transportation, Environmental Affairs Division, Austin.