The Porolissum Forum Project
|
|
- Jonah Warren
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 A10 190
2 Eric De Sena The Porolissum Forum Project 2006 Handbook
3 Copyright MMVI ARACNE editrice S.r.l. via Raffaele Garofalo, 133 A/B Roma (06) ISBN I diritti di traduzione, di memorizzazione elettronica, di riproduzione e di adattamento anche parziale, con qualsiasi mezzo, sono riservati per tutti i Paesi. Non sono assolutamente consentite le fotocopie senza il permesso scritto dell Editore. I edizione: giugno 2006
4 BUN VENIT! The second season of the Porolissum Forum Project will be conducted June 30 to July 30, 2006 by an international team of researchers and students. The primary objective of this joint Romanian-American campaign is to explore the Forum of Porolissum, a Roman city located in northwestern Transylvania.This is one of a growing number of archaeological projects in Eastern Europe involving team members from the host nation as well as the West.This a particularly important year, since 2006 marks the 1900th anniversary of Trajan s victory in Dacia and the foundation of Porolissum. This handbook provides an overview of the Porolissum Forum Project. The first two sections address the history and archaeology of Dacia and, more specifically, the city of Porolissum.This is followed by a description of our goals and the results of the 2004 pilot season.the final section presents information on archaeological methods, the analysis of architectural features and the study of archaeological materials.two appendices concern the Roman army and the study of ancient ceramics. The Project Leaders are extremely grateful to the following individuals for their support and advice: Prof. Eric Apfelstadt (Director, Loyola University Chicago s John Felice Rome Center), Prof. Nicolae Gudea (University of Cluj- Napoca), Prof. Susan Kane (Oberlin College), Prof. Lester Little (former Director, American Academy in Rome), Dr. Archer Martin (Archaeology Supervisor, AAR), Fausta McDermott, Esq. (McDermott and McDermott Attorneys at Law), Prof. Franco Pavoncello (Provost and Acting President, John Cabot University), Prof. J.Theodore Peña (SUNY, University at Buffalo), Prof. Portia Prebys (Director, Saint Mary s College Rome Program), Prof. Patricia Read-Hunter (Dean of Academic Affairs, JCU), Elena Musca (Director, Zalău Museum of History and Art) and Mark S.Tauber (Cultural Affairs Officer, U.S. Embassy to Romania).
5 COHORS II P F P PROJECT DIRECTORS: Dr. Alexandru V. Matei Dr. Eric C. De Sena Senior Archaeologist, Zalău Museum of Art and History Adjunct Assistant Professor of Classical Studies John Cabot University, Loyola University Chicago, and Saint Mary s College G.I.S. CONSULTANT: Dr. Robert V. Chavez Tufts University ARCHAEOLOGY ASSISTANTS: Daniel Moore Paul Pupeza Gregory Tucker Daniel Weiss Robert Wanner University of North Carolina University of Cluj-Napoca Babes-Bolyoi University of Florida University of Virginia Tufts University FIELD SCHOOL PARTICIPANTS: Rawdon Bergquist Emanuela Bocancea Xose Luis Hermoso Buxan Diana Ciornei Jaime da Costa Geoffrey Haymes Margaret Hunt Catherine Jackson Danielle Jahn Sarah Johnson Meghan McCandless Chuck Norris Lee Norris Cathleen O Very Michael Wolff Carleton College University of Alberta University of Birmingham Vanderbilt University Kennesaw State University University of Colorado University of Colorado University of Montana University of Florida Smith College Saint Mary s College Carnegie Institute of Technology; Peace Corps volunteer University of Maine; Peace Corps volunteer Loyola University Chicago Loyola University Chicago
6 OUTLINE I. A Brief History of Dacia 11 II. The History and Archaeology of Porolissum 17 III. The Objectives of the Porolissum Forum Project 21 The Forum 22 Porolissum in its natural and cultural context 22 Ethnoarchaeological research 23 East meets West 24 IV. Archaeological Field Methods 26 Excavation 27 Architectural remains 31 Written and graphic documentation 36 Artifacts and Ecofacts 39 V. Results of the 2004 Field Season 57 Appendix 1 The Roman army 64 Appendix 2 The study of Roman pottery 67 Bibliography 74 Please visit the Porolissum Forum Project website: 9
7 I. A BRIEF HISTORY OF DACIA Dacia can be defined geographically as the territory comprising modern-day Romania. Human beings have populated the region of Dacia for tens of thousands of years, although the first significant cultural remains date to ca BC.The third and second millennia BC are characterized by small settlements consisting of oblong huts or houses constructed of perishable material (wood, thatch, clay).most sites are located along river valleys in southern and eastern Romania. Nearly all artifacts are of a funerary or religious nature and include terracotta and stone figurines, painted pottery and, later, metal objects jewelry, weapons, ingots.the best preserved Neolithic settlement is Hăbăşest i in the region of Dobrigea (near the Black Sea). Fig. 1. Map of Romania 11
8 Major socio-political changes occurred around 1200 BC. The ensuing period (ca BC) is characterized by larger and wealthier settlements, greater social stratification and the introduction of new types of artifacts and artistic motifs.this phase is often referred to as the Hallstatt period which designates a group of Celtic tribes whose influence spread over much of central Europe at this time. The later Hallstatt period witnessed the arrival of Greek colonists who established ports along the Black Sea, including Histria,Tomis and Callatis. No foreign cultures extended inland until the late 6th century when the Persian king Darius campaigned in the Danube River valley. Around 500 BC another significant shift in socio-political organization occurred.the La Tène period (ca. 500 BC-AD 101/06) is named after a more evolved stage of Celtic culture. Fig. 2. Map of Romania Dacia (Source: P. MacKendrick 1975: 106, fig. 5.1) 12
9 While the reasons for this change are still subject to scholarly debate, the reality involved independent tribes, which formed political-military alliances when foreign cultures attempted to encroach into Geto-Dacian territory. Each tribe was based in a particular settlement and controlled the small surrounding territory. It appears that Sarmizegethusa, in western Romania near Deva and Alba Iulia, served as the principal political-religious center where tribal leaders met on occasion. Fig. 3. Column of Traian 13
10 This form of political organization, which might be likened to that of contemporary Italic cultures (e.g. Etruscans, Samnites), was successful throughout the Hellenistic period. The Geto-Dacians were even victorious over Alexander the Great, who crossed the Danube but was soon forced back to the southern bank of the river. In the mid 1st century BC, Geto-Dacian tribes were united under a single leader, Burebista. Burebista conquered some of Dacia s neighbors and was viewed as a threat to Rome, whose territory at this time extended to Macedonia and Asia Minor (Asia, Bithynia and Pontus). Julius Caesar planned to march on Dacia, but both he and Burebista were assassinated in 44 BC. Augustus believed that the Dacians would pose no threat to the Roman Empire. This emperor was mistaken and was forced to send Roman troops to the Black Sea region under the generals C. Cornelius Lentulus and S. Aelius Catus. In the course of the 1st century AD, independent Dacian Fig. 4. Map of the Roman Empire in the 2 nd and 3 rd centuries AD 14
11 tribes, whose union had dissolved with the death of Burebista, raided areas of Roman-controlled Moesia and Thrace. The Dacians were united once again around AD 87 by a great military leader, Decebalus, who consolidated Dacian territory and continued to attack areas to the south of the Danube. Decebalus was at first successful against the Romans, defeating the military forces of the emperor Domitian. In the early 2nd century, however, Decebalus met his match. Between AD 101 and 106,Trajan led two victorious military campaigns with as many as 100,000 soldiers. Colonia Ulpia Traiana (formerly Sarmizegethusa) was named the capital city of Roman Dacia, while other major cities/military centers were Drobeta, Tibiscum, Apulum, Napoca and Porolissum.With the reorganization of the Roman provinces in AD 124 under Hadrian, Dacia was divided into three provinces: Dacia Inferior, Dacia Superior and Dacia Porolissensis. An area to the north and west that the Romans did not annex was known as Free Dacia. The degree of Romanization was extensive and began with the settling of Roman soldiers, merchants, miners, craftsmen and farmers throughout Dacia. Initially, many Dacians were forced into slavery or brutalized by the Romans; some Dacians fled into Free Dacia or committed suicide. But many Dacians eventually adopted Roman ways. When not engaged in military skirmishes or policing, Roman soldiers constructed roads, bridges and aqueducts, as well as public buildings, such as temples. After a generation or two Romans and native Dacians enjoyed a relatively peaceful coexistence. What had been established as Roman military outposts developed into towns and cities. In addition to private activities, such as farming or trade, Dacians were soon allowed to hold important military and administrative posts. In AD 212 the emperor Caracalla extended citizenship to all free-born people living within the Roman Empire. As a result of increasing threats of nomadic tribes from the northeast, the emperor Aurelian decided to withdraw Roman administration from Dacia in AD 271. Many deep-rooted Romans chose to remain in Dacia and there is strong archaeological evidence that the inhabitants of the former Roman pry these invasions were the southern and coastal areas of Dacia, 15
12 while the territory of modern day Transylvania, protected by the Carpathian Mountains, was largely untouched. * See P. MacKendrick s book (1975) for a detailed discussion of ancient Dacia 16
SARMIZEGETUSA ULPIA TRAIANA CAPITAL OF THE DACIAN PROVINCES
SARMIZEGETUSA ULPIA TRAIANA CAPITAL OF THE DACIAN PROVINCES ROMAM IMPERIAL URBAN EXCAVATION TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA July 5 August 8, 2015 aria sacra extra muros FOR MORE INFORMATION: www.archaeotek-archaeology.org
More informationIDENTITY AND WEALTH OF THE FRONTIER ROMAN VILLA EXCAVATION TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA July 3 - August, 6, 2016
IDENTITY AND WEALTH OF THE FRONTIER ROMAN VILLA EXCAVATION TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA July 3 - August, 6, 2016 The mechanisms of Roman occupation of Dacia are very complex and poorly understood. With the defeat
More informationBABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, CLUJ NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
BABEŞ-BOLYAI UNIVERSITY, CLUJ NAPOCA FACULTY OF HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY SUMMARY OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS CHRISTIAN GEMS IN THE ANCIENT CHURCH (1st-4th c.) APPARITION, PLACES OF PRODUCTION, SPREADING, SUBJECTS,
More informationRoman Provincial Landscape Strategies On the Edge of the Empire : Life by the Roman Imperial Roads - Settlement Excavation and Survey -
Roman Provincial Landscape Strategies On the Edge of the Empire : Life by the Roman Imperial Roads - Settlement Excavation and Survey - RAPOLTU MARE, HUNEDOARA COUNTY TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA 2018 Session
More informationIDENTITY AND WEALTH ON THE IMPERIAL FRONTIER
IDENTITY AND WEALTH ON THE IMPERIAL FRONTIER - ROMAN VILLA EXCAVATION - TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA June 11 - July 1; July 2 - July 22; July 23 - August 12, 2017 The mechanisms of Roman occupation of Dacia are
More informationLIFE BY THE IMPERIAL ROAD Roman Settlement Excavation and Survey
LIFE BY THE IMPERIAL ROAD Roman Settlement Excavation and Survey ROMAN PROVINCIAL LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES Rapolt, Transylvania, Romania June 10 - June 30; July 1 - July 21; July 22 - August 11, 2018 During
More informationLIVING THE DACO-ROMAN SYNTHESIS Experiential and Experimental Archaeology Workshop Transylvania (Romania) JUNE 2 nd JUNE 29 th, 2013
LIVING THE DACO-ROMAN SYNTHESIS Experiential and Experimental Archaeology Workshop Transylvania (Romania) JUNE 2 nd JUNE 29 th, 2013 The conquest of Dacia was the last great expansion of Rome. Domitian
More informationIDENTITY AND WEALTH ON THE IMPERIAL FRONTIER
IDENTITY AND WEALTH ON THE IMPERIAL FRONTIER - ROMAN VILLA EXCAVATION - TRANSYLVANIA, ROMANIA June 10 - June 30; July 1 - July 21; July 22 - August 11, 2018 The mechanisms of Roman occupation of Dacia
More informationINGRAM GALLERY FEBRUARY 23 MAY 28, 2018
Cover: Statue head of Augustus (Rome, Italy), ca. 30 BCE. Marble, 14 3/4 x 8 1/4 x 8 5/8 in. The British Museum, 1888,1210.1. The Trustees of the British Museum INGRAM GALLERY FEBRUARY 23 MAY 28, 2018
More informationLIFE BY THE IMPERIAL ROAD Roman Villa and Settlement Excavation and Survey
LIFE BY THE IMPERIAL ROAD Roman Villa and Settlement Excavation and Survey IDENTITY AND WEALTH: ROMAN PROVINCIAL LANDSCAPE STRATEGIES Rapolt, Transylvania, Romania June 9 - June 29; June30 - July 20; July
More informationRoma Madre/The Mother Rome An Attempt of Archaeological Artistic Recuperation
The University of Art and Design Cluj-Napoca PhD thesis (Abstract) Gil Turculeţ Roma Madre/The Mother Rome An Attempt of Archaeological Artistic Recuperation Scientific leader 1st Main Researcher PhD.
More informationCastrum Cumidava: Home of the VI Cohors Cumidavensis
A Soldier's Life on the Edge of Europe Castrum Cumidava: Home of the VI Cohors Cumidavensis Archaeology of the Roman Frontier Rasnov, Transylvania, Romania July 3 - August 6, 2016 Duration: 5 weeks (2
More informationCoins from Roman Sites and Collections of Roman Coins in Romania
Romania The Project Name Coins from Roman Sites and Collections of Roman Coins in Romania Address Romanian Academy, Institute of Archaeology and Art History Str. C. Daicoviciu 2, RO-400320 Cluj-Napoca,
More informationBRITISH HISTORY (-,1603) Lukáš Čejka Kultura a reálie anglofonních zemí a ČR APIN LS 2017/18
1 BRITISH HISTORY (-,1603) Lukáš Čejka Kultura a reálie anglofonních zemí a ČR APIN LS 2017/18 2 OVERVIEW OF EARLY BRITISH HISTORY Stone Age The Neolithic Bronze Age Iron Age The Romans The Invasions Anglo
More informationEvolution of the Celts Unetice Predecessors of Celts BCE Cultural Characteristics:
Evolution of the Celts Unetice Predecessors of Celts 2500-2000 BCE Associated with the diffusion of Proto-Germanic and Proto-Celto-Italic speakers. Emergence of chiefdoms. Long-distance trade in bronze,
More informationREVISTA DOCTORANZILOR ÎN ISTORIE VECHE ŞI ARHEOLOGIE. ReDIVA THE POSTGRADUATE JOURNAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY II/2014
REVISTA DOCTORANZILOR ÎN ISTORIE VECHE ŞI ARHEOLOGIE ReDIVA THE POSTGRADUATE JOURNAL OF ANCIENT HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY II/2014 CLUJ-NAPOCA 2014 3 CONTENTS STUDIES Mariana Prociuc, Vlad Codrea Archaeozoology
More informationJane C. Waldbaum Archaeology Field School Scholarship. It was difficult at first to adjust to the ten-hour time change, but my body quickly
Hart 1 American Institute of Archaeology Field School Report Jane C. Waldbaum Archaeology Field School Scholarship Ashlee Hart 8 August 2013 The day began with roosters crowing and an alarm clock pounding
More informationThe Lost World of Old Europe The Danube Valley, BC
INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD School Group Information Packet The Lost World of Old Europe The Danube Valley, 5000-3500 BC November 11, 2009 April 25, 2010 Group of Anthropomorphic Figurines
More informationTHE LADY IN THE OVEN Mediolana and the Zaravetz Culture Mac Congail
THE LADY IN THE OVEN Mediolana and the Zaravetz Culture Mac Congail The most extraordinary ancient burial to be discovered in recent years is that of a woman found in a pottery kiln near the Celtic settlement
More informationRemains of four early colonial leaders discovered at Jamestown 28 July 2015, bybrett Zongker
Remains of four early colonial leaders discovered at Jamestown 28 July 2015, bybrett Zongker William "Bill" Kelso, Director of Research and Interpretation for the Preservation Virginia Jamestown Rediscovery,
More informationXXXXXXX XXXXXXX Final Paper
XXXXXXX XXXXXXX Final Paper ----- Art 101.01: History of Western Art I: Prehistoric to the 14th Century Valerie Lalli April 30, 2018 Artist: Unknown Title: Statuette of a female Period: Iran, Ancient Near
More informationDurham, North Carolina
Durham, North Carolina 27708-0103 Department of Classical Studies Telephone: (919) 681-4292 Box 90103, 233 Allen Building Fax: (919) 681-4262 classics@duke.edu http://www.classicalstudies.duke.edu Cultural
More informationTable of Contents. How to Use This Product Introduction to Primary Sources Activities Using Primary Sources... 15
Table of Contents How to Use This Product........... 3 Introduction to Primary Sources..... 5 Activities Using Primary Sources... 15 Photographs Dagger and Sheath................15 16 Take a Stab.......................15
More informationRaiders, Traders and Explorers
Raiders, Traders and Explorers A History of the Viking Expansion Week 2: March 13 th, 2015 Anglo-Scandinavian runic cross-shaft (the Tunwini cross ), Church of St. Mary and St. Michael, Urswick, Cumbria,
More informationThe Dacians. The Dacians have the dubious honor of serving as one of the last great conquests of Rome by none other than Emperor Trajan.
The Dacians A Look at the last great conquest of Rome By Paul Leach The Dacians have the dubious honor of serving as one of the last great conquests of Rome by none other than Emperor Trajan. His campaign
More informationThe Celts and the Iron Age
The Celts and the Iron Age The Celts were farmers who came from central Europe. Around 800BC they began to use iron to make tools and weapons. The lands of the Celts How do we know about the Celts? 1.
More informationOil lamps (inc early Christian, top left) Sofia museum
Using the travel award to attend a field school in Bulgaria was a valuable experience. Although there were some issues with site permissions which prevented us from excavating, I learned much about archaeological
More informationFort Arbeia and the Roman Empire in Britain 2012 FIELD REPORT
Fort Arbeia and the Roman Empire in Britain 2012 FIELD REPORT Background Information Lead PI: Paul Bidwell Report completed by: Paul Bidwell Period Covered by this report: 17 June to 25 August 2012 Date
More informationCelebrating Alexander the Great's lost world
29 August 2013 Celebrating Alexander the Great's lost world In the mountains of Hindu Kush, on the Pakistan and Afghan border, live Kalash people. Blond-haired and blue-eyed, the 'lost children of Alexander
More informationCheck for updates on the web now!
Click anywhere in the slide to view the next item on the slide or to advance to the next slide. Use the buttons below to navigate to another page, close the presentation or to open the help page. Slide
More informationSunday, February 12, 17. The Shang Dynasty
The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty The Shang Dynasty is one of the earliest dynasties in China This dynasty was centered in the Huang He (Yellow River) Valley and ruled from 1700-1122 B.C. For many years,
More informationInternational Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION Vol. XXIII No THE UNWRITTEN HISTORY IN OUR TEXTBOOKS. Elena-Tereza DANCIU
International Conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION Vol. XXIII No 2 2017 THE UNWRITTEN HISTORY IN OUR TEXTBOOKS Elena-Tereza DANCIU University of Craiova, Craiova, Romania tereza.danciu@yahoo.com Abstract:
More informationh i s t om b an d h i s t r e a su r e s Worksheet CArter ArChAeoLoGY
1 Worksheet CARTER ARCHAEOLOGY 2 1. Howard Carter s discovery Text A The Valley of the Kings The Valley of the Kings is on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the ancient city of Thebes. Thebes is called
More informationBritish Museum's Afghan exhibition extended due to popular demand
City Tourism British Museum's Afghan exhibition extended due to popular demand ITM correspondent The British Museum's exhibition Afghanistan: Crossroads of the Ancient World has been extended until 17
More informationBLACK HISTORY MONTH - Week 1 #BlackHistoryMatters
BLACK HISTORY MONTH - Week 1 #BlackHistoryMatters classroomconnection.ca WEEK 1: AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS Africa is the cradle of humankind and Nubia, an early African society, is the oldest civilization
More informationAdvanced. The Celts. Naked Celtic warriors. Top: Etruscian gravestone from around 500 BC. Left: Etruscian fries from around 200 BC; Civitalba
The Celts Advanced The Celts were people that shared enough cultural traits and some genetic peculiarities to make them a specific culture, tribe, ethnicity or whatever you like to call it. They were about
More informationAncient Chinese Chariots
Reading Practice Ancient Chinese Chariots A The Shang Dynasty or Yin Dynasty, according to traditional historiography, ruled in the Yellow River valley in the second millennium. Archaeological work at
More informationPROGRAM. 2ND of May 2017 Faculty of History and Philosophy Aula Regele Ferdinand, Napoca st., no. 11
PROGRAM SUPPLY AND CONSUMPTION OF TERRA SIGILLATA IN ROMAN DACIA: STATE OF THE ART INTERNATIONAL TERRA SIGILLATA DATABASE TRAINING WORKSHOP 2ND-5TH OF MAY 2017, CLUJ-NAPOCA 2ND of May 2017 Faculty of History
More informationTHE TRIANGULAR BULL. Plastic Metamorphosis Art
THE TRIANGULAR BULL Plastic Metamorphosis Art One of the most interesting Celtic artifacts to have wandered into the Varna Museum in northeastern Bulgaria is a bronze zoomorphic head. Recently published
More informationHair in the Classical World Hair and Cultural Exchange Text Panel
Fairfield University DigitalCommons@Fairfield Hair in the Classical World - Ephemera Hair in the Classical World 9-2015 Hair in the Classical World Hair and Cultural Exchange Text Panel Bellarmine Museum
More information006 Hª MAN english_maquetación 1 21/02/14 12:09 Página 105 Ancient Near East
Ancient Near East Ancient Near East The history of the Ancient Near East, documented in various sources, unfolded in different geographic locations scattered across nearly 9 million square kilometres,
More informationThis is a repository copy of Anglo-Saxon settlements and archaeological visibility in the Yorkshire Wolds.
This is a repository copy of Anglo-Saxon settlements and archaeological visibility in the Yorkshire Wolds. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/1172/ Book Section:
More informationLE CATILLON II HOARD. jerseyheritage.org Association of Jersey Charities, No. 161
LE CATILLON II HOARD CELTIC TRIBES This is a picture of the tribal structure of the Celtic Society CELTIC TRIBES Can you see three different people in the picture and suggest what they do? Can you describe
More informationXian Tombs of the Qin Dynasty
Xian Tombs of the Qin Dynasty By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff In 221 B.C., Qin Shi Huang became emperor of China, and started the Qin Dynasty. At this time, the area had just emerged from over
More informationFONDAZIONE SAN DOMENICO
FONDAZIONE SAN DOMENICO FONDAZIONE SAN DOMENICO History & Mission Fondazione San Domenico was established in 2001 by its founder, Marisa Lisi Melpignano, entrepreneur and tourist agent, owner of Masseria
More informationHISTORY OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE. The Yoruba people, of which there is at the present time more than 25 million, occupies the
HISTORY OF THE YORUBA PEOPLE The Yoruba people, of which there is at the present time more than 25 million, occupies the western South corner of Nigeria, by all the edge of Dahomey and it extends until
More informationHUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL 2015 SUMMER
HUNGARIAN ARCHAEOLOGY E-JOURNAL 2015 SUMMER www.hungarianarchaeology.hu GERMANIC PEOPLES IN THE CIUC REGION István Botár Previously there was little knowledge about the history of the headwaters region
More informationThe World in 300 C.E.
The World in 300 C.E. Source 1: The Ancient City of Teohituacan Construction at Teotihuacán began around 150BC, and continued until 250AD. At its height, the city covered 21 square miles and was home to
More informationThe lab Do not wash metal gently Never, ever, mix finds from different layers
8 The lab 8.1 Finds processing The finds from the excavations at all parts of the site are brought down at the end of the day to the lab in the dig house. Emma Blake oversees the processing. Monte Polizzo
More informationThe Vikings were people from the lands we call Scandinavia Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Viking means pirate raid and vikingr was used to describe a
The Vikings were people from the lands we call Scandinavia Norway, Sweden and Denmark. Viking means pirate raid and vikingr was used to describe a seaman or warrior who went on an expedition overseas.
More information1786 Treaty of Hopewell
1786 Treaty of Hopewell TREATY WITH THE CHOCTAW, 1786. Jan. 3, 1786 7 Stat., 21. Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties. Vol.II (Treaties).! Compiled and edited by Charles J. Kappler.!Washington: Government
More informationLife and Death at Beth Shean
Life and Death at Beth Shean by emerson avery Objects associated with daily life also found their way into the tombs, either as offerings to the deceased, implements for the funeral rites, or personal
More informationThe Eastern Celts and their Invasions of Hellenistic Greece and Asia Minor
Borislav Jovanović Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts Belgrade DOI: 10.2298/BALC1445025J Original scholarly work The Eastern Celts and their Invasions of Hellenistic Greece and Asia Minor Abstract: During
More informationGlobal Prehistory. 30, BCE The Origins of Images
Global Prehistory 30,000-500 BCE The Origins of Images Key Points for Global Prehistory Periods and definitions Prehistory (or the prehistoric period) refers to the time before written records, however,
More informationThe Vikings Begin. This October, step into the magical, mystical world of the early Vikings. By Dr. Marika Hedin
This October, step into the magical, mystical world of the early Vikings The Vikings Begin By Dr. Marika Hedin Director of Gustavianum, Uppsala University Museum This richly adorned helmet from the 7th
More information1. Introduction. 2. A Shang Capital City
1. Introduction In ancient times, most of China s early farmers settled on the North China Plain, near the Huang He (Yellow River). In this chapter, you will explore one of China s earliest dynasties,
More informationAn early pot made by the Adena Culture (800 B.C. - A.D. 100)
Archaeologists identify the time period of man living in North America from about 1000 B.C. until about 700 A.D. as the Woodland Period. It is during this time that a new culture appeared and made important
More informationThe Shang Dynasty CHAPTER Introduction. 4 A chariot buried in a Shang ruler's tomb was to serve the king in the afterlife.
4 A chariot buried in a Shang ruler's tomb was to serve the king in the afterlife. CHAPTER I The Shang Dynasty 20.1 Introduction In Chapter 19, you explored five geographic regions of China. You learned
More informationThe Vikings (People Of The Ancient World) By Virginia Schomp READ ONLINE
The Vikings (People Of The Ancient World) By Virginia Schomp READ ONLINE If searching for a book The Vikings (People of the Ancient World) by Virginia Schomp in pdf form, in that case you come on to the
More informationCalling All Archaeologists!
Calling All Archaeologists! The Cincinnati Art Museum is looking for a curious crew of amateur archaeologists to explore Terracotta Army: Legacy of the First Emperor of China and uncover the mysteries
More informationGardner s Art Through the Ages, 13e. Chapter 2 The Ancient Near East
Gardner s Art Through the Ages, 13e Chapter 2 The Ancient Near East 1 The Ancient Near East 2 Goals Understand the cultural changes in the Neolithic Revolution as they relate to the art and architecture.
More informationArchaeological Discoveries Of Ancient America (Discovering Ancient America) READ ONLINE
Archaeological Discoveries Of Ancient America (Discovering Ancient America) READ ONLINE If you are searched for the book Archaeological Discoveries of Ancient America (Discovering Ancient America) in pdf
More informationWeisenau helmets models with us.
Weisenau helmets models with us. Imperial Gallic Bronze helmet from Sexaginta Prista Present city Russe (my and my brother native town). Information is from the book THE LOWER DANUBE ROMAN LIMES ( 1 st.
More informationWisconsin Sites Page 61. Wisconsin Sites
Wisconsin Sites Page 61 Silver Mound-A Quarry Site Wisconsin Sites Silver Mound in Jackson County is a good example of a quarry site where people gathered the stones to make their tools. Although the name
More informationMark Of The Gladiator (Warriors Of Rome) By Heidi Belleau, Violetta Vane
Mark Of The Gladiator (Warriors Of Rome) By Heidi Belleau, Violetta Vane The Gladiator Diet - Archaeology Magazine Archive - Reaching out with both hands, I take the skull of a Roman gladiator who lived,
More informationThe Religion Of The Ancient Celts By J.A. MacCulloch READ ONLINE
The Religion Of The Ancient Celts By J.A. MacCulloch READ ONLINE Get this from a library! The religion of the ancient Celts. [J A MacCulloch] The Religion of the Ancient Celts [J. A. Macculloch] on Amazon.com.
More informationBuilt Heritage Inventory
Castlecliff Pill Boxes Register Item Number: 91 Building Type: Residential Commercial Industrial Recreation Institutional Agriculture Other Location: Castlecliff Beach, Whanganui Heritage NZ Pouhere Taonga
More informationTHE SEGMENTATION OF THE ROMANIAN CLOTHING MARKET
Bota Marius THE SEGMENTATION OF THE ROMANIAN CLOTHING MARKET Faculty of Business, Babe -Bolyai University, Horea Street No. 7, 400174 Cluj-Napoca, Romania, Phone: +40-264-599170, E-mail: botimar@tbs.ubbcluj.ro
More informationIntroduction to Peptide Mass Fingerprinting Process - Child s Boots [ /98129]
Introduction to Peptide Mass Fingerprinting Process - Child s Boots [25-5-10/98129] March 14, 2014 (Author: Madeline Corona, conservation research associate) The objective of this NCPTT/NPS project is
More informationTepe Gawra, Iraq expedition records
Tepe Gawra, Iraq expedition records 1021 Last updated on March 02, 2017. University of Pennsylvania, Penn Museum Archives July 2009 Tepe Gawra, Iraq expedition records Table of Contents Summary Information...
More informationScientific evidences to show ancient lead trade with Tissamaharama Sri Lanka: A metallurgical study
Scientific evidences to show ancient lead trade with Tissamaharama Sri Lanka: A metallurgical study Arjuna Thantilage Senior Lecturer, Coordinator, Laboratory for Cultural Material Analysis (LCMA), Postgraduate
More informationSTONES OF STENNESS HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC321 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM90285); Taken into State care: 1906 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2003 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE STONES
More informationNGSBA Excavation Reports
ISSN 2221-9420 NGSBA Excavation Reports Volume 1 (2009) Salvage Excavation at Nahal Saif 2004 Final Report Excavation Permit: B - 293/2004 Excavating Archaeologist: Yehuda Govrin Y. G. Contract Archaeology
More informationHY121: Introduction to Medieval History: Vikings and Normans [7.5cr] Dr Colmán Etchingham Dr Michael Potterton. Syllabus
HY121: Introduction to Medieval History: Vikings and Normans [7.5cr] Dr Colmán Etchingham Dr Michael Potterton Syllabus Aim: To survey the expansion of the Scandinavian people commonly known as Vikings
More informationTeacher Resource Packet Yinka Shonibare MBE June 26 September 20, 2009
Teacher Resource Packet Yinka Shonibare MBE June 26 September 20, 2009 Yinka Shonibare MBE About the Artist Yinka Shonibare was born in the United Kingdom in 1962 to Nigerian parents. The family returned
More informationair museum Myssle Hrn iarska 13, Košice, Slovakia ( Institute of Archeology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hrnčiarska
Acta Geoturistica volume 2 (2011), (201 number 2, 32-39 Archeo open-air air museum Myssle LADISLAV OLEXA and TOMÁŠ NOVÁČEK Institute of Archeology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hrnčiarska Hrn iarska 13,
More information5,000 Year Old Ancient Mediterranean Artifacts Come to Calgary
5,000 Year Old Ancient Mediterranean Artifacts Come to Calgary MEDIA RELEASE Calgary, AB (June 1, 2006) Glenbow Museum is pleased to announce a major new exhibition: Egypt, Greece and Rome: Art of the
More informationSumerian Achievements
Sumerian Achievements The Invention of Writing The Sumerians made one of the greatest cultural advances in history. They developed cuneiform (kyoo-neeuh-fohrm writing. But Sumerians did not have pencils,
More informationGrim s Ditch, Starveall Farm, Wootton, Woodstock, Oxfordshire
Grim s Ditch, Starveall Farm, Wootton, Woodstock, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Recording Action For Empire Homes by Steve Ford Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code SFW06/118 November 2006
More informationTHE RISE OF SINN FÉIN Sovereignty and Partition
THE RISE OF SINN FÉIN 1916-1918 Sovereignty and Partition How did Sinn Féin go from having no public support in 1910 to dominating the nationalist vote in 1918? Changes in Numbers of Seats Won in General
More informationDigging in the Dirt. Attending an archaeological field school. Neil & Karen Peterson
Digging in the Dirt Attending an archaeological field school Neil & Karen Peterson Agenda Introduction First dig: Slite Intermission: the hoard Second dig: Helvi Tours Do It Yourself Introduction Neil
More informationAssyrian Reliefs Bowdoin College Museum of Art
Assyrian Reliefs Bowdoin College Museum of Art Middle School Resource Created by Blanche Froelich 19 Student Education Assistant What is a relief? All words appearing in a bold color are defined in the
More informationTHE DACIAN SOCIETY - FIERCE WARRIORS AND THEIR WOMEN SOURCES AND REPRESENTATIONS
THE DACIAN SOCIETY - FIERCE WARRIORS AND THEIR WOMEN SOURCES AND REPRESENTATIONS Andrei Pogăciaş Abstract: There is not much information about the Dacian society and especially the role of women within
More informationThe Old English and Medieval Periods A.D
The Old English and Medieval Periods A.D. 449-1485 The Sutton Hoo burial site location in Suffolk, England, includes the grave of an Anglo-Saxon king. The site included a ship that was fully supplied for
More informationMEN ON HORSES AND TEA-EATING
1 MEN ON HORSES AND TEA-EATING ELIZABETH MOORE Enchanting Myanmar, 2008:8 (2) 'If you want to talk about the Pyu, carry a big stick.' Figures 1-4 Horses (with tail down and up): Pyawbwe, Mandalay Division;
More informationThe Chalcolithic in the Near East: Mesopotamia and the Levant
The Chalcolithic in the Near East: Mesopotamia and the Levant Prof. Susan Pollock Institut für Vorderasiatische Archäologie, Freie Universität Berlin Department of Anthropology, Binghamton University Chronological
More informationFINDING LIFE FROM GRAVE GOODS
FINDING LIFE FROM GRAVE GOODS Summary: In archaeology classes it appears that students are often told what the correct answer is, rather than being forced to make inferences themselves based upon archaeological
More informationIRAN. Bowl Northern Iran, Ismailabad Chalcolithic, mid-5th millennium B.C. Pottery (65.1) Published: Handbook, no. 10
Bowl Northern Iran, Ismailabad Chalcolithic, mid-5th millennium B.C. Pottery (65.1) IRAN Published: Handbook, no. 10 Bowl Iran, Tepe Giyan 2500-2000 B.C. Pottery (70.39) Pottery, which appeared in Iran
More informationChinese Terracotta Warriors 210 BC
Chinese Terracotta Warriors 210 BC Ideas of things to bring to class with you: Elements of Art Board Terracotta Warrior presentation CD Take Home Sheets (please make copies a day or two in advance) Clay
More informationChapter 14. Unlocking the Secrets of Mohenjodaro
Chapter 14 Unlocking the Secrets of Mohenjodaro Chapter 14 Unlocking the Secrets of Mohenjodaro What can artifacts tell us about daily life in Mohenjodaro? 14.1 Introduction The geography of the Indian
More informationAuxiliary belt Thracian /Roman I century A.D. Karanovo model.
Auxiliary belt Thracian /Roman I century A.D. Karanovo model. I've been inspired by finds from Village Karanovo -Municipality of Nova Zagora.Thracian Tomb in Bulgaria's archeological complex "East Hill"
More information3. The new face of Bronze Age pottery Jacinta Kiely and Bruce Sutton
3. The new face of Bronze Age pottery Jacinta Kiely and Bruce Sutton Illus. 1 Location map of Early Bronze Age site at Mitchelstown, Co. Cork (based on the Ordnance Survey Ireland map) A previously unknown
More informationROYAL TOMBS AT GYEONGJU -- CHEONMACHONG
ROYAL TOMBS AT GYEONGJU -- CHEONMACHONG GRADES: High School AUTHOR: Daryl W. Schuster SUBJECT: World History TIME REQUIRED: 60 minutes OBJECTIVES: 1. Awareness of Korean tombs including size and structure
More informationDigging For Nazi Gold
Non-fiction: Digging For Nazi Gold Digging For Nazi Gold Alexander Zemlianichenko/AFP/Getty Images Deutschneudorf, Germany Forget Indiana Jones. There's a real-life archaeological adventure going on in
More informationNubia. Sphinx of Taharqo Kawa, Sudan 680 BC. Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2
Sphinx of Taharqo Kawa, Sudan 680 BC Visit resource for teachers Key Stage 2 Contents Before your visit Background information Resources Gallery information Preliminary activities During your visit Gallery
More informationAncient Gold. from the Ancient World. by Donna Latham. Scott Foresman Reading Street 5.6.3
Suggested levels for Guided Reading, DRA, Lexile, and Reading Recovery are provided in the Pearson Scott Foresman Leveling Guide. Ancient Gold from the Ancient World by Donna Latham Genre Expository nonfiction
More informationEuropass Curriculum Vitae Personal information First name(s) / Surname(s) Address(es) Cristian Anton Găzdac Prof. T. Ciortea 1/11, 400317, Cluj-Napoca, Romania Telephone(s) E-mail Nationality Date of birth
More informationAn overview of Cochin Ceramics in Taiwan with an emphasis on the influence of Hong Kun-Fu and his school s to 1980s
University of Wollongong Research Online University of Wollongong Thesis Collection 1954-2016 University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2008 An overview of Cochin Ceramics in Taiwan with an emphasis
More informationCherokee symbol for family
Cherokee symbol for family Search Find and save ideas about Cherokee indian tattoos on Pinterest.. Trail of Tears I am Cherokee. I have family member who cherokee symbol for good and. 25-2-2018 The Traditional
More informationST PATRICK S CHAPEL, ST DAVIDS PEMBROKESHIRE 2015
ST PATRICK S CHAPEL, ST DAVIDS PEMBROKESHIRE 2015 REPORT FOR THE NINEVEH CHARITABLE TRUST THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD AND DYFED ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST Introduction ST PATRICK S CHAPEL, ST DAVIDS, PEMBROKESHIRE,
More information