DOWNLOAD PDF ENCYCLOPEDIA OF INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY BY A GHOSH

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 : Rock Art blog.quintoapp.com "An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology" is a significant reference work on archaeology in India. It is an authoritative work of permanent value in which the knowledge and expertise of Indian archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India, universities and other institutes have been pooled together under the editorship of the late A. Ghosh, former Director-General of the Archaeological. Based in Calcutta, the society promoted the study of ancient Sanskrit and Persian texts and published an annual journal titled Asiatic Researches. Notable among its early members was Charles Wilkins who published the first English translation of the Bhagavad Gita in with the patronage of the then Governor-General of India, Warren Hastings. This successful decipherment inaugurated the study of Indian palaeography. Inspired by early amateur archaeologists like the Italian military officer, Jean-Baptiste Ventura, Cunningham excavated stupas across the length and breadth of India. While Cunningham funded many of his early excavations himself, in the long run, he realised the need for a permanent body to oversee archaeological excavations and the conservation of Indian monuments and used his stature and influence in India to lobby for an archaeological survey. While his attempt in did not meet with success, the Archaeological Survey of India was eventually formed in by a statute passed into law by Lord Canning with Cunningham as the first Archaeological Surveyor. The survey was suspended briefly between and due to lack of funds but restored by Lord Lawrence the then Viceroy of India. In, the Survey was revived as a separate department and Cunningham was appointed as its first Director-General. Burgess launched a yearly journal The Indian Antiquary and an annual epigraphical publication Epigraphia Indica as a supplement to the Indian Antiquary. The post of Director General was permanently suspended in due to a funds crunch and was not restored until In the interim period, conservation work in the different circles was carried out by the superintendents of the individual circles. Breaking with tradition, Curzon chose a year-old professor of classical studies at Cambridge named John Marshall to head the survey. Marshall served as Director General for a quarter of a century and during his long tenure, he replenished and invigorated the survey whose activities were fast dwindling into insignificance. Marshall established the post of Government epigraphist and encouraged epigraphical studies. The most significant event of his tenure was, however, the discovery of the Indus Valley Civilization at Harappa and Mohenjodaro in Marshall was succeeded by Harold Hargreaves in Sahni was succeeded by J. Dikshit both of whom had participated in the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act was passed in bringing the archaeological survey under the aegis of the Ministry of Culture. Ghosh was succeeded by B. Lal who conducted archaeological excavations at Ayodhya to investigate whether a Ram Temple preceded the Babri Masjid. Lal was succeeded by M. Deshpande who served from to and B. Thapar who served from to Mitra was succeeded by M. As a fallout of the demolition, Joshi was dismissed in and controversially replaced as Director General by Indian Administrative Service IAS officer Achala Moulik, a move which inaugurated a tradition of appointing bureaucrats of the IAS instead of archaeologists to head the survey. The tradition was finally brought to an end in when Gautam Sengupta an archaeologist, replaced K. These can include everything from temples, mosques, churches, tombs, and cemeteries to palaces, forts, step-wells, and rock-cut caves. The Survey also maintains ancient mounds and other similar sites which represent the remains of ancient habitation. Page 1

2 Chapter 2 : INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY : A. : Free Download, Borrow, and Streaming : Internet Arch Enter your mobile number or address below and we'll send you a link to download the free Kindle App. Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. While some rock art is painted or engraved on the walls of rock shelters and caves, movable rock art is found on smaller pieces of stone that could be set in special locations for rituals and then carried away. A carved stone pebble with what may be the face of a human and a slab of stone with incised lines that may be calendrical notations were found in the Upper Paleolithic cave site of Gar-i-Asp, Afghanistan. Recent research in the Zhob and Loralai valleys of Baluchistan have reported what may be Upper Paleolithic paintings and Chalcolithic engravings. More than thirty thousand rock carvings dating from the Upper Paleolithic to the Early Historic period have been reported along the upper Indus Valley and its tributaries in the mountains of northern Pakistan and Afghanistan. More than five thousand painted rock shelters have been reported in the hills of peninsular India, the most famous in the region around Bhimbetka, Madhya Pradesh. Rock Art of Central India Many different techniques were probably used to create graphic symbols and naturalistic representations on rock surfaces, but the only ones preserved are paintings made with permanent mineral pigments or engravings that physically modified the surface of the rock. Prehistoric rock art was usually executed on easily accessible surfaces in caves or rock shelters, but in some regions the paintings were clearly made with the help of elaborate scaffolds or ladders. The colors used for rock art are the commonly available iron minerals that come in red, orange, brown, and black hematite or yellow limonite. White pigments were made using limestone, natural chalk, white kaolin clay, or scintered calcium carbonate kankar nodules. Occasionally, green pigments were made from glauconite terra verde or the greenish weathered surfaces of chalcedony nodules. The simplest technique of application was to use the colored nodule as a crayon. Faceted nodules of hematite have been found in the Lower Paleolithic levels at Bhimbetka Cave, but the only modifications to the walls dating from this time are two depressions that may be the earliest evidence for cup-shaped petroglyphs. Faceted hematite nodules have also been found in the Upper Paleolithic levels of Bhimbetka and can be associated with the earliest prefigurative geometric designs. Green anthropomorphic figures often overlap the geometric designs and have been dated to the Upper Paleolithic, but some scholars believe that they may belong to later periods. The most complex forms of painting would have involved the preparation of pigments by grinding and mixing with water or organic solutions derived from plants or animal fat. Complex paintings of large animals that may represent deified bison or deer at Bhimbetka and other sites may have been produced with specially prepared pigments and brushes made from twigs or animal hair. Many of these large deified animal paintings are thought to belong to the end of the Upper Paleolithic or the subsequent Mesolithic period. Other techniques of application involve handprints or fine incising with sharp stone tools and filling the lines with color. The major themes of rock paintings vary from region to region and change over time. The earliest Upper Paleolithic paintings appear to be geometric designs; these are followed by the introduction of depictions of humans and large-scale animals filled with cross-hatching and concentric designs. Mesolithic rock paintings follow some of these same trends, but there is more emphasis on narrative scenes depicting the hunting of game with barbed spears or groups of animals and humans. The Neolithic paintings tend to focus on various everyday activities like hunting, gathering, collecting honey, and feeding pigs. The types of animals depicted in the paintings include all of the major animals seen in tropical jungles, from elephants and tigers to rabbits and lizards. Hunting is sometimes associated with male figures defined by clearly visible genitalia, while some figures of women with prominent breasts and large hips are associated with gathering activities. Most anthropomorphic figures are not distinguished by sex, unless that is the subject of the painting. Prehistoric rock art in peninsular India is followed by depictions of warriors with what appear to be classic iron weapons, riding horses or driving wheeled chariots. These paintings date to the early Iron Age, around b. The Indus River and its tributaries emerge from the glacial lakes and snow fields of these Page 2

3 mountains. Beginning in the Upper Paleolithic, some 20, to 10, years ago, people began moving up these rivers in pursuit of game during interglacial periods. The earliest anthropomorphic figures and animal petroglyphs of large horned goats, sheep, ibex, and snow leopards probably date to this time period. Petroglyphs, or rock engravings, are made by pecking or bruising the surface of large flat boulders using smaller hammer stones. Due to the heavy brown weathered surface or patina on the rock surface, the freshly produced lines reveal the light colored stone and show up very clearly. Over thousands of years, these engraved lines themselves become weathered, and later petroglyphs can be identified by the different color of the patina and by their superposition on earlier engravings. Large engravings of humped zebu cattle indicate the presence of herders who would have begun to frequent the region during the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods, moving up from the Indus plain and then returning with trade goods from regions farther north. Anthropomorphic masks carved on some boulders have parallels with Chalcolithic cultures of southern Siberia, providing evidence for early contacts with Central Asia in the third millennium b. During the first millennium b. Later carvings of people, gods, temples, and ritual symbols can be attributed to the ebb and flow of pilgrims, traders, and armies along this major trade route. Achaemenid Persians, Sogdians, Hindu pilgrims who worshiped either Shiva or Vishnu, and Zoroastrian fire worshipers all contributed to the rock art of this region. Cradle and Crossroads of Civilizations, edited by H. Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany, Stone Age Painting in India. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, American Philosophical Society, Essays in Memory of Shri A. Ghosh, edited by B. Agam Kala Prakashan, Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Page 3

4 Chapter 3 : An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology (In 2 Volumes) : A. Ghosh,, Join our Vedic Books family by subscribing to our newsletter and keeping up with divine wisdom from India. Strategies of Ten Countries. University of Michigan Press, Indian Urbanization and Economic Growth since Johns Hopkins University Press, The South Indian Economy: Oxford University Press, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, The Origins of an Asian Democracy. The Uncertain Promise of Law: University of Toronto Press, Trade in Early India. The Indian Economy and its Performance since Independence. Religion, Community, and the Politics of Democracy in India. University of Pennsylvania Press, An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Indian Culture. Agam Kala Prakashan, Human Rights and the Law: Deep and Deep, Economic History of India. Encyclopaedia of India and Her States. Indian Government and Politics. An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology. Structure and Policy Issues. Geopolitics of North East India: Gyan Publishing House, The Bomb in Bengal: The Rise of Revolutionary Terrorism in India, â The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press, â Historical Dictionary of India. South Asian Publishers, Democracy and Dictatorship in South Asia: A Day in the Life of India. Collins Publishers San Francisco, The Economy of Modern India, â Cambridge University Press, The Making of India: University of California Press, A New History of India. Chapter 4 : Archaeological Survey of India - Wikipedia An Encyclopedia of Indian Archaeology by A. Ghosh (Ed.). "An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology" is a significant reference work on archaeology in India. It is an authoritative work of permanent value in which the knowledge and expertise of Indian archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India, universities and other institutes have been pooled together under the editorship of the. Chapter 5 : An Encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology / edited by A. Ghosh National Library of Australia, An Encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology / edited by A. Ghosh Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers New Delhi Wikipedia Citation Please see Wikipedia's template documentation for further citation fields that may be required. Chapter 6 : An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology - Google Books An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology is a significant reference work on archaeology in India. It is an authoritative work of permanent value in which the knowledge and expertise of Indian archaeologists from the Archaeological Survey of India, universities and other institutes have been pooled together under the editorship of the late A. Ghosh, former Director-General of the Archaeological. Chapter 7 : Amalananda Ghosh - Wikipedia AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY Download An Encyclopaedia Of Indian Archaeology ebook PDF or Read Online books in PDF, EPUB, and Mobi Format. Click Download or Read Online button to AN ENCYCLOPAEDIA OF INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY book pdf for free now. Chapter 8 : Ebook An Encyclopaedia Of Indian Archaeology as PDF Download Portable Document Format An Encyclopaedia Of Indian Archaeology Start Download Portable Document Format (PDF) and E-books (Electronic Books) Free Online Rating News / is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader. Page 4

5 Chapter 9 : Brahmagiri archaeological site - Wikipedia INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY by A.. Publication date Publisher DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, NEW DELHI. Collection universallibrary. Page 5