University of Groningen. Central because Liminal IJssennagger, Nelleke Laure

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1 University of Groningen Central because Liminal IJssennagger, Nelleke Laure IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): IJssennagger, N. L. (2017). Central because Liminal: Frisia in a Viking Age North Sea World. [Groningen]: Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 Central because Liminal Frisia in a Viking Age North Sea World

3 Nelleke Laure IJssennagger, Groningen. All rights reserved. ISBN: ISBN e-book: Design: Rik Van der Pluym English correction: Connie Hopkins Printed by: Netzodruk Groningen

4 Central because Liminal Frisia in a Viking Age North Sea World Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. E. Sterken en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 23 november 2017 om uur door Nelleke Laure IJssennagger geboren op 12 juni 1986 te Hengelo

5 Promotores Prof. dr. D.E.H. de Boer Prof. dr. F.C.J.W. Theuws Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. J. Hines Prof. dr. N.S. Price Prof. dr. G.J. de Langen Dr. K.J. Heidecker

6 Contents

7 List of figures List of abbreviations 9 13 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scope and aim of the PhD thesis 1.2 Earlier studies and present state of research 1.3 Connectivity and the Viking Age 1.4 Research question and structure of the research 1.5 Delineation of the research area and period 1.6 Corpus 1.7 Structure of the PhD thesis Chapter 2 Three formative periods. A historical-archaeological framework for Frisia and the spheres with which it is connected 2.1 Early times of transition: From Prehistory to the end of the Roman era 2.2 Shifting spheres in the Migration Period and early Middle Ages 2.3 The Viking Age: From mare Frisicum to Norse Sea 2.4 Frisian freedom and National Histories Chapter 3 Theory and methodology. Finding the Viking Age horizon and boundary 3.1 Theoretical framework Connectivity and the dynamics of cross-cultural connections Travelling things. Distribution of material culture in light of cross-cultural exchange Mythologies, mentalities and authentication Towards a methodology. Finding the Viking Age horizon and connecting the sources The Viking Age horizon in textual sources From theory to practice. Establishing layers and horizons in texts The Viking Age horizon in distribution maps of material culture

8 Chapter 4 Recorded, constructed and condensed connectivity Case study 1: The case of the Viking Age in the Frisian corpus From nord seredera ridder to hethena hera. Vikings in Frisian sources Recurring themes 4.2 Case study 2: Viking-Frisian relations in the non-frisian corpus Back and forth between the Insular world and Frisia The sons of Ragnarr Loðbrók and their Frisian connection 4.3 Case study 3: Frisia within the Viking sphere Frisia as part of the Danish realm Viking visits to Frisia: Landscape and battle-lists Kinship and feud, alliance and rivalry 4.4 General remarks: The textual sources considered Chapter 5 Materialised connectivity and the (in)visible boundary of the Viking sphere Case study 1: Brooches and pins Disc brooches and related finds Oval brooches Ring-pins and ring-brooches 5.2 Case study 2: The Viking silver sphere: Hack-silver, weights and related coins Hack-silver Weights 5.3 Case study 3: Other and future finds Rings and pendants Mounts and buckles 5.4 General remarks: All finds considered Chapter 6 Conclusion 244 Bibliography Appendix 1: The Textual Corpus Appendix 2: The Material Corpus: Catalogue Dutch summary / Samenvatting Acknowledgements Curriculum Vitae

9 List of figures Most of the maps in this PhD thesis have been created by the author, using the base map of Europe drawn by Frans Theuws. The map of the distribution of cubooctahedral weights is based on the information collected and map made by Jane Kershaw, to which the Frisian finds are added. Finally, the palaeogeographical map of the Netherlands around AD 800 is provided by Deltares via the RCE with the following reference: Vos, P. and S. de Vries 2013: 2e generatie palaeogeografische kaarten van Nederland (versie 2.0). Deltares, Utrecht. Downloaded March 2017 from All object photos are reworked to create unity and are scaled to the accompanying scale. Chapter 1 Fig. 1.1 Fig. 1.2 Fig. 1.3 The falsified Viking hoard of Winsum. Fries Museum Leeuwarden; Collection Provincie Fryslân. Falsified Viking dragon head related to the Winsum hoard Fries Museum Leeuwarden; Collection Provincie Fryslân. Map of the North Sea area indicating Friesland (red) and historic Frisia (pink). Chapter 2 Fig. 2.1 The Roman sphere of influence in relation to Frisia. Fig. 2.2 The Migration Period direction of movement and areas involved. Fig. 2.3 The spheres of influence and power right before AD 734. Fig. 2.4 Palaeogeographical map of the Netherlands. Vos, P. and S. de Vries 2013: 2e generatie palaeogeografische kaarten van Neder land (versie 2.0). Deltares, Utrecht. Downloaded March 2017 from Fig. 2.5 The Frankish and Danish spheres around 800 AD, which overlap in the Frisian sphere. Chapter 4 Fig. 4.1 Chapter 5 Fig. 5.1 Fig. 5.2 Fig. 5.3 Fig. 5.4 The North Sea world in the Viking Age with highlighted areas indicated in or of importance for the textual sources. Front and back of the Oosterwijtwerd-brooch (Cat. 1.1). Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker. Distribution of the Jansson Type II D brooch. The Wijnaldum brooch fragment (Cat. 1.2). Photo: author. Terslev Type VII (Borre style) brooch from Bygrave. Photo: Courtesy of the Portable Antiquities Scheme (CC BY attribution 9

10 licence). Record BH-2337E2. Kershaw (2013) number 246. Fig. 5.5 Distribution of the Jansson Type III C / Typ Uppåkra / Terslev VII brooch. Fig. 5.6 The convex brooch-plate from Kenwerd (Cat. 1.3). Photo: Zijlstra. Fig. 5.7 Distribution of the Jansson Type 1 A1 brooch. Fig. 5.8 The disc brooch from Groningen (Cat. 1.4). Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker Fig. 5.9 The two disc brooches from Nørholm (right), photos The Historical Museum of Northern Jutland, and the Bejsebakken disc brooch (left), scan from article Christiansen and Sarauw (2014, 132). Fig Distribution map Limfjord type. Fig Tortoise brooch Wijk bij Duurstede, WD (Cat. 1.5). Photo: National Museum of Antiquities (RMO), Leiden. Fig Terminal fragment (Cat. 1.6). Photo: Johan Koning, Fries Museum, Leeuwarden. Fig St Arkeologisk museum, UiS/CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 via Fotoportalen UNIMUS. Photographer: Terje Tveit. Fig Find-spots of the Penannular brooches and brooch-fragments of Type I,E. Fig Fig Back of the ring-pin RMO f1940/12.2 (Cat. 1.7). Photo: author. Ring-pin, collection RMO f1940/12.2. (Cat. 1.7). Photo: National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden. Fig Type 215 Petersen 1928, 179. Fig Find-spots of the Petersen type 215 ring-pin, including the Dorestad-example. Fig The Texel find (Cat. 2.1). Photo: Albert Allersma, Fries Museum. Fig The Texel find, side, frontal and rear view. Drawing: Rachel Onstwedder, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. (Cat. 2.1). Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Fig Distribution of the Texel find and its parallels in type and decoration. The Frisian Viking weights. (Cat. 2.2 and 2.3). Photo: author. Drawings of and , Leida Goldschmitz-Wielinga. Courtesy of Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen (KZGW). (Cat. 2.5 and 25). Distribution map of cubo-octahedral weights with the Frisian finds added. Twisted gold ring Solwerd. inv Photo: Groninger Museum, Marten de Leeuw. F2005-XII-397 (NAD) from Dongjum. Photo: author. Geographical distribution of the disc brooches and pins from case study 1. 10

11 Fig Fig Chapter 6 Fig. 6.1 Fig. 6.2 Fig. 6.3 The distribution of disc brooches and pins and the sphere that connects them. The combined distribution of the plotted objects from case studies 1 (brooches and pins) and 2 (the broad-band arm-ring and the cubo-octahedral weights. The distribution map and the reach of the spheres of influence of the Franks and Vikings as indicated by the case studies. The strongest sphere of connectivity. Frisia s central and liminal position in relation to the various spheres of influence. Catalogue 1.1 FIG 5.1 Front and back of the Oosterwijtwerd-brooch. Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker. 1.2 Wijnaldum brooch fragment. Photo NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker. 1.3 FIG 5.6 The convex brooch-plate from Kenwerd. Photo: Zijlstra. 1.4 FIG 5.8 The disc brooch from Groningen. Photo NAD Nuis, Jelle Schokker 1.5 FIG Tortoise brooch Wijk bij Duurstede, WD Photo: National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden. 1.6 FIG 5.12 and photo of the back. Photos: Johan Koning, Fries Museum, Leeuwarden. 1.7 FIG 5.15 Ring-pin, collection RMO f1940/12.2. Photo: RMO, Leiden. REL1.2.2 Dirham F 2010-VI Photo: author. REL1.2.3 Dirham FM 1995-XII Photo: author. REL1.2.4 Dirham jewel F 2010-VI Photo: author. REL1.2.5 Thorshammer FM 1995-XII Photo: NAD Nuis. REL1.2.6 Ring-pin Q4. Photo: author. 2.1 FIG 5.20 The Texel find, side, frontal and rear view. Drawing: Rachel Onstwedder, Groningen Institute of Archaeology, University of Groningen. 2.2 Cubo-octahedral weight. Photo: author 2.3 Lead disc weight. Photo: author. 2.4 Cubo-octahedral weight F 2008-VIII-94. Photo: NAD Nuis. 2.5 Cubo-octahedral weight Photo: Gemma van der Hoogte, Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen. 2.6 Cubo-octahedral weight Photo: Gemma van der Hoogte, Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen. REL NUMISnr Photo: Jan Jaap Waverijn. REL 2.2/3.1 Balance F 2007-IV-187. Photo: NAD Nuis. REL 2.2/3.2 Dirham fragment F 2011-VII-55. Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle 11

12 REL 2.2/3.3 REL 2.2/3.4 Schokker. Hack-silver fragment F 2005-XII-402. Photo: author. FIG 5.26 F2005-XII-397 (NAD) from Dongjum. Photo: author. 3.1 Golden twisted finger ring 2009-XI-1. Photo: Fries Museum, Leeuwarden. 3.2 Silver finger ring Photo: Fries Museum, Leeuwarden; Collectie Het Koninklijk Fries Genootschap. 3.3 Silver finger ring Photo: Fries Museum, Leeuwarden; Collectie Het Koninklijk Fries Genootschap. 3.4 Golden ring FM Photo: Johan Koning, Fries Museum, Leeuwarden. 3.5 Crucifix pendant F 2005-XII-397. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.6 Mount F 2006-XII-378. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.7 Mount or pendant F 2006-XII-418. Photo: NAD Nuis. 3.8 Mount G 2008-II-109h. Photo: NAD Nuis, Jelle Scokker. 3.9 Openworked mount F 2006-XII-412. Photo: NAD Nuis Openworked mount F 2007-IV-113. Photo: NAD Nuis Mount or cheek-piece. F 2007-IV-256. Photo: NAD Nuis Mount F 2007-IV-160. Photo: author. 12

13 List of abbreviations AB Annales Bertiniani AF Annales Fuldenses ALD Annales Lindisfarnenses et dunelmenses ARF Annales regni Francorum ASC Anglo Saxon Chronicle AX Annales Xantenses ES Egills saga skallagrimsonnar FA Fragmentary Annals FM Fries Museum (Museum of Friesland) GD Gesta Danorum GH Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum GND Gesta Normannorum Ducum HSC Historia de Sancto Cuthberto KZGW Koninklijk Zeeuws Genootschap der Wetenschappen LF Lex Frisionum MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica SS Scriptores (in Folio) SS rer. Germ. Scriptores rerum Germanicarum in usum scholarum seperatim editi SS rer. Merov. Scriptores rerum Merovigicarum NAD Noordelijk Archeologisch Depot NUMIS Numismatisch Informatie Systeem PAN Portable Antiquities of the Netherlands PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme RMO Rijksmuseum van Oudheden (National Museum of Antiquities) s.a. sub anno VK Vita Karoli 13