Art and Culture 1.1 Introduction Difference between Architecture and Sculpture Classification of Indian Architecture Indus Valley Civilization and their archaeological findings BY CIVIL JOINT
The Word Architecture is derived from the Latin word tekton which means builder. Sculpture word is derived from Proto-Indo-European root Kel which means to cut or cleave. Sculpture are smaller work of art, either handmade or with tools and are more related to aesthetics than engineering and measurement. Difference between Architecture and Sculpture Point of difference Architecture Sculpture Size and Scope Architecture refers to the design and construction of buildings Sculpture are relatively smaller 3-dimensional works of art. Material used Architecture generally uses a mixture of various type of materials like stone, wood, glass, metal, sand, etc. A single piece of sculpture is usually made of a single type of material. Principle It involves study of engineering and engineering mathematics. It requires detailed and accurate measurement. It involves creativity and imagination and may not depends as heavily on accurate measurement.
Indian Architecture Classification of Indian Architecture Ancient India Harappan Art Mauryan Art Medieval India Delhi Sultanate Mughal Art Post Mauryan Art Gupta Age Art South Indian Art Modern India Indo-Gothic Style Neo-Roman Style
Harappan Art and Architecture A Flourishing civilisation emerged on the bank of the river Indus in the second half of the third millennium BCE (Before Common Era). Numerous sculptures, seals, potteries jewelleries found at the excavation sites. Harrapa (on river Ravi) and Mohenjo-daro (on river Indus) two major sites of the civilisation- are among the earliest and finest example of urban civic planning. The planned network of roads, houses and drainage systems indicate the planning and engineering skills that developed during those times.
Important sites of the Indus valley civilisation and their archaeological findings are: Harappa(Pakistan): 2 row of six granaries with big platform, stone symbol of lingam and yoni, mother goddess figure, wheat and barley in wooden mortar, dice, copper scale and mirror, copper bullock cart, sculpture of dog chasing a deer in bronze metal, nude dancing girl of stone and a red sand stone male torso(the trunk of the human body), only site which yields the evidence of coffin burial. Mohenjo-daro(Pakistan): The great bath(use of Burnt bricks, Mortar and Gypsum in the Great bath but no use of stone), the great granary, Dancing girl(world s oldest bronze sculpture), post cremation burial, sculpture of bearded priest, seal of supposed Pashupati. Dholavira(Gujarat): giant water reservoir, three division of city, unique water harnessing system, stadium, dams and embankments, inscription comprising 10 large sized signs like an advertisement board(signboard with Indus Script).
Lothal(Gujarat) (Manchester of Indus Valley Civilisation): Dockyard, double burial, rice husk{rice husk has been found only at Lothal and Rangpur}, fire altars, painted jars, modern day chess, terracotta figure of horse and ship, instrument for measuring 45,90 and 180 degree angles, Iranian seals(direct sea trade links with Mesopotamia). Surkotada(Gujarat): first actual remains of the horse bones. Rakhigarhi(Haryana):the biggest Harappan site (source: The Hindu) Banawali(Haryana): toy plough, barley grains, oval shaped settlement, only city with radial streets. Ropar(Punjab): dog buried with human oval pit burials.
Kalibangan(black bangles)(hanumangarh district of Rajasthan): ploughed field, evidence of earliest recorded Earthquake (which might have ended this city itself), Fire-Altars, Charging bull, tiled floor, two kinds of burials (circular and rectangular graves), bones of camels, no drainage system in Kalibangan, the bricks in other sites were baked ones, while Kalibangan bricks are earthen ones. Alamgirpur(Meerut in Uttar Pradesh): considered to be easternmost boundary of Indus Valley, pottery, plant fossils, animal bones and copper tools, impression of a cloth on a trough. Suktagendor(Pakistan): on the Bank of Dasht River near the Iran Border, important coastal town along with Lothal(Gujarat) and Balakot (in Pakistan), western border of Indus Valley Civilization Chanhu-Daro(Pakistan): only harappan city which does not have a fortified citadel, evidence of factories of various figurines, seals, toys, bone implements.
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