A Bronze Age Cypriot House in Melbourne

Ye Olde Funny Bones Site Report 2014 A Bronze Age Cypriot House in Melbourne Subject: ARC3AAR 7 November 2014 Caroline Seawright

Ye Olde Funny Bones Site Report 2014 A House in Melbourne ARC3AAR Caroline Seawright 2014 http://www.thekeep.org/~kunoichi/kunoichi/themestream/arc3aar.html

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The following members of Ye Olde Funny Bones contributed to this project: Caroline Seawright Report Writing, Excavation, Photography Claudia K. Excavation, Artefact Analysis, Field Notes Kathryn K. Excavation, Elevation Levels, Site Sketches Kimberley C. Excavation, Photography Madeline H. Excavation, Artefact Analysis Mitchell F. Excavation, Elevation Levels, Artefact Sketches Veronica A. Excavation, Harris Matrix I would like to thank those who oversaw the excavation: Susan L., La Trobe University Catherine T., La Trobe University Paul P., La Trobe University I would also like to thank the following teams for their data and assistance with this project: Game of Stones Earth Benders The Past and the Curious 7 Wonders of the Tardis Beyond Stone and Bone Super Best Digging Friends Arch de Triomphe i Acknowledgements Caroline Seawright

TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements... i Table of Contents... i List of Figures... iii List of Maps... iv List of Tables... iv Introduction... 1 Background... 1 Location... 1 Prior Excavations... 3 Aims... 7 Methodology... 9 Excavation Methods... 9 Limitations... 9 Results... 10 Contexts and Deposition... 10 Stratigraphy... 11 Harris Matrix... 11 Site Photo... 12 Site Plans... 12 i Table of Contents Caroline Seawright

Concurrent Excavations... 14 Artefacts... 16 Discussion... 21 Bronze Age Cyprus... 22 Neolithic China... 23 Conclusion... 24 References... 25 Appendices... 28 Appendix 1: List of Contexts... 28 Appendix 2: List of Units of Analysis... 28 Appendix 3: List of Artefacts... 29 Appendix 4: Stratigraphic photographs... 33 Appendix 5: List of Elevations... 37 ii Table of Contents Caroline Seawright

LIST OF FIGURES A House in Melbourne Figure 1: Australian and Maya layers at beginning of 2010, facing east (Ashton 2011, p. 2)... 3 Figure 2: Maya layer at end of 2011 excavation, facing east (Baker 2012, p. 7)... 4 Figure 3: Maya & Cypriot layers at end of 2012 season, facing east (Ashton 2011, p. 20)... 5 Figure 4: TARDIS at close of 2013 excavation, facing east (La Trobe University 2013)... 6 Figure 5: Assigned excavation units overlying a photo of the TARDIS at end of 2014 excavation, facing north (La Trobe University 2014; Seawright 2014)... 8 Figure 6: Illustration demonstrating the stratigraphy of the house s interior, as seen in A2... 11 Figure 7: Harris Matrix of units A1, A2, and B1 by Ye Olde Funny Bones... 11 Figure 8: Photo showing the units A1, A2, and B2 at end of 2014 excavations, facing east... 12 Figure 9: Alignment and important features of the Cypriot house... 15 Figure 10: Profile and aerial view sketches of artefact 1.004... 17 Figure 11: Photo 47 showing artefact 1.004 in refitted pilgrim flask... 18 Figure 12: Photo 49 showing artefact 1.005 in refitted pilgrim flask... 18 Figure 13: Adjoining, multi-roomed houses at Mouttes (Knapp 2013, p. 290)... 22 Figure 14: Plan of a Neolithic Chinese house at Jiangzhai (Liu 2005, p. 37)... 23 Figure 15: Cypriot and Chinese stratigraphy of unit A2 at end of excavation, facing north... 33 Figure 16: Cypriot and Chinese stratigraphy of unit A2 at end of excavation, facing west... 34 Figure 17: Cypriot stratigraphy of unit A2 at end of excavation, facing east... 35 Figure 18: Cypriot stratigraphy of unit B1 at end of excavation, facing north... 36 iii List of Figures Caroline Seawright

LIST OF MAPS Map 1: Location of the TARDIS at La Trobe University, Bundoora... 2 Map 2: Australian layer at close of 2009 excavation, facing north (Tovey 2011, p. 6)... 3 Map 3: Maya layer at beginning of 2012 excavation, facing north (Piovesan 2012, p. 15)... 4 Map 4: Cypriot layer at close of 2012 excavation, facing north (Baker 2012, p. 32)... 5 Map 5: 2012 plan of the TARDIS showing Cypriot structural elements (Bauer 2012, p. 21). 12 Map 6: Plan of units A1, A2, and B2, facing north... 13 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Identified artefact phase and functions... 19 iv List of Maps Caroline Seawright

INTRODUCTION Background A House in Melbourne The La Trobe University Teaching Archaeological Research Discipline In Simulation (TARDIS) is a simulated excavation based on one devised by the University of Queensland (Cosgrove, Frankel & Thomas 2013, p. 44). Created in 2009, the TARDIS offers students the chance to undertake an excavation under the direction of La Trobe Archaeology staff during the Approaches to Archaeological Research subject. Now in its sixth year, the subject teaches students research, ethics, analysis, project management skills, and provides hands-on experience. The TARDIS is a wooden construction measuring 5x5m, with a 4.72x4.72m interior, which contained a sequence of archaeological layers, covering Plio-Pleistocene Africa, Pleistocene Australia, Natufian Jordan, Neolithic China, Bronze Age Cyprus, Mayan Mesoamerica and Historical Australia, separated from each other by red scoria (Cosgrove, Frankel & Thomas 2013, p. 45). The TARDIS is sub-divided into 25 squares, 16 being 1m 2, and the remaining being smaller due to the irregular dimensions of the TARDIS interior (Woff 2012, pp. 4-5). Previous teams of students excavated the Australian and Maya layers, leaving much of the Bronze Age Cyprus layer exposed. Location The TARDIS is located at Bundoora La Trobe University campus, Victoria. It is situated to the north of the Archaeology Department (MARB building), surrounded by large trees which obscure the view from above. 1 Introduction Caroline Seawright

Map 1: Location of the TARDIS at La Trobe University, Bundoora 2 Introduction Caroline Seawright

Prior Excavations The Australian layer was excavated in 2009-2010. It comprised an urban streetscape dated as c. 1840-1930AD (Map 2; Figure 1). This encompassed pre-construction, construction, occupation and abandonment phases, featuring the remains of a drain, rubbish dump, and domestic artefacts, including a house with wooden foundations, a soot-blackened hearth, slate roof tiles, and glass windows (Ashton 2011, p. 9; Bauer 2012, pp. 9-10; Tovey 2011, p. 4). Map 2: Australian layer at close of 2009 excavation, facing north (Tovey 2011, p. 6) Figure 1: Australian and Maya layers at beginning of 2010, facing east (Ashton 2011, p. 2) 3 Introduction Caroline Seawright

The excavation of much of the Maya layer occurred in 2011. This revealed the preconstruction, construction, occupation, and abandonment of a Maya Lowland Postclassic (c. 1375-1450BC) shrine of red-washed plaster on sand (Map 3; Figure 2). A fire effigy was discovered inside the shrine, suggesting the metaphorical burning of the shrine at abandonment (Tovey 2011, p. 12). Obsidian and pottery artefacts, and a ritual cache containing carefully arranged plates, cups, a figurine, and shark tooth, were found underneath the floor (Ashton 2011, pp. 13-20; Bauer 2012, p. 4; We Don't Dig Dinosaurs 2011). Map 3: Maya layer at beginning of 2012 excavation, facing north (Piovesan 2012, p. 15) Figure 2: Maya layer at end of 2011 excavation, facing east (Baker 2012, p. 7) 4 Introduction Caroline Seawright

The excavation of the Cypriot layer began in 2012 (Map 4; Figure 3). The Cypriot layer, which covered construction, occupation, and abandonment phases, comprised a house of moulded mud-brick with stone wall foundations, postholes, and building rubble (Bauer 2012, pp. 18-21; Booth 2012, pp. 13, 15; Hughes 2012, p. 25; Woff 2012, pp. 9-10). Domestic artefacts, including a clay animal figure, loom-weights, and spindle whorls, were found on compact clay flooring. To the south of the wall, ceramic sherds of a flask were discovered by Paradox, who concluded that this was an exterior discard area. Based on the flask s typology, they dated the site as c. 1125-1050BC (Baker 2012, pp. 21-23). Map 4: Cypriot layer at close of 2012 excavation, facing north (Baker 2012, p. 32) Figure 3: Maya & Cypriot layers at end of 2012 season, facing east (Ashton 2011, p. 20) 5 Introduction Caroline Seawright

Data from the 2013 excavation is limited due to misplaced logbooks and site reports. The existing data suggests that the excavations were focussed on the Maya level, with a burial pit, bricks, maize cobs, ochre pieces, potsherds, shells and obsidian having been discovered (Edwards 2013). Photographic evidence comparing the end of 2012 excavations (Figure 3) to the beginning of 2013 (Figure 4) confirms that most Maya units were removed to reveal the top of the Cypriot layer. The Cypriot layer remained unchanged from the close of 2012 excavations (Map 4). With no site reports available, conclusions from the 2013 season are unknown. Figure 4: TARDIS at close of 2013 excavation, facing east (La Trobe University 2013) 6 Introduction Caroline Seawright

Aims This year, our team, Ye Olde Funny Bones, were assigned units A1, A2, and B1 of the partially excavated Cypriot layer. Other teams were assigned their own unit groupings (Figure 5). Our original aim was to level the ground in our units on both sides of the south-west corner of the Cypriot wall, then remove the wall itself to establish what was underneath. During the course of the dig this changed due to time constraints. Unable to remove the wall, we focussed on establishing relationships between it and the artefacts and features discovered within each unit. Our research was thus aimed at forming a general understanding of the human-related depositional sequence of the deposit, based both on the 2014 excavation and prior research. This would then be placed into the wider context of Cypriot features across all units. 7 Introduction Caroline Seawright

Figure 5: Assigned excavation units overlying a photo of the TARDIS at end of 2014 excavation, facing north (La Trobe University 2014; Seawright 2014) Team 1: Ye Olde Funny Bones Team 2: Game of Stones Team 3: The Past and the Curious (A1, A2, B1) (C1, C2, C3) (D3, E2, E3) Team 4: Beyond Stone and Bone Team 5: Arch de Triomphe Team 6: Earth Benders (B5, C4, C5) (D1, D2, E1) (A4, A5, B4) Team 7: 7 Wonders of the Tardis Team 8: Super Best Digging Friends (D4, D5, E4, E5) (A3, B2, B3) 8 Introduction Caroline Seawright

METHODOLOGY A House in Melbourne Excavation of units A1, A2, and B1 was carried out from 21 August 23 October 2014 by myself (Caroline Seawright), Claudia K., Kathryn K., Kimberley C., Madeline H., Mitchell F., and Veronica A. Excavation Methods Before fieldwork commenced, the site was cleaned and cleared of organic matter, surveyed and strung into squares. Deposits were removed using trowels, hand picks, and brushes. Soil from each unit was sieved, and roots removed with secateurs. Munsell and ph readings of different contexts were taken throughout. Each unit was photographed at the end of each week s excavation. Artefacts were cleaned using a toothbrush, organised into type and photographed. Data was recorded on context sheets and field notes. Level surveys were conducted prior, during and after excavations at the corners of each unit and on select features. This was measured against a fixed datum point in the TARDIS, recorded with a dumpy level and graduated levelling rod when available (Appendix 5). Our methodologies were applied to realise our aims, and achieve a greater understanding of the Cypriot wall feature and its surrounds in relation to phases of human occupation. Limitations Due to the relative inexperience of the team, mistakes were made during the excavation. These included conflating multiple contexts as context 1493, digging through the thin red scoria layer in B1, incorrect labelling, a lack of consistency between context sheet authors, and the changing of certain contexts mid-excavation. Most issues were rectified by the end of excavation. 9 Methodology Caroline Seawright

RESULTS During the course of our fieldwork we excavated the Cypriot layer to the base of the stone wall in the southern half of units A1 and B1, removed the compact floor layer in the northern half of unit B1 and the western half of A2, and cleaned the wall fill. We retrieved a small number of artefacts, which were analysed then placed into five overarching type groupings (Appendix 3). The unanalysed stones of the wall were left in-situ. The cleaning of the wall fill both confirmed the alignment of the wall and delineated areas of rock-fall. The clay flooring layer was identified by its consistency, which was sticky when wet, and hard and difficult to excavate when dry. Otherwise, the soil had a sandy consistency and was easy to excavate and sieve. Stratigraphy throughout was relatively distinct (Appendix 4). Our analytical units were Bronze Age Cyprus and Neolithic China (Appendix 2). Contexts and Deposition Although we discovered pots from the Chinese cultural layer underneath the wall feature, our focus was the Cypriot layer (Appendix 1). While I am unable to create a depositional sequence for the Chinese layer, the ceramic and organic finds (1487) suggest an occupational layer. The Cypriot layer had been constructed by laying a stone wall foundation (1469), with mud brick coursing (1426), and compact clay flooring (1447, 1493) on top of the natural soil (1423, 1424). Signs of occupational discard can be seen by the sherds of a flask found in B1 (1423). After abandonment, a layer of soil was deposited over the site (1422, 1455), and part of the wall collapsed (Map 6). The smaller stones along the central western area of A1 follow the alignment of the western wall. A Harris Matrix shows the relationships between these contexts (Figure 7). 10 Results Caroline Seawright

Stratigraphy Figure 6: Illustration demonstrating the stratigraphy of the house s interior, as seen in A2 Harris Matrix Figure 7: Harris Matrix of units A1, A2, and B1 by Ye Olde Funny Bones 1426 1469 1423 1423 1424 1455 1422 1447 1493 1487 11 Results Caroline Seawright

Site Photo Figure 8: Photo showing the units A1, A2, and B2 at end of 2014 excavations, facing east Site Plans Map 5: 2012 plan of the TARDIS showing Cypriot structural elements (Bauer 2012, p. 21) 12 Results Caroline Seawright

Map 6: Plan of units A1, A2, and B2, facing north 13 Results Caroline Seawright

Concurrent Excavations A House in Melbourne Important features of the Cypriot house have been excavated by other teams: Earth Benders uncovered the northern part of the western wall (Earth Benders 2014); Super Best Digging Friends excavated the centre part of the western wall topped with mudbricks, and a posthole with charcoal at the base (Super Best Digging Friends 2014); Game of Stones excavated the centre section of the southern wall, former doorway filled in with a different stone type, rock-fall and a loom-weight (Game of Stones 2014); Arch de Triomphe found the southern part of the eastern wall, and the northern part of a plaster bench (Arch de Triomphe 2014); The Past and the Curious discovered the centre part of the eastern wall, a doorway with paving stones and a quern, the southern part of a plaster bench, and two in-situ ceramic jars (The Past and the Curious 2014); 7 Wonders of the TARDIS excavated the north-east corner of the wall, the eastern part of the northern wall, and an in-situ animal skull (7 Wonders of the TARDIS 2014); and Beyond Stone and Bone uncovered the central section of the northern wall, including part of wall running north-south, and a small cobblestone- and clay-lined fire-pit with in-situ ceramic vessels, and seeds (Beyond Stone and Bone 2014). The Cypriot layer is now exposed, excepting units D1-E1 which are still in the Maya layer, revealing my proposed outline of the house (Figure 9). 14 Results Caroline Seawright

Figure 9: Alignment and important features of the Cypriot house 15 Results Caroline Seawright

ARTEFACTS Excavated artefacts were divided into types: ceramic, lithic, organic, metal or undetermined (Table 1; Appendix 3). Ceramic artefacts were found across all units, consisting mainly of potsherds in a secondary context, including those used for chinking the walls mortar. Degraded pieces of an in-situ Chinese Neolithic pot were also excavated (Figure 15-Figure 16). Artefacts 1.004 and 1.005 (Figure 10) were discovered in their primary context, in close proximity to the sherds discovered and refitted by Paradox (Baker 2012, pp. 17-18). The two pieces were able to be refitted with the mostly complete pilgrim flask (Figure 11-Figure 12). Undetermined Cypriot layer rocks and lithic artefact 2.001 were likely used for chinking. Charcoal deposits were found in the mudbrick remains, and on both sides of the wall. Artefact 2.002, retouched flake, and 4.004, organic pods, were within the Chinese layer. Artefacts 3.002, cement chunk, and 5.001, bent iron nail, are likely inclusions from the Australian layer. 16 Artefacts Caroline Seawright

Figure 10: Profile and aerial view sketches of artefact 1.004 17 Artefacts Caroline Seawright

Figure 11: Photo 47 showing artefact 1.004 in refitted pilgrim flask Figure 12: Photo 49 showing artefact 1.005 in refitted pilgrim flask 18 Artefacts Caroline Seawright

Table 1: Identified artefact phase and functions Ceramics Artefact # Square Context Phase Function 1.001 A2 1426 construction layer Chinking for mudbrick 1.002 B1 1422 abandonment layer Pottery sherd in secondary context 1.003 B1 1422 1.004 A1 1424 1.005 A1 1424 1.006 A1 1424 1.007 A1 1424 1.008 A1 1424 abandonment layer occupation layer occupation layer abandonment layer abandonment layer abandonment layer Potsherd in secondary context Sherd of a flask in primary context Sherd of a flask in primary context Potsherd in secondary context Potsherd in secondary context Potsherd in secondary context 1.009 B1 1423 abandonment layer Potsherd in secondary context 1.010 Wall feature 1469 construction layer Chinking for mortar 1.011 Wall feature 1469 construction layer Chinking for mortar 1.012 Wall feature 1469 1.013 A2 1493 construction layer Neolithic Chinese occupation layer Chinking for mortar Degraded pottery pieces from in situ vessel 1.014 A2 1493 layers Potsherd in secondary context 19 Artefacts Caroline Seawright

Lithics Artefact # Square Context Phase Function 2.001 A2 1426 2.002 B1 1487 construction layer Neolithic Chinese occupation layer Chinking for mudbrick Retouched stone-tool Organic Artefact # Square Context Phase Function 4.001 A2 1426 4.002 B1 1422 4.003 A1 1424 4.004 A2 1493 construction layer abandonment layer abandonment layer Neolithic Chinese occupation layer Single piece of charcoal Burned patch Burned patch Possible food store; requires analysis Metal Artefact # Square Context Phase Function 5.001 A1 1424 Historic Australian layer inclusion Used iron nail Undetermined Artefact # Square Context Phase Function 3.001 A2 1426 3.002 A2 1426 3.003 B1 1422 3.004 B1 1422 construction layer Historic Australian layer inclusion destruction layer destruction layer Chinking for mudbrick Cement Rock-fall, possible remains of chinking Rock-fall, possible remains of chinking 20 Artefacts Caroline Seawright

DISCUSSION The Cypriot layer within our units has several stratigraphic layers and contexts, showing signs of construction, occupation, abandonment and destruction (Appendix 1). I have determined seven artefacts as belonging to the construction phase, being those used for chinking whilst the wall was being built. Context 1426 belongs to this category, as it was a mudbrick from the house s upper coursing. As we did not discover any artefacts on top of the flooring, the only demonstrable occupational phase artefacts comprise the two belonging to a smashed pilgrim flask. I have allocated ten artefacts to the abandonment phase, as they are in a secondary context located in soil which overlays the house flooring, or within the soil exterior to the house. The destruction phase is evident in the rock-fall found within unit A2, and two artefacts in soil covering the clay flooring. Examination of the site revealed across the TARDIS confirms these phases (Figure 9). The construction phase is first evident in the laying of the lower stone wall foundation and mudbrick coursing. The clay flooring was then added, as no compressed clay is found outside of the walled area. Postholes were then sunk into the clay. However, the clay flooring seeped from the interior to the exterior under the paving stones, but this is likely to have been part of a reconstruction completed during the house s occupational phase. Further excavation may confirm floor seepage at the original doorway. It is uncertain whether the plaster bench and fire-pit, built after the flooring was laid, were part of the construction or occupational phase. The occupational phase is demonstrated by an animal skull, the cooking pots and seeds, and the remodelling of the house. An old doorway was blocked off by a type of stone not used in construction, and a new doorway was opened at the northern end of the eastern wall. Signs of the house s destruction can be seen in rock-fall. 21 Discussion Caroline Seawright

Bronze Age Cyprus A House in Melbourne In Bronze Age Cyprus, a process known as rubble masonry was common for both round and rectangular buildings. Unshaped river cobbles and limestone slabs were used for the lower courses of walls, and unfired clay mudbricks were used for the higher courses (Frankel & Webb 2006, p. 7; Wright 1992, p. 413). Chinking, where the interstices of the irregularly joined stones were packed with small stone chips or flakes, was used to both give the walls strength and to reduce the need for mortar (Wright 1992, pp. 408-409). Posts supporting the roof were located inside the house adjacent to the walls (Frankel & Webb 2006, p. 9). Flooring was typically composed of compressed clay, upon which household artefacts can be found (Frankel & Webb 2006, p. 10). Doorways had a small stone sill at the threshold (Wright 1992, p. 51). Homes were often remodelled during their use (Knapp 2013, p. 167). Chalcolithic roundhouses gave way to Prehistoric Bronze Age multi-roomed, rectilinear buildings (Figure 13) between c. 2400-1700 BC (Knapp 2013, pp. 263, 270; Wright 1992, p. 308). Discrete houses with two or three rooms were common, with one room containing the hearth set Figure 13: Adjoining, multi-roomed houses at Mouttes (Knapp 2013, p. 290) against an interior wall, and a plaster bench (Wright 1992, p. 61). Most hearths had plaster kerbs (Frankel & Webb 2006, p. 14), while some were fire-pits filled with heat-crashed cobbles and ash (Knapp 2013, p. 199). Artefact finds in the interior of the home indicate that the majority of domestic activities took place there, including cooking, grinding, storage, spinning, and weaving (Knapp 2013, pp. 283, 291). Exterior areas were used for dumping animal bones and broken ceramics (Knapp 2013, p. 296). 22 Discussion Caroline Seawright

Neolithic China In Neolithic China, both circular and rectilinear houses (Figure 14) were evident, and were semi-subterranean. Flooring was of stamped-earth variety, while walls were of wattle-anddaub style using reed and clay, with wooden posts supporting the roof. Doorways tended to face south to avoid cold northwest winds (Zheng 1982, p. 13). Houses contained at least one central hearth for cooking activities, around which household ceramics are common. Artefacts found within such houses demonstrate that female-related activities included food preparation and storage, sewing and spinning, while male-related work involved woodworking, gardening and battle (Liu 2005, pp. 35-37). Figure 14: Plan of a Neolithic Chinese house at Jiangzhai (Liu 2005, p. 37) 23 Discussion Caroline Seawright

CONCLUSION The excavation of the Cypriot layer confirms that the building exhibits the hallmarks of a house. A Cypriot rectilinear multi-roomed house is dated to at least c. 2400 BC. Charcoal samples were taken for future 14 C dating. Pilgrim flasks with bird-shapes first appear in Cypriot pottery at 1125 BC (Tatton-Brown 1997, p. 42). I am unable to identify the decorative sun motif on the flask (Figure 11Figure 12), so no further typological dating can be achieved. As such, this Bronze Age house must have been occupied during the Late Cypriot period between c. 1125-1050 BC. The Chinese layer discovered in units A2 and B1 revealed two ceramic pots and organic material. Judging from common Neolithic household setup, it is likely to be the food storage area of a Neolithic house. We have collected some organic samples for future 14 C dating. The organic material and two pots are indicative of a household storage area belonging to the occupation phase. We have not excavated the pots for further analysis, so are unable to speculate on a date. 24 Conclusion Caroline Seawright

REFERENCES 7 Wonders of the TARDIS 2014, '2014 TARDIS: 7 Wonders of the TARDIS', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Arch de Triomphe 2014, 'TARDIS 2014: Arch de Triomphe', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Ashton, R 2011, 'The Ice Dragons 2011 TARDIS Site Report: From Historical to Maya', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Baker, K 2012, 'Paradox TARDIS Site Report: House and Garden in Bronze Age Cyprus', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Bauer, J 2012, 'The Art-Of-Facts with Final TARDIS Site Report', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Beyond Stone and Bone 2014, '2014 TARDIS: Beyond Stone and Bone', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Booth, R 2012, 'TARDIS Investigation 2012 from Mesoamerican to Cypriot', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Cosgrove, R, Frankel, D & Thomas, D 2013, 'From the moat to the Murray: Teaching practical archaeology at La Trobe University, Australia', Australian Archaeology, vol 76, pp. 44-51. Earth Benders 2014, 'TARDIS 2014: Earth Benders', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Edwards, P 2013, 'TARDIS data 2013', La Trobe University, Bundoora. 25 References Caroline Seawright

Frankel, D & Webb, JM 2006, Marki Alonia: An Early and Middle Bronze Age Settlement in Cyprus: Excavations 1995-2000, Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology, Paul Åströms Förlag, Sävedalen. Game of Stones 2014, 'TARDIS 2014: Game of Stones', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Hughes, N 2012, '2012 Final Report on squares D4, D5, E4 and E5 allocated to the Trowel Lords', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Knapp, AB 2013, The Archaeology of Cyprus: From Earliest Prehistory Through the Bronze Age, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. La Trobe University 2013, TARDIS phasing at end of 2013, viewed 22 October 2014, <https://lms.latrobe.edu.au/mod/folder/view.php?id=1302282>. La Trobe University 2014, Excavation squares 2014, viewed 22 October 2014, <https://lms.latrobe.edu.au/course/view.php?id=34312>. Liu, L 2005, The Chinese Neolithic: Trajectories to Early States, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Piovesan, D 2012, 'TARDIS Final Site Report November 2012: Historical Australia and Mayan Mesoamerican Site Use', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Seawright, C 2014, 'TARDIS at close of 2014 excavations', image, Melbourne. Super Best Digging Friends 2014, 'TARDIS 2014: Super Best Digging Friends', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Tatton-Brown, V 1997, Ancient Cyprus, 2nd edn, British Museum Publications for the Trustees of the British Museum, London. 26 References Caroline Seawright

The Past and the Curious 2014, '2014 TARDIS: The Past and the Curious', field notes, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Tovey, Z 2011, 'Bipeds site report: TARDIS 2011', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. We Don't Dig Dinosaurs 2011, 'TARDIS Excavation Logbook', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Woff, B 2012, 'TARDIS 2012 Final Report: Cypriot layer of C5', unpublished report, La Trobe University, Bundoora. Wright, GRH 1992, Ancient Building in Cyprus, E. J. Brill, Leiden. Zheng, D 1982, Studies in Chinese Archaeology, Chinese University Press, Hong Kong. 27 References Caroline Seawright

APPENDICES Appendix 1: List of Contexts Context Unit Description Stage 1426 A2 Soft, brown, eroded mudbrick, with small pebble inclusions overlying context 1469. Cypriot house feature. Context removed. construction layer 1469 Wall feature Large rocks with sandy yellow and light brown soil, with clay and root inclusions. Cypriot house feature. Rock-fall evident. Context left in-situ. construction layer; destruction feature 1424 A1 Light brown, crumbly soil, with clay, pebble and root inclusions overlying sterile red scoria layer. Outside Cypriot house. 1423 B1 Light brown, crumbly and thick clay-like soil, with clay, pebble and root inclusions overlying sterile red scoria layer. Outside Cypriot house. 1455 A2 Dark red-brown loose, sandy soil, with pebble inclusions overlying contexts 1493. Inside Cypriot house. Context removed. 1422 B1 Dark red-brown loose, sandy soil, with pebble inclusions overlying contexts 1447. Inside Cypriot house. Context removed. 1447 B1 Dark yellow-brown, hard clay with pebble and charcoal inclusions overlying 1487, 1493. Flooring layer. Context removed. 1493 A2 Brown, hard clay flooring with root inclusions under 1455 and the wall, overlying a soft, sandy layer and red scoria layer. In-situ pottery and organic materials. 1487 B1 Soft clay with root inclusions underlying 1455 and wall. Black soot layer and soft, sandy layer within context. No red scoria noted. In-situ pottery. occupation layer occupation layer abandonment layer abandonment layer occupation layer to Neolithic Chinese occupation layers Neolithic Chinese occupation layer Appendix 2: List of Units of Analysis Period Location Period Dates Bronze Age Cyprus Late Cypriot (LC III) 1225/1200-1050 BC (Wright 1992, p. 4) Neolithic China Unknown 7000-1500 BC (Liu 2005, p. i) 28 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Appendix 3: List of Artefacts Ceramics Artefact # Square Context Sieved/ Excavated 1.001 A2 1426 Sieved 1.002 B1 1422 Sieved 1.003 B1 1422 Sieved 1.004 A1 1424 Excavated 1.005 A1 1424 Excavated 1.006 A1 1424 Sieved Description Colour Measurements Date Other Comments Images Ceramic body fragment, finegrained Ceramic body sherd, finegrained Ceramic body sherd, finegrained Diagnostic ceramic, finegrained Ceramic, finegrained body fragment Body fragment, pottery piece Red Red Red Red Red Red 1.007 A1 1424 Sieved Body fragment Red 1.008 A1 1424 Sieved Body fragment Pale orange 29 Appendices Caroline Seawright L: 3.0cm W: 1.8cm L: 2.8cm W: 2.5cm L: 1.5cm W: 2.5cm L: 13.2cm W: 11.3cm Depth: 7.1cm L (handle): 8.83cm W (handle): 4.2cm L: 7.8cm W: 5.2cm L: 4.1cm W: 2.5cm Depth: 1.1cm L: 3.1cm W: 2.6cm Depth: 1.2cm L: 2.5cm Diameter: 0.9cm 4/09/2014 Terracotta 11/09/2014 Terracotta 11/09/2014 Terracotta 18/09/2014 18/09/2014 18/09/2014 Pottery piece with handle, found in close proximity to artefact 1.005, part of the same ceramic vessel. Outside face has detail Terracotta. Outside face has detail 18/09/2014 Terracotta 18/09/2014 Lighter shade of colour on one side of the face; Terracotta Circular, hollow piece, possibly part of a pipe

1.009 B1 1423 Excavated Ceramic sherd Red 1.010 1.011 1.012 Wall feature Wall feature Wall feature 1469 Excavated 1469 Excavated 1.013 A2 1493 Excavated 1.014 A2 1493 Excavated Ceramic body fragment Ceramic body fragment Red Red 1469 Excavated Ceramic sherd Pale grey X8 ceramic fragments; broken down into small, medium, large fragment groupings. Ceramic Fragment Red Red on one side, pale on the other L: 4.2cm W: 3.5cm L: 3.1cm W: 2.7cm L: 3.5cm W: 3.0cm L: 2.1cm W: 1.9cm Small sherds L: btwn 0.5cm - 1.5cm W: btwn 0.5cm - 0.9cm Medium sherds L: btwn 1.8cm - 1.9cm W: btwn 1.3cm - 1.5cm Large sherds L: btwn 2.00cm - 3.2cm W: btwn 1.8cm - 2.8cm L: 3.3cm W: 2.2cm 18/09/2014 Terracotta 25/09/2014 Terracotta 25/0/14 Terracotta 25/09/2014 Grey 9/10/2014 9/10/2014 All from the one piece of degrading pottery vessel protruding from the earth, underneath the wall in A2 in the Neolithic Chinese layer Very coarse, lots of inclusions, mainly red pottery with white and pale on one side 30 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Lithics Artefact # Square Context Sieved/ Excavated 2.001 A2 1426 Sieved 2.002 B1 1487 Excavated Description Colour Measurements Date Other Comments Images Fine-grained silcrete Retouched stone-tool flake Pale brown Dark grey L: 3.0cm W: 2.5cm L: 5.5cm W: 2.4cm 11/09/2014 Whole flake, no retouch 9/10/2014 Volcanic Undetermined Artefact # Square Context Sieved/ Excavated 3.001 A2 1426 Excavated 3.002 A2 1426 Excavated 3.003 B1 1422 Sieved 3.004 B1 1422 Sieved Description Colour Measurements Date Other Comments Images Appears to have an orange tinge, could be decoration Looks like cement Course rock, sandstone Undetermined rock Light orange Light grey Grey Dark brown L: 6.0cm W: 1.5cm L: 10.9cm W: 8.4cm L: 2.6cm W: 3.8cm L: 1.2cm W: 1.1cm 11/09/2014 11/09/2014 11/09/2014 Feature Very different material to the wall but could be part of a feature Possible intrusion from Historic Australia layer 11/09/2014 Possible pebble 31 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Organic Artefact # Square Context Sieved/ Excavated 4.001 A2 1426 Sieved Charcoal Black 4.002 B1 1422 Sieved 4.003 A1 1424 Sieved 4.004 A2 1493 Sieved Description Colour Measurements Date Other Comments Images X7 pieces of Charcoal X6 pieces of Charcoal Plant-like organic material Black Black Pale Brown L: 1.0cm W: 0.6cm L: < 1.2cm W: < 1.0cm L: < 2.6cm W: < 1.0cm L: 4.0cm W: 2.0cm 11/09/2014 11/09/2014 18/09/2014 Random selection of charcoal from A2 Random selection of charcoal from B1 Random selection of charcoal from A1 16/10/2014 Pod-shaped Metal Artefact # Square Context Sieved/ Excavated 5.001 A1 1424 Sieved Description Colour Measurements Date Other Comments Images Used iron nail, slightly bent with rust Dark Iron L: 6.5cm Diameter (head): 0.6cm 18/09/2014 Possible intrusion from Historic Australia layer 32 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Appendix 4: Stratigraphic photographs Figure 15: Cypriot and Chinese stratigraphy of unit A2 at end of excavation, facing north 33 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Figure 16: Cypriot and Chinese stratigraphy of unit A2 at end of excavation, facing west 34 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Figure 17: Cypriot stratigraphy of unit A2 at end of excavation, facing east 35 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Figure 18: Cypriot stratigraphy of unit B1 at end of excavation, facing north 36 Appendices Caroline Seawright

Appendix 5: List of Elevations A House in Melbourne Datum Backsight Inst. Height Foresight Reduced Elev. Unit Location Date 77.664 1.04 m 78.704 0.765 m 76.899 A1 NE corner 4/9/2014 0.83 m 76.834 A1 SE corner 0.825 m 76.839 A1 SW corner 0.62 m 77.044 A1 NW corner 0.86 m 76.804 A1 Centre 0.64 m 77.024 A1 Middle rock 0.710 m 76.954 A2 NE corner 0.775 m 76.889 A2 SE corner 0.605 m 77.059 A2 SW corner 0.580 m 77.084 A2 NW corner 0.715 m 76.949 A2 Centre 0.590 m 77.074 A2 South rock 0.56 m 77.104 A2 South-west rock 0.785 m 76.879 B1 NE corner 0.81 m 76.854 B1 SE corner 0.845 m 76.819 B1 SW corner 0.755 m 76.909 B1 NW corner 0.645 m 77.019 B1 Centre 0.58 m 77.084 B1 North-east rock 0.62 m 77.044 B1 Middle rock 78.823 1.39 m 80.213 2.23 m 76.593 A2 NE corner 11/9/2014 2.11 m 76.713 A2 SE corner 2.27 m 76.553 A2 SW corner 2.01 m 76.813 A2 NW corner 2.24 m 76.583 A2 Centre 2.06 m 76.763 A2 South rock 2.06 m 76.763 A2 South-west rock 2.31 m 76.513 B1 NE corner 2.35 m 76.473 B1 SE corner 2.36 m 76.463 B1 SW corner 2.28 m 76.543 B1 NW corner 2.35 m 76.473 B1 Centre 2.28 m 76.543 B1 North-east rock 2.16 m 76.663 B1 Middle rock 2.28 m 76.543 B1 Context 1422 37 Appendices Caroline Seawright

78.823 1.28 m 80.103 2.14 m 76.683 A2 NE corner 25/9/2014 2.19 m 76.633 A2 SE corner 2.22 m 76.603 A2 South centre 2.22 m 76.603 A2 Rock-fall centre 2.22 m 76.603 A2 NW Context 1427 (end) 2.11 m 76.713 A2 Rock 1 2.10 m 76.723 A2 Rock 2 2.135 m 76.688 A2 Rock 3 2.03 m 76.793 A2 Rock 4 2.23 m 76.593 B1 NE corner 2.19 m 76.633 B1 NW corner 2.24 m 76.583 B1 SW Context 1422 2.24 m 76.583 B1 South centre 1422 2.21 m 76.613 B1 SE corner 1422 2.17 m 76.653 B1 Rock in east 1422 78.823 1.44 m 80.263 2.36 m 76.463 A1 NE corner 16/10/2014 2.43 m 76.393 A1 SE corner 2.43 m 76.393 A1 SW corner 2.59 m 76.233 A2 NE corner 2.45 m 76.373 A2 SE corner 2.45 m 76.373 B1 NE corner 2.44 m 76.383 B1 SE corner 2.37 m 76.453 B1 NW corner 2.44 m 76.383 B1 SW corner 38 Appendices Caroline Seawright