Report of the Portable Antiquities Scheme 2011

Transcription

1 Post-Medieval Archaeology 46/2 (2012), Report of the Portable Antiquities Scheme 2011 Edited by MICHAEL LEWIS The Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS) was established in 1997 to record archaeological finds found by the public. In 2003 it was expanded to the whole of England and Wales, and currently employs 39 locally based archaeologists (known as Finds Liaison Officers), six period specialists (Finds Advisers), a Central Unit of five others based within the British Museum s Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure, and (thanks to Headley Trust and IfA/HLF funding) nine interns. In 2011, the work of the PAS was also aided by 258 volunteers, including people who have been trained to record their own finds under the guidance of local FLOs. The PAS is managed by the British Museum and principally funded by the Department of Culture, Media and Sport. All finds recorded by the PAS are logged on its online database ( and also made available to local Historic Environment Records. Researchers who are registered with the PAS benefit from full access to the Scheme s findspot data; it is also useful to know how this data is being used. In 2011 the PAS recorded 97,509 finds, of which 14,549 (14.92%) were postmedieval or modern in date; the Scheme is necessarily selective in recording post-1700 finds. Those listed below have been selected because of their rarity or interest. Commonly recorded are dress accessories, some of which, such as an ornate gold lace tag from Wing, Buckinghamshire (No. 2), are particularly impressive. Equally interesting, although of less valuable materials, is a buckle found at Greenwich, Greater London (No. 9), embellished with portraits of George II and his family, which serves as a reminder that the desire for royalist trinkets is by no means a recent phenomenon. A total of 3,505 post-1509 coins were recorded in 2011, but the only one highlighted below is an Irish halfcrown, minted during the Irish Rebellion of 1642, found at Urchfont, Wiltshire (No. 5). Religious objects are found in enormous variety and several are worthy of note, including part of a silver locket from Shorewell, Isle of Wight (No. 4), decorated with the image of a female saint reading a book. Another personal item was a confirmation medal found at Westby, Lancashire (No. 11), cast with some robust reminders to its owner of the vows made. Seals are intriguing objects, with a number of diverse types recovered in 2011, including a religious bulla in the name of Amaury d Amboise, Master of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, found in Farnham, Essex (No. 1). Used to authenticate cloth (rather than correspondence), a rare cloth seal was found at Dorking, Surrey (No. 3), issued in the name of the authorities in Guildford, at a time when the town had a significant woollen industry. Recreational items include a number of hawking vervels, one of which, from Micheldever, Hampshire (No. 6), is of particular interest since the bird to which it belonged was once owned by Lord Russell, who was executed for his part in a plot to assassinate Charles II. An unusual plaything is a figurine from Homer Green, Merseyside (No. 10), which has had its head replaced with dice, seemingly so that it could be used as a shy with a points value. A unique clay pipe mould, found on the Thames foreshore, is also published independently within this volume in a Note by David Higgins. Finally, a number of functional items are highlighted, such as an unusual knife handle from Barley, Hertfordshire (No. 7), representing the Biblical story of Jonah and the whale. Another important discovery is one half of a knife mould from Chelsea, Greater London (No. 8), which matches knife handles previously recorded by the Society for Post-Medieval Archaeology 2012 DOI: / Z

2 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES PAS, providing substantial evidence that some such items were local products, and not imported as previously thought. Another mould, this time for dentures, found at Kellington, North Yorkshire (No. 12), is a bizarre accidental loss that somehow made its way (like the other objects listed) into the ground. A SELECTION OF FINDS RECORDED DURING Farnham, Essex (PAS database: BH-8F07F3; finder Clive Smith; identification and recording Julian Watters, Bedfordshire FLO). Slightly damaged and corroded lead bulla of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (Fig. 1), in the name of Amaury (alternatives: Emery/Emericus) d Amboise (Damboyse), Master of the order (r ). The obverse shows the Master, wearing a cloak, kneeling left, before a patriarchal cross, the base of which is flanked by the Greek letters alpha and omega, with capital omega below. Vegetal decoration fills the right field. The legend reads [+ F. E]MERICVS. DAMBOYSE. MAGISTER (Father Emericus Damboyse Master). The reverse shows the body of a dead man lying on a bier. Above is the depiction of a church, perhaps intended to be the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. 1 A lamp hangs from beneath the building s central arch. To the left, above the feet of the dead man, is a censer. To the right, above the man s head, is a Maltese-style cross. The legend reads +. hospital[i]s. IhERUSALEM (Hospital of Jerusalem). Dimensions: diameter 37.9mm; thickness 6.7mm; weight 48.94g. This, the Great Seal of the order, was used on official documents, probably from about 1113, when Pope Pascal II confirmed the foundation of The Order of St John as a religious order. 2. Wing, Buckinghamshire (PAS database: BUC- E33633; Treasure Case: 2011 T854; finder Bryan Robinson; identification and recording Ros Tyrrell, Buckinghamshire FLO, and Janina Parol, British Museum; also Dora Thornton, British Museum). Slightly distorted gold cloisonné aglet (lace tag), probably dating to the 16th century (Fig. 2), consisting of a gold tube (now squashed) with a dome-shaped end. The design on the outer surface is delineated by twisted gold wire. At the open end, around the circumference of the object, are nine small circles within parallel lines; below are rectangular panels, alternating three that contain S shapes with the traces of white enamel and three panels filled with a rope pattern; the domed end has a ten-petalled flower around a ball knop. The object is hollow. Dimensions: length 19.67mm; width 8.12mm; thickness 0.63mm; weight 1.58g. Lace tags are relatively common finds, 2 but are rarely of precious metal, although another gold example, from the Thames foreshore, was found in It is possible the Wing lace tag also had background enamelling, so it might have been even more colourful than just gold and white. Precious metal lace tags are depicted in Tudor paintings, such as those shown adorning a hat in a portrait of An Unknown Man (c ) by Moretto da Brescia. 4 These objects were also favoured as decoration on ladies gowns and sleeves, as in the painting by Hans Holbein of An Unknown Lady (c ), thought to be a member of the Cromwell family, 5 or Elizabeth FitzGerald, Countess of Lincoln (c. 1560) by Stephen van der Meulen Dorking, Surrey (PAS database: SUR-260B66; finder Mark Davison; identification and recording David Williams, Surrey and East Berkshire FLO; also Mary Alexander, Guildford Museum). Almost complete two-part lead cloth seal, comprising two discs folded together, in the manner FIG. 1 No. 1: lead bulla of the Order of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem, in the name of Amaury d Amboise (r ), from Farnham, Essex.

3 322 MICHAEL LEWIS FIG. 2 No. 2: gold cloisonné aglet (lace tag), probably 16th century, from Wing, Buckinghamshire. of use (Fig. 3). One side has the legend GVLDE- FORD... around a castle gate (a simplified version of the town arms), 7 but is otherwise illegible. The other side has some decoration, perhaps heraldic, which is substantially worn away and consequently illegible. Dimensions: diameter 22.54mm; weight 4.24g. This is the first Guildford town [cloth] seal recorded by the PAS. Geoff Egan notes two previously known (but unprovenanced) examples, marked [S]EA[R]/[C]HE[D] ; the Latin legend, with that in English, implies a late 16th-century date of production. 8 At this time Guildford s woollen industry was significant, with local textiles dyed blue (with woad) known as Guildford Blue. As in London, the quality of cloth traded in Guildford was controlled (hence the use of cloth seals) and local officials appointed searchers to ensure good quality textiles were sold Shorewell, Isle of Wight (PAS database: SWYOR-3DCD47; Treasure Case: 2011 T734; finder Frank Tanner; identification and recording Amy Downes, South & West Yorkshire FLO). Part of a silver locket or reliquary pierced with a circular hole (Fig. 4), probably dating to the 16th or 17th century. The object is oval and its display side is incised with the figure of a haloed woman. She wears a habit and wimple, and seems to be

4 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES FIG. 3 No. 3: two-part lead cloth seal with the arms of Guildford, late 16th century, from Dorking, Surrey. FIG. 4 No. 4: silver locket or reliquary, probably 16th or 17th century, from Shorewell, Isle of Wight. holding a book. The reverse of the object has a flange projecting backwards round the edge, which only survives in part. Projecting from the lower centre there is a loop/arch, the function of which is unclear, and a scar immediately above, perhaps for a similar element. To the left of the arch is a scratched horizontal line with a wide X beneath it. The object has been pierced with a circular hole through the halo. Dimensions: length 20.52mm; width 17.99mm; thickness 3.05mm; weight 1.26g. When complete, the object may have been similar to recently reported examples from Kent, Northumberland and North Yorkshire. 10 Their construction is of two elements, soldered to a central rim, with a suspension loop projecting from the top. It is possible that the Isle of Wight example may have been constructed in the same way, but with the pierced hole added to allow this element to be suspended once the original suspension had broken. The other examples have been dated to the

5 324 MICHAEL LEWIS 17th century, and therefore were perhaps Catholic jewels worn by Recusants living in Protestant England. 5. Urchfont, Wiltshire (PAS database: SUR- 981DD2; finder Keith Andreae; identification and recording David Williams, Surrey & East Berkshire FLO, and Paul Withers, independent researcher). Silver Irish halfcrown minted during the Irish Rebellion of 1642 (Fig. 5). The coin is an irregular polygon stamped on both sides with the weight of a halfcrown in pennyweight (9) and grains (6): dwt. gr. above 9: 16 within a beaded circle. 11 Dimensions: length 28.91mm; width 28.99mm; thickness 2.76mm; weight 14.75g. Such coins were issued as emergency currency by the Lords Justices of Dublin, and are made from cut pieces of flattened plate. They are sometimes known (misleadingly) as Inchiquin Money after the Earl of Inchiquin, Murrough O Brien ( ), who commanded the Protestant forces in Munster. These coins are very rare, and this is the first to be recorded by the PAS. 6. Micheldever, Hampshire (PAS database: HAMP ; Treasure Case: 2011 T275; finder Paul Reynold; identification and recording Rob Webley, Hampshire FLO; also Steven Ashley and Adrian Marsden, both Norfolk County Council). Small silver hawking vervel (ring), that is flat and circular in plan, with a rectangular cross-section (Fig. 6:1). The exterior of the hoop bears the inscription, in italic script, divided over both faces: Mr Will Russell of Stratton / in Hampshire. Dimensions: diameter 13.5mm; thickness 0.65mm; weight 0.65g. Hawking vervels are an intriguing category of objects, invariably made of silver, and used to connect the leather jesses (straps) attached to the legs of hunting birds to a block when the bird was grounded. Though most are unassuming and simple objects, they are of particular interest since they are often engraved with the name of an owner who can be traced in historical records. In this case the vervel probably came from a bird belonging to Lord Russell ( ) of the manor of East Stratton (from 1667), 12 who was executed in 1683 for his part in the Rye House Plot: a plan to assassinate King Charles II and his brother, James (II), Duke of York. Another example, found close to the place where the bird was presumably flown, is a silver vervel from Wymondham, Norfolk (NMS- A8D4D7/2011 T715; Fig. 6:2). This is of the same form as the Micheldever example, but has the inscription +HENRYE CLARE / OF STAN- FELD. It is known that Henry Clare lived at Stanfield Hall between 1593 and A silver vervel, formed of a flat-sectioned band with a separate shield fixed to it, was also found at Pulham Market, Norfolk (NMS- F39863/2011 T858; Fig. 6:3). It is inscribed on its side (unlike those above) Edward Hunne. The shield has upon it a lion rampant, which matches FIG. 5 No. 5: silver Irish halfcrown minted during the Irish Rebellion of 1642, from Urchfont, Wiltshire.

6 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES FIG. 6 No. 6: silver hawking vervels, 17th century, from Micheldever, Hampshire (6:1), Wymondham, Norfolk (6:2) and Pulham Market, Norfolk (6:3).

7 326 MICHAEL LEWIS the arms of the Hunne family of Ilketshall St Margaret, Suffolk, 13 and, like the others, dates to the 17th century. 7. Barley, Hertfordshire (PAS database: BH- 8D8C03; finder Brian Roscorla; identification and recording Julian Watters, Hertfordshire & Bedfordshire FLO; also Adam Daubney, Lincolnshire FLO). Cast copper-alloy knife handle, of probable 17thcentury date, in the form of a praying human figure rising from the mouth of a sea serpent (Fig. 7). The facial features of the male figure are worn, although there is a suggestion of long hair at the back of the head. The only evidence of a garment is a prominent, ring-shaped collar. The upward-facing fish forms the lower two-thirds of the handle. It is scaled all over, apart from two large moulded eyes and dorsal fins (on the same side as the forwardfacing human figure), side fins, and a curious motif (on the reverse) which is probably a further fin or, alternatively, a downward-pointing hand. The tang hole is filled with iron. Dimensions: length 76.4mm; width 19.7mm; thickness 12.3mm; weight 60.55g. The object is almost certainly inspired by the Biblical story of Jonah and the whale, and it has been postulated that such knives were produced for ecclesiastical use. 14 Parallels have been recorde d previously by the PAS, although they are stylistically different, including examples from Tolleshunt Major, Essex, and Fishtoft, Lincolnshire. 15 Adam Daubney noted that the handle from Essex is identical to one believed to have been found in Ireland, and also cites three further examples from Germany (one discovered at Andernach, and another at Wesel); 16 it has also been suggested that knife handles of this type have been found in the Netherlands. 17 It is possible that these pieces could have been imported, but with a growing corpus of finds being recovered in England and recorded with the PAS insular manufacture should not be discounted. FIG. 7 No. 7: cast copper-alloy knife handle, probably 17th century, from Barley, Hertfordshire.

8 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES Chelsea, Greater London (PAS database: LON- D23BF7; finder Jason Davey; identification and recording Kath Creed, London FLO, and Hazel Forsyth, Museum of London; also Adam Daubney, Lincolnshire FLO, Andrew Rogerson and Steven Ashley, both Norfolk County Council). Incomplete soapstone mould for a knife handle, dating to the last quarter of the 17th century, used to form a piece in the shape of the back of a pair of lovers, shown standing with their arms around each other (Fig. 8:1). The male wears a hat, jacket and breeches. The female has a corseted dress and an elaborate hairpiece. Dimensions: length 59mm; width 38mm; thickness 18mm; weight 64.12g. Although knife handle moulds are extremely rare discoveries, this being the first post-medieval example recorded by the PAS, there are three knife handles of this exact form on the Scheme s database; two from Norfolk and one from Lincolnshire. 18 These give a better understanding of the London mould, of which a knife handle from Spixworth, Norfolk is the best preserved example (Fig. 8:2). 19 Like the others recorded by the PAS, this is hollow, made of copper-alloy and cast in two parts. The female (on the left) appears to wear a bonnet, with hair long beneath it, and in her right hand she holds a fan. The male wears a flattened hat (perhaps feathered), an outer garment with large collar and cuffs, and has a sword at his left side. The form of dress worn appears to be Dutch, 20 but the discovery of the mould in London may suggest local production inspired by knife handles from the Netherlands. 21 There is a notion that the smart dress of the individuals shown suggests the scene represents a marriage, and therefore that the artefact was perhaps a marriage gift or part of a set. 22 However, the fact that the male more obviously has his left hand on the female s breast in the Norfolk pieces implies a less sanctimonious interpretation. 9. Greenwich, Greater London (PAS database: SUR-50BA14; finder Mark Smalley; identification and recording David Williams, Surrey & East Berkshire FLO). Cast copper-alloy two-piece buckle, probably dating to the first half of the 18th century (Fig. 9). The frame is sub-rectangular, with a central spindle of iron which has become detached. It has moulded decoration showing eight oval-framed profile busts of members of the Royal Family, each bust divided by a heart: these are (clockwise), King George II and Queen Caroline (of Ansbach); Princess Caroline; Prince William (Duke of Cumberland); Princess Mary (Landgravine of Hesse); Frederick, Prince of Wales; Princess Louisa (Queen of Denmark and Norway); Anne, Princess Royal; Princess Amelia. Each bust is identified (in a shortened form) in minute lettering, but few are easily readable. The reverse is stamped with the maker s mark BONE. Dimensions: length 36.42mm; width 26.84mm; weight 11.99g. Several examples of moulded buckles of a similar type have been recorded with the PAS, 23 but none of these have the same decoration. This maybe a shoe or breech buckle, or conceivably a hat buckle (given that the spindle is lengthways), 24 although it seems likely the buckle would have been worn with the king s bust the right way up. The buckle was almost certainly produced within the reign of George II ( ), but possibl y before the deaths of five individuals represente d: Queen Caroline (d. 1737), Prince Frederick (d. 1751), Princess Louisa (d. 1751), Princess Caroline (d. 1757) and Princess Anne (d. 1759). The only one of George II s children not represented is Prince George William (d. 1718), who was only three months old at the time of his death. 10. Homer Green, Merseyside (PAS database: LVPL ; finder Graham Morrison; identification and recording Vanessa Oakden, Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO, and Geoff Egan, formerly Finds Adviser). 25 Cast lead figurine, possibly dating to the 18th century (Fig. 10). It consists of a rectangular-shaped body, wearing habit-like clothing, and three (regular) dice in place of a head. The dice are placed two at the bottom (on both, the representation of the number four is facing) and one at the top (number two). The body has sloped shoulders and long arms (defined by vertical grooves), which are pinned to the sides; there are no visible hands. The clothing on the figurine is defined by grooves; its belt is clearly apparent. The base of the object terminates with a break. Dimensions: length 55.55mm; width 18.85mm; thickness 8.03mm; weight: 32.1g. The replacement of the figurine s head with dice may suggest that the object was precious to its owner and lovingly (if somewhat crudely) restored following a break. A more likely possibility, proposed by Geoff Egan, is that the object might be some kind of home-produced humanoid target figure from a series (with different numbers as per the visible dice faces) for some kind of game which involved knocking them down and adding up the scores ; therefore this piece has a value of ten. 26 Analogies can be made with shies, which are also

9 328 MICHAEL LEWIS FIG. 8 No. 8: incomplete soapstone mould for a knife handle, last quarter of the 17th century, from Chelsea, Greater London (8:1); copper-alloy knife handle of the same form from Spixworth, Norfolk (8:2).

10 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES FIG. 9 No. 9: cast copper-alloy two-piece buckle, probably first half of the 18th century, from Greenwich, Greater London. 11. Westby, Lancashire (PAS database: LANCUM-C69394; finder Ray Mayor; identification and recording Stuart Noon, Lancashire & Cumbria FLO, and Philip Attwood, British Museum). FIG. 10 No. 10: cast lead figurine, possibly 18th century, from Homer Green, Merseyside. (normally) cast from lead. Examples in the form of cockerels are common, although houses and figurines are also known: it is generally believed that such games derived from the Shrove Tuesday sport of casting stones at a live cockerel. 27 The author knows of no other examples of shies which have a numerical value, although a number of shy-cocks have been recorded with the PAS. 28 Cast copper-alloy confirmation medallion, manufactured by the Woodhouse family of Dublin, dating to the late 18th or early 19th century (Fig. 11). The obverse depicts a sub-octagon (subdivided and every other element decorated with alternating long and short lines). Upon it is a double roundel, of which the outer ring is inscribed MEMORIAL CONFIRMATION. Around the obverse outside edge is the legend [WI]SDOM UNDERSTAND- ING COUNSEL [FORTITUDE] IHS KNOWL- ED[GE] PIETY FEAR OF GOD. 29 The reverse shows a radiating Holy Spirit above various religious items from left to right, a palm, the Ten Commandments tablet, a cross, a bishop s mitre, a chalice, an open Bible and a patriarchal cross, seemingly upon an altar with the legend [YO]U WERE SIGNED WITH THE [HO]LY SPIRIT OF PROM[ISE] [EPHES. 1.] 13 (Ephesians 1:13). 30 Dimensions: diameter 38mm. There are two equidistant countersunk holes on the medal, which appear to have been a later addition, presumably to mount the object. Another (smaller) hole has been punched at the top, possibly so that the medal could be worn on a chain. 12. Kellington, North Yorkshire (PAS database: LVPL-85A4D6; finder Allan Mort; identification and recording Teresa Gilmore, formerly Cheshire, Greater Manchester & Merseyside FLO).

11 330 MICHAEL LEWIS FIG. 11 No. 11: cast copper-alloy confirmation medallion, made by Woodhouse of Dublin, late 18th or early 19th century, from Westby, Lancashire. Complete cast copper-alloy swaging block (denture mould) of late 19th- to early 20th-century date (Fig. 12). It is semi-circular in plan, and represents a cast of the upper jaw (maxilla) for an adult individual. The teeth present (from right to left) are PM2, PM1, I2, I1, C, PM1, PM2, M1; hence this mould would be used to make dentures to replace the right canine, left lateral and central incisors. 31 Dimensions: height 41.38mm; width 51.10mm; thickness 32.04mm; weight 313.1g. Swaging blocks were used as part of the manufacture of dental plates. A (probably wax) impression would have been taken of the patient s teeth and gums, from which the swaging block was cast. Dentures could be made to fit, several examples of which have been recorded by the PAS. 32 A swaging block previously recorded by the PAS was dated to 1850 to Another, from Exeter, was dated to The Kellington example seems to be of similar date. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report is indebted to the work and expertise of the finders, identifiers and recorders, and other FIG. 12 No. 12: cast copper-alloy denture mould, late 19th to early 20th century, from Kellington, North Yorkshire.

12 PORTABLE ANTIQUITIES experts (acknowledged within each entry as appropriate) and dedicated to Geoff Egan. I am particularly grateful to Claire Costin and John Naylor, who commented on a draft text, Janina Parol who helped with image manipulation, and Dot Boughton and Caroline Lyons. NOTES 1 Suggested by Birch 1887, For example, see BH-3DF287, LON-4FE2D3 and LON-F257C6. 3 LON-F2F3A4/2011 T44. 4 National Portrait Gallery, London (Inv. no. NG299). 5 Toledo Museum of Art, Ohio (Acc. no ). 6 Private collection. 7 Guildford town arms are: Sable, on a mount vert, between two woolpacks argent, a castle with three towers argent, the central one triple-towered and charged with a shield of the royal arms of France and England quarterly, the outer towers each surmounted by a spire, under the battlements two roses in fess, and within the open port beneath a portcullis and key all or, on the mount before the port a lion couchant guardant also or, the base barry wavy argent and azure. 8 Egan 1987, Mary Alexander, pers. comm. 10 See KENT-DE5A33/2010 T14, NCL / 2011 T75, DUR-3B7822/2011 T298 and SWYOR- 9D6547/2011 T Spink 2003, no Page 1911, Vol. 4, The Hunne family arms are: azure a lion rampant guardant argent. 14 Bellerman 1863, ESS-C12B55 and LIN-F16D Adam Daubney (see LIN-F16D33) after Anderson 1876, 398 and Bellerman 1863, Caroline McDonald (see ESS-C12B55). Julian Watters (see BH-8D8C03) cites Ruempol & van Dongen 1991, 198, for examples of three-dimensional cutlery terminals from the Netherlands. 18 NMS-CCFA72, NMS-9031F7 and LIN-BE NMS-CCFA72, which was recorded by Andrew Rogerson (Norfolk County Council). 20 Hazel Forsyth, pers. comm. 21 Read 2001, 82, no. 637, suggests that a handle in the form of a woman playing a musical instrument, found in South Somerset, is Dutch, but gives no references to support this. 22 Adam Daubney (see LIN-BE7540). 23 See DEV-0A5D08, CORN-BB72D2 and SWYOR- ED1971. See also Read 1995, 176, nos Whitehead 1996, 113, no. 724, etc. 25 Although recorded in 2011 this object was found in October 2010, and there was therefore an opportunity for the find to be considered by Geoff Egan. 26 Geoff Egan (see LVPL ). 27 Forsyth & Egan 2005, ; Egan 1996, fig See SUR , LON-84F568 and SUSS-D Derivatives in other forms include WMID-16C0B5. 29 IHS, for Iesus Hominum Salvator (Jesus, Saviour of men). 30 Philip Attwood helped interpret the medallion based on a smaller one (diameter 31mm) of the same design in the British Museum ( , 47). 31 C = canine, I = incisor, lateral (outside), PM = premolar, M = molar. 32 See LANCUM-3DE363 and IOW-A38CC7, which are both gold. That from Cumbria has teeth made from porcelain. 33 NLM-A1EF Read 1995, 201, no BIBLIOGRAPHY Anderson, J. 1876, Notes on the survival of pagan customs in Christian burial; with notices of certain conventional representations of Daniel in the den of lions, and Jonah and the whale, engraved on objects found in early Christian graves, and on the sculptured stones of Scotland and crosses of Ireland, Proc. Soc. Antiq. Scotl. 11, Bellerman, C. 1863, Mittelalterliche Bronze-figur des Propheten Jonas, Jahrbücher des Vereins von Alterthumsfreunden im Rheinlande 33 4, Birch, W. de G. 1887, Catalogue of Seals in the British Museum, London: British Museum. Egan, G. 1987, Provenanced Leaden Cloth Seals, unpubl. PhD thesis, University of London. Egan, G. 1996, Playthings from the Past: Lead Alloy Miniature Artefacts c , London: Jonathan Horne. Forsyth, H. & Egan, G. 2005, Toys, Trifles and Trinkets: Base-Metal Miniatures from London 1200 to 1800, London: Unicorn Press. Page, W. (ed.). 1911, The Victoria History of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, London: Constable. Read, B. 1995, History Beneath our Feet, Ipswich: Anglia. Read, B. 2001, Metal Artefacts of Antiquity: a Catalogue of Small Finds from Specific Areas of the United Kingdom, Langport: Portcullis. Ruempol, A. & van Dongen, A. 1991, Pre-industriele gebruiksvoorwerpen , Rotterdam: Museum Boijmans van Beuningen.

13 332 MICHAEL LEWIS Spink, 2003, Coins of Scotland, Ireland and the Islands (Jersey, Gurnsey, Man and Lundy): Pre-Decimal Issues, London: Spink. Whitehead, R. 1996, Buckles , Chelmsford: Greenlight. ABBREVIATIONS FLO Finds Liaison Officer HLF Heritage Lottery Fund IfA Institute for Archaeologists PAS Portable Antiquities Scheme Department of Portable Antiquities and Treasure, The British Museum, Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG, UK This report is published with financial assistance from the Portable Antiquities Scheme