PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE IRON AGE AT SIDON: BRITISH MUSEUM EXCAVATIONS

Transcription

1 H PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE IRON AGE AT SIDON: BRITISH MUSEUM EXCAVATIONS ARCHAEOLOGY & HISTORY IN THE LEBANON ISSUE TWENTY THREE: SPRING 00. PP..- CLAUDE DOUMET- SERHAL Sidon, Trench areas. With contributions by: Nicholas Coldstream, Vassos Karageorghis & Brian A. Sparkes. Plan of wall 0/0. The Iron Age at Sidon has been excavated since 00 and was found to be relatively well preserved in trench 8 * (fig. ). A th century pit and a th century wall were found in the SE part of the trench. No coherent architectural outline could be discerned from the series of four plaster floors with a mortar layer underneath dating back to between the th and early 8 th century BC. This article will discuss the evidence level by level. The Late Iron Age Wall 0/0 (fig. -) is a north-south wall lying in the south-east corner of the trench. It measures. m long,. m wide on its western face and. m on its eastern face. The wall is.8 m high. It is composed of four courses (only three remaining on the section of the wall) of limestone blocks of different sizes and irregular shapes. Stones are shaped and bonded with a pink mortar and rounded pebble inclusions. No surface was found associated with this wall. View of the west facing side of wall 0/0. * Trench 8 was excavated by Emma Markiewickz. Surveyor, Guy Hopkinson. The excavation is sponsored by the British Museum and the British Academy as well as by Lebanese private institutions and individuals (Byblos Bank, Nokia Lebanon, Cimenterie Nationale SAL, Mr. Michael Fares, Mr. Michel Klat, Mr. Namir Younes).

2 -8 Plaster floors under wall 0/0. The Early Iron Age 8 No consistent architectural remains survive. Instead several surfaces were found (fig. -8). As part of the settling process, each floor found was levelled off and as part of this process a mortar layer and another layer that was consistently flattened were laid in preparation. Stone-lined pit 08 with floor 0. Stone-lined pit 08 with sandy layer on top of floor. Stone-lined pit 08. Stone-lined pit 08 (fig. -) is a sub-circular pit with vertical sides measuring. m long,. m wide and. m deep. There is an eastwest wall (080) built adjacent to it. Some of the stones from this adjacent wall were incorporated on the northern side into the pit s stone lining. The pit cuts into the Early Iron Age levels. Large pieces of masonry at its bottom may have dictated its depth. The fill of the pit (0) is yellowish brown earth with sandy silt and was replete with late Iron Age pottery and various Attic vessels. The maximum size of lining stone is cm long x cm wide and the minimum is cm long x cm wide. Both walls and pit can be dated quite precisely by the Attic ware. Floor Floor 088, stone-lined pit 08 and post hole. Floor 0 (fig.,,, ) at. /. 8 and floor 00 at. m. Floor 0 is a firm patched limestone floor measuring. 8-. m long,. m wide and to cm thick. This very firm floor is the first in a series under wall 0/0. It is of an irregular shape and consists of levelled limestone mortar with plaster patching most likely used to repair every day wear and tear. It was cut by pit 08 at a higher level. A mixed yellowish sandy mortar layer () below it contained very few potsherds indicating it was a mortar specially mixed during the laying of the floor. Both floor and mortar layer were deliberatly placed on another construction layer (), a thin light brownish grey soil as ground preparation for the floor. This layer was so thin it could be trample on top of floor 088. Floor 00 measuring. 0 m long,. 0 m wide and cm thick is higher but seems to be contemporary with floor 0. This floor also sits on a sandy yellow mortar layer. Floor 088 (fig. 0-,,, ) at m is the second major limestone floor below 0. With its plaster patches it measures. m 0

3 Floor 088 and post hole. th century BC th - early 8 th century BC Trench 8. West facing section. long,. m wide and was cm thick. Roughly square and extending further then 0 it was quite badly damaged. A small circular post hole () with vertical sides (fig. 0-) measuring 0 cm long, cm wide and cm deep, was cut through it down to plaster floor. A yellowish mortar layer (0) was used as a base for the floor. Below this another very compacted mortar layer was found (); a probable preparation for floor 088. Trench 8. North-east facing section. Floor. Floor (fig.,,, ) at.-. m was the most substantial white plaster floor (below ). It was cut by a robber trench (0) (fig., ) from which it extended both east and west. This uneven floor, thicker towards the west, was found to be preserved in three patches measuring respectively 0.0 x 0. 0 m, 0. 8 x 0. 8 x 0. m,. 80 x. m and 0. cm to. cm thick. It was covered by a thin layer of dark brownish clay-like red sandy material (). It had also probably been repaired several times as the floor below also had the same pattern of patching or strengthening with the same brownish clay-like material. There was a thick levelling layer () below it which was relatively compact and homogenous with few inclusions. It contained a large amount of pottery. Below was another levelling layer, (0/). This was fairly compacted, very mortar-like and th - early 8 th century BC

4 Floor. contained fragments of plaster lumps and flecks. Floor abutts a robbed out wall () of which some large, rectangular and very solidly construc-ted foundation stones remain. It is possible this two course wall was re-used around the time floor was built as it is very substantial and seems to be of an earlier construction. It measures. 0 m long and. 0 m wide. At its northern extent only foundation stones remained which were roughly cut in different sizes. Floor (fig., ) is a very patchy, thin, uneven plaster surface. A mortar layer on top of it (/8) measuring. m long, m wide and cm thick was in poor condition. It was probably a temporary surface and does not extend into the north facing section at the eastern end of the trench due to the bad preservation but can be seen in patches further west. 8 8 Local pottery from pit 08. Pottery The Late Iron Age Most pottery imported to the Near East during the th - th centuries is found, as it is in Sidon, almost only on habitation sites. Local pottery of the Persian period was found alongside Attic imports. Rarely are pieces found intact. On the contrary, as is the case with this excavation, some fragments are so small they defy interpretation. The Attic pottery is the material that holds the greatest potential for obtaining absolute dates for Persian Period levels. Attic sherds were identified by Prof. Brian A. Sparkes to whom we owe a debt of gratitude for his contribution th century BC th - early 8 th century BC Trench 8. North facing section, composite of three section drawings. 8 8

5 The pit is a fill of earlier material such as a Myc. IIIC sherd and early Iron Age common ware. Pottery from the th century BC however delieates the closing of it. 0 0 Bowls - Straight-sided bowls or rounded bowls with plain rims are usually quite deep (fig. 8: -). The most popular shape of rim is the inward slanting rim coated with red paint or red slip, a popular shape in the early Iron Age (fig. 8: -). As all sherds are fragmentary, only a few diameters ranging between and cm are known. - Carinated bowls (fig. 8:-) are found early in the Iron Age but remain in use until the end of the th and beginning of the th century at Tell Hesi 8. Bowls with an upright rim or with a sharp incurved rim are also paralleled in the early Iron Age (fig. 8: -, see p. 8). Mortaria These heavy bowls are the most common type of bowls found in the Persian period (fig. 8: -) similar to those found in strata Vb and Vc at Tell Hesi 0. The thick flat base with grooves cut into its underside (fig. : ) is sparsely represen-ted at Tell Hesi. Jars Jars are without neck but with rims attached to flat-shoulders (fig. 8: -). Rims are slightly pronounced in the th and th century BC and more flat-topped in the th to th century BC and are also found in Beirut and Dor. One specimen (fig. 8: ) with a slightly grooved rim is paralleled at Tyre. Jars with an upright rim popular from the 0 th century BC onward are common in Beirut (fig. 8: ). 8 0 Local pottery from pit Cooking pots Cooking pots are the most common type found in the th to th centuries in Palestine and Phoenicia 8 and are characterized by rims that are angled straight outwards and called shelf rims or flanged rims 0 (fig. 8: - 8). An absence of handles on Sidon s relatively small size vessels should be noted. Most of the angled rims from Sidon found parallels in Beirut (0-0/00 BC), at Tell Hesi stratum Vd ( st half of the th century BC) and the more rounded version appear in stratum VC (middle of the th century BC). They are also found at Tell Kazel. 0 Attic pottery from pit 08.

6 Attic pottery from pit 08. Attic pottery from the pit Fig. 0: This bowl fragment is an Agora XII shallow wall with convexconcave profile. There is no real division between the wall of the bowl and the foot. Near the centre there is a raised ring. It is dated to the last quarter of the th century BC. Cf. fig. 0:. Fig. 0: Skyphos, Type A, Attic type the curve of the wall suggests a mid th century BC date. Fig. 0: Same as fig. 0: but a little later. There is a slight concave profile above the foot typical of the late th century BC. Fig. 0: Lip fragment of Type A skyphos with start of handle. th century BC. Fig. 0: 8 Skyphos, Type A, Attic type handle th century BC Fig. 0: Floor of bowl, shallow wall, convex-concave profile, cf. fig. 0:. Same date. Fig. 0: 0 Skyphos, Type A, Attic type. Mid th century BC. Fig. 0: This looks rather like the fragment of a Bolsal. The shape of the foot is similar to early examples and there is a ridge at the top of the fragment which some early bolsals have. ca. 0 BC. Fig. 0: Skyphos, Type A, Attic type. th century BC. Fig. 0: Skyphos, Type A, Attic type. Late th century BC because of a slight concave curve in the wall above the foot. Fig. : 0 Footed Saltcellar. Unusual in that only half the ouside is black. The thin and slightly incurved shape of the rim indicates a fairly early piece, dating to the th century and becoming more popular in the th. Fig. : Large skyphos of the Attic type 8 with simple curve of the body, middle th century. One jar stopper fig. : was also found. 8 0 Pottery from wall 0/0 Along with the common ware vessels Attic sherds give the chronological framework for this wall which was in use after the pit was sealed. The latest pottery from this level includes several pieces of Attic ware dating back to the th century BC. Bowls Straight-sided deep bowls (fig. :-), rounded shallow bowls with plain (fig. : -8) or upright rims (fig. : -) are found (see p. 0). The inward slanting rim is common (fig. : -0). As all sherds are fragmentary the few diameters known range from to cm. Deep bowls with a slight carination in the middle as well as heavy bowls with everted rim flattened on the outside end are found. Bowl fig. : with an incised ridge on the outer edge of the rim is found in Tyre in the 8 th century BC 0. Fig. 0: As with fig. 0:, this example dates to the late th century BC. The traces of a reserved line suggest it may have been figured. Fig. 0: This Kylix with its traces of a black palmette above a tripe carriesno incision dates to the th century BC. Fig. 0: This Kylix with its traces of black pattern or figures but with no incision suggest a th century BC date. Jars and jugs Flat-shouldered jars with a short straight neck first appear around the th - th century BC (fig. : -) and those with a more flattened top and short rims are very similar to the jars found in the pit (fig. : -8, see also p. 0). One jar with a folded over rim (fig. : 8) is comparable to a jar from level (mid- th century BC) at Tell Keisan. Others have a straight neck (fig. : -) with a handle stemming from just under the plain rim (fig. : ). The simple everted rim type is paralleled at Tell el Hesi (fig. : -0). Other shapes ending in a rounded thickened lip exhibit a variety of form, namely a smooth junction with the neck (fig. : -), an angular sharp junction with the neck (fig. : -) and a flattened thickened rim with

7 Local pottery from wall 0/ Local pottery from wall 0/0.

8 Attic pottery from wall 0/0. a straight outside face (fig. : -), slightly grooved both on the inside and outside (pl. : 0). Bases Flat, disc and ring bases are found as well as one large base of a jar (fig. : ). Handles Include the typical Persian handle 8 (fig. : ) as well as the double red slip handle (fig. : ) from the early Iron Age. Pottery from floor 0. The Early Iron Age Although the area of excavation was small the earliest clearly defined Iron Age installation was found in trench 8. Most of the pottery is in a fragmentary state and the division into types is based almost exclusively on rims. Surface treatments and decoration are also taken into account. Lamps One lamp with a flat wide rim was found (fig. : ). This type of lamp was common throughout the period. Subtypes can be distinguished but because this example is broken, it is difficult to assign a more exact date. Attic pottery Fig. : a-b These may belong to the same vase. A probable th century Attic one-handler. The one-handlers at this time have a black underside which comes to a point in the middle, and many carry stamped palmettes within rouletting. Fig. : This could be the rim. Fig. : This appears to be an Attic plate from the th century. It is however heavier and bigger than similar plates of that date a b 8 Black on Red bowl from floor 0 (see fig., ). Skyphos from floor 0 (see fig., ).

9 8 Pottery from floor 088. Bowls Are the most common type of pottery found. - Bowls with a simple rounded or squared rim (fig. : -; fig. 8: -, ; fig., -; fig., -) with grooves (fig. : 0) on the 8 outside. Some bowls have an upright rounded or sharp incurved Pottery from floor. - Round carinated bowls with a diameter between and 0 cm. Bowl fig. : with plain sides and no rim treatment corresponds to Bikai s 0 type dated to the 0 th century with a possible extension into the th. This style is dominant at Dor until 00 BC. Two bowls (fig. : 0, ) have a flaring rim. Bowl fig. : with horizontal handles is paralleled at Tell Keisan in stratum 8 (0 th century). The high upper wall of bowl fig. : with a diameter of. cm compares to a similar example found in Megiddo in stratum V. - A deep bowl (fig. 8: 0) with red paint finds a parallel in Tyre stra rim belonging to either straight-sided bowls or sometimes very shallow rounded bowls( fig. 8: -; : -; see also fig. 8: -) The rim diameter varies from -0 cm. Bowls with a simple rounded rim (fig. : - ) and black paint applied on a white slip on the rim could be of Cypriote make. - Bowls of various depths with inward slanting rims and a round or rectangular profile belong to either straight-sided bowls or rounded bowls (fig. 8: ; : 0-; see also p. ). Both types of bowls have applied bichrome decoration (fig. :, ; fig. :, ) sometimes applied on a white slip. Similar bowls are found at Tyre in stratum VIII (80-800). Others have black bands or striations in black on the rim (fig. : ). Some fine bowls have a red slip decoration (fig. : -). - Bowls with a triangular-thickening on the exterior (fig. : -) are comparable to bowls found at Sarepta from stratum D, at Tyre from stratum 8 8 and in stratum 8 (0 th century) and (00-80 BC) at Tell Keisan. At Sidon two bowls (fig. : -) have a decoration of red slip

10 Pottery from floor. tum X (80 BC) and Hazor stratum IX A (0 th beginning th BC). - One large carinated bowl with a thickened rim (fig. 0: ) and a diameter of. cm is comparable to KR a from Dor and level a-b at Tell Keisan ( BC). Jars and jugs Jars with a curved rim (fig. : ) are found in Tyre stratum XIV falling in numbers after stratum XIII (00/00-to (?)000) 8. Parallels are also found at Sarepta in strata G and E (0/0-00/0 BC) as well as at Tell Keisan, level c (Iron ) 0. Jars with short vertical rims (fig. : -) reach their peak in Sarepta stratum E (0/-00/0 BC). In Tyre they appear in the Late Bronze Age period and fall in numbers after stratum XIII (around 000 BC). At Dor similar jars occur in the mid-0 th century and at Tell Keisan type B ( BC). One storage jar with sloping shoulders has a shorter neck (fig. : 8). One strainer jug (fig. : ) was also found Cooking Pots Two cooking pots with a thickened rim (fig. : 0-), one grooved on the exterior (fig. : 0) are found in Tyre from stratum (00/ 00 to (?)000 BC). This type makes its appearance in the Bronze Age and continues to be important through out stratum X (80 BC). Cooking pots with a shallow depression on the interior (fig. : -) are comparable to cooking pots type from Tyre mostly found in strata XIII to VIII (00/00 to 800 BC). This type is also found at Sarepta stratum F (00/0-0/ BC). Lamps Two lamps with a simple rim (fig. : 0-) are found. One bears traces of heavy burning on the rim. Bases Dipper juglet bases were found with a round or pointed base (fig. : - ). One base of a juglet has red slip decoration (fig. : ). The Euboean pottery One Euboean subprotogeometric skyphos decorated with intersecting Pottery from floor. pendant semi-circles was found on floor 0 (fig. : ; ). It belongs to Kearsley s 8 types - and was also found in Cyprus and in the Near East. It was dated to around BC by Nicholas Coldstream to whom we owe a debt of gratitude for his input. The Cypriote Pottery It remains very difficult to determine the type of Cypriote vessels without having the whole form. Cypriote sherds (fig. : -8; fig. 8: -8; fig. : -) were identified by Vassos Karageorghis to whom we owe a debt

11 8 0 Pottery from floor. of gratitude for his contribution. - The amphora (fig. : ) has strap-handles edged with vertical lines enclosing a zigzag band 0. Its neck is decorated with the wavy line motif with widely spaced undulation. Wavy lines around the neck of large closed vessels are first encountered on LCIIIA pottery and the single wavy line found at Sidon is paralleled in Cypro-Geometric III (80/00/0 BC for the CG II/III transition ). A black horizontal band is found at the junction of neck to shoulder. The broad flat rim is also covered by a black band. - The necks of barrel shaped jugs (fig. : -) belong to type II (Cypro-Geometric II 0-80 BC ) or III. - Black on red bowls were also found (fig. : ; ; : ) along side one grey polished ware base (fig. : ) Pottery from floor.

12 Cypriote pottery from floor. The influx of Cypro-Geometric pottery fragments at Dor was uncovered in the first half of the 0 th century and consisted mainly of open vessels 8. At Sidon mainly closed vessels were found at this stage of the excavation. Summary and conclusion 8 Pottery from floor. 0 Distinguishing an evolution of pottery types from this small assemblage has proven difficult because most types are not confined to one chronological horizon. In each case every floor level by its very nature has accumulated over a period of time. The assessement however at this stage of the timespan between each occupation remains very difficult. Open forms are the most common type of vessel found. The pottery found on floor 0 is scarse and consist mainly of bowls. The quantity of material from floor 088 is also limited and consists of bowls and only two juglets. The Cypriot pottery points to a Cypro- Geometric III date. The local pottery shows comparisons with Tyre not later than IX-VIII and Sarepta D and D 80. Much work still remains to be done to establish a definite ceramic chronology for the Iron Age. It is important to note that these conclusions are still preliminary since the excavation is still on-going.

13 S. Jabak-Hteit, 00, p. mid th century. 8-8, L. ; S. Jabak, J. Sapin, W. J. Bennett, J. A. J. Elayi & H. Sayegh, 8, p. Blakely, 8, fig.,, str. Vc -. (Middle of the th century), Tell NOTES S. Jabak-Hteit, 00, el-hesi. L., p. 8. S. Jabak-Hteit, E. Stern,, fig.. 00, p. 8, catégories B, B. and fig M. Artzy, 80, p. - It has been established P. M. Bikai, 8, pl. I,. that the floors are made of limestone (00 BC). B. A. Sparkes & L. and are not silica minerals S. Jabak-Hteit, 00, p. Talcott, 0, n o. produced by phytoliths cells. 8, 88, L... 0 B. A. Sparkes & L. All heights are given 8 C. Doumet-Serhal, Talcott, 0, n o 0. from site height which is approximately 8, p. -. For a parallel see A.. m above sea level. E. Stern,, p.. Chambon, 80, pl. pl., The pottery from this 0 W. J. Bennett & J. A. (level at Tell Keisan, end of floor will not be discussed in this Blakely, 8, p the 8 th early th century BC); Y. article. C. Doumet-Serhal & H. Yadin, 8, pl. LXIII, str. V B. B. Shefton, 000, p. Sayegh, 8, fig. -, p.. (8 th - BC) BC at Hazor and Y.. W. J. Bennett & J. A. Yadin,, pl. CCXIX,, str. Tell Keisan stratum c Blakely, 8, fig. 8, 8, p. VI. (00-000), J. Briend, 80, ; fig.,,, p. ; fig. Comparisons are very pl., & A. Chambon, 80, p. & pl., a-b-c, level,, and p. with no handles; fig., 8, p. ; fig. 8, common, W. P. Anderson, 88, pl.,, str. D (0/000- second half of the 8 th early th, p.. 80/8 BC) at Sarepta; P. M. century; Sarepta, W. P. W. J. Bennett & J. A. Bikai, 8, pl. XIX, 8, str. VIII Anderson, 88, pl.,, with an oblique rim, str. C (80/8- Blakely, 8, fig.,, p.. ( 800) at Tyre; J. Balensi, 80, pl.,, (Fer I -Fer IIA) at Tell 0), p., for other comparisons; E. Gubel, 0, fig. g, Abu Hawam. at Tyre it is found in level th - th century. A.Gilboa,, p., XII ((?)000-), pl. XXXI, ; B. A. Sparkes & L. The patterns of narrow Achzib, E. Mazar, 00, fig., Talcott, 0, p bands enclosing wide ones is - ( th - th century); Dor in the B. A. Sparkes & L. derived from Cypriot pottery. destruction level (late th early Talcott, 0, p. 0. P. M. Bikai, 8, pl. th century); Megiddo, stratum B. A. Sparkes & L. XIX, 8. V, S. Lamon & G. Shipton, Talcott, 0, p.. J. Balensi, 80, pl.,, pl. 0,,. 8 B. A. Sparkes & L. (fin du Fer I); W. P. Anderson, G. Lehmann,, Talcott, 0, p. 8-8, pl. - 88, pl.,, str. D Tafel, /-/, Assemblage, p. -. (0/000-80/8 BC)., end of the 8 th century BC for E. Stern,, at Dor, See Yadin et al., 0, Syrian examples. fig... pl. XCIII,, str. V (8 th - BC) See Y. Yadin, 0 at 0 P. M. Bikai, 8, pl. for comparisons. Hazor pl. LIII,, th century; on XIA, 8 str. II-III. W. P. Anderson, 88, the cursory shape of the bowl in W. J. Bennett, J. A. p. 0, X-, stratum D starting Ira/b at Dor, (00-00), see Blakely, 8, p., fig. 8, in 0/000. A. Gilboa, & I. Sharon, 00, p., 8, substr. Vd (00-0) & 8 P. M Bikai, 8, pl.. p., fig.,, str. Vc (0- XIX,, (800 BC). 8 W. J. Bennett & J. A. 0/0 BC), Tell el -Hesi. J. Briend, 80, p., 8 Blakely, 8, fig. 0,, p. J.-F. Salles, 80, pl. and pl., b. 8, str. V a, Tell el Hesi.,,. 0 P. M. Bikai, 8, p.. J.-F. Salles, 80, pl. W. J. Bennett, J. A. A. Gilboa & I. Sharon, 0,, Tell Keisan level. Blakely, 8, fig.,, str. 00, p. and (00, in the 0 W. J. Bennett & J. A. Vd ( st half of the th century), Tell conventional Levantine chronology). Blakely, 8, fig., 0, p. el -Hesi., str. V c (middle of the th ) & W. J. Bennett, J. A. J. Briend, 80, pl., fig.,, p., str. V b (0/0 to 00 BC). Blakely, 8, fig.,, str. Vd (st half of the th century), p. 0; the more curvy shape of the rim is found on a handless bowl W. J. Bennett & J. A., Tell el-hesi. at a later period, A. Chambon, Blakely, 8, p., 8. E. Stern, 8, Tel 80, pl., (level, second E. Bettles, 00, p.. Mevorakh, fig. 8,, 8, str. IV-VI part of the 8 th - early th century). R. Lamon & G. Shipton,, pl. 0,. P. M. Bikai, 8, DB, p. 0, pl. XXVII, with incurving rim and bichrome decoration (stratum X, 80 BC), see also pl. XXXII, str. XII (000-) for the shape. Y. Yadin,, pl., ; pl. CLXXVIII,. The Sidon example presents a much more pronounced curved rim. A. Gilboa,, p. fig..:, beneath phase (00 BC). J. Briend, 80, pl., f. 8 P. M. Bikai, 8, pl. XXXIX,,, 0-, p.. W. P. Anderson, 88, pl., 8, and pl.,. 0 E. Puech, 80, pl.,. W. P. Anderson, 88, p.. P. M. Bikai, 8, p., SJ, with vertical higher rim then SJ, pl. XXXVII, -, stratum XIII- (00/00 to (?) 000 BC). A. Gilboa,, fig.., -; A. Gilboa, a, p. -. J. Briend, 80, p. 0. P. M. Bikai, 8, CP 8, p., pl. XXXV,. P. M. Bikai, 8, p.. W. P. Anderson, 88, pl. 0,. 8 R. Kearsley, 8, p. -, fig. -. J. N. Coldstream, 88, p For comparisons see M. Iacovou, 88, fig. 8 and 0. Granary Style is a very simple style with few decorative motifs. These consist of wavy lines, P. A. Mountjoy,, p. 8, 0; it appears in Kiton level II, in LC II B:, V. Karageorghis & M. Demas, 8, p. ; M. Iacovou,, p. 0-0, The Wavy line issue Proto-White Painted was to a great extent a derivative of Myceneaen IIIC Middle and consequently a contemporary of Mycenean IIIC Late In Cyprus, LCIIIB ends and Proto- White Painted is gradually replaced by the White Painted Ware of Cypro-Geometric I with which it shares at first many similar shapes. For an example of an amphoriskos of Proto-White Painted Ware, G. Georgiou, 00, p. -. M. Iacovou, 88, p.. E. Gjerstad, 8, fig. XX,. For the discussion see A. Gilboa & I. Sharon, 00, p. ; N. Coldstream,, p. -, for a terminal date soon after 00 BC. E. Gjerstad, 0, p.. A. Gilboa, 8, p. 0; 8, p. 8; a, p A. Gilboa, 8, p. ; a, p. -, in the Phoenician cities, however, mostly open forms were found rather than containers. See A. Gilboa & I. Sharon, 00, p., table, for the cross-dating with Tyre X- IX and Sarepta, D & D.

14 N. Coldstream, 88, Early Pottery: A View from Tel Dor, the Geometric Horizon, in J. Briend & J.-B. Humbert, p. Greek Pottery in Tyre and Cyprus: Some Preliminary comparisons, BASOR,, p. -. Proceedings of an Archaeological Workshop, University of -. Abbreviations Report of the A. Gilboa, a The View Cyprus, Nicosia, th October B. B. Shefton, 000, Agora XII: B. A. Sparkes & L. BIBLIOGRAPHY Department of Antiquities from the East-Tel Dor and 8, Nicosia. Reflections on the Presence of Talcott, 0. 8 Cyprus, (part II), p. -. the Earliest Cypro- Attic Pottery at the Eastern End Geometric Exports to the of the Mediterranean during the BASOR: Bulletin of the Levant, in M. Iacovou & D. Persian Period, Transeuphratène, American Schools of Oriental Michaelides, p. -., p. -8. Research W. P. Anderson,88, Sarepta I, The Late Bronze and Iron Age strata of area II, Y, Beyrouth. M. Artzy, 80, The Utilitarian Persian Storejar Handles, BASOR, 8, p. -. J. Balensi, 80, Les fouilles de R. W. 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