Passageways. Series. Anthology 2. Reading Success Series. 12 Nonfiction Selections. CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES, Inc.

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1 Reading Success Series D Anthology 2 Passageways Series 12 Nonfiction Selections CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES, Inc.

2 FOR THE STUDENT This reading book has 12 interesting nonfiction selections. These are the kinds of selections that you might read in school books, in library books, in magazines, and in other books. Each selection is followed by 18 multiple-choice questions. These questions give you practice with key reading strategies. Each selection also has 3 Explorations in Writing questions. These questions ask you to write about what you have read. PHOTO CREDITS: Pages International Landmarks/Corbis Page 16 Masters I/Corel Page 17 Royalty Free/Corbis Pages Paris/Corel Page 20 Picturesque Paris/Corel Page 24 Stockbyte/PictureQuest Page 25 Courtesy of Cimino Family Page 28 Weekends/Eyewire Page 34 Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution Pages 38, 39 NOAA Photo Library Page 40 Spill Response Photo Collection/NOAA Page 44 Library of Congress, Images of the First Ladies of the United States, LC-USZ Pages 45 48, 50 Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library Page 49 Library of Congress, LC-USZ Pages 54, Photos Courtesy of Kentucky Horse Park Pages 65 66, Cactus/Corel Page 67 Glen Allison/Getty Images Page 70 Sand & Solitude/Corel Pages 74, NASA Page 75 Bettmann/Corbis Page 80 PhotoFest Pages 84, 87 John Springer Collection/CORBIS Page 85 Martha Holmes/Timepix.com Page 88 Bud Gray/Motion Picture & Television Archive Page 89 Anne Marie Fox/Corbis Sygma Page 90 PictureThis Photo Gallery/PNNL Page 94 Library of Congress, LC-USZ Page 95 Library of Congress, America from the Great Depression to World War II: Photographs from the FSA-OWI, , (bottom) LC-USZ , (top) LC-USZ Page 97 Library of Congress, African American Odyssey, LC-USZ Pages 66 (bottom), 99 (bottom), 115 (top, middle), ArtToday.com Page 99 (top) Library of Congress, Images of 20th Century African American Activists: A Select List, LC-U B-frame #11 Page 114 Library of Congress, LC-USZ Page 115 (bottom) Courtesy of National Park Service Page 116 (middle right) NARA, Still Picture Branch, National Archives at College Park, NWDNS-127-EX-1(27) Page 119 (top) Library of Congress, LC-USZ ; (bottom) Library of Congress, An American Time Capsule, loc.rbc/rbpe ILLUSTRATION CREDITS: Pages 4 9, 55, 59, 64 Lisa Greenleaf Pages 14, 76, Susan Hawk Pages 35, 37, 40, 94, 98 Pat Lucas ISBN X 2003 Curriculum Associates, Inc. North Billerica, MA No part of this book may be reproduced by any means without written permission from the publisher. All Rights Reserved. Printed in USA

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paris, the City of Lights Interview with a DJ Taking a Look at the Ocean Eleanor Roosevelt, a Remarkable Woman The Champion Called Man o War The Cactus, a Most Unusual Plant To Space and Back with Mae Jemison Exploring the World of Special Effects Thurgood Marshall, Man of Justice Have Fun with Healthy Eating The Story of the American Flag Explorations in Writing

4 The Viking Age Getting Started More than 1,000 years ago, people from Northern Europe began to leave home. We call these people Vikings. The Vikings were searching for new lands. They found the new lands. They also found people to trade with and steal from! Read this selection to find out who the Vikings were and what they did. 4

5 GREENLAND NORTH SEA ICELAND Norway ATLANTIC OCEAN GREAT BRITAIN Denmark Sweden I A R U S S E U R O P E Who Were the Vikings? Norway, Sweden, and Denmark now make up Scandinavia. The Vikings lived from the 8th look for new land. They needed more century A.D. to the 11th century A.D. space. And they wanted adventure. They came from Scandinavia. Today, So the people traveled by water to this land is home to three countries: islands and other places nearby. Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. In the The Vikings often left things at Viking age, the people there had not the places they visited. So many Viking yet formed countries. They lived in objects have been found all over many small groups. And each group Europe. People have found Viking had its own leader. jewelry, weapons, and carvings of stone Most people in Scandinavia were and wood. farmers. Many also fished. They lived But the Vikings are best known for near rivers and along the coasts. But as their unusual ships, which helped them the population grew, leaders fought for leave home in the first place. power. In the late 700s, groups began to 5

6 Viking Ships People have found hundreds of old Viking ships. Some are shipwrecks. Others come from graves. The Vikings often buried their leaders inside ships. We also know about Viking ships from wood and stone carvings. The Vikings were great boat builders. They made ships out of planks, or long strips of wood. The planks were flexible but strong. Pieces of iron held the strips together. The Vikings filled the spaces between the planks with tar and animal hair to keep out the water. Sometimes the Vikings carved animal heads at the ends of their ships. Viking ships came in all sizes. Some were as small as rowboats. Others were long and narrow. One ship found in 6 modern times was huge. It was more than seventy-five feet long and fifteen feet wide! Sailors steered the large ships using sails or oars. They used the sails when it was windy. They used the oars when there was no wind. The largest ships had as many as thirty oarsmen and crews of up to ninety men. Most Viking ships were not very deep, so they could travel in shallow waters along coasts and up rivers. Sailors could pull a ship onto land. Also, both ends of a Viking ship were pointed and curved up. Because both ends were the same, the Vikings could sail the ship forward or backward. They did not have to turn the ship around to leave.

7 Surprise Attacks The Vikings used their ships to sneak up on people. Warriors could row or sail up a small river, pull their ship onto land, and attack. Such surprise attacks are called raids. On raids, the Vikings often robbed people, killed them, and burned their buildings. The oldest known Viking raid was in A.D The Vikings attacked a church building. The building was on an island off the east coast of England. The Vikings stole many valuable things. The attack was a surprise, so people did not have time to hide their treasure. The Vikings often buried the treasure that they stole. They may have wanted to hide it from other Vikings. Or they may not have been able to carry it all. Yet, the Vikings did not always come back to dig up their treasure. In modern times, people found a Viking treasure in England. It had thousands of coins and pieces of jewelry! Vikings attacked places all along the coast of Europe. We know about the attacks because survivors wrote stories about them. The stories tell how the people greatly feared these attackers who came from the North. The people called the attackers Northmen or Norsemen. Even today, we use the word Norse to describe the Vikings and their language. 7

8 Trade When the Vikings sailed to new lands, they brought things from Scandinavia with them. Many wild animals lived in Scandinavia, and the people hunted or trapped them. Also, farmers raised cattle. So the Vikings had many things made from fur and leather. They also had things made from bones, antlers, and tusks. Other Viking goods were honey, iron tools, and amber. Amber is hard, clear, and orange. Small stone-like pieces of it were made into rings and necklaces. At first, the Vikings stole from the people in the new lands. Then they began to trade with them. The Vikings traded their own goods for silver, gold, and pearls. They also traded for heavy cloth. The Vikings began to travel long distances to trade goods. Sometimes they went as far as Africa and Arabia. The Vikings even built new ships. These ships could carry great loads for long distances. In time, the Vikings began to build camps along the coasts and rivers of Europe where they had gone to trade. They often lived at these camps during the winter. In spring and summer, they sailed back and forth to do their trading. 8

9 Settlements Some of the Viking camps grew into busy trading centers. And some of these centers grew into towns. Around A.D. 800, the Vikings settled the town of Dublin. It was one of the first towns in Ireland. Dublin is now Ireland s capital and biggest city. Viking settlers also contributed to existing towns. One example is the town of York in England. The Vikings built new streets and bridges there. They divided the land into small pieces, or plots. And they began to make their own coins. The Vikings also settled to the south and east. A part of France is called Normandy after these Norsemen. The Vikings who settled in Eastern Europe were called Rus. They gave their name to the huge country of Russia. Over time, the Vikings mixed with the local people. They learned new languages. They even began to take on the faith of the people of Europe. Also, the people of Europe began to take on Viking ideas about creating art, planning towns, and building ships. Soon the lands became crowded. Once again, Viking sailors searched for new places to settle. About A.D. 900 the Vikings settled the island of Iceland. The Vikings told about this in their stories, of which there were many. 9

10 Viking Tales The Vikings liked to tell tales. Their stories are called sagas. Their poems are called eddas. They passed their tales down through families. Many of the tales are about Viking heroes and their travels. One hero is Eric the Red. About A.D. 980, Eric the Red led people to Greenland. This huge island is between Iceland and eastern North America. Thousands of Vikings lived there for hundreds of years. In time, they needed more wood and land, so they sailed farther west. Leif Ericsson was the son of Eric the Red. Viking tales say that Ericsson sailed far away. He found a new place called Vinland. In 1960, people found the ruins of a camp in eastern Canada. It was the oldest European camp in North America. People had lived in the camp about four hundred years before the time of Columbus. The houses in the camp were like the Viking houses in Iceland and Greenland. Some people believe this camp was Vinland. The Vikings also liked to tell stories about their early gods. Odin was the ruler of the gods. His wife s name was Frigg. Thor was the god of thunder. Tiu was the god of war. Do you know that three of our days are named for them? Tuesday is named for Tiu. Thursday is named for Thor. And Friday is named for Frigg. Even now, the Viking tales are with us. 10

11 Finding Main Idea and Details Finding Word Meaning in Context The main idea is the most important idea. The details are the pieces of information that tell more about the main idea. 1. Page 10 is mostly about Viking ships. towns. tales. attacks. 2. Which of these details is not mentioned in the selection? Viking objects have been found all over Europe. The Vikings contributed to existing towns in Europe. The Vikings often buried the things they stole. The English word egg comes from the Vikings. 3. Which Viking sailed to Greenland around A.D. 980? Thor Eric the Red Leif Ericsson Columbus Use context clues to find the meaning of a new word. Context clues are words in a sentence that help you figure out the meaning of the new word. 4. Look at page 5. The word population relates to people. boats. rivers. helmets. 5. On page 6, a plank that is flexible will easily sink. burn. break. bend. 6. On page 7, the word survivors means actors. people who died. people who lived. children. 11

12 Recognizing Cause and Effect Comparing and Contrasting When one thing causes another thing to happen, it is called cause and effect. The cause is the reason why something happens. The effect is what happens. 7. The Vikings sailed from Scandinavia in the late 700s in search of more space. bigger ships. warmer weather. younger leaders. 8. The Vikings were able to steal other people s treasures because the Vikings surprised the people they attacked. knew the people they attacked. had many guns. had special keys. 9. Leif Ericsson is known for being the god of thunder. discovering Russia. discovering Vinland. discovering the ruins of a Viking camp. Comparing is finding how two or more things are alike. Contrasting is finding how two or more things are different. 10. Odin and Thor were both Viking sailors. gods. farmers. traders. 11. Viking ships were unusual because sailors did not have to turn them around to leave a place. the ships did not have sails. the ships did not have oars. builders made them out of leather. 12. Iceland and Greenland are both in Scandinavia. are both islands. are both in southern Europe. were both attacked in A.D

13 Understanding Sequence Drawing Conclusions Sequence is the order in which things are done or events happen. 13. The Vikings owned silver, gold, and pearls before they had ever left their homeland. after they had begun to sail to other lands. only after they had sailed to Arabia. only after they had settled in Greenland. 14. The boxes tell about the Vikings. The Vikings settle Iceland Which of these belongs in box 2? The Vikings settle Dublin. The Vikings settle the part of France called Normandy. The Vikings settle Greenland. The Vikings attack a church building near England. 15. Leif Ericsson was the son of Odin. the father of Tiu. the father of Eric the Red. the son of Eric the Red. The Vikings sail to Vinland. Drawing conclusions can help you figure out things that are not written in a selection. To draw a conclusion, think about the facts. Then think about what you know in your own life. 16. The early Vikings probably felt that their goals were more important than other people s goals. other people s goals were more important than their goals. all people s goals were equally important. people who had goals were weak. 17. The Vikings were able to build many large ships because Scandinavia had many cities. deserts. forests. animals. 18. Which best describes the Vikings? fierce and careful strong and peaceful smart and lucky fierce and daring Go to page

14 Explorations in Writing Write your answers on a separate piece of paper. (pages 4 10) 1. The author gives a lot of information about Vikings. Write about a few things that you have learned about the Viking people. 2. Look at the illustration of the Viking ship on page 6. Use your own words to describe this ship. 3. Read again the section called Surprise Attacks on page 7. Write about how the Vikings launched surprise attacks. Paris, the City of Lights (pages 14 20) 1. The author tells about many sights to see in Paris. Pick one sight and tell why you would like to see it. 2. A fact can be proved. An opinion is what someone thinks or feels. Here is a fact from the selection: The Louvre Museum first opened in Here is an opinion based on the selection: Paris is the most beautiful city in the world. Write three more facts from the selection. Write at least one more opinion based on the selection. Give a reason for each of your opinions. 3. Write about how the Bastille is related to the French Revolution. 124

15 D Anthology 2 12 Nonfiction Selections Paris, the City of Lights Interview with a DJ Taking a Look at the Ocean Eleanor Roosevelt, a Remarkable Woman The Champion Called Man o War The Cactus, a Most Unusual Plant To Space and Back with Mae Jemison Exploring the World of Special Effects Thurgood Marshall, Man of Justice Have Fun with Healthy Eating The Story of the American Flag Reorder No. CA pack CURRICULUM ASSOCIATES, Inc. North Billerica, MA Phone: (U.S. & Canada) Fax: (U.S. & Canada) cainfo@curriculumassociates.com Web: