Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
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1 Ethnicity Classification Derick Beng Yuh December 2, 2010 INSTITUTE FOR ANTHROPOMATICS, FACIAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 1 Derick Yuh: Ethnicity Classification KIT University of the StateBeng of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association
2 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
3 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
4 Ethnicity Classification Motivation Why are we able to classify humans in various ethnic groups? Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
5 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
6 Introduction Ethnic classes Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
7 Ethnic classes Caucasoid Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
8 Ethnic classes Caucasoid Developed around 1800 by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach Blumenbach named it after the peoples of the Caucasus A geopolitical region at the border of Europe and Asia Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
9 Caucasoid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: prominent, narrow, high bridge Lips: thin, tight Face shape: center of face juts outward, wedge shaped, long face Hair: wavy or curly, thick body and facial hair(males) Skin: white Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
10 Caucasoid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: prominent, narrow, high bridge Lips: thin, tight Face shape: center of face juts outward, wedge shaped, long face Hair: wavy or curly, thick body and facial hair(males) Skin: white Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
11 Caucasoid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: prominent, narrow, high bridge Lips: thin, tight Face shape: center of face juts outward, wedge shaped, long face Hair: wavy or curly, thick body and facial hair(males) Skin: white Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
12 Caucasoid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: prominent, narrow, high bridge Lips: thin, tight Face shape: center of face juts outward, wedge shaped, long face Hair: wavy or curly, thick body and facial hair(males) Skin: white Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
13 Caucasoid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: prominent, narrow, high bridge Lips: thin, tight Face shape: center of face juts outward, wedge shaped, long face Hair: wavy or curly, thick body and facial hair(males) Skin: white Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
14 Caucasoid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: prominent, narrow, high bridge Lips: thin, tight Face shape: center of face juts outward, wedge shaped, long face Hair: wavy or curly, thick body and facial hair(males) Skin: white Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
15 Ethnic classes Caucasoid Mongoloid Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
16 Ethnic classes Caucasoid Mongoloid East Asian, South Asian Originated from the Mongol people of East Asia Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
17 Mongoloid Characteristics Eyes: Narrow, epicanthic fold Nose: low, average width Lips: average fullness Face shape: short with flat projected cheek bones Hair: thick and straight Skin: yellowish Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
18 Mongoloid Characteristics Eyes: Narrow, epicanthic fold Nose: low, average width Lips: average fullness Face shape: short with flat projected cheek bones Hair: thick and straight Skin: yellowish Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
19 Mongoloid Characteristics Eyes: Narrow, epicanthic fold Nose: low, average width Lips: average fullness Face shape: short with flat projected cheek bones Hair: thick and straight Skin: yellowish Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
20 Mongoloid Characteristics Eyes: Narrow, epicanthic fold Nose: low, average width Lips: average fullness Face shape: short with flat projected cheek bones Hair: thick and straight Skin: yellowish Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
21 Mongoloid Characteristics Eyes: Narrow, epicanthic fold Nose: low, average width Lips: average fullness Face shape: short with flat projected cheek bones Hair: thick and straight Skin: yellowish Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
22 Mongoloid Characteristics Eyes: Narrow, epicanthic fold Nose: low, average width Lips: average fullness Face shape: short with flat projected cheek bones Hair: thick and straight Skin: yellowish Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
23 Ethnic classes Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
24 Ethnic classes Caucasoid Mongoloid Negroid Ethnic class of black africans Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
25 Negroid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: low, broad Lips: thick, stretched Face shape: long Hair: tight curls or heavy waves Skin: dark (high melanin quantity) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
26 Negroid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: low, broad Lips: thick, stretched Face shape: long Hair: tight curls or heavy waves Skin: dark (high melanin quantity) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
27 Negroid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: low, broad Lips: thick, stretched Face shape: long Hair: tight curls or heavy waves Skin: dark (high melanin quantity) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
28 Negroid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: low, broad Lips: thick, stretched Face shape: long Hair: tight curls or heavy waves Skin: dark (high melanin quantity) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
29 Negroid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: low, broad Lips: thick, stretched Face shape: long Hair: tight curls or heavy waves Skin: dark (high melanin quantity) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
30 Negroid Characteristics Eyes: exposed tear trough, large Nose: low, broad Lips: thick, stretched Face shape: long Hair: tight curls or heavy waves Skin: dark (high melanin quantity) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
31 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
32 Challenges Variations due to illumination, aging, occlusion etc.. Powerful feature extractor and a generalizable classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
33 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
34 Some related Work done on Ethnicity Classification 1 Hybrid Classifier Architecture (Srinivas Gutta et al.) 2 Ensemble of Linear Discriminant Analysis (Xiaoguang Lu and Anil K. Jain) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
35 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification 1 Hybrid Classifier Architecture 2 Ensemble of Linear Discriminant Analysis FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
36 Hybrid Classifier Architecture Generally based on the concept of reductionism Complex problems are solved through stepwise decomposition Consist of a connectionist and a symbolic module Connectionist module are ensembles of Radial Basis Functions (RBF) Network Symbolic module is a Decision Tree(DT) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
37 Hybrid Classifier Architecture Generally based on the concept of reductionism Complex problems are solved through stepwise decomposition Consist of a connectionist and a symbolic module Connectionist module are ensembles of Radial Basis Functions (RBF) Network Symbolic module is a Decision Tree(DT) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
38 Radial Basis Fuction(RBF) Network Ensemble of Radial Basis Fuction 1 (ERBF1) Ensemble of Radial Basis Fuction 2 (ERBF2) Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
39 Decision Tree (DT) These are rules for classifying objects given a training set. It implements a top-down divide-and-conquer approach The decision tree employed is Quinlan s C Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
40 Hybrid Classifier - Experimental Tests (Crossvalidation) Experiment was conducted on the FERET data base with 3006 images 1009 unique subjects with a resolution of 64x72 (manually resized) 1932 caucasians, 362 mongoloid, 474 oriental, 238 negroid 60 (30 caucasians, 10 negroid, 10 mongoloid, 10 oriental) images used to train the DT The rest are partitioned into groups of 30 yielding 1 Caucasian (1902/30) = 63 partitions 2 Mongoloid (352/30) = 11 partitions 3 Oriental (464/30) = 15 partitions 4 Negroid (228/30) = 7 partitions A 20 fold cross-validation is excecuted by randomly picking 1 partition from each set Training with the selected partitions and testing with the rest Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
41 Hybrid Classifier - Experimental results Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
42 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification 1 Hybrid Classifier Architecture 2 Ensemble of Linear Discriminant Analysis FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
43 Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) The objective of LDA is to perform dimensionality reduction Preserving much of the class discriminatory information as possible A single Gaussian is used to model the data distribution p(y c) = 1 2πσ exp (y m)2 2σ Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
44 Ensembles of LDA at multiple scales Images at different scales provide different levels of information Each face image is scaled to three different scales. A LDA classifier is contructed at each scale. Each classifier for every scale Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
45 ELDA Experiments Each ethnic group is randomly divided into 2 3 for training and 1 3 for test Data sets are balanced and a 20 fold Cross validation executed Data base consisted of 3006 frontal faces (27% asian (east + south)) and the rest non-asian Non-asian included are caucasians and negroids Average accuracy of 92% achieved Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
46 Overview Motivation Introduction Challenges Some related work on ethnicity classification FIPA Ethnicity Classifier Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
47 FIPA Ethnic Classifier It uses the Modified Censor Transform (MCT) detector (face and eye) Its feature extractor is based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) A cascade of binary Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers Each is trained to classify a particular ethnic group Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
48 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) DCT expresses a sequence of many finite data points into sums of cosine functions of different frequencies It has a strong energy compaction property C(u, v) = α(u)α(v) m 1 x=0 m 1 ( f (x, y) cos[ y=0 (2x + 1)uπ ] cos[ 2m for u, v = 0,1,2,..., m-1, where 1 α(u) = m for u = 0 2 m for u = 1,2,..., m-1 ) (2y + 1)vπ ] 2m Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
49 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) Most of the image information tends to concentrate in a few low frequency components Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
50 Feature Extractor It uses the Local Appearance-based Face Representation (PHD Thesis: Hazim Ekenel) Input is a detected face with the greatest bounding box, and eyes location Output is a vector of concantinated coefficients from a DCT Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
51 FIPA Ethnic Classifier (EC) - Training Experiment was conducted on the LFW data base with 5749 images After labelling I had 1 Caucasian = Mongoloid = Negroid = Others = Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
52 FIPA Ethnic Classifier (EC) - Classification Classification can be summerized as follows Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
53 FIPA Ethnic Classifier (EC) - TODOS Refine labelling Experiments with different order of classification Develope a method to use all the data available for training Check for mutual influences (Gender and facial expression) Create a cascade of 3 classifiers with 3 different algorithms suitable for each ethnic group Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
54 Thanks for your kind attention! Any questions? References H. E. Ekenel, A robust face recognition algorithm for real world applications Srinivas Gutta et al. Gender and Ethnic classification of face images Xiaoguang Lu and Anil K. Jain, Ethnicity identification from face images Derick Beng Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
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