IDD website:

Transcription

1 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 1/8 Ostrich I. Introduction. The Mesopotamian names for o. (Sum. GA/GÁ.NU x (ŠIR).MU ŠEN; Akk. lurmu; see CAD 9: 255) occur in connection with hunting, occasionally as comparisons in omens, as food, and in relation to their eggs; there are no references to any connections with demons or deities. O.s were well attested in Syria west of the Euphrates until recent times. LAUFER (1926: 12) refers to their occasional presence in the plains of Moab and around Damascus in the early twentieth cent. Archaeological evidence is almost entirely restricted to o. eggs, which were used as cups and appear from the late 4th mill. onward. Mid 3rd mill. Mesopotamian cups are generally plain (LAUFER 1926: pls. 1 2); some examples from the Royal Cemetery at Ur are lavishly decorated (WOOLLEY 1934: pls. 156, 170a; MOOREY 1994: 128). In Assyria numerous specimens of o. eggs were found in the North West palace in Nimrud (9th 7th cent.; MALLOWAN 1966: 69, 181). CAUBET (1983) discusses Syrian examples and notes that o. eggs referred to in texts were destined for the king (BIROT 1974: , Letter 86, lines 25 30). Thus there is considerable evidence that o. eggs were prized as a royal luxury. FINET (1983) refers to their medicinal uses. Textual references from Mari in the 18th cent. indicate that o.s were also used as food for the royal table (MOOREY 1994: 128). Examples have been recorded by REESE (1985: 375 with references) in Middle Bronze Age Palestine/Israel from excavations at Jericho, Tell Beit Mirsim, Gibeon, Gezer, Beersheba (cited in CAUBET 1985: 194), and probably elsewhere, as well as in Jordan at Early Bronze Age Bab edh Dhra (REESE 1985: 375) and at Late Bronze sites in the vicinity of Amman (Sahab; DAJANI 1970: pl. 2; Jabal al Hawayah, Jabal al Quṣeir: MCGOVERN 1986: 271). They do not appear to have been found along the coast apart from an example from Minet el Beida (CAUBET 1983: 193), which may have served as a transit point for traded examples recorded in Cypriote tombs, in Greece, and throughout the Aegean (CAUBET 1983; REESE 1985: 371f). Three undecorated o. eggs were recovered from the ship that sank at Uluburun off the south coast of Turkey in about 1300 (CONWELL 1987: 30; YALÇIN/PULAK/SLOTTA 2005: 78f, 636). CAUBET suggests that the Carthaginians may have handled the o. egg trade from the 6th cent. onward. Iconographically, o. eggs are depicted on a specific group of 1st mill. Mesopotamian cylinder seals (see II ). Feathers, another by product of o.s, were highly prized and associated with royalty, and are depicted particularly in Egyptianizing representations. LAUFER (1926: 17, fig. 4) depicts an Egyptian scene from Abu Simbel, dating from the reign of Ramses II ( ) and illustrating tribute from Punt: one man holds an o. both by the neck and on a leash, while a second man holds three stylized o. feathers in one hand and carries a basket of eggs on his shoulder, a clear proof that the stylized feathers are indeed o. plumes. This stylization of the o. feather, the hieroglyph Maat, was used phonetically in names and as the ideogram meaning truth in amuletic inscriptions (see GARDNER 1976: sign H6; note that on small objects such as seals it is often difficult to distinguish GARDINER H6 from GARDINER M17, a flowering reed). Not surprisingly, in the Levant the Maat sign occurs most frequently on stamp seals, particularly at Tell el Ajjul close to the Egyptian border, where the hieroglyph Maat is used both phonetically and as an ideogram and is very clearly depicted (KEEL 1997). In Jordan the hieroglyph seems to appear infrequently, and is generally depicted poorly and with ambiguity. Typically, it is used as a symbol (EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Hisban no. 5?; Tall al Umeiri no. 67) and only once with a clear phonetic meaning (EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Tall Deir Alla no. 22). In Mesopotamia Assyrian reliefs of the 7th cent. show Nubians wearing feather headdresses in scenes relating to Ashurbanipal s Egyptian campaigns (BARNETT 1976: pl. 36); there are numerous fragments that show what BARNETT (1976: pl. 62) has classified as Persian auxiliary bowmen. CALMEYER (1970) has discussed the depictions of musicians wearing feathered headdresses on Assyrian reliefs. The present catalogue is not comprehensive and emphasis is placed on provenanced material from the 15th to 4th cent. II. Typology II.1. Phenotypes. Representations of o.s are generally easy to identify and occur almost always in side view (for a frontal view see the Early Dynastic seal VON DER OSTEN 1934: no. 59). The bird is usually depicted standing (1 36, 37? ) or striding/running (6, 19, 38 78), but these two postures are not always clearly distinguishable (evidently running are: 65, 79 83). A considerable number of depictions show the o. with a kicking leg (19, 54, 80, 84* 91). A seated o. occurs rarely (27). In the case of 92 a hero lifts an o. by its neck.

2 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 2/8 Example 93 appears to show a startled o. above the ground, and on 94 both legs are almost horizontal. Only one leg but three toes on its foot are depicted on 95*. Generally the o. is looking forward, but a number of depictions show the animal with the head turned backward, often when it is attacked (20, 27, 35, 51, 53*, 56* 61, 63, 65 66, 68*, 84*, 86 88, 93). Most often the o. is depicted with one wing pointing upward or backward (2 9, 13, 15 19, 24 26, 28 34, 37, 42, 44, 46, 49* 52*, 54 55, 57 58*, 64?, 74* 77, 79, 81 85, 89, 94, 95*). In stylized representations the wing can also be attached to the o. s neck (2, 5, 43, 45). When two wings are indicated they are generally spread to the sides (1, 19 22, 27, 35, 38 39, 41*, 59* 63, 66, 69 71, 86 88, 89 92). This rendering may also appear very stylized so that one wing seems to be extending from the bird s breast (4 5, 42, 45, 51 52*, 95*). Occasionally the wings are depicted as hanging down (53*). A number of representations indicate folded wings (10 12*, 14, 27, 36, 47 48, 56*, 65, 67 68, 71, 73). O.s alone appear frequently on Mitannian faience cylinder seals, in many cases alternating with or framing trees (1 2). O.s ornamented the borders of the garments of Ashurnasirpal II ( ) and a courtier on stone reliefs decorating his North West Palace at Nimrud (38 39), and the ivory lid of a box (probably Syrian) was decorated on its sides with running o.s (79). Narrow, incomplete ivory strips from Nineveh (Kuyunjik), pierced for attachment, are decorated with processions of up to six o.s moving toward the right, and a single o. with spread wings appears on a small unprovenanced square panel (40; BARNETT 1975: pl. 13:T13 T14; and probably BARNETT 1975: pl. 118:V 1: with a short neck); a number of wedge shaped plaques, some pierced with holes for attachment, were incised with an o. facing left with spread wings: they were found in Rooms S4 5 of the Fort Shalmaneser Residency (41*; see also HERRMANN et al. 2004: S0011 S0017); a semicircular, pierced ivory plaque also depicts an o. (42). On Neo Assyrian cylinder seals that are generally of faience and of 9th to 8th cent. date o.es, often highly stylized, follow each other (3, 43: from Assur; see also MOORTGAT 1940: nos. 713, ; 4, 44 45: from Tell Halaf, Nineveh, and Sherif Khan; for further parallels see COLLON 2001: 58), and also appear on a Neo Babylonian faience seal from Nippur (5). Their hard stone equivalents with trees are rarer (6: from Nippur; 46: from Sherif Khan). O.s with their necks intertwined occur on a fine Neo Assyrian or Neo Babylonian stone seal excavated at Ur (47). The o. alone appears in Palestine/Israel in a tête bêche arrangement on stamp seals (7 8), but also with trees or plants on stamp seals (32 33, 37, 75; almost identical is an unpublished scarab from Megiddo held at the Archaeological Museum of Istanbul, inv.no. 2562; for additional parallels see KEEL 1980: 265 fn. 106) and painted on pottery (34). A surface find from Beth Shean depicts two o.s facing each other on a scaraboid; between them are two disks and a notch like mark (76). At the cult site of Ḥorvat Qitmit in the Negev several fragments of terracotta birds have been found, some of them probably o.s (36; see also BECK 1995: nos , , 170; for a possible fragment from Jerusalem see GILBERT PERETZ 1996: fig. 14:143). In Jordan depictions of o.s alone are attested on stamp seals and sealings, most of them dating to the 8th to 7th cent. (9, 48 49*; EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Tall al Umeiri no. 70 and Tall Dschawa no. 3 are probably not o.s). II.2. Associations A. ASSOCIATED WITH DEITIES/DEMONS 1.1. Nabu, Marduk (50 51, 84) 1.2. Warrior deity (52) 1.3. Master of o.s (10 19, 51, 53 56, 78, 84 87) 1.4. Hero With a sword or stick (57 58, 80, 88 89) Holding an egg (20 22, 35, 59 66, 90 93) 1.5. Indistinct deity (23) 1.6. Possible B. ASSOCIATED WITH ANIMALS: Lion, horse, serpent, caprid, bird (23 26, 67, 81 83, 94) C. ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANS 3.1. Hunter As archer in a chariot (27, 68) As archer riding a camel or horse (65, 71, 93) As archer on foot (60 62, 66, 69 70) With a spear on foot (72, 95) 3.2. Indistinct figure (28 31) 3.3. Pharaonic figure (73) 3.4. Bearer of tribute (74, 77) 1. ASSOCIATED WITH DEI- TIES/DEMONS 1.1. Nabu, Marduk. The symbols of Marduk and Nabu, spade and stylus, are associated with the o. (50 51, 84*) Warrior deity. A Neo Assyrian seal in the British Museum shows a worshipper facing a warrior god with symbols between them and an o. behind them that looks over its shoulder at the worshipper (52*). This is perhaps the only association of an anthropomorphic deity with an o Master of o.s. KEEL (1978: ) has published a group of largely provenanced Levantine scaraboids (10 17; 18 from Jordan can be added and possibly LAMON/SHIPTON 1939: pl. 73:8): they depict figures flanked by o.s, either raising their arms or grasping the birds necks in the pose of the master of animals; they are rudimentarily cut. KEEL has suggested

3 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 3/8 that they are the precursors of Neo Assyrian symmetrical heraldic scenes on cylinder seals, many of high quality, of the late 8th and 7th cent., some of which show heroes grasping two o.s by the neck (19, 51, 85: one o., one bull; 86: one o., one bull; 87: one o., one sphinx) or their winged equivalents (53* 54; 55: one o., one horse; 78, 84*). The most distinguished example in this group was probably cut in an Assyrian workshop, though possibly by a Babylonian seal cutter (see COL- LON 2001: 4f, Section ). It is the seal of King Urzana of Musasir in Urartu, depicting a four winged figure holding flanking o.es by the neck, with an accompanying punning inscription (55) Hero With a sword or stick. A scene that was popular from Middle Assyrian times onward shows a winged hero holding or brandishing a weapon (for the weapons see also 1.4.2) and fighting with an o. (57 where he grasps its tail feathers, and note the baby o.; for another 13th cent. fragmentary impression which might by classified here see MATTHEWS 1990: no. 398 with the remarks by KANTOR 1958: 71 on design VI depicting an arm grasping the neck of an o.). In the case of Neo Assyrian and Neo Babylonian seals the hero or his winged counterpart seizes the neck of the o. (58*, 80, 88, 92). One unusual seal shows a kneeling hero grasping an o. by the neck and holding his sickle sword behind him (89) Holding an egg. This particular scene was most popular during the 8th to 6th cent. It shows a man holding a sickle sword, straight sword, stick, or sometimes a bow behind him in one hand; he raises an egg shaped object toward a startled o. that is often associated with further eggs. COLLON (1998) recorded sixteen examples (20 22, 35, 59* 66, 90, 91 (the figure could be holding a shield rather than an egg), 93 and 92 that are closely related; in addition see also CALMEYER 1969: 84 66, B, not illustrated) on cylinder seals, stamp seals, metal vessels, and quivers, and suggested that this might be a way of distracting the bird as a hunting ploy Indistinct deity. On a conoid from Tell el Far ah (South) an indistinct deity with raised arms is standing on a lion; an o. faces them, above which there is at least one bird visible (23) Possible An unprovenanced MB IIB scarab (KEEL/SCHROER 2004: 128f, no. 94) possibly depicts two o.s standing on top of the lotus crowned head of Hathor and flanking a twig. Iconographically related are o.s on a female headed juglet from Jericho dating to the same period (BECK 1995: 151) On a cylinder seal from Arad dating to the 2nd half of the 8th cent. possibly an o. is facing an enthroned figure who raises one arm toward the bird; between them are the sibitti (AHARONI 1996: fig. 1). The rather long legs and tail feathers speak against an identification with a duck or goose, more likely an o. is depicted. 2. ASSOCIATED WITH ANIMALS: Lion, horse, serpent, caprid, bird. Early Dynastic and Akkadian cylinder seals (see III.1) already depict o.s together with other animals. In the period under discussion here only a few depictions can be mentioned. On Middle Assyrian seal impressions of the late 13th cent. the o. is occasionally shown as attacked by lions (81: from Assur; 82: from Tell Fakhariyah). The o., with a speed up to 70 km/h, can run faster than a horse and has greater stamina (LAUFER 1926: 14; KUMAR/NARVA- RE/PANCHOLI 1992: 197; in Job 39:19 the Lord states: when [the o.] spreads her feathers to run, she laughs at horse and rider ), a Middle Assyrian seal impression of the 13th cent. shows an o. racing a horse (83). A Neo Assyrian cylinder seal from Assur shows two o.s and a serpent (94). Stamp seals from Megiddo depict the o. together with another animal of the arid regions, the caprid (24 26; if a vulture stands behind a striding o. on an unpublished stamp seal [Chicago, Oriental Institute, A 15089] from the same site is unclear). On a Late Hittite relief from Halaf a striding o. is associated with a rooster (67; see also Rooster 4 for an o. with a rooster on a silver bowl from Bubastis). For an association with indistinct birds see ASSOCIATED WITH HUMANS 3.1. Hunter. Hunting o.s was difficult since the birds can run at high speeds (see II.2.2). The main textual reference to the hunting of o.s is on a stela of Ashurnasirpal II of Assyria (about 865) in which the king goes hunting in a chariot and records cutting off the heads of 200 o.s and capturing 140 alive for his zoo and for breeding (WISEMAN 1952: 28, 31, Col. ii, lines 85 94). Iconographically, o. hunting scenes appear in quite a number of different settings As archer in a chariot. A small spouted gold jug some 13 cm high from Royal Tomb III at Nimrud is ornamented with bands of repoussé decoration (68*). The representational part of the middle band is only about 15 mm high: it depicts the hunting of five o.s and two equids

4 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 4/8 by an archer in a chariot. Both equids and one o. have been struck by arrows and are fleeing from him; the other four o.s are approaching the chariot but are looking back at three kneeling archers whose task seems to be to drive them toward the chariot. In a further scene two kneeling archers flank what is probably an o., which is spreading its wings. In Egyptian iconography Tutankhamun is shown on both sides of a gold fan from his tomb hunting o.s (see however REED/OSBORNE 1978 identifying the bird as bustard) with bow and arrow from a chariot (27) As archer riding a camel or horse. On one of the egg scenes (see II ), a hunter armed with a bow pursues the distracted o. on a camel; on another there are at least two camel riders (65, 93). The scenes probably date to the 7th cent. and decorate bronze omphalos bowls in the Louvre and Lattaquié museums. On a Neo Assyrian glazed vase from Nimrud a rider on horseback hunts two o.s on the bank of a stream (weapon not visible), while a third o. faces them on the opposite bank (71) As archer on foot. In Neo Assyrian times o.s are frequently confronted by archers, both standing (69) and kneeling (70; for a similar scene depicting an o. with a scorpion s tail see COLLON 2001: no. 23). In egg scenes (see II ) a bow is sometimes placed before (60 62) the hero, or he holds one (66) With a spear on foot. A fine Middle Assyrian seal depicts a naked man aiming a spear at a lion that rears up above a small stag with an o. behind (72*); the o. may be used to indicate the variety of terrain and game that the hunter dominates (for a late 3rd mill. and probably late 16th cent. seal with a hunter aiming with a spear at an o. see VON DER OSTEN 1934: no. 680 and 95*) Indistinct figure. Two o.s and a human are depicted on a stone cylinder seal from Ugarit (28) and on a faience cylinder seal from the Fosse Temple at Lachish (29*). The latter depicts the human holding a stick like object in both hands; the seal from Ugarit shows the human with one arm in raised posture. On a stamp seal from Megiddo a human raising both arms appears before an o. (30). An o. with a human figure and tree are depicted in a style distinctive of an Ugarit workshop specializing in Mitannian faience seals (31) Pharaonic figure. A serpentinite cylinder seal shows two birds (described as duck or goose but more probably o.s) facing each other on either side of a plant and symbols, and accompanied by a Pharaonic figure ( King Egypt) and ankh sign (73) Bearer of tribute. A beautiful and incredibly fragile three dimensional ivory figure of a royal attendant was excavated at Nimrud, in storeroom NE2 of Fort Shalmaneser; the figure is carrying a goat ( caprid) across his shoulders and holding an o. by the neck (74*). On the Arjan Bowl from Southwestern Iran dating to the mid 7th cent., striding o.s are part of a procession of bearers of tribute approaching the king (77) III. Sources III.1. Chronological range. The earliest depictions of o.s are on Early Dynastic and Akkadian cylinder seals ( ; VON DER OSTEN 1934: nos , 680; DELAPORTE 1910: no. 40). There are Old Babylonian (1800) molded clay plaques depicting an o. from Isin (SPYCKET 1987: pls. 21:IB 1405, 1443, 1582; pl. 32) and Kish (MOOREY 1975: pl. 24a), but a gap then occurs until the Middle Assyrian period (14th 12th; 1 2, 7, 15, 23 29*, 31 32, 34, 37, 57, 72* 73, 75, 81 83) with the exception of an unpublished fragmentary clay plaque (95*) excavated in 2008 at Tell Atchana (Alalakh) below the Level IV (15th cent.) palace courtyard. In the Early Iron Age ( ) the o. is particularly popular in Palestine/Israel (10 12*, 16 17, 33; see also: 7, 15, 23 24, 26, 32, 75). The subject was revived in the Neo Assyrian and Neo Babylonian periods (9th to 6th cent.; 3 5, 9, 13 14, 18 22, 30, 35 36, 38 48, 50 56*, 58* 63, 65 71, 74*, 76 80, 84* 94). The o. is rare in the Persian period (49*, 64). For the significance of o.s in later Christian and Islamic art and symbolism see COLLON 1998: 39f. III.2. Geographical distribution. Few depictions are provenanced, but stylistic distribution indicates that the main sources are Southern Mesopotamia in the 3rd mill. (Ur, Kish) and early 2nd mill. (Isin, Kish). Later 2nd mill. examples come from Northern Mesopotamia and Syria as well as Palestine/Israel, with provenanced examples from Assur (83), Fakhariyah (81 82), Alalakh (95*), Ugarit (1, 28), Tell Keisan (37), Ḥorvat Eleq (75), Megiddo (24 26), Tell en Naṣbeh (15), Lachish (7, 29*, 34), and Tell el Far ah (South) (23). In the first half of the 1st mill. the o. is attested in Assyria (Assur [3, 43, 94], Nimrud [38 39, 41* 42, 59*, 68*, 71, 74*, 79], Nineveh [4, 40, 53*], Sherif Khan [45 46]), Babylonia (Nippur [5, 50], Ur [47], Babylon? [92]), perhaps Urartu (20 22, though made in Assyria), Persia (77), Syria

5 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 5/8 (44, 67), Palestine/Israel (10 14, 16, 30, 33, 36, 76), and Jordan (9, 18, 48, 49*), and as far as Carthage (88; see also 35). III.3. Object types. In all periods the vast majority of objects are cylinder seals or impressions thereof (1 6, 19, 28 29*, 31, 43 47, 50 62, 69 70, 72* 73, 78, 81, 91, 94), followed by scaraboids (7, 10 12*, 14, 17, 25 26, 30, 32 33, 76), scarabs (9, 13, 15 16, 37, 75), and other forms of stamp seals (8, 23 24, 49*, 63, 80, 92). The o. also appears as decoration on relief sculptures (38 39, 67), carved in ivory (strip: 40 41*; plaque: 42; figurine: 74*; lid of a pyxis: 79), as terracotta figurine (36) or plaque (95*), on various vessels (gold jug: 68*; bronze beaker: 66; terracotta vessel: 34, 71) and some bronze bowls (65, 77, 93), and on quiver panels (20 22, 35). IV. Conclusion. Textual evidence indicates that o.s were prized for their meat, feathers, and eggshells. The difficulty in obtaining these led to their association with the elite from at least about 2600, and more specifically with royalty. In view of the interest in o.s attested in the Mari texts it is surprising that there seem to be no glyptic or other representations of o.s in Syria at that time and indeed in all periods, particularly since Syria was the homeland of Near Eastern o.s. On some of the hunting scenes the o. seems to act as a filling motif; it is probably used to indicate the area that it inhabited and thus the extent of the territory the Assyrians controlled. This would also explain why the periods in which o.s are most frequently depicted also coincide with the periods of greatest Assyrian expansion: the Middle Assyrian and Neo Assyrian periods. Royal hunts, like those described by Ashurnasirpal II, presumably led to the increasing scarcity of o.s. Depictions of the actual birds are rare and sporadic, but far outnumber the Levantine depictions of o.s numerically, in quality, and in variety. Indeed, the latter are restricted to a few cylinder and stamp seals from Palestine/Israel and Jordan. There is no evidence, textual or otherwise, for the association of o.s with any specific deity: the only symbols found with them are stars; crescents ( Celestial deities and symbols); and, very occasionally in the 1st mill., the spade of Marduk and stylus of Nabu, but all these are ubiquitous symbols. In her discussion of the votive o.s from Ḥorvat Qitmit, BECK concludes that the birds represented benevolent powers (1995: , 150f and 187f) and contrasted these powers with the malevolent aspect of o.s in Mesopotamia, using as evidence their depiction on cylinder seals in which heroes fight flanking o.s, bulls, lions, and sphinxes. However, these other creatures can hardly be called malevolent and in these contexts o.s are surely appearing as depictions of the largest land bird, alongside the most powerful domesticated and wild creatures and their winged counterparts. They are worthy opponents of heroes and of the Assyrian kings. Indeed, PORADA (1948: 70) suggests that the Assyrians may have considered the o. as an earthly counterpart of the supernatural griffin. They are compared with the eagle, which is represented by its wings on the bull and lion lamassu guardians of the Assyrian palaces. However, the role of the votive ostriches in the Ḥorvat Qitmit shrine is rightly seen as benevolent and also protective. V. Catalogue 1 Cylinder seal, faience, Minet el Beida, SCHAEF- FER FORRER 1983: 82, R.S Cylinder seal, faience, VON DER OSTEN 1934: no Cylinder seal, burnt clay, Assur, MOORTGAT 1940: no Cylinder seal, faience, Nineveh (Kuyunjik), COLLON 2001: no Cylinder seal, faience, Nippur, LEGRAIN 1925: no Cylinder seal, serpentine, LEGRAIN 1925: no Scaraboid, limestone, Lachish, TUFNELL et al. 1953: pl. 44:85 8 Conoid, serpentine, Lachish, TUFNELL et al. 1953: pl. 45:143 9 Scarab, carnelian, Buseira, EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Buseira no Scaraboid, limestone, Tell Beit Mirsim, KEEL 2010: Bet Mirsim no Scaraboid, limestone, Beth Shemesh, KEEL 2010: Bet Schemesch no * Scaraboid, probably bone, 14.2 x 10.2 x 5 mm, Beth Shemesh, Jerusalem, Rockefeller Museum, IAA J.216J. KEEL 2010: Bet Schemesch no Scarab, jasper, Gezer, MACALISTER 1912: III pl. 208:57; KEEL 1978: no Scaraboid, basalt, Gezer, MACALISTER 1912: III pl. 203a:15; KEEL 1978: no Scarab, bone, Tell en Naṣbeh, MCCOWN 1947: pl. 54:23; KEEL 1978: no Scarab, limestone, Samaria (?), KEEL 1978: no Scaraboid, limestone, KEEL 1978: no Stamp seal impression (on handle), clay, Buseira, EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Buseira no Cylinder seal, chalcedony, COLLON 2001: no Quiver panel, bronze, COLLON 1998: no Quiver panel, bronze, COLLON 1998: no Quiver panel, bronze, COLLON 1998: no Conoid, limestone, Tell el Far ah (South), KEEL 2010a: Tell el Far a Süd no Conoid, limestone, Megiddo, LAMON/SHIPTON 1939: pl. 70:40 25 Scaraboid, enstatite, Megiddo, LOUD 1948: pl. 153: Scaraboid, ivory (or rather bone?), Megiddo, LOUD 1948: pl. 153: Fan, gold, Valley of the kings, (Tutankhamun). STODDERT GILBERT/HOLT/HUDSON 1976: pl Cylinder seal, black stone, Ugarit, AMIET 1992: no * Cylinder seal, steatite, 18.9 x 19.6 mm, Lachish, London, British Museum, BM ME TUFNELL 1940: pls. 33A B:42 30 Scaraboid, haematite, Megiddo, LAMON/SHIPTON 1939: pl. 67:38 31 Cylinder seal, composition, KEEL LEU/TEISSIER 2004: no Scaraboid, bone, Lachish, TUFNELL et al. 1953: pl. 44:86 33 Scaraboid, probably limestone, Bethel, KEEL 2010: Bet El no Ewer, clay, Lachish, TUFNELL 1940: pl. 60:2 35 Quiver panel, bronze, Harsin (?), COLLON 1998: no Figurine, fired clay, Ḥorvat Qitmit, 700. BECK 1995: fig Scarab, enstatite, Tell Keisan, KEEL 1980: no Relief, stone, Nimrud, 865. BUDGE 1914: pl. L:1 39 Relief, stone, Nimrud, 865. BUDGE 1914: pl. LIII:2 40 Ivory strip, Nineveh (Kuyunjik), BARNETT 1975: pl. 13:T.12 41* Ivory strip, 50 x 35 x 2 mm, Nimrud, London, British Museum (allocated to the British School of Archaeology in Iraq), ND MALLOWAN 1966: fig. 564; HERRMANN 1992: pl. 2:10 42 Ivory plaque, Nimrud, MALLOWAN 1954: pl. 32:5; MALLOWAN/DAVIES 1970: pl. 36: Cylinder seal, faience, Assur, MOORTGAT 1940: no Cylinder seal, serpentinite, Tell Halaf, COLLON 2001: no.

6 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 6/ Cylinder seal, faience, Sherif Khan, COLLON 2001: no Cylinder seal, carnelian, Sherif Khan, COLLON 2001: no Cylinder seal, carnelian, Ur, LEGRAIN 1951: no Bulla, clay, Chirbat al Mudayyina, EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Chirbat al Mudayyina no. 2 49* Duck shaped scaraboid, chalcedony, 25.4 x 11.8 x 17.6 mm, Tall al Mazar, Amman, Jordan University Archaeological Museum, 162. EGGLER/KEEL 2006: Tall al Mazar no Cylinder seal, faience, Nippur, LEGRAIN 1925: no Cylinder seal, jasper, PORADA 1948: no * Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 25 x 13 mm, London, British Museum, BM ME COLLON 2001: no * Cylinder seal, lapis lazuli, 42 x 20 mm, Nineveh, Baghdad, Iraq Museum, COLLON 2005: no Cylinder seal, WARD 1910: no Cyliner seal, WEBER 1920: no * Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 48.5 x 22 mm, 714. The Hague, Koninklijk Muntenkabinet, Cabinet Royal des Médailles à la Haye, inv. no. COLLON 1994; COLLON 2005: no Cylinder seal, marble, 31 x 14 mm, New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Morgan Seal 606. PORADA 1948: no * Cylinder seal, chalcedony, 700. Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Cabinet des Medailles, 330. DE- LAPORTE 1910: no * Cylinder seal, steatite, 32 x 11 mm. Nimrud, COLLON 1998: no Cylinder seal, calcite, COLLON 1998: no Cylinder seal, COLLON 1998: no Cylinder seal, chalcedony, COLLON 1998: no Conoid, chalcedony, COLLON 1998: no Stamp seal impression (on tablet), fired clay, Nippur, 421. COLLON 1998: no Omphalos bowl, bronze, COLLON 1998: no. 11; FALSONE 1992: pls. 5 7): 66 Beaker, bronze, COLLON 1998: no Relief, stone, Tell Halaf, RIEMSCHNEIDER 1954: pl. 80 top right 68* Jug, gold, 15 mm (height of repoussé decoration), Nimrud, d. Baghdad, Iraq Museum, IM CURTIS et al. 2008: fig. 14 s and pl Cylinder seal, probably faience, DELAPORTE 1923: pl. 86:12 70 Cylinder seal, chalcedony, COLLON 2001: no Vase, clay, Nimrud, MALLOWAN 1966: fig * Cylinder seal, quartz, 45 x 18 mm, London, British Museum, BM ME MATTHEWS 1990: no Cylinder seal, serpentine, KEEL LEU/TEISSIER: no * Figurine, ivory, 144* x 77 x 15 mm, Nimrud, Baghdad, Iraq Museum, IM MALLOWAN 1966: no. 445; HERRMANN 1992: no Scarab, enstatite, Ḥorvat Eleq, KEEL 2010: Horvat Eleq no Scaraboid, probably limestone, Beth Shean, KEEL 2010: Bet Schean no Bowl, bronze, Arjan, 650. MAJIDZADEH 1992: fig Cylinder seal, chalcedony, LEGRAIN 1925: no Lid of pyxis, ivory, Nimrud, MALLOWAN 1966: figs Pyramidal seal, chalcedony, DELAPORTE 1923: pl. 91:18b 81 Cylinder seal impression (on tablet), fired clay, Fakhariyah, MATTHEWS 1990: no Cylinder seal impression (on tablet), clay, Fakhariyah, MATTHEWS 1990: no. 397; MOORTGAT 1942: no Cylinder seal impression (on tablet), fired clay, Assur, MOORTGAT CORRENS 1964: no. 10, fig * Cylinder seal, chert, 31 x16 mm, New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, Morgan Seal 759. PORADA 1948: no Cylinder seal, jasper, COLLON 2001: no Cylinder seal, chalcedony, PORADA 1948: no Cylinder seal, chalcedony, GORDON 1939: no Cylinder seal, Carthage Dermech, CINTAS 1970: pl. 22:120a 89 Cylinder seal ( from a cast ), 800/ WARD 1910: no Cylinder seal, chalcedony, COLLON 1998: no. 2; DE- LAPORTE 1910: no Cylinder seal, brown stone, (but could also be Middle Assyrian). COLLON 1998: no Pyramidal stamp seal, carnelian, Babylon (?), COLLON 1998: no Omphalos bowl, bronze, COLLON 1998: no. 12; FALSONE 1992: pls. 2 4): 94 Cylinder seal, faience, Assur, MOORTGAT 1940: no * Plaque, clay, 43 x 67 x 25 mm, Tell Atchana (Alalakh), Antakya, Hatay Museum, excavation no. AT Unpublished. VI. Selected bibliography COLLON 1998 Dominique Collon

7 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 7/8 Bibliography AHARONI M., 1996, An Iron Age Cylinder Seal: IEJ 46, AMIET P., 1992: Corpus des cylindres de Ras Shamra Ougarit II. Sceaux cylindres en hématite et pierres diverses (Editions Recherches sur les Civilisations, Ras Shamra Ougarit IX), Paris. BARNETT R.D., : A Catalogue of the Nimrud Ivories, London. 1976: Sculptures from the North Palace of Ashurbnipal at Nineveh, London. BECK P., 1995, Catalogue of Cult Objects and Study of the Iconography, in: BEITH ARIEH I., ed., Ḥorvat Qitmit. An Edomite Shrine in the Biblical Negev (Tel Aviv University, Sonia and Marco Nadler Institute of Archaeology, Monograph Series 11), Tel Aviv, BIROT M., 1974, Lettres de Yaqqim Addu gouverneur de Sagarâtum (Archives royales de Mari XIV), Paris. BUDGE E.A.W., 1914, Assyrian Sculptures in the British Museum, Reign of Ashur nasir pal, B.C., London. CAD = Chicago Assyrian Dictionary. CALMEYER P., 1969, Datierbare Bronzen aus Luristan und Kirmanshah (Untersuchungen zur Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie 5), Berlin. 1970, Federkranze und Musik, in A. FINET, ed., Actes de la XVIIe Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 30 juin 4 juillet 1969, Ham sur Heure, CAUBET A., 1983, Les oeufs d autruche au Proche Orient ancient: Report of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus, CINTAS P., 1970, Manuel d archéologie punique I., Paris. COLLON D., 1994, Urzana of Musasir s seal, in: ÇILINGIROĞLU A./FRENCH D.H., eds., Anatolian Iron Ages 3. The Proceedings of the Third Anatolian Iron Ages Colloquium held at Van, 6 12 August 1990, , First catch your ostrich, Iranica Antiqua 23, , Catalogue of the Western Asiatic Seals in the British Museum, Cylinder Seals V. Neo Assyrian and Neo Babylonian Periods, London , First Impressions: Cylinder Seals in the Ancient Near East, London. 2008, Nimrud Treasures Panel Discussion, in: CURTIS J.E. et al., eds., New Light on Nimrud Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th 13th March 2002, London, CONWELL D., 1987, On ostrich eggs and Libyans: Expedition 29, CURTIS J.E. et al., 2008, New Light on Nimrud: Proceedings of the Nimrud Conference 11th-13th March 2002, London. DAJANI R. W., 1970, A Late Broze Iron Age Tomb Excavated at Sahab, 1968: ADAJ 15, DELAPORTE L., 1910, Catalogue des Cylindres Orientaux et des Cachets de la Bibliothèque Nationale, 2 vols., Paris. DONBAZ V./STOLPER M.W., 1997, Istanbul Murašu Texts, Leiden. EGGLER J./KEEL O., 2006, Corpus der Siegel Amulette aus Jordanien. Vom Neolithikum bis zur Perserzeit (OBO.SA 25), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen. FALSONE G., 1992, Nuove coppe metalliche di fattura orientale: Vicino Oriente 8, FINET A., 1983, L oeuf d autruche, in: QUAEGEBEUR J., ed., Studia Paulo Naster 2 (Orientalia Antiqua), Leuven, GARDINER A., , Egyptian Grammar, Oxford. GILBERT PERETZ D. et al., 1996, Ceramic Figurines, in: ARIEL D.T./DE GROOT A., eds., Excavations at The City of David Vol. IV (Qedem 35), Jerusalem. GORDON C.H., 1939, Western Asiatic Seals in the Walters Art Gallery: Iraq 6, HERRMANN G., 1992, Ivories from Nimrud V. The Small Collections from Fort Shalmaneser, London. HERRMANN G. et al., 2004, The published Ivories from Fort Shalmaneser, Nimrud A Scanned Archive of Photographs (British School of Archaeology in Iraq), London. KANTOR H.J., 1958, The glyptic, in: MCEWAN C.W. et al., Soundings at Tell Fakhariyah (OIP 79), Chicago, KEEL O., 1978, Jahwes Entgegnung an Ijob. Eine Deutung von Ijob vor dem Hintergrund der zeitgenössischen Bildkunst (FRLANT 121), Göttingen. 1980, La Glyptique de Tell Keisan ( ), in: BRIEND J./HUMBERT J. B., eds., Tell Keisan ( ). Une cité phénicienne en Galilée (OBO.SA 1), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen/Paris, = KEEL O./SHUVAL M./UEHLINGER CH., 1990, Studien zu den Stempelsiegeln aus Palästina/Israel III (OBO 100), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen, , Corpus der Stempelsiegel Amulette aus Palästina/Israel. Von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit. Katalog Band I: Von Tell Abu Faraǧ bis Atlit. With Three Contributions by Baruch Brandl (OBO.SA 13), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen. 2010, Corpus der Stempelsiegel Amulette aus Palästina/Israel. Von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit. Katalog Band II: Von Bahan bis Tel Eton. Mit Beiträgen von Daphna Ben Tor, Baruch Brandl und Robert Wenning (OBO.SA 29), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen. 2010a, Corpus der Stempelsiegel Amulette aus Palästina/Israel. Von den Anfängen bis zur Perserzeit. Katalog Band III: Von Tell el Far a Nord bis Tell el Fir. Mit Beiträgen von Daphna Ben Tor und Robert Wenning (OBO.SA 31), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen. KEEL LEU H./TEISSIER B., 2004, Die vorderasiatischen Rollsiegel der Sammlungen «Bibel+Orient» der Universität Freiburg Schweiz. The Ancient Near Eastern Cylinder Seals of the Collections «Bible+Orient» of the University of Fribourg (OBO 200), Fribourg/Göttingen. KER PORTER R., 1820, Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia, ancient Babylonia during the years , London, 2 vols. KUMAR G./NARVARE G./PANCHOLI R., 1992, Ostrich eggshell objects and engraved pieces: New evidence from Upper Palaeolithic art and ornaments in India, in: LORBLANCHE M., Rock Art in the Old World Papers presented in Symposium A of the AURA Congress, Darwin (Australia 1988, IGNCA Rock Art Series 1), New Delhi. LAMON R.S./SHIPTON G.M., 1939, Megiddo I. Seasons of , Strata I V (OIP 42), Chicago. LAUFER B., 1926, Ostrich egg shell cups of Mesopotamia and the ostrich in ancient and modern times (Field Museum of Natural History, Leaflet 23), Chicago. LEGRAIN L., 1925, The Culture of the Babylonians from their Seals in the Collections of the Museum (University of Pennsylvania, The University Museum, Publications of the Babylonian Section XIV), Philadelphia. 1951, Ur Excavations X. Seal Cylinders, Oxford. MACALISTER R.A.S., 1912, The Excavation of Gezer and , 3 vols., London.

8 Iconography of Deities and Demons: Electronic Pre-Publication 8/8 MAJIDZADEH Y., 1992, The Arjan Bowl: Iran 30, MALLOWAN M.E.L., 1954, The Excavations at Nimrud (Kalhu), 1953: Iraq 16, , Nimrud and its Remains, London. MALLOWAN M.E.L./DAVIES L.G., 1970, Ivories from Nimrud ( ). II: Ivories in Assyrian Style, London. MATTHEWS D.[M.], 1990, Principles of Composition in Near Eastern Glyptic of the Later Second Millenium B.C. (OBO.SA 8), Freiburg Schweiz/Göttingen. MCCOWN CH.CH., 1947, Tell en Naṣbeh. Excavated under the Direction of the Late William Frederic Badè. Vol. I: Archaeological and Historical Results, Berkeley/New Haven. MCGOVERN P.E., 1986, The Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages of Central Transjordan: The Baq ah Valley Project, (University Museum Monograph 65), Philadelphia. MOOREY P.R.S., 1975, The terracotta plaques from Kish and Hursagkalama, c to 1650 B.C.: Iraq 37, , Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries, Oxford. MOORTGAT, A. 1940, Vorderasiatische Rollsiegel, Berlin. 1942, Assyrische Glyptik des 13. Jahrhunderts: ZA 47, MOORTGAT CORRENS U., 1964, Beiträge zur mittelassyrischen Glyptik, in: BITTEL K. et al., eds,, Vorderasiatische Archäologie Studien und Aufsätze Anton Moortgat zum Fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag gewidmet von Kollegen, Freunden und Schülern, Berlin. PORADA E., 1948, Corpus of Near Eastern Seals in North American Collections I. The Pierpont Morgan Library Collection (The Bollingen Series IV), Washington DC. REED C.A./OSBORN D.J, 1978, Taxonomic Transgressions in Tutankhamuns s Treasures: AJA 82: REESE D., 1985, B. The Kition ostrich eggshells, in: KARAGEORGIS, V., Excavations at Kition V.2. The pre Phoenician Levels, Nicosia, RIEMSCHNEIDER M., 1954, Die Welt der Hethiter, Stuttgart. SCHAEFFER FORRER C.F. A., 1983, Corpus I. des cylindres de Ras Shamra Ugarit et d Enkomi Alasia (Editions Recherches sur les Civilisations, Synthèse 13), Paris. SPYCKET A., 1987, Les figurines de terre cuite (7e 8e campagnes, ), in: HROUDA B., ed., Isin Išān Bahirīyāt III. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen , München, STODDERT GILBERT K./HOLT J.K./HUDSON H., eds., 1976, Treasures of Tutankhamun (Exhibition catalogue, Metropolitan Museum of Art), New York. TUFNELL O., 1940, Lachish II (Tell ed Duweir). The Fosse Temple, London. TUFNELL O. et al., 1953, Lachish III (Tell ed Duweir). The Iron Age, 2 vols., London. VON DER OSTEN H.H., 1934, Ancient Oriental Seals in the Collection of Mr. Edward T. Newell (Oriental Institute Publication 22), Chicago. WARD W.H., 1910, The Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, Washington D.C. WEBER O., 1920, Altorientalische Siegelbilder, Leipzig. WISEMAN D.J., 1952, A New Stela of Assur Nasir Pal II: Iraq 14, WOOLLEY C.L., 1934, Ur Excavations II. The Royal Cemetery, London/Philadelphia. YALÇIN Ü./PULAK C./SLOTTA R., 2005, Das Schiff von Uluburun Katalog der Ausstellung des Deutschen Bergbau Museums Bochum vom 15. Juli 2005 bis 16. Juli 2006, Bochum.