The Archaeological Society of Ohio

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2 The Archaeological Society of Ohio Officers President Dana L. Baker, 976 West Taylor St., Mt. Victory Ohio Vice President Jan Sorgenfrei, Maxtown Rd., Westerville, Ohio Executive Secretary Frank W. Otto, Hempwood Dr., Cols., Ohio Treasurer John J. Winsch, Summerdale Dr., Dayton, Ohio Recording Secretary Dave Mielke, 976 Box 389, Botkins. Ohio Editor-Robert N. Converse, Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio Trustees Ensil Chadwick. 9 Rose Avenue, Mt. Vernon, Ohio Wayne A. Mortine, Scott Drive, Oxford Hgts., Newcomerstown, Ohio 978 Charles H. Stout, 9 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Ohio 978 Alva McGraw, Route #, Chillicothe, Ohio 976 William C. Haney, 706 Buckhom St., Ironton, Ohio 976 Ernest G. Good, 6 Civic Drive, Grove City, Ohio. 976 Editorial Staff and Publishing Committee Editor Robert N. Converse, 99 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio Associate Editor Martha P. Otto, The Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio 432 Regional Collaborators- David W. Kuhns, 2642 Shawnee Road, Portsmouth, Ohio Charles H. Stout, Sr., 9 Redbank Drive, Fairborn, Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Drive, Zanesville, Ohio Ohio Claude Britt, Jr., Many Farms, Arizona Ray Tanner, Behringer Crawford Museum, DeVou Park, Covington, Kentucky William L.Jenkins, 382 Laurel Lane, Anderson, Indiana Mark W. Long, Box 467, Wellston, Ohio Steven Kelley, Seaman, Ohio James Murphy, Dept. of Geology, Case Western Reserve Univ. Cleveland, Ohio Editorial Office and Business Office 99 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio Membership and Dues Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $7.50; Husband and wife (one copy of publication) $8.50; Contributing $ Funds a re used for publishing the Ohio Archaeologist. The Archaeological Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization and has no paid officers or employees. The Ohio Archaeologist is published quarterly and subscription is included in the membership dues. Back Issues Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist may be purchased at the following prices: Ohio Flint Types $4.00 per copy Ohio Stone Tools $3.00 per copy Ohio Slate Types $5.00 per copy Back issues 964 to 974 $2.00 per copy Back issues prior to 964 if still in print $5.00 per copy Write for prices on out of print issues Make all checks or money orders payable to the Archaeological Society of Ohio and send to 99 Converse Drive, Plain City, Ohio STANDING COMMITTEES PROGRAM COMMITTEE Martha P. Otto, Chairman Ed. R. Hughes Richard Stambaugh Frank Otto John Winsch Robert Converse MEMBERSHIP COMMITTEE Richard Stanbaugh, Chairman Ed. Gall Summers Redick Don Casto Carroll Welling Steve Parker Robert Harter Tom Stropki John Vargo David Scott David Kuhns Douglas Hooks Steve Kelley FRAUDULENT ARTIFACTS COMMITTEE Robert Converse, Chairman Ernest Good Jack Hooks Steve Fuller Philip Foley Don Bapst Jan Sorgenfrei David Scott LEGISLATIVE COMMITTEE Alva McGraw, Chairman Dwight Shipley Gilbert Dilley Norman Wright David Kuhns Robert Converse EDUCATION AND PUBLICITY Dave Mielke, Chairman Charles Stout, Sr. Marilyn Harness Wayne Mortine James Murphy Ed R. Hughes NOMINATING COMMITTEE Jan Sorgenfrei, Chairman Robert Converse Jack Hooks Ensil Chadwick AUDITING COMMITTEE Donn Buck, Chairman Mike Kish Ensil Chadwick EXHIBITS COMMITTEE Frank Otto, Chairman John Winsch Myers Campbell Steve Fuller Kenneth Black Jim Ritchie

3 OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST TABLE OF CONTENTS President's Page 4 A Burial Ground on Little Darby Creek 5 A Marine Shell from the Fairmont Mound 8 Archaeological Salvage on Transportation Projects 9 The Davidson Site, Noble County, Ohio 2 Painted Pottery in Fort Ancient 5 The Cattaraugus Pipe 8 The Incised Mouth Birdstone 20 A Glacial Kame Birdstone from Defiance County 22 An Arrowhead Imbedded in a Human Vertebra 22 The Religion of the Birdstone People 23 Artifacts from Lake Erie 29 Artifacts from the Collection of Gordon and Steven Hart 30 A Richland County Flint Assemblage 3 An Unusual Projectile Point 34 A Tubular Pipe 34 Some Findings at the Reeve Site 35 The Grave of a Fort Ancient Arrow Maker 38 An Unfinished Gorget 39 Book Review 39 A Dovetail from Ross County Back Cover FRONT COVER Fort Ancient, located near Lebanon, Ohio, is the largest Hopewell Hilltop Fortification in North America. It is situated on the banks of the Little Miami River, near -7 and commands a breathtaking view of the Little Miami valley. An anomoly of Archaeology is that this gigantic earthworks, supposedly built by Hopewell Indians, gave its name to the culture of its presumedly later occupants, the Fort Ancient people. 3

4 PRESIDENTS PAGE It is with great sadness that I must inform you of the death of Connie Converse. Connie was killed in an auto accident near Plain City, Ohio Aug. 2, 975. Connie was always a willing helping hand for Bob and Jeanie in their many duties for The Archaeological Society of Ohio. She will be greatly missed by all of us that had the privilege to know her. I feel this is best expressed by the words of her father in her Eulogy. connie lynn convecse, Connie Lynn Converse, daughter of Bob and Jeanie Converse, was born April 2, 954, and died August 2, 975. She lived all her brief life in Plain City where she grew from a happy little girl to a lovely young woman. She graduated from Jonathan Alder High School in the class of 972 and was a cheerleader for the basketball team and a member of the homecoming court. We could not have asked for a more loving or beautiful daughter and she was a constant source of joy and pleasure for us. There is now and always will be a void in our lives which can never again be filled by her love and kindness. Connie had many friends, both young and old, who will remember her happy and vibrant personality. The life of Connie was like a shooting star lasting for almost an instant it seems but filled with a brilliance and glory for all to see. We know now that she has found a peace in a more beautiful and happy place. No one will ever know how much she was loved by her father, mother, brother, and her friends. No one will ever know the emptiness in our hearts. But we are certain that someday we will be with Connie again where we can love her and cherish her and return a little of the many happinesses she gave to us. ^^(2^c^^)^)(^^^^)(^%^^^)(S^(^ I'm sure all of you join me in extending our heartfelt sympathy to Bob, Jeanie and Robin at this time of tragic loss. 4

5 A Burial Ground on Little Darby Creek by Robert N. Converse Plain City, Ohio and Bruce and Owen Cowan Urbana, Ohio On the Saturday before Easter Sunday 974, Bob was field hunting on a favorite site along Little Darby Creek in Madison County. Much to his dismay he found the tracks of two people who had apparently preceded him to the fields where he had hunted for over eighteen years. Having no other likely-looking sites in the vicinity, he decided to see if his predecessors had missed anything, but there were tracks in every part of each field. The last part of the farm had also been covered pretty thoroughly, but much to Bob's amazement the hunters who preceeded him had walked over several piles of human bone scattered on a small knoll; in fact they had stepped directly on them on some cases. From surface examination it was evident that at least seven or eight burials had been brought to the surface. It appeared to be a good chance for some salvage archaeology and so Bob talked to the tenant farmer and secured permission to do some test digging. He then called his good friend, Owen Cowan of Urbana, and he and his son Bruce came over to begin some testing. Since the field had been recently plowed the digging was not difficult quite probably deeper plowing was responsible for bringing the skeletal material to the surface. It was their hope that the cultivation had not destroyed all the inhumations. The burial ground property is situated on a small knoll adjacent to a tributary of Little Darby. When farmers plow deeply, these small knolls invariably are disturbed even more simply because they are higher in profile than the surrounding field. After a few minutes of removing the plow zone they found the remnants of what were the burials of a woman and a small child. Both were greatly disturbed and, in fact it was their fragmentary bones brought to the surface that had caught the excavators' attention. They spent the balance of the day uncovering what was left of these burials and tried to gather the human bone on the surface in the immediate vicinity for later examination. They decided to wait until Monday to continue and marked the various places on the knoll where bits and pieces of human bone had been found as possible places to dig. Monday was a cold and blustery day as the Cowans drove from Urbana to the burial site on Little Darby. Although Bob Converse could not be there that day, they began digging at a place marked previously. Just under the plow line they located an extended burial partially disturbed by the plow and spent the day excavating it. From the fragmentary skull and the size of the long bones they determined that it was a male. They carefully uncovered what had not been disturbed and took photographs as the dig progressed. Unfortunately not all the pictures came out properly but they also made sketches which show the position of the burial and what was found with it. Under the left humerus upper arm was a very curious artifact, an extremely crude spearpoint made of Delaware chert which appears to be of the Ashtabula type, one not often found in central Ohio. It is very poorly made by any standard, but there is no accounting for its crudity. It may be nothing more than a piece made for a burial offering a token of final respect or else it was highly prized by its owner and therefore buried with him. Between the upper legsright and left femura were two artifacts: a nicely-made green and gray speckled granite celt and a stemmed point of jet black flint. The base of the black point is heavily ground. Having spent a long and cold day digging the Cowans decided to call it a day, so filled in the excavation and left for Urbana. On Tuesday, Converse went back to the Little Darby site and began digging at a spot on the lower side of the knoll toward the stream. Immediately beneath the plow line he found an extended burial in excellent condition. Strangely, both the skull and right arm were completely missing. There was no evidence that the plow had removed these bones and the burial seemed to be undisturbed. This situation may have been the result of groundhog burrowing or else the individual was interred less skull and right arm. The lower leg bones were broken off about 6 inches from the ankles which, since the breaks seemed to be old, he assumed had been caused by an intrusive burial. A

6 circular pit had been dug through the lower leg bones of the extended burial and contained a flexed male burial in excellent condition. Circular graves and flexed burials are typical of the Archaic, but no artifacts accompanied either individual. One curious feature, however, was noted on the right femur of the extended burial, for resting against it was one of the large toe bones. Whether it was placed there at the time of interrment is not known but seems probable. It may have been a bone from another burial encountered during the excavation of the extended pit. The burial ground on Little Darby Creek, Madison County, Ohio, is Archaic in origin. It probably is Late Archaic because of the following observations: a combination of flexed and extended burials with one burial pit intruding through another one; the presence of an Ashtabula spear point; the stemmed point with heavy basal grinding is probably Late Archaic. Many artifacts discovered in the surrounding fields are Archaic and, in fact, very few examples of Woodland projectile points or stone tools have been found there. No pottery was in either the burial pits or in the surrounding areas. A later report will be made on a collection of surface material gathered from this site during an eighteen-year period of hunting. Fig. (Converse-Cowan) Three artifacts found with burial on Little Darby Creek. Left is an Archaic stemmed point of Zaleski flint with heavily ground base. Ashtabula point is heavy and crude. Celt is made of a green speckled granite. Note heavy encrustation commonly found on grave goods. Illustration shown full size. 6

7 , *-^^l&i ^^ >c* Fig. 2 (Converse-Cowan) Extended burial. Note missing left arm and skull. Out of place foot bone can be seen lying against right femur. Lower leg bones of this skeleton were broken by an intrusive burial pit. Fig. 3 (Converse-Cowan) Flexed skeleton from the Little Darby site. Skull, upper arm bones, and leg bones are visible. This pit intruded through that of the extended burial in Fig. 2. Plow line may be seen as a dark streak just above the skull.

8 A Marine Shell from the Fairmont Mound Jonathan Bowen 3557 W.S.R. 20 Lindsey, Ohio The Adena culture inhabited the central and southern portions of Ohio from approximately 000 B.C., until about A.D The economy of these people was based on hunting, gathering, and the practice of agriculture. One of the traits of the Adena culture was the erection of conical mounds of earth, which were often built on hill tops. Some large conical mounds were not completed until several centuries after they were begun (Potter 968:32). The Fairmont mound is of this type. It is located on a hill top on the north side of the National Road in Licking Township, Licking County, Ohio. I visited the Fairmont mound on August 8, 974. An excavation had recently been made a couple of meters north of the northern edge of the tumulus. In the overburden, I found a scraper and a flake knife, both of which were manufactured from high quality, mottled Flint Ridge flint. I also found a valve fragment of a marine pelecypod (Fig. ). The fragment has been identified as Chione cancellata Linne, which inhabits shallow water from North Carolina to Florida and Brazil. Marine shells have also been found in other Adena mounds. Some marine shell beads were found near the Adena Pipe with Burial #2 in the Adena mound (Mills 902: 474), and more than 200 marine shell beads were found associated with an inhumation in the Carriage Factory mound (Moorehead 899:29). Both sites were located in Ross County, Ohio. Beads made from juvenile examples of Cassis, a marine gastropod, were recovered from the Dover mound, in Mason County, Kentucky (Webb and Baby 957:30). Cassis, like Chione cancellata, lives in shallow water from North Carolina to Brazil. It is interesting to hypothesize how a valve of the pelecypod Chione cancellata could have reached the Fairmont mound. The nearest point of origin is 450 miles away. Perhaps it reached the local Adena population through trade with coastal Indians. I would like to thank Dr. Joseph Rosewater of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C., who identified the pelecypod valve fragment and who provided information about the range of the living animal. Mills, William C. 902 Excavation of the Adena mound. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Publications, 0: Columbus. Moorehead, Warren K. 899 Report of field work. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Publications, 7: Columbus. Potter, Martha A. 968 Ohio's prehistoric peoples. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus. Webb, William S. and Raymond S. Baby 957 The Adena people no. 2. The Ohio Historical Society. Columbus. I I CM Fig. (Bowen) Chione cancellute from the Fairmont mound. 8

9 Archaeological Salvage on Transportation Projects by David R. Bush 4680 Dalebridge #6 Warrensville Heights, Ohio There has been an increasing awareness by our society that the continual growth of our industrial nation has resulted in the gradual disappearance of our country's heritage. The Federal government has responded to the public's concern for the preservation of our prehistoric and historic heritage with the passage of the American Antiquities Act of 906, the National Historic Preservation Act of 966, the National Environmental Policy Act of 969, the Archaeological Conservation Act of 974, and issuance of Executive Order 593. These Federal regulations have clearly shown the government's role as a leader in legislation, funding, and a policy of historic preservation on federally sponsored undertakings. In Ohio, all undertakings which are Federal, federally assisted, or federally licensed must comply with present regulations concerning the effect of the undertaking upon prehistoric properties. It is the policy of all Federal agencies "in consultation with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation (6 U.S.C. 470i), to institute procedures to assure that Federal plans and programs contribute to the preservation and enhancement of non-federally owned sites, structures, and objects of historical, architectural or archaeological significance." (Section (3) of E.O. 593) All prehistoric and historic properties in Ohio of national, state, or local significance threatened to be disturbed by a Federal, federally assisted, or federally licensed undertaking are protected under the regulations cited above. Any prehistoric or historic property in Ohio of any significance threatened to be disturbed by a State or local project with no Federal involvement is not protected by any legislation and will be destroyed unless the individuals involved with the undertaking have a particular interest in preserving the property. Prehistoric and historic properties of national, state, or local significance are recognized by the Ohio Historic Site Preservation Advisory Board as being eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. With this designation, a Federal agency wishing to utilize the land upon which a National Register Property exists must comply with the National Historic Preservation Act of 966 and adequately document its case for altering the property. Final recommendations for the preservation of the property with respect to the Federal project's involvement rests with the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. Prehistoric sites threatened by any Federal undertaking can be preserved in many ways. Basically, preservation is accomplished by relocating the Federal undertaking to avoid any disturbance of the site, or salvaging the cultural material and scientific data of the site by controlled excavation before the undertaking proceeds. Farming, strip mining, highway construction, housing projects, dam construction, and all other forms of land alteration have caused vast amounts of Ohio's prehistory to be lost without a trace. Many forms of land alteration have no Federal involvement and the prehistoric sites located within the boundaries of these projects are not protected by present Federal or state legislation. However, prehistoric sites in the path of proposed transportation facilities can be protected if it is determined the sites warrant preservation, or can be salvaged. Although never utilized in Ohio for the Salvage of archaeological sites, the U.S. Department of Transportation has developed a guide by which an appropriate individual, institution, museum, or organization can secure Federal funding for the salvage of prehistoric sites destined to be destroyed by a proposed federally sponsored transportation project. The U.S. Department of Transportation published on March 3, 97, the "Policy and Procedure Memorandum 20-7" (PPM 20-7) for the purposes of implementing Section 305, Title 23: Highways, U.S.C. entitled Archaeological and Paleontological Salvage which reads as follows: "Funds authorized to be appropriated to carry out this title to the extent approved as necessary by the highway department of any State, may be used for archaeological and paleontological salvage in that State; in compliance with the Act entitled An Act for 9

10 the Preservation of American Antiquities', Approved June 8, 906 (34 Stat. 225) and State laws where applicable." The purpose of the PPM 20-7 is to outline the steps necessary for conducting archaeological and palaeontological salvage on Federal or federally sponsored highway projects. The main objectives of Section 305, Title 23, U.S.C. is to "increase the knowledge of archaeological and paleontological objects through cooperation with recognized museums, universities, colleges, or other scientific or educational institutions. It is expected that objects salvaged will be permanently preserved without private gain for the inspiration and benefit of the people of the United States." (PPM 20-7, Par. -b) A "salvage authority" can apply for Federal highway funds to perform reconnaissance surveys, preliminary site examinations, and salvage work. "Salvage authority" is defined as "the Federal, State, or local authorities including representatives of the highway agencies, concerned with the salvage, preservation, and study of historic objects. Salvage authority' may also include institutions and organizations qualified to examine, excavate, and gather historic objects and information thereof, such as museums, universities, colleges, or other recognized scientific or educational institutions." (PPM 20-7, Par. 3-c) If it can be adequately documented that the construction of a specific highway project has the potential of destroying significant prehistorical sites and scientific data, an appropriate salvage authority may apply for Federal highway funds to perform a reconnaissance survey for the location of archaeological sites on or along the proposed project any time during or after the corridor location phase of the highway project. Funds may also be applied for by an appropriate salvage authority for the purposes of preliminary site examination; including inspection, test excavation, and evaluation of the known or suspected sites for an assessment of the necessity to perform salvage work. If it has been determined that salvage excavation is required, then the salvage authority may apply for Federal highway funds to perform the work. If the sites involved are considered eligible for or listed on the National Register of Historic Places, this determination of salvage will come from the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. If the sites are important, but not considered eligible for the National Register, then this determination is made by the Ohio Department of Transportation in consultation with the Federal Highway Administration and the appropriate salvage authority. Salvage work shall include the excavation, preparation and preservation of recovered materials, and the issuance of a report to the agencies involved describing the excavation. When it has been determined by an appropriate salvage authority that a proposed highway project may endanger known or suspected archaeological sites, the salvage authority should notify, in writing, the Federal Highway Administration, the Ohio Department of Transportation, and the State Historic Preservation Office (the Director of the Ohio Historical Society) that the proposed highway project may destroy significant prehistorical data (PPM 20-7, Par. 4-d). Accordingly, the Ohio Department of Transportation should then contact the salvage authority to arrange for the necessary reconnaissance survey and/or preliminary site examination. If it is determined that salvage work is warranted, the Ohio Department of Transportation is responsible for the arrangement of the salvage work with the salvage authority. Pursuant to Section 305, Title 23, U.S.C, Federal-aid highway funds may participate in the cost of the reconnaissance survey, preliminary site examination, and the salvage work "in the same proportion as the Federal funds are expended on the related highway project" (PPM 20-7, Par. 5-a). Therefore, if the highway project is 70 percent federally funded and 30 percent State funded, then the costs for the salvage shall be funded 70 percent by Federal funds and 30 percent by funds made available to the State for financing the salvage project. The State funding can come from services or grants supplied by universities, colleges, museums, institutions, or other organizations wishing to finance part of the salvage costs. Included in the salvage costs are cost of labor, overhead, materials, supplies, handling charges, transportation, and necessary equipment. All salvage projects under Section 305, Title 23, U.S.C. are limited to that portion of an archaeological site within the rightof-way limits of a proposed highway project The Archaeological Conservation Act of 974 also contains provisions for salvage of prehistorical sites which may be irrevocably lost or destroyed as a result of a Federal or federally assisted highway project. Under this legislation, whenever any Federal agency or the Secretary of the Interior finds, or is notified in writing, that a proposed Federal 0

11 or federally assisted undertaking is presently, or may cause "irreparable loss or destruction" of significant prehistorical data, the Federal agency can with funds appropriated to it for the project undertake the recovery, protection, and preservation of data recovered from the prehistoric site. The Federal agency may wish to transfer such funds (not more than % of the project funds, unless project is funded for less than $50,000) to the Secretary of the Interior for undertaking the necessary salvage activity. Included in the salvage activity can be preliminary survey, salvage excavation, analysis of materials, and publication of reports resulting from the salvage activity. In either event the Federal agency is authorized to expend project funds for this salvage activity. In orderforthe remaining vestiges of Ohio's prehistory to be saved, the public must take an active role in seeing that the projects proposed for the future in Ohio do not needlessly destroy its past. All individuals aware of prehistoric sites that are or may be scheduled for destruction by proposed Federal undertakings should notify in writing both the State Historic Preservation Office (Ohio Historical Society) and the agency initiating the undertaking to request every effort be made to preserve the site and the portion of Ohio's prehistory it represents.

12 The Davidson Site, Noble County, Ohio by L.W. Patterson 48Wycliffe Houston, Texas Converse (975:5) has recently noted that little archeological material has been reported from southeastern Ohio. This article is a small step toward correcting this situation. The Davidson site, 33-No-, was reported to the Ohio Historical Society by the writer several years ago. It is located in the hill country of southeastern Ohio, on a fairly level hillside terrace adjacent to a spring. Archeological material was collected over a number of years during farming operations. No ceramics have been found, and the lithic collection appears to be mainly associated with Middle to Late Archaic periods. The size of this site has never been exactly determined and no stratigraphy is available, as no excavations have been made. Projectile points are shown in Figure ; Martha P. Otto (personal communication) has informed me that most of them are typical of the Ohio Archaic. Corner notched, straight stem, and expanding stem types are included, with several illustrated by Converse (973a) as belonging to the Archaic period. A preform is shown at the upper right of Figure, and an Archaic bevel at the lower right. Figure 2 illustrates some utilized flint flakes. None of the flint used on this site is native to the area. A notched flint flake tool is shown at the left side of Figure 3. A possible prismatic blade core with three long parallel facets is shown at the right side of Figure 3. The rear face of a tabular blade core is shown in the center of Figure 3, with an acute angle striking platform at the left edge. The front face of this core is shown in Figure 4. This face-faceted core is similar to one illustrated by White (963: Fig. 4) for the Middle Woodland period in Illinois. Similar cores have been found by the writer on Archaic sites in Bandera County, Texas. This type of face-faceted core is known in the far northern New World starting in the early post-pleistocene (Anderson 970). The presence of prepared cores for the manufacture of small prismatic blades (less than 20 mm. in width), associated with probable Archaic period context in Ohio is interesting information on the possible source of the later, well-known Hopewell blade technology. The writer (Patterson 973) has presented a model for diffusion of a generalized small blade technology, using many core types, from the far north to southern North America during the Middle Archaic period. Some similarities between Ohio and Texas blade cores have also been noted (Patterson 974). R.N. Converse (personal communication) has informed me that Flint Ridge blade cores are much more generalized than noted in the literature. The well-known semiconical blade core with acute angle striking platform is one of several types used in Ohio. It would appear to the writer that small prismatic blade technology arrived in various parts of the eastern United States as part of the early post Pleistocene movement described by Borden (969). Well known prismatic blade-using cultures, such as Hopewell and Poverty Point, simply represent later use of this technology, as opposed to an evolution from Paleo-lndian large prismatic blade technology. Recent experiments (Sollberger and Patterson n.d.) show that it may be possible to distinguish between Paleolndian and later smaller blade technology on the basis of specific manufacturing techniques. Paleo-lndians seem to have used only direct percussion for blade manufacture, while later small blade technologies used indirect percussion and pressure techniques. Two ground stone bell pestles, as described by Converse (973b:24), are shown in Figure 5. Other ground stone tools are shown in Figure 6, including a half grooved axe (Converse 973b:3), and a fairly symmetrical celt. Figure 7 illustrates some culturally-undiagnostic artifacts from the same farm, including a flint bifacial scraper with graver spur (combination tool), a ground stone pointed tool, and a small flint flake graver. In addition to the probable Archaic occupation period for site 33-No-, the Middle Woodland period is also represented in this area, as several typical Jack's Reef corner-notched points (Prufer 967: Fig. 4) have been found on this and adjacent farms. Since southeastern Ohio is rich in archeological materials, it is hoped that more formal work and reporting will be done in this area in the future. 2

13 Anderson, D.D. 970 Akmak, Acta Arctica, Fasc. 6, Copenhagen. Borden, C.E. 969 Early population movements from Asia into western North America, Syesis 2(,2):-3. British Columbia Provincial Museum. Converse, R.N. 973a Ohio flint types. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 973b Ohio stone tools. Archaeological Society of Ohio. 975 Two Belmont County pipes. Ohio Archaeologist, 25(). Patterson, L.W. 973 Some Texas blade technology. Bulletin of the Texas Archaeological Society 44: Some comments on Ohio blade cores. Ohio Archaeologist, 24(4):3-33. Prufer, O.H. 967 The Scioto Valley archaeological survey. In Studies in Ohio archaeology, edited by Olaf H. Prufer and Douglas McKenzie. Western Reserve Press. Sollberger, J.B. and Patterson, L.W. n.d. Prismatic blade replication. White, A.M. 963 Analytical description of the chippedstone industry from Snyders site, Calhoun County, Illinois. In Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan 9, edited by White, Binford, and Papworth. Ann Arbor. Fig. (Patterson) Projectile Points. Fig. 2 (Patterson) Utilized flint flakes. 3

14 Fig. 3 (Patterson) Notched tool, blade core rear face, and possible blade core. Fig. 4 (Patterson) Blade core front face. i t >. i ek * i 7i Fig. 5 (Patterson) Bell pestles. Fig. 6 (Patterson) Half grooved axe. celt. Fig. 7 (Patterson) Combination tool, ground stone tool, and flake graver. 4

15 Painted Pottery in Fort Ancient by Richard Gartley, Kingshill Box 65, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands Jeff Carskadden, 2686 Carol Dr., Zanesville, Ohio James Morton, East Ray Drive, Zanesville, Ohio Introduction Several pottery sherds bearing painted designs have recently been found in salvage excavations at a Fort Ancient site in the Muskingum Valley of southeastern Ohio. Before going into detail on this painted pottery, some general statements are warranted on the total ceramic assemblage at the site. The predominate pottery type at the site is Philo Punctate, originally defined as belonging to the Middle Fort Ancient Feurt Phase. Philo Punctate was first found at the Philo site along the Muskingum River, at Philo, MuskingumCounty(Gartley, Carskadden, and Gregg 973). Radiocarbon dates from this second site, however, indicate an earlier placement for Philo Punctate than had originally been estimated; the tree ring converted dates indicate that the site was occupied around A.D. 230 to AD. 260, some 50 to 90 years earlier than Murphy's McCune and Gabirel Sites, two Feurt components in the Hocking Valley (Murphy 975). Besides these early dates for Philo Punctate pottery in the Muskingum Valley, the preponderance of lugs rather than strap handles and the absence of decorative motifs other than punctates are just a few of the ceramic traits which distinguish this pottery from other Feurt sites in the Scioto and Hocking valleys of southern and southeastern Ohio. A typical Philo Punctate vessel is shell tempered with a smooth surface decorated with a single row of shallow ovoid punctates encircling the neck of the vessel. There are two discrete vertically elongated or teat-like lugs, each below diametrically opposed castellations. Lips are plain, punctate, or incised. The vessel shape is globular with straight or slightly flaring rim. The only vessel reconstructed to any great degree thus far measured 3 inches in diameter at the lip expanding to 7 inches at the shoulder, and measuring 5 inches high (Fig. ). Other pots range in size from specimens slightly larger than that in the illustration all the way down to miniature (toy) vessels. Large vessels may be the norm, however. Painted Pottery Painted pottery is rare in the northeast, but a few such sherds have been found in Iroquois, Susquahannock, and Monongahela sites in New York and Pennsylvania. Painted pottery occurs frequently, however, in the middle Mississippi Valley during Mississippian times, decorated with positive or negative, polychrome or monochrome designs (Fundaburk and Foreman 957). Painted designs on Fort Ancient pottery are not unique to the Muskingum Valley; however, this instance is one of the few in which the designs have been preserved, or at least recognized, on Fort Ancient vessels in Ohio. A number of painted sherds have been recovered from the Hardin village in Greenup County, Kentucky, across the Ohio River from Portsmouth, but from only two and possibly three Ohio sites: the original Madisonville site and the Turpin farm site, both in western Ohio, and possibly the McCune site in the Hocking Valley. The Hardin, Madisonville, and Turpin sites are very late Madisonville Phase sites, however, and date some 200 to 300 years later than the sites in the Muskingum Valley. The McCune site, while Feurt, is some years later than our site. Thus the painted sherds from the Muskingum Valley are the earliest evidence of painting in Fort Ancient found thus far. Hanson (966) reports sixteen painted sherds from the Hardin village. Most of these are painted "fugitive red" on the interior and are from Fox Farm salt pans. Murphy (975) in his discussion of the ceramics from Mc Cune in the Hocking Valley notes that some of the Feurt vessels exhibited a red ochrelike coating on the interior surfaces, possibly painting. Two other sherds from the Hardin village have "black lines" on the exterior surface and one had U-shaped black lines. Of particular significance is Hanson's description (966:99) of a Madisonville Cordmarked vessel which had "... the rim area painted a fugitive black over widely spaced finely incised, cross-hatched lines." The term fugitive' in Hanson's discussions probably is describing the faded condition of the painted designs. Hooten (920: pi. 24,b) illustrates a small bowl from the Madisonville site which exhibited painted black lines and circles on the 5

16 interior surface. The only other definite example of a painted sherd reported in the literature from an Ohio Fort Ancient site is the one from the Turpin farm near Cincinnati (Oehler 973: 8-9, photo 0,a). Oehler goes into some detail in discussing this particular painted sherd. It is described as negative painted "cross line design", and Oehler suggests that the painted pot represented by this sherd, which he calls "Angel site negative painted pottery", was traded into the area rather than made at Turpin. He points out similarities with the painted pottery from the Angel site in Vanderburg County, Indiana. The Angel site is a late Middle Mississippian town which yielded over 5,000 painted sherds. Three painting techniques were noted on the Angel site specimens (Black 967: ): red filming, negative/resist painting, and positive/direct painting. Of the five smooth shell tempered body sherds from the Muskingum Valley site showing evidence of painting, the resist technique was used on four, and the fifth was positive painted. All five sherds indicate that the painting would have been on the exterior of the vessels. Shepard (97) discusses the resist method in some detail, referring to Angel site specimens in her examples. The resist method commonly involved forming the design on a previously-fired pot with wax, resin, or a clay wash. A carbon black paint or wash was then applied over the surface of the vessel and the vessel was reheated to oxidize the paint. The protective resist material was then removed and the sharply defined lighter designs were exposed. The black background may also be formed by smudging the vessel or rubbing it with soot. The Muskingum Valley sherds are too small to show complete designs, and it is not known if they occurred in conjunction with punctates on typical Philo Punctate vessels. The two best examples are shown in Figure 2. Both are negative/resist painted. The specimen on the left illustrates a somewhat sloppy application of the resist material, resulting in irregular parallel bands (the lighter areas), two of which terminate within the boundary of the sherd. The specimen on the right exhibits broader more even bands, though the black background has almost completely faded away. Painted pottery should not really be considered a diagnostic trait for these early Feurt Fort Ancient sites in the Muskingum Valley, for of over 2,000 sherds recovered in the salvage excavations, only the five just mentioned were without question painted. About half a dozen other sherds might be painted, although the color patterns may be simply firing smudges. It has been suggested that because of the lack of incising and other decorative motifs other than punctates on the Muskingum Valley pottery that painting was actually a common form of decoration on these vessels. Shepard (97: 20) points out "... carbon is a very stable substance under ordinary atmospheric conditions and temperatures, and it will not fade through exposure or weathering," suggesting that painted designs would have lasted in archaeological contexts. However, as the specimen in Figure 2 shows, the carbon black does weather off in time, at least in Fort Ancient refuse pits in southeastern Ohio. We suggest that only under rather rare circumstances would the painting be preserved in these refuse pits. The specimens from our site, particularly Figure 2, left, indicate that an object, perhaps another pot sherd, may have rested directly against the painted design, sealing a portion of the surface of the sherd from weathering and fading. We cannot verify this fact from our excavations since the painting was not recognized until the sherds were washed and sorted several weeks later. Thus the original context within the pits was not noted. We suggest therefore that painting on Fort Ancient vessels may have been more common than indicated by the few scattered sherds recovered; the painting was simply not preserved. However, the resist technique is a fairly sophisticated method of painting; it may be, as Oehler suggests for the Turpin specimen, that the painted pottery from the Muskingum Valley was traded into the area from Mississippian villages farther down the Ohio River. The painted Madisonville Cordmarked vessel from the Hardin village in Kentucky, however, does seem to indicate that the Fort Ancient Indians were doing the painting. In addition, at the Muskingum Valley site the general thickness of the painted sherds, the texture and color of the clay, and the tempering differs in no way from typical Philo Punctate pottery found at the site. Perhaps vessels were being painted right at this location. Only the discovery of painted designs with punctates or on a rim section would have verified this question one way or the other. Unfortunately, the site has met the same fate as that of the original Philo site, and so many other archaeological sites in the Muskingum Valley, and has since been residentially developed, prohibiting further excavations. 6

17 Black, Glenn A. 967 Angel site, Indiana Historical Society, Indianapolis. Fundaburk, Emma Lila, and Mary Douglass Foreman 957 Sun circles and human hands: the southeastern Indian art and industries. E.L.F., Laverne, Ala. Gartley, Richard, Jeff Carskadden and Tim Gregg 973 The Philo site, a Fort Ancient component in the central Muskingum valley. Ohio Archaeologist. 23(4): 5-9. Hanson, Lee H., Jr. 966 The Hardin village site. Studies in Anthropology No. 4, University of Kentucky Press. Hooten, Earnest A. 920 Indian village site and cemetery near Madisonville, Ohio. Peabody Museum Harvard University, Cambridge. Murphy, James L. 957 An archeological history of the Hocking Valley. Ohio University Press, Athens. Oehler, Charles 973 Turpin Indians. Cincinnati Museum of Natural History, Popular Publication Series No.. Shepard, Anna O. 97 Ceramics for the archaeologist. Publication 609, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, D.C. Fig. (Gartley, Carskadden. and Morton) A typical Philo Punctate pot from the Muskingum valley. See discussion in text for scale. Fig. 2 (Gartley. Carskadden, and Morton) Examples of painted pottery from the Muskingum valley showing the negative/resist technique. 7

18 Several years ago, one of the most outstanding curved-base monitor pipes ever found, was received into my collection. With the pipe and other outstanding artifacts were four pages of written material dating 898. These papers also contained six pencil drawings one of this pipe, a birdstone, plus four other artifacts. The following is a pertaining quote: "Taken within a mound on the near shore of the Allegheny River, Cattaraugus Co. by Melvin Fillmore 893. Examples of curving base pipes of this size are not elsewhere reported. This fashion even with great polish is not of recent form. Much interest is in the material." Rev. William M. Beauchamp William Beauchamp was the author of several archaeological papers and books published by The University of the State of New York. This author's works appeared in the last quarter of the nineteenth on into the early part of the twentieth century. On the stem end of the curved base is the aforementioned information plus a map showing the Allegheny River. An X on this map shows what we assume to be the exact The Cattaraugus Pipe By Gordon Hart 760 N. Main Bluffton, Indiana location where found. The drawing is initiated with a W.M.B. which we again assume to be William M. Beauchamp. A few years ago this pipe was sent to William A. Ritchie at the New York State museum for his examination. The following is a direct quote from his letter: "The Cattaraugus County curved-base monitor pipe is, I believe, the finest specimen of its kind ever found in the State of New York. It is a classic type of platform pipe of the Hopewell culture and is made of serpentine. I wish I knew more about its exact provenience. There appears to be on the front end of the pipe a rough sketch done in black ink of the Allegheny River with a symbol illustrating, I suspect, the place of discovery. If I interpret this correctly, the mound from which it was taken was located somewhere in the vicinity of Killbuck, New York, an area in which we know mounds formerly existed. I have seen the ruins of several of these mounds with the large stone slabs which had formed the burial cist lying about." (Signed) William A. Ritchie State Archeologist 8

19 9 The base of this Hopewell pipe, measuring the curve, is greater than eight inches with the bowl extending four inches above the base. In examining a great number of Hopewell pipes, we find this pipe is exceded in size only by two of the Tremper mound platform pipes. William Mills, in his book, "Certain Mounds and Village Sites in Ohio", Vol. II, states the following concerning a pipe excavated in 95 from Tremper, crafted of red Ohio pipestone: "The platform is seven and threefourths inches long, and slightly curved from front to back. The bowl of the pipe is exceptionally large, rising five and one-half inches above the platform." The problem of displaying this pipe with my other non-effigy Hopewell curved base pipes is, the overwhelming size. It is likened to walking into a sporting goods store to display a nine pound pike you just caught, where on the wall hangs a twenty-seven pounder of the same species. Thanks for listening.

20 A-KENT CO. MICH Slate birdstone from Delaware Co. Ohio. Note tally notches on the tail, cised eyes, nostril and mouth. Photograph is actual size. C-DELAWARE CO. OHIO J-NEWAYGOCO. MICH The Incised Mouth Birdstone by William W. Tiell D-BRANCH CO. MICH G-ALLEN CO. INDIANA K-DELAWARE CO. OHIO O-SCIOTOCO. OHIO All silhouettes are actual size. At the time the Chinese were building the Great Stone Wall of China and the Egyptians were erecting huge stone monuments, craftsmen of the Great Lakes region were designing, pecking, and smoothly polishing small bird-like objects from stone. They would take meticulous care with the shape and details. All these beautifully-crafted stone monuments remain, but the use of the smaller objects is still a mystery. Some of these bird-like artifacts were simple and basic in design and some were complicated and elaborate. One distinctive feature was the incised mouth. Although rare, this incised mouth appears in all design types of the birdstone culture. Mouths are most numerous on the flat, stubby type. The least number occur on the large button, pop-eyed type. Those specimens manufactured of slate material most frequently have mouths, while those of porphyry, being coarse grained, were probably harder to incise. Studies made of more than 000 birdstones show that 0.7% of them have incised mouths. Of those examples, approximately H-FRANKLIN CO. OHIO P-CRAWFORD CO. OHIO 20

21 2-Kent Co. Mich. 3 Delaware Co. Ohio 4 Sandusky Co. Ohio \V 6 Alegnan Co. Mich. 7 Unknown 8 Branch Co. Mich. 5.9% fall into the flat, stubby class, which constitutes approximately 5.% of the birdstones. This flat, stubby type is shown in Figure, numbers, 3 and 7. Particular interest was noted on the different shapes and sizes of the mouths. Some are extremely well defined and are an integral part of the design as are numbers 5, 6, and 8, Figure. Others are small and shallow, notched as if the mouth were an afterthought (Fig., -3). Number 2 resembles the mouth of a fish and number, the nose of an animal. None are actually like the beak of a bird with the mouth line extending to the jaw hinge. One would think that if these mouths were meant to resemble a bird the extension line would have been quite easily rendered. A separation of beak and head could have been indicated with a line. In 909, Charles E. Brown described an incised mouth birdstone with teeth. He noted "an incision on either side of the head is intended to represent the animal's mouth and smaller incisions crossing this as intervals, its teeth." Its picture also appears in Birdstones of the North American Indian by Earl S. Townsend. Apparently the primary reason for the mouth was not to represent a bird but to associate the mouth with either eating or talking both actions being basic in man's religion and ceremonial rites, the eating of food and the saying of prayers. The lack of bird-like characteristics in the mouth is obvious. This adds more logic to the theory that they should be thought of as only a name for an effigy, animal, totem, ceremonial or charm stone. Maybe some of these were meant to represent birdlike effigies, but surely not all. Finding their use which is still uncertainwill perhaps enlighten us as to what they represent. The debatable use will never detract from their beautiful sculptured simplicity placing them among the other great art treasures of history. Brown, Charles F. 909 The birdstone ceremonials of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Archaeologist, 8(). 2

22 A Glacial Kame Birdstone from Defiance County by Garret Zuber Rt. 2 Antwerp, Ohio Shown in Figure is an excellent Glacial Kame birdstone of banded slate. Notice how the ancient artisan carefully shaped it allowing the dark band to form the eye. The base has the typical holes drilled at each end. The relic is complete and unscarred by any markings despite the fact that it spent many years in a drawer of silverware. A Mr. Luderman discovered it in 880 while on the north side of the Maumee River just east of the Independence dam possibly in north Richland Township, Defiance County, Ohio, possibly on the tow path area between the then active Miami and Erie Canal and the Maumee River. I acquired the relic from Arthur Norden who lives in Defiance. I was very happy to add this fine relic to my collection. Fig. (Zuber) A birdstone from Defiance County, 4 x /i inches. Length An Arrowhead Imbedded in a Human Vertebra by Dana Baker Mt. Victory, Ohio The human vertebra in the accompanying photograph (Fig. ) was found by a farmer near Mt. Victory, Ohio, in the early 900s. It was given to Mr. L.S. Dickerson of Mt. Victory prior to 920. It was acquired by Jan Sorgenfrei in the early 950's and is shown with his collection in the Ohio Archaeologist in 954. It is now back at Mt. Victory as part of my collection. There is little doubt as to the means of death for the owner of this vertebra. It is pierced by a side-notched triangular point which is still firmly imbedded in the bone. Fig. (Baker) Human vertebra with flint point in it. imbedded 22

23 The Religion of the Birdstone People by Cameron Parks Garrett, Indiana My intense and prolonged study of Indian slate ornamental and ceremonial artifacts resulted from my desire to learn to differentiate frauds from the genuine. The result of my study and experience has made me realize that the "Birdstone People" made the birdstone for a definite purpose (Figs. -5). The ordinary Indian did not reason much about the gods, but accepted the ideas about them which had been handed down from previous generations. The Indian had no difficulty in believing in divine beings. How otherwise could the sun rise and pass across the sky? Or how could the lightning flash and the thunder roll? What made trees and plants grow from the ground? Indians had only one answer, superhuman powers. The prehistoric Indian felt that a god or gods could control the forces of nature to a greater or lesser extent. The Indian felt that a god or gods had the power of directing the minds of men through such agencies as dreams, the words of medicine men, and of the priests who presided over the religious ceremonies, and through various signs and portents. The Indian felt that a god or gods could change their forms at will or could transform a deceased into the shapes of animals or trees or some other object of nature. The Indian felt that a god or gods in return for their protective care demanded that all rites and ceremonies in connection with their worship should be carefully observed. The Indian felt that a god or gods were not so much concerned with the kind of life a man led as they were with the fulfillment of his religious obligations. He must be "god fearing" in the sense that he leave nothing undone in the way of offering sacrifices or in the strict performance of other duties attendant upon their worship. The Indian did not feel that it was the duty of the medicine man or the priest to be charged with the task or instructing men how to live aright but that it was their duty to see that the ceremonies which religious tradition had dictated were carried out properly. I am saying that our birdstone should be universally recognized as one of the great artistic and religious heritages of the world. In our Great Lakes area, a great art and religious tradition had flourished for hundreds of years about at the time of the birth of Christ. Today it has been greatly overlooked. In school or public libraries, no encyclopedias mention these prehistoric birdstones; most do not have any book that describes a birdstone. Most professional archaeologists shy away from answering questions about them because they have had none to study or they have not found any in excavations of Indian graves. My stimulation came from finding an arrowhead while a little boy and from visiting two well-known collectors. The first, Albert Addis of Wolf Lake, usually had his birdstones locked up in a bank. The other, Dr. Rollin Bunch of Muncie, would leave his patients to talk to me about his Indian items but it was usually about his axes and not the birdstones. It inspired me to build my own collection. I now have a suitable one of unfinished, culls, rejects, broken, salvaged of all kinds, average and good birdstones in slate and porphry, and perhaps the finest in those materials. These people, whom I shall call the "Birdstone People," were of the area of Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Ontario, New York, and the eastern part of Wisconsin some 2000 years or more ago. They were, I feel, at once locally diversified according to tribe and locality, and uniform in more important concepts over a very wide cultural area. The stone may have been produced by the best or highest medicine man or by the Indian woman of a low caste in some remote village. For a really suitable background to a study of this "Birdstone Culture," it is necessary to study and explore different branches of science. This investigation has included the history of known Indian tribes, archaeology, ethnology, anthropology, mythology, folklore, linguistics, ethno-psychology, psychoanalysis, and all added ideas for important landmarks of the spiritual world in which these birdstone people lived. Birdstones were possibly not considered "works of art" in our sense of the term; they were useful objects. They were implements involved for the most part in religious and magical ceremonies which often formed the basis for their makers' social organization. I believe it was neither an idol nor an image of a god. The birdstone was the dwelling place 23

24 for one of many spirits. There were spirits of natural powers earth, lightning, sun and moon. There were spirits of tribal founders or ancestors or members of the family, in which cases very complex interpretations of "soul" and "vital breath" enter. There were hosts of spirits who were blamed for all sorts of misfortune, including sickness. Ethnologists find a meaning behind this concept of "spirits" identity and personality have been given to an unknown force. Spirits were a personification of forces which the Indian feared and could not cope with on other levels. Once enrobed with an identity, a spirit became humanlike with needs similar to those of humans. The spirit became similar to the Indian and the Indian was able to understand him and establish a relationship with him. One aspect of this relationship was a sacrificial ritual. The flesh or blood of an animal was offered as food or as a gift of something precious to ease its malevolence or wrath. Particular carved objects, shrines, trees, burial grounds, some artifacts, mountains, all are embodiments of spirits or dwelling places for spirits. These specific objects or localities enabled the Indian to localize the spirit so that he knew how to perform efficient ceremonies and to gain its help. We know that spirits do not exist. We know them to be products of man's imagination or projections of his wishes. In the spirit concept, the Indian found an understanding and, in an autosuggestive way, a control technique. Belief in stern avenging spirits are sometimes associated with the idea of paternal authority. It may be based upon an underlying feeling of guilt. With guilt is associated a desire for expiation. Indian objects or sculpture may have been instruments by which the Indian was able to satisfy deeply-rooted psychological needs. Religious and social institutions in turn arose from this basis and both allowed sculpture an important role in fulfilling these needs. Some Indian art was not invented by the artist primarily to fill his need for artistic expression but was devised to express his religious beliefs and is thereby charged with a tremendous potential for emotion. This emotion enables us to feel Indian art, for a work of art or its component parts can be felt only if it has been felt by the artist himself in a creative process. The prehistoric Indian medicine man was deeply convinced that his birdstone created a dwelling place for a power which could help him or his fellows. He thereby created an overwhelming emotional relationship with the birdstone. So deep a feeling inspired such objects that if proper artistic talent were applied in the making of birdstones, as on hardstone porphyry ones, it became inevitable that the maker's own emotions be incorporated in the finished artifact. Any work of artistic skill as evidenced by our better birdstones is the result of the maker's endeavor to express his own feelings and the extent to which these qualities are emotionally communicable depends upon the intensity of the emotions. Belief in the power of spirits is the basic idea underlying the many rituals which were a part of the everyday life of the American Indian. Many of their ceremonies are performed with and without objects. I am assuming that the prehistoric birdstone people did something similar and the object of their ritual was both religious and magical. They may have believed that the important transition points in life would be marked by some religious or magical ceremony. The most significant stages of life are those of birth, the beginnings of puberty, marriage, and death. The most important Indian ceremonies we know of were ones concerning puberty and death. The puberty ceremony enrolled the member as an adult and as a full-fledged member of the tribe. The death ceremony provided an entry into the realm of the happy hunting ground. This ancester cult was a great religious institution, and the participants surely used the most prized object to insure success. The ceremony could have had two aspects. One phase may have been performed at the burial of the deceased. The other could have been something carried on during the whole lifetime of the family of the deceased. I am supposing that the burial was ceremonial whereby the family accumulated objects for sacrifice or gifts to the spirits and that such a burial was intended to give proper honor to the deceased. Any slight of this final duty would have invoked the wrath of the ancestors of the family. In the Indian family from childhood on, everyone was taught to obey and respect his father and the elders of the tribe. The importance of the father was socially important so when he died, his spirit stayed on in the family as a code of behavior. Any straying from those codes would cause misfortune which would ^be attributed to the wrath of the ancestor. A ceremony had to gain the goodwill of the deceased ancestoral spirit. Magical ritual stressed practical results. 24

25 It was used for hunting, healing, divination, obtaining justice, warfare, sowing, and harvesting. By using some such ritual, the feelings of insecurity might be removed and faith and self-confidence established. These various functions could be combined in a single tribal person or could have been spread among several people. The chief could have been considered of divine origin. A priest or magician might have performed the religious or magical rituals. A diviner might have investigated the causes of misfortunes and may have attempted to foretell the future. A medicine man might have tried to cure the sick. Stone objects surely were used in magic. Something may have been added to give them more power, especially the notches on damaged birdstones. Whether the birdstone was religious or magical, we are interested in its importance as an artistic example of primitive work and our ability to appreciate it. No person whose mind is appreciative to whatever is grand in art, can view with indifference these magnificent items. They must realize that these birdstones are the result of an infinite amount of patient toil expended under the direction of a governing mind and having in view a definite aim. If these stone items are any indication of the wealth and diversity of this "Birdstone Culture", it would suggest social elaborations such as class systems, religious societies, specialization of labor, and widespread trade and commerce. Among the later mound-building Indians, we know that religion and art flourished as never before and trade and commerce were established among distant people. Their burial customs indicated a preoccupation with death. We may assume that these people worshipped the elements such as the sun and the moon, that they had their religious observances, their funeral ceremonies, and their grand councils. High priests gathered from different quarters at stated seasons and celebrated their mystic rites. In my personal study of these items, I had two problems or avenues of procedure to follow. One was how to tell fakes or artificially-made birdstones from the genuine, and how to answer the question of their uses. I can disprove the dozen or so other theories about the function of these prehistoric artifacts. I cannot prove the theory I advocate, which is that they are used by the medicine man to be placed on the forehead of a deceased Indian for the purpose of flying the spirit to heaven. Neither can I disprove this theory. I have gathered circumstantial evidence as herein reported. In primitive China, a clay bird was used over a grave to fly the spirit of the dead to the land of the ancestors. In a novel about Amish people, Straw in the Wind, reference was made to a bird, a blue bird, flying the spirit of the dead mother to heaven. In Nigeria, Africa, today among the more primitive natives where our missionaries have worked and reported, a white chicken is killed and placed over the hut of a deceased in the hope of flying its patrons spirit to a heaven. Pearl Buck in Pavilion of Women wrote "for the body is the cage and the soul is the bird, and once the door is left open and the bird goes forth free, why should it return to the cage?" Dale Van Every wrote, "Birds were the commonly chosen messengers from the spirit world," in his novel Our Country Then. Ann Petry wrote in a novel, Tituba of Salem Village, "She dreamed that she was in the woods and that a little yellow bird kept fluttering in front of her, and she twisted and turned to get away from it because the yellow bird is the Devil's bird. Everyone knows that." In the Hands of the Senecas, Walter Edmonds wrote, "A white snow bird released from a basket at the grave. Then he built a fire." Stephen Powers in Tribes of California published in 877, wrote that, "when a Kelta California Indian dies, according to their pretty fancy, a little bird flies away with his soul to the spirit land. If he was a bad Indian, a hawk will catch the little bird and eat him up, soul and feathers; but if he was good, he will reach the spirit-land." Lucien Biart in the Aztecs wrote, "Besides men, the Mexicans offered partridges and falcons to their God. Each morning a certain number of priests, holding a partridge in the hand watched the sun rise. When scarcely above the horizon it was saluted with the sound of noisy musical instruments, and the birds immediately decapitated, were offered to it." and another place in the same novel he said, "and the two priests persuaded their tribe that the bird was a messenger of a God, who commanded them to set out." In a visit to the Indian ruins on the Yucatan area in Mexico, I asked a guide about the birds and he replied, The Mexicans thought that they were the messengers between the earth and the heavens. That the clouds supplied the rains for the crops and surely were from the will of the Gods who lived above the clouds." In Edison Marshall's story of Cortez and Marina, he wrote, "Now a white pigeon was the symbol of the Holy Ghost in 25

26 Christian ceremony and art, and when the dove took off in flight, still invisible to my yearning eyes... many fell to their knees in prayers of thankfulness for this guidance from Heaven; others wept." In the Tale of Bali by Vickie Baum and translated from the German, the dead Radja was cremated and three wives joined by leaping from the edge of a bridge into the fires and each released a dove as they touched the flames. The doves flew up and away. An old man exclaimed with satisfaction, There go their souls to heaven to find their happiness." Generally I will stick with the idea that the birdstone was a tribal or village piece, since usually only one birdstone is ever found in one village area. Many villages may not even have one. This idea is based on the consideration that, if the approximately 2,000 birdstones that have been found in the Great Lakes area were used over a 00 to 500-year period, only about one could have been available per village to cover such an area. In my county of DeKalb, Indiana, where 33 have been found, nearly every one has been located on a separate village site, although I know that some spots elsewhere have yielded two or more in one place. The next idea I must support is that the birdstone was valued very highly by its sponsors. This hypothesis is based on the fact that a broken bird was often reworked or salvaged for continued use. Some show efforts at repair, to join the broken parts together. Some show talley marks. Some show redrilling or grooves to replace the broken bridge at the holes. Some that have lost the head through breakage are worked into a headless stone. Some have lost the tail and are still made usable. My final idea is related to the method of attachment. Holes are at the ends or base and may be close together or far apart. To use, the tie must be from the hole at each end to secure the birdstone to some other object. '" i[< ', l "! l M 't>, <> >IM'' l IM < M['M!M<IM l l l'f' t!m';<m l limi ' i I M it it I, I I I I I pit HIT 3 MAM IN II 5 7 Hi n I Fig. (Parks) Left: Defiance County, Ohio. This bust type porphyry popeyed birdstone has been restored considerably at the broken-out holes, on the left side, and the left eye. It was found near Hicksville, Ohio, by Raymond Vietzen. It has an old #45 over a #5. It was #420 in the Dr. T. Hugh Young collection and #56 in the Cameron W. Parks collection after October 960. Right: St. Joseph County. Michigan. This green slate birdstone with black bands has a short body, a long bulky snout, a curved undercut neck, and a turned up tail. The bird is overbalanced toward the front when placed on its base but will stand on its tail like a groundhog. The base is convex from side to side. It was collected by A. B. Cassell, Minneapolis, then owned by Dr. T Hugh Young who catalogued it as #357, and finally added to the Cameron W. Parks collection as #93 after October 960. This specimen is illustrated in Earl Townsend's, Birdstones of the North American Indians, pages 56-57, Fig. D. and on the front cover of Hobbies Magazine, August 943, on the bottom of the fifth row. 26

27 I '««2 tin :: i Fig. 2 (Parks) Top: Sandusky County, Ohio. This fine banded slate birdstone has a long slender body triangular in cross section, an angular neck, and a long beak tapered to a sharp point. It has two nodular eyes at the back of the head, the left being closer to the beak or slightly in front of the right. The tail has a slant to the right. It was found in 892 by a 7-year old boy named Clark of Norwalk while farming. Richard Vaughn. Toledo, purchased it in 950 from Clark, and sold it eleven years later to Lynn Mungerfrom whence in September 96, it became #83 in the Cameron W. Parks collection. Middle: Miami County, Ohio. This green banded slate birdstone has a chunky body, a long angular elevated neck, and a small pointed head. The entire lower half of the left side has split off. It has an incised mouth. The specimen was in the Dr. Rollin H. Bunch collection (Red #52), in the Dr. T. Hugh Young collection as #89, and in the Cameron W. Parks collection after August 960 as #7. Illustrated in Earl Townsend's volume on pages , Fig. A. Bottom: Ohio, county unknown. This brownish slate birdstone has small beaded eyes up on top of the head. The head and the beak are pointed away from the body. Alvin D. Wait (Cleveland) allowed it to become a part of the Cameron W. Parks collection as #302 in October 966. I - 'I HIT ;! Fig. 3 (Parks) Top: Shelby County, Indiana. This fine banded slate birdstone has the undercut below the head parallel with the base, and black bands curving down from the tail, up the neck, and over the head in a graceful sweep. The very small tip of the nose is restored Formerly in the E. K Petrie collection, it joined the Cameron W. Parks collection as #290 in September 964. Middle: Branch County, Michigan. This granite birdstone has a long body, a long neck and head, and a tapered upright tail. Holes were started at each end but have not been completed. The top part of the right side of the head is broken off. The front half of the beak had been broken away but is now glued on. Lynn Munger guided it to the Cameron W. Parks collection in September 963 to be numbered 238. Bottom: Seneca County. Ohio. A very showy banded slate. Parks had selected this birdstone from Stan Copeland's collection of some 60 birdstones to be put up at auction on Labor Day 963 in Delaware, Ohio. Weston Walter did the bidding on the three birdstones he purchased so that others would not use him as a guide on authenticity and on price. He valued it at $50 before the auction but allowed Wes to bid until it was obtained at $250. It is #44 in the Cameron W. Parks collection. 27

28 Fig. 4 (Parks) Top: Washington County, Indiana. This showy banded slate gravel kame type of birdstone has a very thin ridge along the top. The base and the flat area under the head are about parallel. The head is as large as the body. The left rear part of the tail has a slight restoration. Formerly in the Wachtel and the Johnston collections, it joined the Cameron W. Parks collection as #337 after an auction at Garth's in Delaware, Ohio. It is illustrated in Townsend's volume, pages 46-47, Plate 52. Middle: Wells County, Indiana. This long green slate birdstone with black bands has a long neck set at a low angle with a pointed beak and a thick triangular tail. The bird has a few scars. It has an old red tag on the bottom. The specimen was collected by Dr. Rollin H. Bunch (Red #50) and was #234 in the Dr. T. Hugh Young collection. It joined the Cameron W. Parks collection in October 960as #65, and is illustrated in Townsend's book, pages 44-45, Fig. A Bottom: Lorain County, Ohio. This very fine banded slate birdstone has small scars on each side of the tail, a regal-looking artifact. It was formerly in the Wehrle collection as #303 W, but was sold by Lynn Munger at an auction in Warsaw, Indiana, while Parks was on a Quebec vacation and canoe trip. Parks hired Weston Walter to attend the auction and purchase the stone at any price for him. The total cost of the bird and expenses was $520.00, the price of a color T. V. set he had wanted to buy but thought was costing too much money. After paying Weston, Cameron purchased the T. V. set the same day, also knowing it would give him as much pleasure as the bird. He named it Quebec and numbered it 339 to be in the Cameron W. Parks collection. Fig. 5 (Parks) Top left: Rush County, Indiana. This banded slate birdstone is short and stubby with a complete curve under the neck and a vertical tail. Formerly in the B. W. Stephens collection as B-2X and the Dr. Hugh Young collection as #35, it was included in the Cameron W. Parks collection in October 960 and became #79. The piece is illustrated in the Ohio Archaeologist (2), July 95. Top right: Lapeer County, Michigan. This banded slate birdstone has a short body with a curve under the neck leading to a small head with a pointed beak. It appears that the rear bridge was broken out at the perforation, they reworked into a shorter base for another drilling but the hole was directed upward through the tail instead. It was found at the old Fort Seneca in Michigan and acquired by Dr. J. Ingram in 903, passed to the Raymond collection as #9, then into the Dr. T. Hugh Young collection as #92, and in October 960 on to the Cameron W. Parks collection as #8. Bottom left: Erie County, Ohio. This banded slate birdstone has a very short stubby body: The tail goes backward and upward leaving a saddle-like space between the tail and the short neck and the good-sized head. The base of the head is parallel to the body base with an angle at the neck slightly curved. It was in the Dr. Hugh Young collection after October 960 at #3. Bottom right: Ohio, county unknown. This birdstone of banded slate has a short tail and a short body that curves slightly upward to the top of the head with no sharp or straight lines. It is curved under the neck with the beak pointed downward. It was found in 879. collected by Dr. Rollin Bunch (red 96) passed on to Dr. T. Hugh Young as # 7 and. in October 960. to the Cameron W. Parks collection as #7. 28

29 Artifacts from Lake Erie by Richard and Eileen Roesch 4749 Overland Pkwy. Toledo, Ohio On Decoration Day weekend in 969, my wife and I were hunting on a stretch of beach near the southern tip of Middle Bass Island, my birthplace, for colorful stones to polish. After about an hour my wife found a large potsherd, light brown in color, cordmarked, and grit tempered possibly Middle or Late Woodland. It was the first artifact we found on the site but we have discovered other pieces there from 969 to 973. Figure is a decorated potsherd and a grooved hammerstone of black and tan speckled granite with a flattened side. The third object in the top row is a hammerstone made of porphyry. It, too, is three-quarter grooved. In the bottom row is a small grit tempered potsherd; second is a waterworn triangular point and a flint scraper. The third artifact is the bit end of a celt made of compact granite. The fourth item is a compact black stone with a groove completely encircling it. The pecked groove has been untouched by water action. We hope to find more artifacts on this site in the future. TTiTrTT i i i imi[i i [ i[imi i]i i i i i ri Fig. (Roesch) Waterworn artifacts from Middle Bass Island. 29

30 Artifacts from the Collection of Gordon and Steven Hart Bluffton and Indianapolis, Indiana Fig. (Hart) Adena spear from Erie County, Ohio, of black Coshocton flint. It is 4-3/4 inches long. Fig. 2 (Hart) Pick type banners!one from Franklin County, Ohio. It is 4 inches long and made of gray banded slate. Fig. 3 (Hart) Keel shaped gorget from Medina County, Ohio. It is made of gray and black banded slate, and formerly was in the Meuser collection. Length 4-/2 inches. 30

31 A Richland County Flint Assemblage by Claude Britt, Jr. Many Farms, Arizona Introduction An assemblage of flint artifacts from a farm in Richland County, Ohio, was given to the author recently (Figs. -2), and has been assigned Britt Cat. No These artifacts were collected while plowing with horses between 900 and 95. The farm on which the site was located is now within the city limits of Mansfield. Consequently, the author knows nothing of the original geomorphology of the area. In any event, it is felt that the occurrence of artifacts from this locality should be recorded in the literature. Hopefully, archaeologists in other parts of the state will find this brief report of use for comparitive purposes. A total of 42 points is included in this collection (Table I). Of those, a total of 28 different types were identified using the descriptions of Converse (970). Only two specimens (4.76%), stemmed points of uncertain age, were not identified. Palaeo-lndian Component The Palaeo-lndian component of this site is represented by a single specimen, a Stemmed Lanceolate point (Fig. a). This Piano point is one of only two artifacts in the assemblage which is fashioned from Delaware chert. It resembles a Stemmed Lanceolate reported by Long (974:2, Fig. f) from the Ada area. While it is obvious that the Paleo-lndians were in this vicinity, the Palaeo-lndian component is minor (2.38%). The Archaic Component A total of 22 (52.38%) projectile points attributed to the Archaic are present in this flint assemblage, representing 5 different types (Figs. b-x), all discussed by Converse (970). Following the chronology of Pickenpaugh (974: 45-49), the Archaic components of this flint assemblage are predominantly Early and Middle Archaic in age for this part of the state. The types and numbers of all Archaic points are summarized in Table I. The Woodland Component The Woodland component of this assemblage is represented by nine (2.43%) specimens. Most of the artifacts are Early or Middle Woodland. Only a single specimen, a Chesser Notched point (Fig. 2i), may be Late Woodland in age. Other Flint Artifacts Four specimens, three triangular points and one "Birdpoint", are Mississippian in age. The Fort Ancient culture is represented by a single specimen, a Fort Ancient knife (Fig. 2m). Richland County seems rather far north to yield Fort Ancient artifacts. Although not previously demonstrated, it is possible that this knife type was also used by the Erie peoples in the northern part of the state. It is not possible to determine the cultural affiliation of two flint knives (Figs. 2o-p). Two stemmed points (Figs. 2q-r) were also not identified. Discussion Of the total 42 flint artifacts, the one Stemmed Lanceolate (Fig. a) indicates that the Piano hunters were in the area. However, a single piece found on the surface tells little. It is even possible that this point was carried to this locality by peoples at a later time. In the north-central part of Ohio, suggested dates of the Early Archaic are from 8000 to 4000 B.C. (Pickenpaugh 974: 47). The evidence for occupation of this area during the Early Archaic rests on the presence of four types of points in the assemblage: an Archaic Side-Notched point (Fig. b), one St. Albans Bifurcated point (Fig. o) [Associate Editor's Note: Bettye J. Broyles, who originally defined this point type, named it St. Albans Side-Notched.], five Kirk Corner-Notched points (Figs. q-u), and a Weak Stemmed point (Fig. v). Thus, 9.05 percent of the flint assemblage dates from the Early Archaic. The Middle Archaic dates from 4000 to 2000 B.C. (Britt 967: Pickenpaugh 974: 48). The following eight (9.05%) points in the assemblage are diagnostic of the Middle Archaic: two Lake Erie Bifurcated Base points (Fig. -m), one Lamoka point (Fig. p), one Archaic Corner-Notched point (Fig. f), one Vosburg Corner Notched point (Fig. w), two Archaic Stemmed points (Figs. j-k), and one Concave Base Corner-Notched point (Fig. h). It is unknown during what part of the Archaic Period the following points made their appearance in north-central Ohio: one Archaic Bevel (Fig. c), two Expanded Notch points (Figs. d-e), one Expanding Stem 3

32 point (Fig. i), one Large Bifurcate (Fig. n), and one Heavy Duty point (Fig. x). Thus, it is not possible to assign six Archaic specimens (4.29%) to the proper chronologic sequence at this time. There is little evidence for occupation of this area during the Late Archaic times, which probably date from 2000 B.C. to 700 B.C. (Pickenpaugh 974: 48), except for a single specimen, a Pentagonal point (Fig. 2b), which may date from the transitional period between the Late Archaic and Early Woodland. The Woodland component of the site is predominantly Early and Middle Woodland. Five specimens (.9%) are Early Woodland (Figs. 2a-e). The Middle Woodland is represented by three artifacts (7.4%) (Figs. 2f-h), while the Late Woodland is represented by a single specimen, a Chesser Notched point (Fig. 2i). Converse (970: 57) states that while Prufer considers that type to be Late Woodland, it was also found at the Middle Woodland Troyer site. The three Triangular points (Figs. 2j-l) were difficult to identify, although they are tentatively assigned to the Mississippian tradition. One specimen (Fig. 2j) is slightly eared on one side and somewhat resembles Brewerton Eared Triangle points (Ritchie 96: 8; 965: 93, Figs. -3). Another triangular point (Fig. 2) resembles a Levanna (Ritchie 96: 3), although the base is not concave on this Richland County specimen. One "Birdpoint" (Fig. 2n) is included. This author agrees with Converse (970) that these points are probably Mississippian. In the Southwestern part of the country, similar points make their appearance about A.D The Tabic I (Brill) Types of artifacts from a Richland Cntaily flint as. Type Stemmed Lanceolates Archaic Side-Notched points Archaic bevels Expanded-Notch points Archaic Corner-Notched points Hafted scrapers Concave Base Croner-Notched points Expanding Stem points Archaic Stemmed points Lake Erie Bifurcated points Large Bifurcates St Albans Bifurcated points Lamoka points Kirk Corner-Notched points Weak Stemmed points Vosburg Corner-Notched points Heavy Duty points Early Woodland points Pentagonal points Adena points Adena Leaf-shaped blades Hopewell points Middle Woodland points Chesser Notched points Triangular points Fort Ancient knives Birdpoints" Period Palaeo-lndian Early Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic All Periods Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Archaic Early Archaic Archaic Early Archaic Early Archaic Archaic Archaic Early Woodland Early Woodland Early Woodland Early Woodland Middle Woodland Middle Woodland Middle L Woodland Mississippian Fort Ancient Mississippian umber Flint knives Unknown 2 Unclassified stemmed points Unknown two unclassified stemmed points (Figs. 2q-r) appear to be Adena in the illustration, however, I do not believe they are because they are very thick in cross section. As to the kinds of material present in this artifact assemblage, the majority (40.48%) are chipped from Ohio black flint. Of those, the majority are Archaic types. Eight specimens (9.05%) are fashioned from non-black Flint Ridge material. Two specimens are fashioned from non-black Coshocton flint (4.76%). Likewise, two other pieces are made from Delaware chert. Only one specimen (2.38%) is fashioned from Plum Run chert, while six (4.29%) are made from local cherts. The material of the remaining six specimens (4.29%) could not be identified. Britt, Claude, Jr. 967 Archaic occupation of west-central Ohio. Unpublished master's thesis. Bowling Green State University. Converse, Robert N. 970 Ohio flint types. The Archaeological Society of Ohio. Long, Russel J. 974 Paleo-lndian artifacts from the Ada area. Ohio Archaeologist 24(4): Pickenpaugh, Thomas E. 974 A chronology of the north-central Ohio Archaic. Ohio Archaeologist 24(4): Ritchie, William A. 96 A typology and nomenclature of New York projectile points. New York State Museum and Science Service Bulletin No Albany. 965 The archaeology of New York State. Natural History Press. Garden City. nblage % of Total Figure a b c d-e If ig h li i-k -m In o p q-u v w x 2a 2b 2c 2d-e 2f 2g-h 2i 2j-l 2m 2n 20-p 2q-r

33 3 S3. OS o "> o? I"* 9 a. & a a. ci S- o S' o s 3 &" OS o = o I 3 a. 8 I z n x m 3 f 8- a- B- 33

34 An Unusual Projectile Point by Dan R. Cragin 520 Horizon Blvd. Lorain, Ohio Fig. (Cragin) Polished arrowhead from Ashland Photographed by Richard Cragin. County. The arrowhead in Fig. was found on a small Late Woodland campsite in southern Ashland county by my wife Sheila. At first glance it looks like the typical type of triangular found at any Late Woodland site, but a more thorough examination will reveal that the aborigine who fashioned this particular point took great pains to remove all the flaking scars. It was probably done with sandstone or a similar type of abrasive agent. The edges of the specimen were left sharp. The arrowhead has been examined by Martha Potter Otto and Robert N. Converse and it is their combined opinion that it is probably part of a shaman's pouch or of some other religious use. It is the only specimen of this type that either of them had examined. The specimen is 2.5 cm. long and.6 cm. in width. It is made from Upper Mercer flint. If you have or know of the existence of another specimen of this type, your correspondence would be appreciated. A Tubular Pipe By Dana Baker, Mt. Victory, Ohio Fig. (Baker) Hardstone tubular pipe found in Hardin County. This hardstone tubular pipe was found on Superbowl Sunday, Jan. 2, 975 a short distance from Mt. Victory, Ohio. Since the Hardin County area where it was found is a well known Glacial Kame location it is probable that it is Glacial Kame in origin. The nearby Matson site produced many Glacial Kame artifacts but to my knowledge no tubular pipes were found there. Sandal sole gorgets, beads, a single birdstone, and three hold shell gorgets were found on the Matson site and are now in the Ohio Historical Society. This tubular pipe which was probably part of the artifact inventory of the Glacial Kame inhabitants of the site substantiates the occurence of other tubular pipes in Glacial Kame. 34

35 Some Findings at the Reeve Site by Wilson and Shirley Harvey 4054 Skiff St. Willoughby, Ohio An archaeologist comes by his trade often by fortuity and indirection. A chance finding may turn a disinterested observer into an impassioned antiquarian; a natural reverence for the past may lead one to delve into the soil for the artifacts in which the mysteries of time are encoded. The beginnings of interest may indeed by humble but nontheless honorable for all of that. As Emerson remarked, "Every artist was first an amateur." We choose this prelude to the account of our part in the recent excavation of the Reeve site to place in proper perspective our role in that enterprise as viewed by those with possibly more expertise than ourselves. We worked at that site from August 973 to the end of summer 974 in what Murphy has recently characterized as "an orgy of wholesale looting by area residents." Regrettably many people participating in that dig were neither qualified nor sufficiently committed to the scientific aspect of the task to justify their being there, in strictly archaeological terms. But to dismiss their role with such disdain fails to acknowledge that these people assisted, however ineptly, in preserving artifacts which otherwise would have ended up sealed inaccessible beneath the concrete of the building presently being erected on the site. Once in human hands, these artifacts have a chance of finding their way into reputable collections; left in the ground, they speak neither to us nor perhaps even to those yet unborn. To the Reeve site, then, a motley band of archaeologists, would-be archaeologists and curiosity-seekers flocked during to contort themselves into makeshift ditches and niches dug around the skitterings of workers and earthmoving machines. Some of us dropped down alongside the foundations of the buildings even as they were being laid to ferret into the strata which had been bared by mechanical shovels. All around us the ground was being shifted and recontoured, making it virtually impossible in most cases to determine precise stratigraphic depths for individual finds. The Reeve site is situated just south of the mouth of the Chagrin River, about half a mile south of Lake Erie, slightly north of Lake Shore Blvd., atop a bluff about 35 ft. high. In recent decades it has formed a parcel of farm land periodically open to archaeological investigations, at the whims of changing owners. Now it is being closed to such investigatory activity by the erection of an apartment complex, including parking facilities, which will cover the entire top surface of the bluff. Even in its last days (at least for this century) the site yielded many interesting finds. At a depth of 20 inches, we retrieved four turkey bone awls, one rather large, 5-3/4" long, and the others, smaller, measuring 2-3/4", and two 2-/4". Even further down, at about 35", came a most perfect grey-black slate gorget 3-/4 x -/4" with two drilled holes symmetrically placed on either side of center. Because it was a salvage excavation, other of our finds are impossible to place stratigraphically. There were, for example, four needles, three 3-3/4" long and the other 2-3/4", and three bear teeth, -3/4, 2-/8 and 2-/4" long, two of which were drilled. Along asimilar line were two elk antler knives, 3 and 4" long, both with sharp points. Of particular interest to us was a small Erie pipe. This stone artifact closely resembles the pipe shown in Vietzen (p. 27, lower center), except that the ridge of the upper rim is more clearly articulated. It measures -/4" high and /2" wide and is well preserved. Incidental to this were two sharppointed pipe cleaners, 2-/4 and 2-3/4" long. Perhaps of more specialized appeal was the crystal calcite pipe, a somewhat rarer variety for this vicinity. What is most notable about this piece is that it is incomplete. The two drilled holes do not meet, nor is the pipe bowl shaped out. Hand-sized, it is slablike, 2" wide and 2-/4" high, and one tip end has apparently been shorn by earth-moving equipment. However, slightly imperfect though it is, it provides a nice idea of the skill and patience that were required to bring such artifacts, simple and rude though they were, into finished form. From any routine dig there usually emerges only a few really outstanding finds, and these tend to obscure by their very distinctiveness other more plentiful but apparently mundane 35

36 artifacts. Being perhaps naive in this, our first major archaeological undertaking, we allowed ourselves to be guided by the principle that only an uncensored cross-section of artifacts could reveal anything resembling a true picture of the culture buried there. Consequently we, unlike many of our colleagues, gathered as many hammerstones as we could find. Others were casting them off as so much rubble, but it struck us that these were among the most elemental tools that the Indians had at their disposal. By their size, weight, shape and texture, these hammerstones, perhaps more than the more refined implements, allow us to experience the sheer simplicity and rudimentary quality of life in pre-columbian America. Much of the typical Indian's life must have been spent in the frustration of trying to use such elemental tools, ready-made in nature, to achieve tasks for which the tools were hardly suited. These hammerstones, of which we accumulated about 00, vary considerably and reflect the strength and character of those who chose them for use. One, a quartz stone, for instance, tells us that the owner probably had an aesthetic sensibility exceeding that of other members of his tribe. Another class of artifacts lacking in glamor is the net sinkers, again almost ready-made by natural forces. Though they hardly bear the imprint of human integrity, they actually attest to the beginnings of that ingenuity by showing us the ways in which early man adopted what was at hand to the task of survival. Thus, as with the hammerstones, we have here the tangible link between simple animal cunning and more sophisticated thought processes predicated on the ability to employ the symbol. Our finds included three net sinkers, hand-sized and quite primitive, one barely modified from its natural form. Finally we must account among our finds one that defies ultimate and absolute classification. This is a large, grooved block of black granite 6" wide and 5- A" long, weighing 9 lbs. Experts tell us that it is in all probability a spear shaft straightener, and while we have no reason to contest this, it does seem that the stone may have been for more varied applications. It fits nicely into the lap, and we can conceive the well-worn groove to have been used to accomplish various shaping tasks in which pressure, friction, rotation and abrasion were utilized to impart round or cylindrical shapes to a variety of objects. In fact, one of the most significant insights that we achieved in our work at the Reeve site was that primitive tools were designed or selected for multi-purpose applications. Common-sense would make it obvious that with a limited number of tools and virtually unlimited tasks to perform, ancient man would necessarily be forced to use single tools for diverse purposes. But we could see evidence for that etched indelibly into the artifacts themselves. One of the net sinkers, for example, bore pit marks centrally located on either side, indicating that it had been used for light pounding, and maybe it had even been fastened to a wooden handle for digging or hoeing. Again what we are studying here is the birth of human, as distinct from purely animal, thought. To us that is the thrill of archaeology. The Reeve site was a deeply satisfying experience, one which gave us days of hard work, immeasurable enjoyment, and greater understanding. It was a rewarding beginning; and it convinced us to continue this fascinating avocation. We look forward to sharing our progress with you in future reports. Murphy, James L. 974 A radiocarbon date from the Reeve site, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist, 24( ):6f. Vietzen, Col Raymond C. 965 Indians of the Lake Erie Basin or Lost Nations, Wahoo, Nebraska. 36

37 Fig. (Harvey) Flint projectile and tools from the Reeve site. points 9 Fig. 2 (Harvey) Bone Awl, Stone pipe, Banded slate gorget, and celt from the Reeve site. Fig. 3 (Harvey) Stone tools. Object on left may have been used as a shaft ahrader. ' r' < 'i,, i,,, j,, i.'rr iti.i.i.f.i 37

38 The Grave of a Fort Ancient Arrow Maker By David Scott, Manchester, Ohio Although a number of Fort Ancient locations are present in Brown County, Ohio, and the adjacent counties of Adams and Clermont, few of these sites have ever been formally excavated or reported. In fact, the area is relatively unknown despite the wealth of archaeological material found there, particularly near the Ohio River. Had it not been for a few amateur archaeologists and collectors who salvaged and collected materials from these sites, little would have been known about them since farming and river erosion have taken their toll and have nearly destroyed many of them. In 965 Wendell Mason found and excavated the burial of a young male adult on a Brown County Fort Ancient site. The artifacts accompanying this burial are unique and extremely interesting for they appear to be not only those of a ceremonial nature but also include the tool kit of a master arrow maker and flint knapper. The small shell tempered bowl is in perfect condition and is shell tempered. The two rim lugs are applied. The bowl was found near the left side of the skull. The shell bead necklace and the bone flute were found on the chest. A hematite rubbing stone and the drilled bear tooth along with the above listed items may be included in the ceremonial artifacts. On the left side of the lower limbs were items used in arrow making and they include an abrading stone of rough sandstone and two grooved shaft abraders made of extremely rough sandstone. Six antler tips are blanks for arrow points and the two flint drills were probably used to drill shaft sockets in the antler points. A large bone flaker was used for knapping flint points and tools. ^ ^B B' ^^p B^ M ^m Fig. (Scott) Artifacts found with a Fort Ancient burial in Brown County, Ohio. Ceremonial items are the bowl, beads, flute, and the hematite rubbing stone. The arrow makers kit includes blank antler tips, flint drills, knapping tools, and abrading stones. 38

39 AN UNFINISHED GORGET by John B. St. John 6 Pinecrest Dr. Bedford, Ohio 4446 In July of 973 this unfinished quadriconcave, Adena gorget was picked up by my son Greg while surface hunting an area stripped for the construction of a warehouse near the eastern boundary of Walton Hills, Cuyahoga County, Ohio. The artifact has been roughed out of a piece of tawny-green, banded slate and measures 4-3/4 inches by 3-/2 inches. The general vicinity of this find yielded a good selection of Woodland and Archaic points, collected by the late Arthur George Smith in 95 and presently owned by the Bedford Historical Society. Book Review An Archaeological History of the Hocking Valley by James L. Murphy Ohio University Press, Athens, Ohio 360 pages price $5.00 An Archaeological History of the Hocking Valley concerns itself with the approximate 00 mile length of this southeastern Ohio stream and its occupation by prehistoric Indians. Murphy has included an initial chapter on archaeological nomenclature and some of the confusion which has injected itself into present day literature because of the various terms used by archaeologists to describe prehistoric cultures. It is the only such treatise on the subject for a number of years and hopefully will bring about some order in the terms used. Other chapters deal with the environment of the Hocking Valley and its occupation from Paleo-lndian to late prehistoric times. He also discusses archaeological work done in the valley in the 9th century and the rock shelters which abound in the region. The book is a perceptive treatment from an archaeological standpoint of this little known part of Ohio. It is unfortunate that Mister Murphy did not lend his considerable investigating and writing talents to river valleys such as the Miamis and Muskingum which have been almost totally ignored by professionals for over half a century. One criticism of a portion of the book can be offered. On pages 24 and 22 a picture and discussion of an Ohio dovetail, purportedly found in a mound in Fairfield County, is discussed. Ohio dovetails are obviously not Hopewell even though some writers and collectors assume that they are because of the copious use of colorful Flint Ridge flint employed in their manufacture. Murphy, while being somewhat noncomittal, pictures it with other Hopewell material taken from the mound years ago but with which it certainly does not belong and probably was not found. All in all, the book is extremely well written by a thorough and competent archaeologist and should be read by any serious student of Ohio archaeology. Robert N. Converse Contributing Membership Arnold Lynd RFD 2 Pastaskala, Ohio Donald Mathys Rt. # West Mansfield, Ohio

40 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio; to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning; and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in this society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues. A Dovetail from Ross County This magnificent Ohio dovetail was found near Paint Creek in Ross County, Ohio, in 930. It is made of Flint Ridge chalcedony with shades of pink and yellow. The point is shown actual size, 7-7/8 inches in length and 2-/4 inches in width. It is in the collection of Summers Redick, 35 W. Riverglen, Worthington, Ohio.