SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 1

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1 SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 23 SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 1 MARTIN MALVE Tartu ülikooli arheoloogia doktorant, luu-uurija martinmalve@gmail.com aastate lõpus avastasid restauraatorid soojatrassi ehitustöödel Haapsalu toomkiriku ümarkabelist tervikliku mehe luustiku, mis maeti tagasi. 2 Toonasele Läänemaa muuseumile anti üle vaid alalõualuuta kolju. 3 Leidjate tähelepanu köitsid rohked lõikejäljed otsmiku-, kiiru- ja kuklaluudel. Lisaks võeti kogudesse ka üks täiskasvanu alalõualuu 4, mis antud koljuga kokku ei sobi. Vägivallatunnustega luustikud ei ole arheoloogilises luuaineses tavalised. Enamasti tuvastatakse surmaaegseid traumasid ühel või kahel skeletil valimis (vt nt Tartu Püha Maarja kalmistu 5, Kose kirikaed 6, Narva Triumphi bastioni alune kalmistu 7, Nõo kirikaed 8 ). Otseselt sõjasündmustele 1 Artikkel on valminud Eesti Teadusagentuuri institutsionaalse uurimistoetuse IUT 20-7 Eesti Läänemere ruumis: majanduslike, sotsiaalsete ja kultuuriliste protsesside arheoloogia raames. 2 Kalev Jaago, Haapsalu linna kalmistud, Läänemaa kalmistud, II: Ridala ja Martna kihelkondade ning Haapsalu linna kalmistud, koost Lembitu Twerdianski (Kullamaa: Kullamaa kihelkonnamuuseum, 2014), SA Haapsalu ja Läänemaa Muuseumid, HM 8169: Martin Malve, Haapsalu toomkiriku ümarkabelist leitud luude osteoloogiline analüüs, (Tartu, 2017) (käsikiri Tartu ülikooli arheoloogia kabineti arhiivis). 5 Martin Malve, Raido Roog & Andres Tvauri, Preliminary results of the rescue excavation in St Mary s churchyard and its surroundings in Tartu , Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2011 (Tallinn, 2012), Martin Malve, Villu Kadakas, Mauri Kiudsoo & Elis Tiidu, Archaeological studies in the church and churchyard of Kose, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2013 (Tallinn, 2014), Paul Ööbik, Ragnar Nurk, Martin Malve & Guido Toos, Archaeological studies at the site of the new Narva border station, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2014 (Tallinn, 2015), Martin Malve, Archaeological fieldwork at the Medieval and Early Modern churchyards in Nõo, Pilistvere and Põltsamaa, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2015 (Tallinn, 2016),

2 24 MARTIN MALVE SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 25 ja konfliktidele viitavaid matuseid ja ühishaudu on seni Eestis avatud vaid kolmel korral: Saaremaal Salmes 9, Tartu külje all Veibris 10 ja Vana- Vastseliina piiskopilinnuse kõrval asunud alevi kalmistul 11. Haapsalu toomkirikust leitud matuse juurest teadaolevalt ühtegi leidu ei saadud, mistõttu on raske kindlaks teha, mis ajast luustik pärineb. Ümarkabel (JOONIS 1), millest skelett avastati, on rajatud hiljem kui ülejäänud kirik, kuid selle täpsem ehitusaeg on teadmata. 12 Toomkirikusse maeti alates keskajast ning kõige hilisemad teated matmistest pärinevad 18. sajandi esimesest poolest. 13 Kuna luustik leiti ehitustööde käigus ja sellele täpsemaid uuringuid ei järgnenud, puuduvad ka andmed matuse sügavuse, võimaliku kirstu või hauarajatise kohta. Haapsalust leitud mehe matmispaiga järgi võib oletada, et tegemist oli kindlasti kõrgklassi kuuluva indiviidiga, kuna toomkirik oli vaimulikueliidi matmispaik. Ilmalikke maeti sinna vaid juhul, kui nad olid panustanud kiriku ehitamisse või selle renoveerimisse. 14 Antud mees võibki olla näiteks lahingus hukkunud donaator. Üldiselt on surmaaegsete vigastustega luustike leidmine kirikutest üsna haruldane, Eestist on varem teada vaid üks juhtum Tartu toomkirikust, kuhu oli sängitatud maha raiutud peaga täiskasvanud mees. 15 JOONIS 1. Haapsalu linnus ja toomkirik, terariista vigastustega kolju avastati ümarkabelist (paremal). Foto Ivar Leidus. 9 Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe & Liina Maldre, Archaeological investigations of Pre-Viking Age burial boat in Salme village at Saaremaa, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2010 (Tallinn, 2011), 29 48; Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre, Ragnar Saage, Teresa Tomek & Lembi Lõugas, Research results of the Salme ship burials in , Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2012 (Tallinn, 2013), Mari Lõhmus, Martin Malve, Jüri Plado & Alina Tšugai, Archaeological research at Veibri: a Late Mesolithic cemetery and a mass grave from the 13th century AD, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2010 (Tallinn, 2011), Kaspar Koort, Ühishauas peitunud luud paljastavad kauge aja tooruse, Tartu Postimees, ; Asso Ladva, Arheoloogid kaevasid Vastseliinas välja maha raiutud pea ja lõikehaavadega laibad, Õhtuleht, Kaur Alttoa, Haapsalu linnuse kujunemisloost: märkmeid ja märkusi, Läänemaa muuseumi toimetised, XVII (Haapsalu, 2014), Jaago, Haapsalu linna kalmistud, Andrea Augenti & Roberta Gilchrist, Life, death and memory, The archaeology of Medieval Europe, 2: twelfth to sixteenth centuries, Acta Jutlandica, Humanistik serie, 2011, ed. by Martin Carver & Jan Klápšte (Aarhus: The University of Aarhus, 2011), Martin Malve, Kaks luustikku Tartu toomkirikust: arheoloogia ja osteoloogia andmed, Õpetatud Eesti Seltsi aastaraamat, 2010 (Tartu, 2011), Läänemaa muuseumi kogusse antud kolju oli hästi säilinud, esines üksikuid trassitöödel tekkinud vigastusi ja kriime. Säilinud luud analüüsiti osteoloogiliselt: koljul olevate tunnuste järgi tuvastati sugu 16, vanus surma hetkel määrati hammaste kulumise põhjal 17, lisaks tähendati üles silmapaistvamad patoloogiad 18. Tagapurihammaste mälumispinna kulumise järgi kuulub kolju aastasele, nooremale täiskasvanule, sellele viitavad ka hästi nähtavad ja kolju sisemusest veel ühinemata õmblused. Koljul on suured mastoidjätked, otsmikuluu on kaldu, kulmumõikad kergelt 16 Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains, ed. by Jane E. Buikstra & Douglas H. Ubelaker, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, 44 (Arkansas, 1994). 17 Don R. Brothwell, Digging up bones: the excavation, treatment and study of human skeletal remains (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). 18 Donald J. Ortner & Walter G. J. Putschar, Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains (Washington, 1985); Charlotte Roberts & Keith Manchester, The archaeology of disease (Third edition: Cornell: The History Press, 2012).

3 26 MARTIN MALVE SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 27 eenduvad ning selgelt eristub kuklaluu välimine mügar, mis kõik on väga omased meestele. Ülalõualuudes oli säilinud kaheksa hammast, millest jäävhambaid oli seitse ja piimahambaid üks. Vasak kaniin ehk silmahammas ei olnud eluajal vahetunud. Ülalõualuu parema poole esimese eespurihamba ning esimese ja teise tagapurihamba kroon olid tugevasti kulunud. Võimalik, et mees oli toitu purustanud peamiselt parema poole hammastega. Säilinud hammastel esines ka kerget hambakivi ja vasaku poole esimesel tagapurihambal kaariest. Silmapaistvaks tegid leiu üheksa surmaaegset lõikejälge ajukoljuluudel (JOONISED 2 4), millest ühelgi ei olnud märke paranemisest. Haavad olid sirged ja kitsad, V-kujulise läbilõikega ning siledate servadega, pikkusega mm (TABEL 1). Selliseid vigastusi tekitab peeneteraline relv, nt mõõk. Löögid olid ohvrit tabanud erinevate nurkade all. Viis haava paiknesid kolju vasakul, kaks paremal poolel ja kaks kuklaosas. Läbistavaid lööke oli vaid üks, paremal kiiruluul (JOONIS 2), ülejäänud olid kas kolju välispinnal või tunginud koljulae luude käsnollusesse. Luud läbiv vigastus kahjustas kindlasti aju ning oli seetõttu tõenäoliselt surmav. TABEL 1. Haapsalu toomkiriku ümarkabelist leitud koljul esinevate lõikejälgede asukohad ja pikkused Nr Asukoht koljul 1 Otsmikuluu soomusosa vasakul poolel ja vasakul kiiruluu kolju laeosas Pikkus (mm)* 59,55 2 Otsmikuluu vasakul poolel pärgõmbluse juures 40,36 3 Paremal kiiruluul, läbib ülemist oimujoont 49,8 4 Paremal kiiruluul ja kuklaluu soomusosas 43,35 5 Vasakul kiiru- ja oimuluul 33,9 6 Vasakul kiiruluul 34,7 7 Vasakul kiiruluul 54,39 8 Kuklaluu soomusosas 37,05 9 Kuklaluu soomusosas 28,27 * Lõikehaava minimaalne pikkus, mõõdetud nihiku abil. Sellised koljuvigastused on väga sarnased traumadega, mida näeme nii Salme, Veibri ja Vana- Vastseliina kalmistul kui ka näiteks Rootsis Uppsalast 19 avastatud sõjandusega seotud kesk- ja varauusaegsetest haudades. Enamasti tuvastatakse selliseid lahinguvigastusi just noorte meeste skelettidel. 20 Traumad kiiruluudel on kõige üks kõige tavalisemaid lahinguvigastusi. 21 Peahaavadest jookseb rohkelt verd, mistõttu pärsib juba pehme koe vigastamine vaenlase aktiivsust ning võimaldab ta kerge vaevaga kahjutuks teha. Osteoloogilistes uuringutes on kolju vasaku poole vigastusi interpreteeritud kui silmast silma võitlust, kus ründaja lööb parema käega. 22 Antud juhtumi puhul viitab löökide arvukus ja paiknemine kolju eri osades mitmele ründajale või ohvri erinevatele asenditele. Seda, 19 Anna Kjellstörm, A Sixteenth-Century Warrior Grave from Uppsala, Sweden: the Battle of Good Friday, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 15:1 (2005), Kjellstörm, A Sixteenth-Century Warrior Grave from Uppsala, Sweden, 23; Ööbik et al., Archaeological studies at the site of the new Narva border station, Kjellstörm, A Sixteenth-Century Warrior Grave from Uppsala, Sweden, Keith Manchester, Archaeology of Disease (Bradford: University of Bradford, 1983), JOONIS 2. Läbiv terariistahaav kolju paremal kiiruluul (haav nr 3). JOONIS 3. Kolju otsmikuluu vasakul küljel on näha kahte surmaaegset lõikejälge (haavad nr 1 ja 2). JOONIS 4. Neli terariista lõikejälge kolju tagaosas (haavad nr 4, 6, 7, 8 ja 9). Fotod Martin Malve.

4 28 MARTIN MALVE SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 29 kas rünnak toimus lahingu või inimestevahelise arveteklaarimise käigus, on raske kindlaks teha, kuid vigastuste rohkus ja iseloom viitavad pigem sõjategevusele. Arvukad vigastused koljuluudel viitavad ka peakaitse puudumisele või oli näiteks kiiver peast löödud. Kahjuks puudub alaskelett, mistõttu ei ole võimalik uurida, kas ohvril oli vigastusi ka rindkerel või jäsemetel. Haapsalu toomkirikust leitud kolju on kindlasti märkimisväärne leid, kuna vägivallatunnustega luustikke on Eesti kirikutest väga vähe teada. Skelett kuulus täiskasvanud mehele, kes oli hukkunud vägivaldselt, tema koljul õnnestus tuvastada üheksa surmaaegset terariistavigastust. Haavade asukohad pea luudel osutavad lahingusituatsioonile, kus eesmärk on olnud ohver surmata. Luustiku matmispaik kiriku sisemuses viitab, et tegemist oli kõrgklassi kuulunud indiviidiga, kes hukkus sõjategevuse käigus. A SKULL WITH PERIMORTEM INJURIES FROM HAAPSALU CATHEDRAL MARTIN MALVE Summary In the end of the 1980s, during the construction works, a male skeleton was discovered from the round chapel of Haapsalu Cathedral. Only the skull, with the mandible missing, was delivered to the museum. The several cutmarks on the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones captured the attention of the discoverers. Skeletons with signs of violence are not common in archaeological osteological material. Only a few (collective) burials directly indicating war events and conflicts have been found in Estonia. Since no finds are known in connection to the burial from Haapsalu Cathedral, it is hard to determine the period the skeleton dates to. The round chapel (Figure 1) from which the skeleton was discovered, was not used as a burial site before the Medieval Period and the latest reports of burials date to the first half of the 18 th century. Based on the site where the skeleton from Haapsalu was discovered, it is possible to presume that the burial belongs to a person from the elite, since the Cathedral was a burial site for the ecclesiastical elite. The skull is that of a male aged 25 to 35 years. A remarkable find on the skull was nine perimortem cutmarks on the cranium (Figures 2 4), none of which showed the signs of healing. The injuries were straight and narrow, and 28 to 59 mm in length (Table 1). This kind of injuries are caused by a weapon with a thin blade, e.g. a sword. The blows were delivered at different angles. Five wounds were on the left and two on the right side of the skull, and two on the nape of the skull. One of the blows to the right side (Figure 2) was the only one to pierce the skull. The other injured the outer table of the skull or reached the diploë. Since the wound piercing the skull certainly also injured the brain, it is very likely that the blow was fatal. The abundance and the locations of the wounds indicate either that there were multiple assailants or that the victim was

5 30 MARTIN MALVE in several positions. It is difficult to determine whether the attack was a part of a battle or a personal conflict but the number and character of the injuries are indicative of a battle. The several cranial injuries indicate to the absence of a helmet perhaps it was lost during the fight. Since the rest of the skeleton is missing, it is sadly not possible to examine if the victim also had injuries to his torso or limbs. The skull discovered from Haapsalu Cathedral is most definitely a remarkable find since only a few skeletons with the signs of violence have been found in Estonian churches. The skeleton was that of an adult male who died a violent death nine perimortem blade injuries were identified on his skull. The location on the cranial bones indicate a battle where the goal was to kill the victim. The burial site of the skeleton inside the church tells of a person belonging to the elite who died as a result of fighting.

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