SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 1
|
|
- Earl Osborne
- 6 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 23 SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 1 MARTIN MALVE Tartu ülikooli arheoloogia doktorant, luu-uurija martinmalve@gmail.com aastate lõpus avastasid restauraatorid soojatrassi ehitustöödel Haapsalu toomkiriku ümarkabelist tervikliku mehe luustiku, mis maeti tagasi. 2 Toonasele Läänemaa muuseumile anti üle vaid alalõualuuta kolju. 3 Leidjate tähelepanu köitsid rohked lõikejäljed otsmiku-, kiiru- ja kuklaluudel. Lisaks võeti kogudesse ka üks täiskasvanu alalõualuu 4, mis antud koljuga kokku ei sobi. Vägivallatunnustega luustikud ei ole arheoloogilises luuaineses tavalised. Enamasti tuvastatakse surmaaegseid traumasid ühel või kahel skeletil valimis (vt nt Tartu Püha Maarja kalmistu 5, Kose kirikaed 6, Narva Triumphi bastioni alune kalmistu 7, Nõo kirikaed 8 ). Otseselt sõjasündmustele 1 Artikkel on valminud Eesti Teadusagentuuri institutsionaalse uurimistoetuse IUT 20-7 Eesti Läänemere ruumis: majanduslike, sotsiaalsete ja kultuuriliste protsesside arheoloogia raames. 2 Kalev Jaago, Haapsalu linna kalmistud, Läänemaa kalmistud, II: Ridala ja Martna kihelkondade ning Haapsalu linna kalmistud, koost Lembitu Twerdianski (Kullamaa: Kullamaa kihelkonnamuuseum, 2014), SA Haapsalu ja Läänemaa Muuseumid, HM 8169: Martin Malve, Haapsalu toomkiriku ümarkabelist leitud luude osteoloogiline analüüs, (Tartu, 2017) (käsikiri Tartu ülikooli arheoloogia kabineti arhiivis). 5 Martin Malve, Raido Roog & Andres Tvauri, Preliminary results of the rescue excavation in St Mary s churchyard and its surroundings in Tartu , Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2011 (Tallinn, 2012), Martin Malve, Villu Kadakas, Mauri Kiudsoo & Elis Tiidu, Archaeological studies in the church and churchyard of Kose, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2013 (Tallinn, 2014), Paul Ööbik, Ragnar Nurk, Martin Malve & Guido Toos, Archaeological studies at the site of the new Narva border station, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2014 (Tallinn, 2015), Martin Malve, Archaeological fieldwork at the Medieval and Early Modern churchyards in Nõo, Pilistvere and Põltsamaa, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2015 (Tallinn, 2016),
2 24 MARTIN MALVE SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 25 ja konfliktidele viitavaid matuseid ja ühishaudu on seni Eestis avatud vaid kolmel korral: Saaremaal Salmes 9, Tartu külje all Veibris 10 ja Vana- Vastseliina piiskopilinnuse kõrval asunud alevi kalmistul 11. Haapsalu toomkirikust leitud matuse juurest teadaolevalt ühtegi leidu ei saadud, mistõttu on raske kindlaks teha, mis ajast luustik pärineb. Ümarkabel (JOONIS 1), millest skelett avastati, on rajatud hiljem kui ülejäänud kirik, kuid selle täpsem ehitusaeg on teadmata. 12 Toomkirikusse maeti alates keskajast ning kõige hilisemad teated matmistest pärinevad 18. sajandi esimesest poolest. 13 Kuna luustik leiti ehitustööde käigus ja sellele täpsemaid uuringuid ei järgnenud, puuduvad ka andmed matuse sügavuse, võimaliku kirstu või hauarajatise kohta. Haapsalust leitud mehe matmispaiga järgi võib oletada, et tegemist oli kindlasti kõrgklassi kuuluva indiviidiga, kuna toomkirik oli vaimulikueliidi matmispaik. Ilmalikke maeti sinna vaid juhul, kui nad olid panustanud kiriku ehitamisse või selle renoveerimisse. 14 Antud mees võibki olla näiteks lahingus hukkunud donaator. Üldiselt on surmaaegsete vigastustega luustike leidmine kirikutest üsna haruldane, Eestist on varem teada vaid üks juhtum Tartu toomkirikust, kuhu oli sängitatud maha raiutud peaga täiskasvanud mees. 15 JOONIS 1. Haapsalu linnus ja toomkirik, terariista vigastustega kolju avastati ümarkabelist (paremal). Foto Ivar Leidus. 9 Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe & Liina Maldre, Archaeological investigations of Pre-Viking Age burial boat in Salme village at Saaremaa, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2010 (Tallinn, 2011), 29 48; Jüri Peets, Raili Allmäe, Liina Maldre, Ragnar Saage, Teresa Tomek & Lembi Lõugas, Research results of the Salme ship burials in , Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2012 (Tallinn, 2013), Mari Lõhmus, Martin Malve, Jüri Plado & Alina Tšugai, Archaeological research at Veibri: a Late Mesolithic cemetery and a mass grave from the 13th century AD, Archaeological fieldwork in Estonia, 2010 (Tallinn, 2011), Kaspar Koort, Ühishauas peitunud luud paljastavad kauge aja tooruse, Tartu Postimees, ; Asso Ladva, Arheoloogid kaevasid Vastseliinas välja maha raiutud pea ja lõikehaavadega laibad, Õhtuleht, Kaur Alttoa, Haapsalu linnuse kujunemisloost: märkmeid ja märkusi, Läänemaa muuseumi toimetised, XVII (Haapsalu, 2014), Jaago, Haapsalu linna kalmistud, Andrea Augenti & Roberta Gilchrist, Life, death and memory, The archaeology of Medieval Europe, 2: twelfth to sixteenth centuries, Acta Jutlandica, Humanistik serie, 2011, ed. by Martin Carver & Jan Klápšte (Aarhus: The University of Aarhus, 2011), Martin Malve, Kaks luustikku Tartu toomkirikust: arheoloogia ja osteoloogia andmed, Õpetatud Eesti Seltsi aastaraamat, 2010 (Tartu, 2011), Läänemaa muuseumi kogusse antud kolju oli hästi säilinud, esines üksikuid trassitöödel tekkinud vigastusi ja kriime. Säilinud luud analüüsiti osteoloogiliselt: koljul olevate tunnuste järgi tuvastati sugu 16, vanus surma hetkel määrati hammaste kulumise põhjal 17, lisaks tähendati üles silmapaistvamad patoloogiad 18. Tagapurihammaste mälumispinna kulumise järgi kuulub kolju aastasele, nooremale täiskasvanule, sellele viitavad ka hästi nähtavad ja kolju sisemusest veel ühinemata õmblused. Koljul on suured mastoidjätked, otsmikuluu on kaldu, kulmumõikad kergelt 16 Standards for data collection from human skeletal remains, ed. by Jane E. Buikstra & Douglas H. Ubelaker, Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series, 44 (Arkansas, 1994). 17 Don R. Brothwell, Digging up bones: the excavation, treatment and study of human skeletal remains (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981). 18 Donald J. Ortner & Walter G. J. Putschar, Identification of pathological conditions in human skeletal remains (Washington, 1985); Charlotte Roberts & Keith Manchester, The archaeology of disease (Third edition: Cornell: The History Press, 2012).
3 26 MARTIN MALVE SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 27 eenduvad ning selgelt eristub kuklaluu välimine mügar, mis kõik on väga omased meestele. Ülalõualuudes oli säilinud kaheksa hammast, millest jäävhambaid oli seitse ja piimahambaid üks. Vasak kaniin ehk silmahammas ei olnud eluajal vahetunud. Ülalõualuu parema poole esimese eespurihamba ning esimese ja teise tagapurihamba kroon olid tugevasti kulunud. Võimalik, et mees oli toitu purustanud peamiselt parema poole hammastega. Säilinud hammastel esines ka kerget hambakivi ja vasaku poole esimesel tagapurihambal kaariest. Silmapaistvaks tegid leiu üheksa surmaaegset lõikejälge ajukoljuluudel (JOONISED 2 4), millest ühelgi ei olnud märke paranemisest. Haavad olid sirged ja kitsad, V-kujulise läbilõikega ning siledate servadega, pikkusega mm (TABEL 1). Selliseid vigastusi tekitab peeneteraline relv, nt mõõk. Löögid olid ohvrit tabanud erinevate nurkade all. Viis haava paiknesid kolju vasakul, kaks paremal poolel ja kaks kuklaosas. Läbistavaid lööke oli vaid üks, paremal kiiruluul (JOONIS 2), ülejäänud olid kas kolju välispinnal või tunginud koljulae luude käsnollusesse. Luud läbiv vigastus kahjustas kindlasti aju ning oli seetõttu tõenäoliselt surmav. TABEL 1. Haapsalu toomkiriku ümarkabelist leitud koljul esinevate lõikejälgede asukohad ja pikkused Nr Asukoht koljul 1 Otsmikuluu soomusosa vasakul poolel ja vasakul kiiruluu kolju laeosas Pikkus (mm)* 59,55 2 Otsmikuluu vasakul poolel pärgõmbluse juures 40,36 3 Paremal kiiruluul, läbib ülemist oimujoont 49,8 4 Paremal kiiruluul ja kuklaluu soomusosas 43,35 5 Vasakul kiiru- ja oimuluul 33,9 6 Vasakul kiiruluul 34,7 7 Vasakul kiiruluul 54,39 8 Kuklaluu soomusosas 37,05 9 Kuklaluu soomusosas 28,27 * Lõikehaava minimaalne pikkus, mõõdetud nihiku abil. Sellised koljuvigastused on väga sarnased traumadega, mida näeme nii Salme, Veibri ja Vana- Vastseliina kalmistul kui ka näiteks Rootsis Uppsalast 19 avastatud sõjandusega seotud kesk- ja varauusaegsetest haudades. Enamasti tuvastatakse selliseid lahinguvigastusi just noorte meeste skelettidel. 20 Traumad kiiruluudel on kõige üks kõige tavalisemaid lahinguvigastusi. 21 Peahaavadest jookseb rohkelt verd, mistõttu pärsib juba pehme koe vigastamine vaenlase aktiivsust ning võimaldab ta kerge vaevaga kahjutuks teha. Osteoloogilistes uuringutes on kolju vasaku poole vigastusi interpreteeritud kui silmast silma võitlust, kus ründaja lööb parema käega. 22 Antud juhtumi puhul viitab löökide arvukus ja paiknemine kolju eri osades mitmele ründajale või ohvri erinevatele asenditele. Seda, 19 Anna Kjellstörm, A Sixteenth-Century Warrior Grave from Uppsala, Sweden: the Battle of Good Friday, International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 15:1 (2005), Kjellstörm, A Sixteenth-Century Warrior Grave from Uppsala, Sweden, 23; Ööbik et al., Archaeological studies at the site of the new Narva border station, Kjellstörm, A Sixteenth-Century Warrior Grave from Uppsala, Sweden, Keith Manchester, Archaeology of Disease (Bradford: University of Bradford, 1983), JOONIS 2. Läbiv terariistahaav kolju paremal kiiruluul (haav nr 3). JOONIS 3. Kolju otsmikuluu vasakul küljel on näha kahte surmaaegset lõikejälge (haavad nr 1 ja 2). JOONIS 4. Neli terariista lõikejälge kolju tagaosas (haavad nr 4, 6, 7, 8 ja 9). Fotod Martin Malve.
4 28 MARTIN MALVE SURMAAEGSETE VIGASTUSTEGA KOLJU HAAPSALU TOOMKIRIKUST 29 kas rünnak toimus lahingu või inimestevahelise arveteklaarimise käigus, on raske kindlaks teha, kuid vigastuste rohkus ja iseloom viitavad pigem sõjategevusele. Arvukad vigastused koljuluudel viitavad ka peakaitse puudumisele või oli näiteks kiiver peast löödud. Kahjuks puudub alaskelett, mistõttu ei ole võimalik uurida, kas ohvril oli vigastusi ka rindkerel või jäsemetel. Haapsalu toomkirikust leitud kolju on kindlasti märkimisväärne leid, kuna vägivallatunnustega luustikke on Eesti kirikutest väga vähe teada. Skelett kuulus täiskasvanud mehele, kes oli hukkunud vägivaldselt, tema koljul õnnestus tuvastada üheksa surmaaegset terariistavigastust. Haavade asukohad pea luudel osutavad lahingusituatsioonile, kus eesmärk on olnud ohver surmata. Luustiku matmispaik kiriku sisemuses viitab, et tegemist oli kõrgklassi kuulunud indiviidiga, kes hukkus sõjategevuse käigus. A SKULL WITH PERIMORTEM INJURIES FROM HAAPSALU CATHEDRAL MARTIN MALVE Summary In the end of the 1980s, during the construction works, a male skeleton was discovered from the round chapel of Haapsalu Cathedral. Only the skull, with the mandible missing, was delivered to the museum. The several cutmarks on the frontal, parietal, and occipital bones captured the attention of the discoverers. Skeletons with signs of violence are not common in archaeological osteological material. Only a few (collective) burials directly indicating war events and conflicts have been found in Estonia. Since no finds are known in connection to the burial from Haapsalu Cathedral, it is hard to determine the period the skeleton dates to. The round chapel (Figure 1) from which the skeleton was discovered, was not used as a burial site before the Medieval Period and the latest reports of burials date to the first half of the 18 th century. Based on the site where the skeleton from Haapsalu was discovered, it is possible to presume that the burial belongs to a person from the elite, since the Cathedral was a burial site for the ecclesiastical elite. The skull is that of a male aged 25 to 35 years. A remarkable find on the skull was nine perimortem cutmarks on the cranium (Figures 2 4), none of which showed the signs of healing. The injuries were straight and narrow, and 28 to 59 mm in length (Table 1). This kind of injuries are caused by a weapon with a thin blade, e.g. a sword. The blows were delivered at different angles. Five wounds were on the left and two on the right side of the skull, and two on the nape of the skull. One of the blows to the right side (Figure 2) was the only one to pierce the skull. The other injured the outer table of the skull or reached the diploë. Since the wound piercing the skull certainly also injured the brain, it is very likely that the blow was fatal. The abundance and the locations of the wounds indicate either that there were multiple assailants or that the victim was
5 30 MARTIN MALVE in several positions. It is difficult to determine whether the attack was a part of a battle or a personal conflict but the number and character of the injuries are indicative of a battle. The several cranial injuries indicate to the absence of a helmet perhaps it was lost during the fight. Since the rest of the skeleton is missing, it is sadly not possible to examine if the victim also had injuries to his torso or limbs. The skull discovered from Haapsalu Cathedral is most definitely a remarkable find since only a few skeletons with the signs of violence have been found in Estonian churches. The skeleton was that of an adult male who died a violent death nine perimortem blade injuries were identified on his skull. The location on the cranial bones indicate a battle where the goal was to kill the victim. The burial site of the skeleton inside the church tells of a person belonging to the elite who died as a result of fighting.
SALVAGE EXCAVATIONS ON THE EARLY MODERN AGE RURAL CEMETERY OF EASSALU (FORMER VANAKÜLA)
ArchAeologicAl Fieldwork in estonia 2013, 183 192 SALVAGE EXCAVATIONS ON THE EARLY MODERN AGE RURAL CEMETERY OF EASSALU (FORMER VANAKÜLA) ANDRES TVAURI and ANU KIVIRÜÜT Tartu Ülikool, Ajaloo ja arheoloogia
More informationPRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE RESCUE EXCAVATION IN ST MARY S CHURCHYARD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS IN TARTU
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF THE RESCUE EXCAVATION IN ST MARY S CHURCHYARD AND ITS SURROUNDINGS IN TARTU 00 0 MARTIN MALVE, RAIDO ROOG and ANDRES TVAURI Tartu Ülikool, Ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut (University
More informationRescue excavations at the pit grave cemetery of Järveküla
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2014, 113 122 Rescue excavations at the pit grave cemetery of Järveküla Gurly Vedru MTÜ Arheoloogiakeskus, Rüütli 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia; gurli11@mail.ee Raili Allmäe
More informationHeiki Valk ON THE ORIGINS OF CHURCHES AND CHURCHYARDS IN SOUTHERN ESTONIA: THE EVIDENCE FROM EARLY GRAVE FINDS
99 Heiki Valk ON THE ORIGINS OF CHURCHES AND CHURCHYARDS IN SOUTHERN ESTONIA: THE EVIDENCE FROM EARLY GRAVE FINDS There is almost no written record of the formation of the network of rural churches in
More informationVIKING AGE HOARD FROM KINKSI, COUNTY OF LÄÄNEMAA
VIKING AGE HOARD FROM KINKSI, COUNTY OF LÄÄNEMAA ÜLLE TAMLA, MAURI KIUDSOO and TARVI TOOME Tallinna Ülikool, Ajaloo Instituut (Institute of History, Tallinn University), Rüütli 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia;
More informationThe VIKING DEAD. Discovering the North Men. A brand new 6 part series Written and directed by Jeremy Freeston (Medieval Dead Seasons 1-3)
The VIKING DEAD Discovering the North Men A brand new 6 part series Written and directed by Jeremy Freeston (Medieval Dead Seasons 1-3) With lead contributor Tim Sutherland (Medieval Dead Seasons 1-3)
More informationSPEARHEADS FROM KOHTLA-VANAKÜLA FIND: REFINING EARLY IRON AGE (500 BC AD 550) SPEARHEAD TYPO-CHRONOLOGY IN THE EASTERN BALTIC
Estonian Journal of Archaeology, 2018, 22, 1, 32 50 https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2018.1.03 SPEARHEADS FROM KOHTLA-VANAKÜLA FIND: REFINING EARLY IRON AGE (500 BC AD 550) SPEARHEAD TYPO-CHRONOLOGY IN THE
More informationNEW INTERESTING PREHISTORIC COIN FINDS IN 2013
ArchAeologicAl Fieldwork in estonia 2013, 221 228 NEW INTERESTING PREHISTORIC COIN FINDS IN 2013 MAURI KIUDSOO Tallinna Ülikool, Ajaloo Instituut (Institute of History, Tallinn University), Rüütli 6, 10130
More informationThree medieval and early modern hoards from Pugritsa village, historical Võrumaa
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2016, 81 92 Three medieval and early modern hoards from Pugritsa village, historical Võrumaa Tartu Ülikool, ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, arheoloogia osakond (University
More informationARCHAEOLOGICAL TEST EXCAVATIONS AT THE MESOLITHIC AND IRON AGE SETTLEMENT SITE JÄGALA-JOA IV
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELDWORK IN ESTONIA 2013, 45 54 ARCHAEOLOGICAL TEST EXCAVATIONS AT THE MESOLITHIC AND IRON AGE SETTLEMENT SITE JÄGALA-JOA IV AIVAR KRIISKA and KAAREL SIKK Tartu Ülikool, Ajaloo ja arheoloogia
More informationJanuary 13 th, 2019 Sample Current Affairs
January 13 th, 2019 Sample Current Affairs 1. Harappa grave of ancient 'couple' reveals secrets of Marriage What are the key takeaways of the excavation? Was marriage legally accepted in Harappan society?
More informationHuman remains from Estark, Iran, 2017
Bioarchaeology of the Near East, 11:84 89 (2017) Short fieldwork report Human remains from Estark, Iran, 2017 Arkadiusz Sołtysiak *1, Javad Hosseinzadeh 2, Mohsen Javeri 2, Agata Bebel 1 1 Department of
More informationLocal shape, foreign decoration : shared cultural values in dress pins from the Viidumäe sacrificial site on Saaremaa Jets, Indrek & Mägi, Marika
Local shape, foreign decoration : shared cultural values in dress pins from the Viidumäe sacrificial site on Saaremaa Jets, Indrek & Mägi, Marika http://kulturarvsdata.se/raa/fornvannen/html/2015_257 Fornvännen
More informationChurch of St Peter and St Paul, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire
Church of St Peter and St Paul, Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire An Archaeological Watching Brief for the Parish of Great Missenden by Andrew Taylor Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code
More informationKivijärve kuljustega noatuped
TARTU ÜLIKOOL Viljandi Kultuuriakadeemia Rahvusliku käsitöö osakond Margit Keeman Kivijärve kuljustega noatuped Diplomitöö Juhendajad: Riina Rammo, MA Egge Edussaar-Harak, MA Kaitsmisele lubatud (Juhendaja
More informationSaka Late Viking Age silver hoard from north-east Estonia
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2015, 113 120 Saka Late Viking Age silver hoard from north-east Estonia Ülle Tamla Tallinna Ülikool, arheoloogia teaduskogu (Archaeological Research Collection of Tallinn
More informationRooma tooteid Baltikumis
TARTU ÜLIKOOL FILOSOOFIATEADUSKOND AJALOO JA ARHEOLOOGIA INSTITUUT Jekaterina Štšogoleva Rooma tooteid Baltikumis Bakalaureusetöö Juhendaja: prof. Aivar Kriiska TARTU 2009 Sisukord Sissejuhatus... 3 1.
More informationS E R V I C E S. Glebe House, Reading Road, Wallingford, Oxfordshire. Archaeological Recording Action. by Andrew Mundin. Site Code: GHR15/256
T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S Glebe House, Reading Road, Wallingford, Oxfordshire Archaeological Recording Action by Andrew Mundin Site Code: GHR15/256 (SU 6068 8892) Glebe House,
More informationThe Vikings Begin. This October, step into the magical, mystical world of the early Vikings. By Dr. Marika Hedin
This October, step into the magical, mystical world of the early Vikings The Vikings Begin By Dr. Marika Hedin Director of Gustavianum, Uppsala University Museum This richly adorned helmet from the 7th
More informationE H I T U S K I N N I S V A R A M A T E R JALID TEHN O L O O G I A T E H N I K A. VALMINUD ON MUDELPROJEKTEERIMISE JUHENDMATERJAL lk 42.
E H I T U S K I N N I S V A R A M A T E R JALID TEHN O L O O G I A T E H N I K A NOVEMBER 2013 NR 11 (182) DIGIEDUET: UUS MULTI- KEELNE EHITUSTEABE INFOBAAS lk 12 VALMINUD ON MUDELPROJEKTEERIMISE JUHENDMATERJAL
More informationPreliminary Report on the Second Season of Excavations conducted on Mis Island (AKSC)
Preliminary Report on the Second Season of Excavations conducted on Mis Island (AKSC) Andrew Ginns During the 2005-06 season of fieldwork carried out on Mis Island, 1 exhumations from three separate medieval
More informationST PATRICK S CHAPEL, ST DAVIDS PEMBROKESHIRE 2015
ST PATRICK S CHAPEL, ST DAVIDS PEMBROKESHIRE 2015 REPORT FOR THE NINEVEH CHARITABLE TRUST THE UNIVERSITY OF SHEFFIELD AND DYFED ARCHAEOLOGICAL TRUST Introduction ST PATRICK S CHAPEL, ST DAVIDS, PEMBROKESHIRE,
More informationLATE BRONZE AGE BONE CRAFTING IN THE EASTERN BALTIC: STANDARDIZATION OF ARTEFACT TYPES AND INDIVIDUAL INGENUITY 1
Estonian Journal of Archaeology, 2013, 17, 1, 24 37 doi: 10.3176/arch.2013.1.02 LATE BRONZE AGE BONE CRAFTING IN THE EASTERN BALTIC: STANDARDIZATION OF ARTEFACT TYPES AND INDIVIDUAL INGENUITY 1 The aim
More informationViking Teachers Resource Pack Appendix
Viking Teachers Resource Pack Appendix This appendix is to be used alongside the Vikings Teachers Resource Pack and is aimed at making the items on the activity sheets easier to find and more accessible
More informationInvestigation of Late Iron Age occupation layers in Viljandi Castle park
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2014, 123 132 Investigation of Late Iron Age occupation layers in Viljandi Castle park Heiki Valk and Eve Rannamäe Tartu Ülikool, ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, arheoloogia
More informationRistripatsid Eesti sajandi laibakalmistutes: kas ehted või usu tunnused?
Ristripatsid Eesti 12. 13. sajandi laibakalmistutes: kas ehted või usu tunnused? Tuuli Kurisoo Ristripatsid on ühed kõige enam uurijate tähelepanu pälvinud sümboltähendusega esemed Eesti arheoloogilises
More informationXian Tombs of the Qin Dynasty
Xian Tombs of the Qin Dynasty By History.com, adapted by Newsela staff In 221 B.C., Qin Shi Huang became emperor of China, and started the Qin Dynasty. At this time, the area had just emerged from over
More informationPeace Hall, Sydney Town Hall Results of Archaeological Program (Interim Report)
Results of Archaeological Program (Interim Report) Background The proposed excavation of a services basement in the western half of the Peace Hall led to the archaeological investigation of the space in
More informationThis is a repository copy of An Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery at Walkington Wold, Yorkshire.
This is a repository copy of An Anglo-Saxon execution cemetery at Walkington Wold, Yorkshire. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/3398/ Article: Buckberry, J.L.
More informationARO1: Paying The Ferryman: An Archaeological Watching Brief At Lennel Church, Coldstream By Iraia Arabaolaza
ARO1: Paying The Ferryman: An Archaeological Watching Brief At Lennel Church, Coldstream By Iraia Arabaolaza Archaeology Reports Online, 52 Elderpark Workspace, 100 Elderpark Street, Glasgow, G51 3TR 0141
More informationMedieval Burials and the Black Death
Medieval Burials and the Black Death A Report on Badia Pozzeveri, Italy Bioarchaeology Field School Summer 2015 During the summer of 2015, I was given the opportunity to participate in the Ohio State University/Universitá
More informationPEITLEID LÕHAVERE LINNAMÄELT. Silvia Laul Ülle Tamla
PEITLEID LÕHAVERE LINNAMÄELT Silvia Laul Ülle Tamla Silvia Laulu mälestuseks Õpetatud Eesti Seltsi Kirjad 10 PEITLEID LÕHAVERE LINNAMÄELT Käsitöö- ja ehtevakk 13. sajandi algusest Silvia Laul Ülle Tamla
More informationLandscape surveys and new monuments discovered in 2016
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2016, 195 210 Landscape surveys and new monuments discovered in 2016 Riina Rammo Tartu Ülikool, ajaloo ja arheoloogia instituut, arheoloogia osakond (University of Tartu,
More informationHarald s Viking Quest Group Leader s Notes
Harald s Viking Quest Group Leader s Notes These notes accompany Harald s Viking Quest trail. They include: Directions and pictures to help you find your way around. Answers to the challenges in the pupils
More informationNOTE A THIRD CENTURY ROMAN BURIAL FROM MANOR FARM, HURSTBOURNE PRIORS. by. David Allen with contributions by Sue Anderson and Brenda Dickinson
Proc. Hampsh. Field Club Archaeol. Soc. 47, 1991, 253-257 NOTE A THIRD CENTURY ROMAN BURIAL FROM MANOR FARM, HURSTBOURNE PRIORS Abstract by. David Allen with contributions by Sue Anderson and Brenda Dickinson
More informationThe lithic assemblage from Kingsdale Head (KH09)
1 The lithic assemblage from Kingsdale Head (KH09) Hannah Russ Introduction During excavation the of potential Mesolithic features at Kingsdale Head in 2009 an assemblage of flint and chert artefacts were
More informationG. Bersu & D. Wilson. Three Viking Graves in the Isle of Man, London 1966 The Society for Medieval Archaeology Monograph Series: No.
Scabbards 8 Ballateare & Cronk Moar in the Isle of Man Probably the best known scabbards from the period under study are the two from the Isle of Man. These were excavated primarily by the German archaeologist
More informationAn archaeological evaluation at the Blackwater Hotel, Church Road, West Mersea, Colchester, Essex March 2003
An archaeological evaluation at the Blackwater Hotel, Church Road, West Mersea, Colchester, Essex report prepared by Laura Pooley on behalf of Dolphin Developments (U.K) Ltd NGR: TM 0082 1259 CAT project
More informationANTS LAIKMAA. RAHVUSLANE JA DÄNDI
ANTS LAIKMAA. RAHVUSLANE JA DÄNDI 53 ANTS LAIKMAA. RAHVUSLANE JA DÄNDI LIIS PÄHLAPUU Kumu kunstimuuseumi programmijuht-kuraator liis.pahlapuu@ekm.ee 20. sajandi alguse Eesti kultuurielu oli plahvatuslik:
More informationThe Jawan Chamber Tomb Adapted from a report by F.S. Vidal, Dammam, December 1953
Figure 1 - The Jawan tomb as photographed from helicopter by Sgt. W. Seto, USAF, in May 1952 The Jawan Chamber Tomb Adapted from a report by F.S. Vidal, Dammam, December 1953 I. Description of work and
More informationTHE PRE-CONQUEST COFFINS FROM SWINEGATE AND 18 BACK SWINEGATE
THE PRE-CONQUEST COFFINS FROM 12 18 SWINEGATE AND 18 BACK SWINEGATE An Insight Report By J.M. McComish York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research (2015) Contents 1. INTRODUCTION... 3 2. THE
More informationDISSERTATIONES ARCHAEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 1
DISSERTATIONES ARCHAEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 1 DISSERTATIONES ARCHAEOLOGIAE UNIVERSITATIS TARTUENSIS 1 LUU- JA SARVESEMED EESTI ARHEOLOOGILISES LEIUMATERJALIS VIIKINGIAJAST KESKAJANI BONE AND
More informationFacial Reconstruction
Facial Reconstruction Reconstructing the faces of our ancestors can offer us a fascinating glimpse in to the past. But how is it done, why is it useful in archaeology and how do we know if it is accurate?
More informationTHE SILVER HOARD FROM KÕUE
ArchAeologicAl Fieldwork in estonia 2013, 211 220 THE SILVER HOARD FROM KÕUE ÜLLE TAMLA and MAURI KIUDSOO Tallinna Ülikooli Ajaloo Instituut (Institute of History, Tallinn University), Rüütli 6, 10130
More informationCrime and Punishment in 19th Century York: Analysing the Skeletons Excavated at the former Female Prison. by Jayne Rimmer
Introduction Crime and Punishment in 19th Century York: Analysing the Skeletons Excavated at the former Female Prison. by Jayne Rimmer In Spring 1998, five skeletons dating to the 19th century were discovered
More informationThe first men who dug into Kent s Stonehenge
From: Paul Tritton, Hon. Press Officer Email: paul.tritton@btinternet.com. Tel: 01622 741198 The first men who dug into Kent s Stonehenge Francis James Bennett (left) and a colleague at Coldrum Longbarrow
More informationARHEOLOOGIA EESTI-INGLISE VALIKSÕNASTIK
TARTU ÜLIKOOL FILOSOOFIATEADUSKOND GERMAANI, ROMAANI JA SLAAVI FILOLOOGIA INSTITUUT ARHEOLOOGIA EESTI-INGLISE VALIKSÕNASTIK Magistriprojekt Kätlin Jansons Juhendajad lektor Piret Rääbus doktorant Liis
More informationMEDIEVAL TRADING PLACE
Fennoscandia archaeologica XXVI (2009) Titta Kallio-Seppä, Juho-Antti Junno, Sirpa Niinimäki, Hanna-Kaisa Korpi, Terhi Tanska, Tiina Heikkilä & Kaija Kamula EXCAVATIONS AT II HAMINA DISCONTINUED CEMETERY
More informationthe Aberlemno Stone Information for Teachers investigating historic sites
The astonishing stone in the kirkyard at Aberlemno demonstrates the full range of Pictish skill and artistry. Investigating the Aberlemno Stone Information for Teachers education investigating historic
More informationFossils in African cave reveal extinct, previously unknown human ancestor
Fossils in African cave reveal extinct, previously unknown human ancestor By Washington Post, adapted by Newsela staff on 09.16.15 Word Count 928 A composite skeleton of Homo naledi surrounded by some
More informationHANDLIST SCULPTURE. Woruldhord
HANDLIST This document lists the images included in the Education theme packs. These preselected images have all been drawn from the, and therefore are available for reuse under those conditions. If using
More informationArchaeological Excavations at Bawtry Masonic Hall, South Yorkshire, July 2010: the cemetery of the medieval hospital of St Mary Magdalene
Archaeological Excavations at Bawtry Masonic Hall, South Yorkshire, July 2010: the cemetery of the medieval hospital of St Mary Magdalene L. McIntyre and D.M. Hadley Department of Archaeology University
More informationBarnet Battlefield Survey
In terim report on the progress of the Barnet Battlefield Survey December 2016 The Barnet Battlefield Survey is an archaeological investigation into the 1471 Battle of Barnet. It aims to define more accurately
More informationIngrid Ulst IN ESTONIA. Ingrid Ulst, University of Tartu, 3 Lossi St., Tartu, Estonia; Introduction
Estonian Journal of Archaeology, 2010, 14, 2, 153 169 doi: 10.3176/arch.2010.2.04 THE PROBLEMS OF BLACK ARCHAEOLOGY IN ESTONIA In recent years, several illegal excavations have taken place on the archaeological
More informationI V CENTURY MIDDLE KAMA TARASOVO BURIAL GROUND A UNIQUE MONUMENT OF ANCIENT UDMURTS
Estonian Journal of Archaeology, 2017, 21, 2, 186 215 https://doi.org/10.3176/arch.2017.2.05 I V CENTURY MIDDLE KAMA TARASOVO BURIAL GROUND A UNIQUE MONUMENT OF ANCIENT UDMURTS The Tarasovo burial ground
More informationNew Composting Centre, Ashgrove Farm, Ardley, Oxfordshire
New Composting Centre, Ashgrove Farm, Ardley, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Watching Brief For Agrivert Limited by Andrew Weale Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code AFA 09/20 August 2009
More informationAmarna South Tombs Cemetery The 2011 Excavations at the Lower Site and Wadi Mouth Site Preliminary Archaeological Report
Amarna South Tombs Cemetery The 2011 Excavations at the Lower Site and Wadi Mouth Site Preliminary Archaeological Report A. Stevens July 2012 1 The 2011 season of excavations at the South Tombs Cemetery
More informationFrom Bones to Sacred Artefact: The Late Medieval Skull Relic of Turku Cathedral, Finland 1
From Bones to Sacred Artefact: The Late Medieval Skull Relic of Turku Cathedral, Finland 1 AKI ARPONEN University of Turku HELI MAIJANEN University of Oulu VISA IMMONEN University of Turku Abstract The
More informationBioarchaeology of the Near East 3:47 51 (2009) Short Fieldwork Report: Gohar Tepe (Iran), season 2009 A. Sołtysiak, A. Mahfroozi
Bioarchaeology of the Near East 3:47 51 (2009) Short Fieldwork Report: Gohar Tepe (Iran), season 2009 A. Sołtysiak, A. Mahfroozi (published online on www.anthropology.uw.edu.pl) Short Fieldwork Reports
More informationArchaeological Material From Spa Ghyll Farm, Aldfield
Archaeological Material From Spa Ghyll Farm, Aldfield Introduction Following discussions with Linda Smith the Rural Archaeologist for North Yorkshire County Council, Robert Morgan of 3D Archaeological
More informationThe earliest well in Estonia? Archaeological studies at Põltsamaa Kuningamägi, central Estonia
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2014, 65 72 The earliest well in Estonia? Archaeological studies at Põltsamaa Kuningamägi, central Estonia Eesti Kirjandusmuuseum, folkloristika osakond (Estonian Literary
More informationArchaeological fieldwork at Viidumäe cult site
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2015, 89 96 Archaeological fieldwork at Viidumäe cult site Marika Mägi, Riina Riiel-Mürk and Indrek Jets Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut, ajaloo, arheoloogia
More informationPre-urban and urban settlement activities at Pärnu Road 22, 22a and 24, Tallinn
Archaeological Fieldwork in Estonia 2016, 163 180 Pre-urban and urban settlement activities at Pärnu Road 22, 22a and 24, Tallinn Erki Russow Tallinna Ülikool, humanitaarteaduste instituut, ajaloo, arheoloogia
More informationTHE ALFRED JEWEL: AD STIRRUP: AD THE CUDDESDON BOWL: AD c600 ABINGDON SWORD: AD C875
STIRRUP: AD 950 1050 THE ALFRED JEWEL: AD 871 899 Found in 1693, ploughed up in a field at North Petherton, Somerset. Found only a few miles from Athelney Abbey where Alfred planned his counter-attack
More informationA young couple s grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization
Case Report pissn 2093-3665 eissn 2093-3673 A young couple s grave found in the Rakhigarhi cemetery of the Harappan Civilization Vasant Shinde 1, Hyejin Lee 2, Yogesh Yadav 1, Pranjali Waghmare 1, Nilesh
More informationDriffield Terrace. An Insight Report. By Kurt Hunter-Mann
Driffield Terrace An Insight Report By Kurt Hunter-Mann York Archaeological Trust for Excavation and Research 2015 Contents 1. LOCATION AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND... 3 2. EXCAVATIONS: INTRODUCTION... 5
More informationUniversity of Bradford 1-2 December 2006 UNKNOWN SOLDIERS: THE DISCOVERY OF WAR GRAVES FROM THE BATTLE OF TOWTON AD1461
From Artefacts to Anomalies: Papers inspired by the contribution of Arnold Aspinall University of Bradford 1-2 December 2006 UNKNOWN SOLDIERS: THE DISCOVERY OF WAR GRAVES FROM THE BATTLE OF TOWTON AD1461
More informationMis asi on "Must Henna?" Catherine Cartwright-Jones c 2003
1 Mis asi on "Must Henna?" Catherine Cartwright-Jones c 2003 Henna EI OLE must. Sellele vaatamata müüakse paljusid asju musta henna sildi all ning paljudest asjadest arvatakse, et need on must henna. Mõned
More informationAn archaeological watching brief at St Leonard s church, Hythe Hill, Colchester, Essex
An archaeological watching brief at St Leonard s church, Hythe Hill, Colchester, Essex report prepared by Adam Wightman on behalf of Dorvell Construction CAT project ref.: 10/5d Colchester and Ipswich
More informationInformation for Teachers
St Martin s Cross is the only carved stone cross on Iona which survives intact from the 8th century. You can see it still standing outside Iona Abbey. Investigating ST Martin s CROSS, Iona Information
More informationKitguide 1.4 Suentana 798 Saxons October 2016
Kitguide 1.4 Suentana 798 Saxons October 2016 This kit guide contains the minimum requirements for a simple representation for the "Battle of Suentana" and is binding for the event in May 2017. The aim
More informationV NU PERFORMANCE FESTIVAL: SO FAR SO GOOD ETENDUSKUNSTIDE FESTIVAL
19. 22. november 2014 Tallinn V NU PERFORMANCE FESTIVAL: SO FAR SO GOOD ETENDUSKUNSTIDE FESTIVAL SO FAR SO GOOD NU Performance Festival toimub juba viiendat korda. Esimese väljalaske puhul, 2005. aastal
More informationHUMAN IDENTIFICATION
HUMAN IDENTIFICATION Case Studies in - Forensic Anthropology - Edited by TED A. RATHBUN, Ph.D. Department of Anthropology University of South Carolina Columbia, South Carolina and JANE E. BUIKSTRA, Ph.D.
More informationKilnwood, Blenheim Hill, Harwell, Oxfordshire
Kilnwood, Blenheim Hill, Harwell, Oxfordshire An Archaeological Excavation for Westbuild Homes Ltd by Andy Taylor Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code KBH 6/06 November 206 Summary Site
More informationArchaeological Excavations at Bawtry Masonic Hall, South Yorkshire, July 2010: the cemetery of the medieval hospital of St Mary Magdalene
Archaeological Excavations at Bawtry Masonic Hall, South Yorkshire, July 2010: the cemetery of the medieval hospital of St Mary Magdalene L. McIntyre and D.M. Hadley Department of Archaeology University
More informationTreatments Description Page 4. Professionalism in the Salon Environment Page 5. Anatomy & Physiology Page 31. The skin Page 43. Skin analysis Page 51
Make up Contents Make up Treatments Description Page 4 Professionalism in the Salon Environment Page 5 Anatomy & Physiology Page 31 The skin Page 43 Skin analysis Page 51 Skin Diseases and Disorders Page
More informationRITUAL OR ORDINARY BURIAL RITES AT THE VELIM BRONZE AGE SITE?
Ritual or Ordinary Burial Rites at the Velim Bronze Age Site? XXXIX/2 3 pp.153 172 2001 MARTA DOČKALOVÁ RITUAL OR ORDINARY BURIAL RITES AT THE VELIM BRONZE AGE SITE? ABSTRACT: Archaeological site No. 27
More informationARCHALOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN INDIANA AND KENTUCKY.1
ARCHALOLOGICAL EXPLORATIONS IN INDIANA AND KENTUCKY.1 BY F. W. PUTNAM. TiHE following abstract of a special Report, made to the Trustees of the Museum conveys a general idea of the articles obtained and
More informationT so far, by any other ruins in southwestern New Mexico. However, as
TWO MIMBRES RIVER RUINS By EDITHA L. WATSON HE ruins along the Mimbres river offer material for study unequaled, T so far, by any other ruins in southwestern New Mexico. However, as these sites are being
More informationSyllabus. Directors Dan Carlsson. PhD Associate Professor. Arendus. Instructors Amanda Karn. MA. Arendus
Syllabus Gotland Archaeological Field School July 11-August 19 2016 Directors Dan Carlsson. PhD Associate Professor. Arendus. Instructors Amanda Karn. MA. Arendus History of research - Fröjel Fröjel was
More informationAnglo-Saxons. Gallery Activities
A Anglo-Saxons Gallery Activities Learning & Information Department Telephone +44 (0)20 7323 8511/8854 Facsimile +44 (0)20 7323 8855 education@thebritishmuseum.ac.uk Great Russell Street London WC1B 3DG
More informationSHORTER PAPERS NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FOR EARLY MEDIEVAL SOMERSET. Introduction Mick Aston
NEW RADIOCARBON DATES FOR EARLY MEDIEVAL SOMERSET Introduction Mick Aston When Professor Philip Rahtz wrote about The Dark Ages 400-700 in 1982 (Rahtz 1982) he said we must regard cemeteries as fundamental
More informationKIPLING, NORMAN EVERARD
Kipling deaths in WWI 1917 KIPLING, NORMAN EVERARD Rank: Private Service No: 5770 Date of Death: 01/02/1917 Age: 21 Regiment/Service: Honourable Artillery Company 1st Bn. Grave Reference VI. A. 15. Cemetery
More informationA cultural perspective on Merovingian burial chronology and the grave goods from the Vrijthof and Pandhof cemeteries in Maastricht Kars, M.
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) A cultural perspective on Merovingian burial chronology and the grave goods from the Vrijthof and Pandhof cemeteries in Maastricht Kars, M. Link to publication Citation
More informationSyllabus. Gotland Archaeological Field School. July 15 - August 16, Directors. Dan Carlsson. PhD Associate Professor. Arendus AB.
Syllabus Gotland Archaeological Field School July 15 - August 16, 2019 Directors Dan Carlsson. PhD Associate Professor. Arendus AB. Research This year we will be excavating a Viking Age site on the southeastern
More informationAn archaeological watching brief and recording at Brightlingsea Quarry, Moverons Lane, Brightlingsea, Essex October 2003
An archaeological watching brief and recording at Brightlingsea Quarry, Moverons Lane, Brightlingsea, Essex commissioned by Mineral Services Ltd on behalf of Alresford Sand & Ballast Co Ltd report prepared
More informationContact Details The Collection: Art & Archaelogoy in Lincolnshire Danes Terrace, Lincoln LN2 1LP Tel: +44 (0)
Contact Details The Collection: Art & Archaelogoy in Lincolnshire Danes Terrace, Lincoln LN2 1L Tel: +44 (0)1522 550990 www.thecollectionmuseum.com Opening Times Open daily 10am - 4pm Free Entry For Investigate
More informationTartu Ülikool. Filosoofia teaduskond. Ajaloo õppekava. Kunstiajaloo õppetool. Elo Hermann RENÉ MAGRITTE JA TEMA MÕJUD TOOMAS VINDI LOOMINGUS
Tartu Ülikool Filosoofia teaduskond Ajaloo õppekava Kunstiajaloo õppetool Elo Hermann RENÉ MAGRITTE JA TEMA MÕJUD TOOMAS VINDI LOOMINGUS Bakalaureusetöö Juhendajad: Tõnis Tatar Eik Hermann Tartu 2014 Sisukord
More informationThe Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project
The Merowe Dam Archaeological Salvage Project Excavations in the vicinity of ed-doma (AKSE), 2005-2006 Derek A. Welsby The concession of the Sudan Archaeological Research Society within the Merowe Dam
More informationAndrey Grinev, PhD student. Lomonosov Moscow State University REPORT ON THE PROJECT. RESEARCH of CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS
Andrey Grinev, PhD student Lomonosov Moscow State University REPORT ON THE PROJECT RESEARCH of CULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS between OLD RUS AND SCANDINAVIA in the LATE VIKING AGE (X-XI th centuries) (on materials
More informationKILMARTIN CROSSES; KILMARTIN SCULPTURED STONES AND NEIL CAMPBELL TOMB
Property in Care (PIC) ID: PIC082; PIC084 Designations: Scheduled Monument (SM13316) Taken into State care: 1933 (Guardianship) Last reviewed: 2004 HISTORIC ENVIRONMENT SCOTLAND STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE
More informationPerhaps the most important ritual practice in the houses was of burial.
Perhaps the most important ritual practice in the houses was of burial. in all the houses and shrines burial takes place Bodies are placed under the main raised platform. This is always plastered with
More informationThe last Image The Sight of Death in Contemporary Art 9 Feb 29 April 2018
The last Image The Sight of Death in Contemporary Art 9 Feb 29 April 2018 In recent years, there has been much discussion about the new visibility of death. From massmedia images of catastrophic wholesale
More informationStrapping Helms in a Historical Manner D.A.Biggs
Strapping Helms in a Historical Manner D.A.Biggs From January 2000 until January 2001 The Metropolitan Museum of Art held an exhibition titled European Helmets, 1450-1650. On display were several Medieval
More informationFURTHER MIDDLE SAXON EVIDENCE AT COOK STREET, SOUTHAMPTON (SOU 567)
Roc. Hampshire Field Club Archaeol. Soc 52,1997, 77-87 (Hampshire Studies 1997) FURTHER MIDDLE SAXON EVIDENCE AT COOK STREET, SOUTHAMPTON (SOU 567) By M F GARNER andj VINCENT with a contribution byjacqueline
More informationAvailable through a partnership with
The African e-journals Project has digitized full text of articles of eleven social science and humanities journals. This item is from the digital archive maintained by Michigan State University Library.
More informationMUUSIKAÜRITUSTE INFOPORTAALI KONTSEPTUAALNE DISAIN
Tallinna Ülikool Digitehnoloogiate instituut MUUSIKAÜRITUSTE INFOPORTAALI KONTSEPTUAALNE DISAIN Seminaritöö Autor: Alina Nurk Juhendaja: Hans Põldoja Autor:... 2016 Juhendaja:... 2016 Instituudi direktor:...
More information( 123 ) CELTIC EEMAINS POUND IN THE HUNDRED OP HOO.
Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 11 1877 ( 123 ) CELTIC EEMAINS POUND IN THE HUNDRED OP HOO. THE twenty-seven, objects drawn in miniature, upon plate A, are all of pure copper, and together with ten lumps of
More informationPESAst koorunud Best from the nest
PESAst koorunud Best from the nest Euroopa Liit Eesti Euroopa tuleviku heaks Regionaalarengu Fond 2011 2016 PESAst koorunud Best from the nest 2011 2016 PESA arendusprogramm PESA on ainulaadne loomeettevõtjaile
More informationARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S. St Nicholas' Church, Barrack Hill, Nether Winchendon, Buckinghamshire. Archaeological Watching Brief.
T H A M E S V A L L E Y ARCHAEOLOGICAL S E R V I C E S St Nicholas' Church, Barrack Hill, Nether Winchendon, Buckinghamshire Archaeological Watching Brief by Steven Crabb Site Code: STW17/229 (SP 7735
More information