Variations of Structural Components: Specific Intercultural Differences in Facial Morphology, Skin Type, and Structures
|
|
- Lenard Clarke
- 1 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Variations of Structural Components: Specific Intercultural Differences in Facial Morphology, Skin Type, and Structures Aisha McKnight, M.D., 1 Adeyiza O. Momoh, M.D., 1 and Jamal M. Bullocks, M.D. 1 ABSTRACT Analysis of the differences in facial morphology and skin structure and tone among ethnic groups within the realm of plastic surgery is relevant due to the increasing number of ethnic individuals seeking cosmetic surgery. Previous classifications of ideal facial morphologic characteristics have been revised and challenged over the years to accurately reflect the differences in facial structure that are aesthetically pleasing to individuals of differing ethnic groups. The traditional neoclassic canons reflected the European Caucasian facial morphology and cannot be used to classify facial characteristics in ethnic groups due to drastic differences in measurement and proportion. In addition, differences in biophysiologic properties of ethnic skin types influence the progression of aging and the ability of skin to withstand environmental insults. Thickness of the stratum corneum, water content, and melanin composition are important factors that were analyzed in varying ethnic groups. Although it appears that Caucasian Americans are subject to earlier onset of skin wrinkling and sagging than are African Americans due to thinner stratum corneum layers and decreased water content, more research needs to be conducted to be inclusive of other ethnic groups. These data will enable plastic surgeons to treat these groups more effectively while preserving their unique characteristics. KEYWORDS: Ethnic, differences, facial morphology, skin structure, cosmetic surgery, plastic surgery Cultural customs, traditions, dress, and geography are several factors that distinguish ethnic groups across the world. However, the most obvious difference between individuals of varying ethnic groups is physical appearance. From the neck down to the toes, we are all very similar; however, it is the facial structure and skin tone that most noticeably differentiates one ethnic group from another. FACIAL STRUCTURE The neoclassic canons of facial morphology have traditionally been based on the European Caucasian facial morphology/structure. These canons have set the standards of beauty that the rest of the world is compared with within the discipline of plastic surgery. Unfortunately, if an ethnic individual is to attempt to conform to these standards of beauty, he or she risks 1 Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. Address for correspondence and reprint requests: Aisha McKnight, M.D., Division of Plastic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin, CC610.00, Houston, TX ( Cosmetic Surgery in the Ethnic Population: Special Considerations and Procedures; Guest Editor, Jamal M. Bullocks, M.D. Semin Plast Surg 2009;23: Copyright # 2009 by Thieme Medical Publishers, Inc., 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA. Tel: +1(212) DOI /s ISSN
2 164 SEMINARS IN PLASTIC SURGERY/VOLUME 23, NUMBER obscuring or completely obliterating his or her ethnic identity. As many in the plastic surgery world have noticed, this poses a problem when consulting clients of varying ethnic backgrounds on facial plastic surgery options when they desire to preserve their original ethnic features. The neoclassic canons classify facial morphology by measuring vertical and horizontal parameters. Canons 1 through 4 represent vertically oriented facial parameters, whereas 5 through 8 represent horizontal parameters. The parameters of angle of inclination are represented by canon The combined head-face height is divided into 2 2. The combined forehead-face height is divided into 3 3. The combined head-face height is divided into 4 4. The length of the nose equals the length of the ear. 5. Interocular distance equals nasal width. 6. Interocular distance equals the length of fissure. 7. The width of the mouth equals 1½ times the width of the nose. 8. Nasal width equals one fourth of the width of the face. 9. Nasal bridge inclination parallels the long medial axis of the ear. 1 The nine classic Greek canons of facial proportions have been challenged over the years and revised accordingly, first and most extensively by Farkas et al. 2 These revisions have gradually been updated to reflect differences between modern individuals in society (young American Caucasians, African Americans, Latin Americans, Asian Americans, and those of Middle Eastern descent) and past artistic interpretations of facial proportions. During this period of revision, Farkas and Kolar first attempted to revise the canons by analyzing facial structures in young American Caucasians. The most valid proportions found were canons 5 and 8 (40% and 37%, respectively). 2 The most striking difference between the canons and the young American Caucasian face were the parameters of the head, which was wider and longer with a much smaller chin in the canon (Fig. 1A). The revision concluded that the neoclassic canons were not an acceptable representation of the aesthetic face. 2 Farkas then went on to display his own classifications of the average young American Caucasian face as a guide to acceptable aesthetic facial proportions (Fig. 1B). Farkas and Kolar went on to identify the factors that contributed to an aesthetically pleasing North American Caucasian female face. However, in analyzing these parameters, they concluded that these variations were not of major concern when planning esthetic correction. 3 It was also in their opinion that ethnic variations did not detract from the inherent balance between the facial subunits. 3 Eventually, further evaluation of the differences of facial proportions led this group of researchers to change their prior beliefs. When facial proportions of African Americans versus Caucasian Americans were analyzed, highly significant differences between the groups were found in every craniofacial region, especially in the orbital and nasal areas, and confirmed the need to establish separate norms for African Americans and other ethnic groups to guide corrective surgery of the head and face. 3 Ultimately, the norms of North American Caucasians should be restricted to patients of Caucasian origin and not applied to members of other races. 4 DIFFERENCES IN ETHNIC GROUPS VERSUS THE NORM In a large international anthropometric study by Farkas et al, published in 2005, morphologic characteristics were measured in European Caucasians, Middle Eastern ethnic groups, continental Asians, and continental Africans and compared with those of North American Caucasians. European Caucasians showed the smallest difference in facial morphology when compared with North American Caucasians. Identical values in forehead height, mouth width, and ear height were found to be identical to North American Caucasians in 99.7% of the subjects. In addition, vertical measurements were most often identical as well. 5 The most common differences in facial proportions in ethnic groups versus North American Caucasians are the orbital regions and the nasal heights and widths. The Farkas international study comparing ethnic groups with North American Caucasians revealed: Intercanthal widths were identical to continental African ethnic groups (Fig. 2). Intercanthal widths were significantly greater in Middle Eastern and continental Asian groups along with smaller eye fissure length (Fig. 2). Nasal widths were significantly wider in continental Asian and African ethnic groups (Fig. 3). Nasal widths were identical in Middle Eastern ethnic groups, but nasal height was greater. Oral width was smaller in continental Asians, but they had greater mandibular widths (Fig. 4). Although Farkas and his colleagues drove the impetus for revision and analysis of facial proportions in ethnic groups, others 6 8 have conducted studies in specific ethnic populations to add to the much needed assessment. However, most of the data compare African Americans and Asian Americans with Caucasians and
3 VARIATIONS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS/McKNIGHT ET AL 165 Figure 1 (A) Frontal and lateral views of a young adult face based on neoclassic canons. (B) Frontal and lateral views of a young adult face based on revised average measurements. (From Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Kolar JC, Munro IR. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;75: Reproduction of images by Adeyiza Momoh, MD.) are lacking in evaluation of Latin Americans and Middle Eastern ethnic groups. Porter analyzed the average African American male and female faces in comparison with North American Caucasians and made several important conclusions. In the African American woman compared with the North American Caucasian woman, there was 6 : Shorter special head height and calva height Longer forehead heights Shorter nasal length Shorter ear length Greater alar width and eye fissure width Greater mouth width Compared with North American Caucasian males, African American males were found to have 7 : Shorter upper and middle thirds of the face Shorter nasal length and wider nasal root width Wider alar width Shorter columella and nasal tip protrusion Lesser inclination in nasal bridge Porter, along with Farkas, evaluated the differences between continental Asian, Asian American, and North American Caucasian faces in The most significant differences between these two groups were that the Asian group had significantly smaller mouth width, greater intercanthal widths, shorter palpebral fissures, and much wider noses. 8 These differences are similar to those of the above-mentioned study by Farkas and helped to serve as a foundation for evaluation of Asian American facial morphologic characteristics. In a recent article by Few et al, 9 distinguishing features of the
4 166 SEMINARS IN PLASTIC SURGERY/VOLUME 23, NUMBER Figure 4 Smaller oral width and greater mandibular width in the Asian lower face compared with the Caucasian lower face. Figure 2 Periorbital features of the Caucasian, African American, and Asian patient, with variations in intercanthal distance and the relationship of the medial canthus to the lateral canthus. Figure 3 Wider nasal base width and less tip projection in the Asian and the African American nose relative to the Caucasian nose. African American periorbital region were discussed; some of the unique features include the cephalad lateral canthus relative to the medial canthus (Fig. 2), a more oval Asian-like palpebral aperture, and a shorter distance from the ciliary margin to the supratarsal crease compared with the Caucasian eyelid. The above data explain the differences and minimal similarities in the facial proportions and morphology between ethnic groups, Caucasians, and the neoclassic canons. It appears that the ethnic groups with the most striking differences in facial appearances tend to be analyzed and compared with the norm. There is not much data analyzing the faces of Latin Americans or those of Middle Eastern descent. This could possibly be due to the similarities that these groups have with other studied ethnic groups. Even so, knowledge of the key differences between the facial morphology of ethnic groups is essential to fully understanding and evaluating these individuals as patients. VARIATIONS IN SKIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION AMONG ETHNIC GROUPS The most obvious difference in skin in individuals of varying ethnicities is color. It is common knowledge that darker skin contains higher melanin content that serves as a protective barrier from harmful UV light. Therefore, lower melanin levels subject individuals of lighter skin tones to the effects of photoaging at earlier ages in life. However, melanin level is not the only skin component that influences the way persons of different ethnic backgrounds age or respond to environmental stresses. Other properties of skin such as the rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL), thickness and strength of the stratum corneum, and water content affect how sensitive the skin is to the environment and ultimately how it ages. In evaluating racial disparities seen in dermatologic disorders, Wesley and Maibach studied several components that differed between ethnic groups. TEWL indicates the amount of water vapor loss through
5 VARIATIONS OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS/McKNIGHT ET AL 167 the skin and appendages under nonsweating conditions. This results in TEWL reflecting the barrier function of the stratum corneum when there is no sweat gland activity. 10 In turn, TEWL can be used to assess the ability of the stratum corneum to withstand or recover from insults to the epidermal permeability barrier (i.e., tape stripping). After the stratum corneum in African Americans was stripped with tape, it revealed more cellular layers (required more cellophane tape strips to remove the stratum corneum) and increased intercellular adhesion, contributing to the integrity of the skin. It was also noted that the water barrier function in darker skin types (V/VI) recovered more quickly after an insult. 10 These data indicate that darker skin may be able to withstand the stresses of the environment more easily without impacting its overall integrity as drastically as lighter skin. Although much of the findings of this study are promising, differences in other important factors such as water content, corneocyte desquamation, elastic recovery/extensibility, lipid content, and skin microflora, although statistically significant, were inconclusive. Sun exposure can contribute to increased skin dryness, which can subsequently contribute to skin aging. Further analysis of the stratum corneum by Diridollou et al concluded that skin dryness was greater in unexposed sites than in lesser exposed sites in women with lighter skin tones, such as those of Asian descent and Caucasians (European and American). However, there was no difference in skin dryness differences in sun-exposed or nonexposed sites in African American and specifically Mexican women, whose skin is darker. This reveals the proposed protective factor of melanin and the ability of the stratum corneum to retain its water content and stand up against harmful UV rays. However, it was noted that with aging, skin dryness was higher in African American and Caucasian women than in Chinese and Mexican women, with a higher percentage increase in Caucasian women. 11 Further analysis of the effects of photoaging due to sun exposure was performed by Rawlings. This study concluded that although all ethnic groups are subject to the process of photoaging, Caucasians generally have an earlier onset and greater skin wrinkling and sagging signs than that of other skin types. 12 Generally, darker skin types have associated mottled hyperpigmentation and uneven skin tones. However, many factors were found to be inconclusive. The frequency of skin sensitivity is quite similar across different racial groups, but the stimuli for its induction shows subtle differences. Nevertheless, several studies indicate that those of Asian descent may be more sensitive to exogenous chemicals probably due to a thinner stratum corneum and higher eccrine gland density. Overall, the above investigations help to shed light on the biophysiologic characteristics of ethnic skin types, but there is still more to discover about the inherent underlying structure and specific function. REFERENCES 1. Muzaffar AR, Flood J. Craniofacial Anomalies I: Cephalometrics & Orthognathnic Surgery. Selected Readings in Plastic Surgery: Dallas, TX; Vol. 9, ch 24:2 2. Farkas LG, Hreczko TA, Kolar JC, Munro IR. Vertical and horizontal proportions of the face in young adult North American Caucasians: revision of neoclassical canons. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;75: Farkas LG, Kolar JC. Anthropometrics and art in the aesthetics of women s faces. Clin Plast Surg 1987;14: Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR. Comparison of craniofacial measurements of young adult African-American and North American white males and females. Ann Plast Surg 2007;59: Farkas LG, Katic MJ, Forrest CR, et al. International anthropometric study of facial morphology in various ethnic groups/races. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16: Porter JP, Olson KL. Anthropometric facial analysis of the African American woman. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2001;3: Porter JP. The average African American male face: an anthropometric analysis. Arch Facial Plast Surg 2004;6: Le TT, Farkas LG, Ngim RC, Levin LS, Forrest CR. Proportionality in Asian and North American Caucasian faces using neoclassical facial canons as criteria. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2002;26: Odunze M, Reid RR, Yu M, Few JW. Periorbital rejuvenation and the African American patient: a survey approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006;118: Wesley NO, Maibach HI. Racial (ethnic) differences in skin properties: the objective data. Am J Clin Dermatol 2003; 4: Diridollou S, de Rigal J, Querleux B, Leroy F, Holloway Barbosa V. Comparative study of the hydration of the stratum corneum between four ethnic groups: influence of age. Int J Dermatol 2007;(46 Suppl 1): Rawlings AV. Ethnic skin types: are there differences in skin structure and function? Int J Cosmet Sci 2006;28:79 93
I SELECT LINE SEGMENTS FROM AT LEAST ONE PENTAGON COMPLEX COMPFIISED OF THE REGULAR PENTAGONS AND A PLURALITY OF RADIALS
US005867588A United States Patent [19] [11] Patent Number: 5,867,588 Marquardt [45] Date of Patent: Feb. 2, 1999 [54] METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR Rufenacht, Claude R., Structural Esthetic Rules, Funda ANALYZING
Improving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology
Abstract Improving Men s Underwear Design by 3D Body Scanning Technology V. E. KUZMICHEV* 1,2,3, Zhe CHENG* 2 1 Textile Institute, Ivanovo State Polytechnic University, Ivanovo, Russian Federation; 2 Institute
Identification of new morphological differences between Chinese and Caucasian faces and influence of BMI on these characteristics
Skin Research and Technology 2015; 0: 1 11 Printed in Singapore All rights reserved doi: 10.1111/srt.12240 2015 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd Skin Research and Technology Identification
Advanced Skin Rejuvenation Wrinkle Enhancement and Skin Resurfacing Procedures
Advanced Skin Rejuvenation Wrinkle Enhancement and Skin Resurfacing Procedures Note: Prior to reading this section, you should have read Parts I and II of this book, in particular, the section beginning
Measurement Method for the Solar Absorptance of a Standing Clothed Human Body
Original Article Journal of the Human-Environment System Vol.19; No 2; 49-55, 2017 Measurement Method for the Solar Absorptance of a Standing Clothed Human Body Shinichi Watanabe 1) and Jin Ishii 2) 1)
Redistributions of documents, or parts of documents, must retain the FISWG cover page containing the disclaimer.
Disclaimer: As a condition to the use of this document and the information contained herein, the Facial Identification Scientific Working Group (FISWG) requests notification by e-mail before or contemporaneously
Hair Restoration Gel
Hair Restoration Gel CLINICAL STUDY Cosmetic hair tonics have been peddled for the better part of the last century, mostly in the form of inert tonics and pigmented creams that promised to restore hair
SKIN CARE FORMULATION INCORPORATING SODIUM LACTATES, SODIUM PCA AND LAURYL PCA: COMPARATIVE MOISTURISING EFFICACY ON ASIAN SKIN
SKIN CARE FORMULATION INCORPORATING SODIUM LACTATES, SODIUM PCA AND LAURYL PCA: COMPARATIVE MOISTURISING EFFICACY ON ASIAN SKIN Rosnah Ismail* and Salmiah Ahmad* *Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) - Malaysia
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin
Anatomy and Physiology of the Skin Content Creators: Members of the South West Regional Wound s Clinical Practice and Knowledge Translation Learning Collaborative Last updated May 15, 2014 Learning Objectives
Clinical studies with patients have been carried out on this subject of graft survival and out of body time. They are:
Study Initial Date: July 21, 2016 Data Collection Period: Upon CPHS Approval to September 30, 2018 Study Protocol: Comparison of Out of Body Time of Grafts with the Overall Survival Rates using FUE Lead
American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2006 Membership Survey: Trends in Facial Plastic Surgery
American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 26 Membership Survey: Trends in Facial Plastic Surgery February 27 AAFPRS 31 South Henry Street Alexandria, VA 22314 Phone: (73) 299-9291 Web
What s Your Skin Type?
What s Your Skin Type? distributor Skin types include normal, oily, dry, and sensitive. Some people also have a combination. Skin types have both intrinsic and extrinsic contributing factors. Your skin
found identity rule out corroborate
Hair as Evidence Human hair is one of the most frequently found pieces of evidence at the scene of a violent crime. Unfortunately, hair is not the best type of physical evidence for establishing identity.
How to remove nose skin excess? Aesthetically reasonable approach
Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Research Article ISSN: 2398-4937 How to remove nose skin excess? Aesthetically reasonable approach M. Sulamanidze*, G.Sulamanidze, and K. Sulamanidze Clinic of
HOW IS DONE (Techniques, Surgical anatomy, Indications) Chemical denervation, Dermal fillers
HOW IS DONE (Techniques, Surgical anatomy, Indications) Chemical denervation, Dermal fillers Constantinos Laskarides DMD, DDS, PharmD, FICD ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SU RGERY A s s o c i ate P r o fessor, T
What s Your Skin Type?
What s Your Skin Type? distributor Skin types include normal, oily, dry, and sensitive. Some people also have a combination. Skin types have both intrinsic and extrinsic contributing factors. Your skin
Demystifying Skin Care for Massage Therapists Chapter 3
1 Skin Concerns - FACE Demystifying Skin Care for Massage Therapists Chapter 3 Created by Nina Howard, Founder and Master Trainer Adapted and Edited by Kathryn Myers, CEO Bellanina Institute BELLANINA
Vider Itzhak MD2, Harth Yoram MD2,, Elman Monica MD, Gottfried Varda PhD3, Shemer Avner MD4, Beit Harofim
EFFECTIVE AND SAFE TREATMENT OF FACE, ARMS AND NECK, WRINKLES, RHYTIDES AND SKIN LAXITY USING A MULTISOURCE PHASE CONTROLLED RADIOFREQUENCY DEVICES 1234 Vider Itzhak MD2, Harth Yoram MD2,, Elman Monica
direct brow lift Lift your spirits procedure using the fixation device
direct brow lift procedure using the fixation device Lift your spirits What is upper eyelid rejuvenation? In general, aging around the eyes is exhibited in two areas: The eye lids and the eyebrows. The
Ethnic Hair Care. Lulit Price, MD University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa February 2018
Ethnic Hair Care Lulit Price, MD University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City, Iowa February 2018 o None Conflicts of Interest, Disclosures, Financial Relationships Objectives o Highlight the unique
BARNET CORNEOTHERAPY RESURFACID CR. AHA s Normalization of Increased Skin s ph Time Release Technology Ultra Mild Exfoliation
BARNET CORNEOTHERAPY RESURFACID CR AHA s Normalization of Increased Skin s ph Time Release Technology Ultra Mild Exfoliation The information contained in this technical bulletin is, to the best of our
Micro-fractional Laser Skin Rejuvenation : Enhanced Outcomes with Novel Multi-Modality and Multi-Wavelength Treatment Paradigms
Micro-fractional Laser Skin Rejuvenation : Enhanced Outcomes with Novel Multi-Modality and Multi-Wavelength Treatment Paradigms J. David Holcomb, MD Sarasota Memorial Hospital, Florida, USA -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
USING SIZEUSA TO IMPROVE APPAREL FIT Beth Newcomb & Cynthia Istook, Ph.D ABSTRACT
USING SIZEUSA TO IMPROVE APPAREL FIT Beth Newcomb & Cynthia Istook, Ph.D ABSTRACT Consumer dissatisfaction with apparel fit is a major issue for the apparel industry, and causes big problems for fashion
Questions and answers on sodium laurilsulfate used as an excipient in medicinal products for human use
9 October 2017 EMA/CHMP/606830/2014 Committee for Human Medicinal Products (CHMP) Questions and answers on sodium laurilsulfate used as an excipient in medicinal products for human use Draft agreed by
The Multi- Ethnic Consumer. Jena Kinney Croda Inc
The Multi- Ethnic Consumer Jena Kinney Croda Inc Products on the Market Pantene Pro-V Clinicare Color/Perm Damage Repair Hair Treatment for use on Asian hair types Pantene Pro-V Relaxed & Natural Intensive
Propinquity. Interpersonal Attraction. What makes a person attractive? Civadra Lokanta Zabulon Dilikli Biwouni Afworbu Kadriga. Mere exposure effect
Propinquity Interpersonal Attraction Mere exposure effect Civadra Lokanta Zabulon Dilikli Biwouni Afworbu Kadriga What makes a person attractive? 929 SOCIOBIOLOGY OF BEAUTY 928 MICHAEL R. CUNNINGHAM Table
THE REPORT FROM APPLICATION TEST RESEARCH OF COSMETICAL PRODUCT
THE REPORT FROM APPLICATION TEST RESEARCH OF COSMETICAL PRODUCT Product Responsible Person LIFT4SKIN Instant smoothing serum Oceanic S.A. ul. Łokietka 58 81-736 Sopot Report number B-0936/16 Issue date
PDO&PLLA threads for skin revitalisation and lifting
PDO&PLLA s for skin revitalisation and lifting NewU s were created as a non- -surgical way to restore youth They produce spectacular effects without requiring any surgery. PDO&PLLA s provide a possibility
The unique treatment that restores your skin s inner structure for a more youthful-looking appearance
THE SECRET TO YOUTHFUL-LOOKING SKIN Actual patient. Individual results may vary. The unique treatment that restores your skin s inner structure for a more youthful-looking appearance Sculptra Aesthetic
To acclimate skin to AHAs prior to a peel Anti-aging, exfoliation, builds collagen. Gentle cleanser to remove sebum, skin debris and makeup.
Glycolic Acid Peels and Effective Home Care Products Rejuvenate and Complement the Benefits of Injectable Fillers and Botulinum Toxin Type A in the Treatment of Photoaged David Wrone, MD, Colleen J. Crane,
It is under the author s own responsibility
Peter Bjerring, MD, PhD Medical Director and Head of The Laser Centre, Mølholm Hospital, Denmark Consultant, ZBC Multicare, Hilversum, Netherlands Professor, Faculty of Medicine, University of Swansea,
Manikin Design: A Case Study of Formula SAE Design Competition
Manikin Design: A Case Study of Formula SAE Design Competition 1 Devon K. Boyd, 1 Cameron D. Killen, 2 Matthew B. Parkinson 1 Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering; 2 Engineering Design, Mechanical
The Face Lift Operation: Foreheads, Cheeks and Necks
The Face Lift Operation: Foreheads, Cheeks and Necks Note: Prior to reading this section, you should have read Parts I and II and afterwards, read the other Sections in Chapter 4. The Greek word for wrinkle
Hair extensions Unit 309 1
336 Hair extensions Hair extensions are one of the main growth areas in hairdressing, and generate a large income. In this unit you will gain the skills and knowledge to work safely when preparing, adding
An Investigation into the Anti-aging Efficacy of a Serum Containing a Red Mangrove Extract
10-2013 English Edition International Journal for Applied Science Personal Care Detergents Specialties Dr. O. Hevia An Investigation into the Anti-aging Efficacy of a Serum Containing a Red Mangrove Extract
Facial Fat Compartments: A Guide to Filler Placement
Facial Fat Compartments: A Guide to Filler Placement Safa E. Sandoval, M.D., 1 Joshua A. Cox, B.A., 2 John C. Koshy, M.D., 1 Daniel A. Hatef, M.D., 1 and Larry H. Hollier, Jr., M.D., F.A.C.S. 1 ABSTRACT
A Comprehensive Examination of Topographic Thickness of Skin in the Human Face
Cosmetic Medicine A Comprehensive Examination of Topographic of Skin in the Human Face Aesthetic Surgery Journal 2015, Vol 35(8) 1007 1013 2015 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, Inc.
How To: Advanced Contouring and Highlighting Tutorial
How To: Advanced Contouring and Highlighting Tutorial This is a complete guide book where I show you the advanced techniques of contouring and highlighting. This includes every facial feature except your
6th International Conference on 3D Body Scanning Technologies, Lugano, Switzerland, October 2015
Use of 3D Scanning Technologies to Extract Body Measurements for Customised Charts for Predominant and Body Shapes in South Africa Bukisile P. MAKHANYA* 1, Helena M. DE KLERK 1, Amukelani MUTHAMBI 1, Karien
Male Pattern Balding. About 30 % of men by age 30 and 50 % by age 50 years of age will have androgenetic alopecia or male pattern balding.
750 West Broadway Suite 905 - Vancouver BC V5Z 1H8 Phone: 604.283.9299 Fax: 604.648.9003 Email: vancouveroffice@donovanmedical.com Web: www.donovanmedical.com Male Pattern Balding How common is Male Pattern
100 Trillion Good Bacteria Living in the
the BIG c o u n t d o w n 100 Trillion Good Bacteria Living in the Human Body Count down your world with infographics THE BIG COUNTDOWN 100 TRILLION GOOD BACTERIA LIVING IN THE HUMAN BODY Contents COUNTING
- S P F. NEW CRIZAL FORTE UV. SO SAFE, so CLEAR.
25 E - S P F EYE-SUN PROTECTION FACTOR NEW CRIZAL FORTE UV. SO SAFE, so CLEAR. everyday protection is essential UV light is a major hazard to the eye UV light has a direct and cumulative impact on eye
Yuh: Ethnicity Classification
Ethnicity Classification Derick Beng Yuh December 2, 2010 INSTITUTE FOR ANTHROPOMATICS, FACIAL IMAGE PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS 1 Derick Yuh: Ethnicity Classification KIT 10.05.2010 University of the StateBeng
designed to stimulate collagen
Discover the volumizer designed to stimulate collagen with results that last over 2 years* Elaine: Age 40 (2.5 vials) Christine: Age 39 (2 vials) Veronica: Age 33 (4 vials) Actual Sculptra Aesthetic patients
Medical Forensics Notes
Medical Forensics Notes The Biology of Hair Hair is composed of the protein keratin, which is also the primary component of finger and toe nails. The Biology of Hair Hair is produced from a structure called
Natural moisturising solutions gentle and effective
f a c t s Natural moisturising solutions gentle and effective Introduction Despite the overall size and the broad segmentation of the personal care market, there are two prevailing claims in new product
Experience the Future of Hair Transplantation
Experience the Future of Hair Transplantation The ARTAS Robotic System ARTAS Hair Studio Technology Advanced Harvesting Recipient Site Making Advanced Harvesting ARTAS Hair Studio Recipient Site Making
The expert. dermatology. cosmeceutical care
The expert in aesthetic dermatology cosmeceutical care The expert in aesthetic dermatology ESSENTIAL ACTIONS Dermaceutic Laboratoire is the partner of choice for over 30,000 aesthetic dermatology specialists
H-Anim Facial Animation
H-Anim Facial Animation Los Angeles, CA, USA Jung-Ju Choi (Ajou University) and Myeong Won Lee (The University of Suwon) The face in H-Anim (4.9.4) There are seven _joint s rooted at skullbase l_eyeball_joint
L SILICONE IMPLANT IN AUGMENTATION RHINOPLASTY FOR THE ASIAN ( 15 years of experience )
L SILICONE IMPLANT IN AUGMENTATION RHINOPLASTY FOR THE ASIAN ( 15 years of experience ) Speaker : Mr DIEP THE DUNG M.D Specialty : Cosmetic Surgery Clinic : Dr Dung s Beauty Clinic Address : Can Tho city
The works of Skoog1 and Mitz and Peyronie2
VIDEO Baker Gordon Cosmetic Surgery Video Series Restoring Facial Shape in Face Lifting: The Role of Skeletal Support in Facial Analysis and Midface Soft-Tissue Repositioning (Baker Gordon Symposium Cosmetic
AREA OF BODY TATTOO IS SITUATED?
CLIENT CONSULTATION LASER TATTOO REMOVAL FORM Address: Date of Birth: Suburb: State: Postcode: Telephone: Work: Mobile Home: Other: Email Address: How did you hear about us? Tattoo Removal Colours in tattoo
OPTIMIZATION OF MILITARY GARMENT FIT
OPTIMIZATION OF MILITARY GARMENT FIT H.A.M. DAANEN 1,2,3, A. WOERING 1, F.B. TER HAAR 1, A.A.M. KUIJPERS 2, J.F. HAKER 2 and H.G.B. REULINK 4 1 TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands 2 AMFI Amsterdam Fashion
1- Laboratoire BIO-EC, 1 chemin de Saulxier, Longjumeau, France ; 2- Helena Rubinstein, 106 rue Danton, Levallois-Perret, France
Evaluation of the release of active ingredients from a bio-cellulose mask on support followed by a clinical evaluation of its efficiency in combination with a serum with a depigmentation activity LATI
The Authoritative Source Current US Statistics on Cosmetic Surgery. Expanded data for 2007: Multi-year comparisons, 39 Cosmetic Procedures
2 0 0 7 The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery The Authoritative Source Current US Statistics on Cosmetic Surgery 1997-2007 Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics Expanded data for
topical + tropical sensorial experience
Code Number: 2742 INCI Name: Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) Fruit Extract INCI Status: Conforms REACH Status: Complies CAS Number: 81-31-8 EINECS Number: 232-282-8 topical + tropical fractionated coconut lipids
Part 10: Chapter 17 Pleated Buttoning
Part 10: Chapter 17 Pleated Buttoning OUR last chapter covered the upholstering of one of the commonest forms of chair frames. The same chair may be upholstered with deeper buttoning, but instead of indenting
Color Atlas of Chemical Peels
Color Atlas of Chemical Peels Antonella Tosti Maria Pia De Padova Editors Color Atlas of Chemical Peels Second Edition Editors Prof. Dr. Antonella Tosti University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of
Forensic Value of Hair
Forensic Value of Hair Hair is class evidence morphorlogy (how it looks), index (how thick the medula is), color Mitochondrial DNA from shaft. All mitochondria comes from egg only, not sperm. So ONLY maternal
THE SCIENCE BEHIND WELLNESS
THE SCIENCE BEHIND WELLNESS WWW.CHENOT.COM WELCOME TO OUR WORLD SKINCARE TECHNOLOGY POWERED BY SCIENCE THE WELLNESS OF THE SKIN BEGINS FROM WITHIN. CHENOT HAS FOLLOWED A UNIQUE APPROACH TO SKINCARE TO
International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research. ISSN Original Article NEW POSSIBILITIES IN KHADI DESIGNING
Available online at http://www.urpjournals.com International Journal of Fiber and Textile Research Universal Research Publications. All rights reserved ISSN 22777156 Original Article NEW POSSIBILITIES
C. J. Schwarz Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University December 27, 2013.
Errors in the Statistical Analysis of Gueguen, N. (2013). Effects of a tattoo on men s behaviour and attitudes towards women: An experimental field study. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1517-1524. C.
Study of Very Long-Pulsed (100 ms) High-Powered Diode Laser for Hair Reduction on All Skin Types
Study of Very Long-Pulsed (100 ms) High-Powered Diode Laser for Hair Reduction on All Skin Types Eliot F. Battle, Jr., MD and R. Rox Anderson, MD Wellman Laboratories of Photomedicine, Department of Dermatology
REFORM THE QUASI-DRUG APPROVAL SYSTEM
REFORM THE QUASI-DRUG APPROVAL SYSTEM Reform the Quasi-Drug Approval System YEARLY STATUS REPORT: Slight Progress Having created examination guidelines for medicated shampoos and conditioners in 2014,
The aesthetic implication of scar position in breast reconstruction
British Journal of Plastic Surgery (2001), 54, 326 330 2001 The British Association of Plastic Surgeons doi:10.1054/bjps.2001.3563 The aesthetic implication of scar position in breast reconstruction M.
Clinical Evaluation of a Sunscreen Cream (AK-UV ) Containing Glycoceramide in Sensitive Skin of Atopic Dermatitis or Contact Dermatitis
Clinical Evaluation of a Sunscreen Cream (AK-UV ) Containing Glycoceramide in Sensitive Skin of Dermatitis or Dermatitis Toshinori Bito, Masahiro Oka, Yoko Funasaka, Tatsuya Horikawa Masamitsu Ichihashi
The most popular nose shape requested by patients is the Duchess - named after the Duchess of Cambridge.
Which type of NOSE do you have? From the Nubian to the Hawk, expert reveals the top 10 shapes and how the Duchess of Cambridge's 'perfect' snout is behind a rise in cosmetic ops The Duchess of Cambridge
background on restylane skinboosters SB0017_Backgrounder_V04.indd 1 07/03/ :27
background on restylane skinboosters SB0017_Backgrounder_V04.indd 1 07/03/2013 17:27 Introducing a new concept in skin care Components of the skin Restylane Skinboosters are a brand new approach to nourishing
Make-up. Make up is applied to enhance the beauty of the face, to highlight the good features ana hide the bad ones.
Makeup 10.1 Introduction Make up is applied to enhance the beauty of the face, to highlight the good features ana hide the bad ones. 10.2 Objectives After reading this lesson you will be able to: Know
TRAINING LAB HAIR AS EVIDENCE: PART 1 HUMAN HAIR NAME
TRAINING LAB HAIR AS EVIDENCE: PART 1 HUMAN HAIR NAME Background: You loose about 50 to 100 hairs a day from the approximately 100,000 total hairs present on your head. Don t worry, however, because there
Beneficial Effects of the Regular Use of Exfoliating Beads
Summary: Exfoliating beads have a long history in cosmetics, but we are unaware of previous studies on the effect of their regular use. A clinical study with 10 subjects shows that regular exfoliation
HydraGeneration Pale rose. The restauration of the hydrolipidic balance
HydraGeneration Pale rose The restauration of the hydrolipidic balance NAOLYS ACTIVE CELLS HydraGeneration Pale rose The restauration of the hydrolipidic balance A STORY The pale rose Rosa centifolia,
Remote Skincare Advice System Using Life Logs
Remote Skincare Advice System Using Life Logs Maki Nakagawa Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8610, Japan nakagawa.maki@is.ocha.ac.jp Koji Tsukada
Session 3. Hair. Trainer requirements to teach this session. Trainer notes. For this session you will need the following:
Hair Trainer requirements to teach this session For this session you will need the following: Handout.3.1 (4 pages) Handout.3.2 (2 pages) Handout.3.3 (2 pages) Slide.3.3 Learner Check for Session 3 Trainer
Chemical Name: Rain-X. Manufacturer: Rain-X. Container size: 7.1oz. Location: VLA. Disposal: Place empty container in trash.
Chemical Name: Rain-X Manufacturer: Rain-X Container size: 7.1oz. Location: VLA Disposal: Place empty container in trash. 1. MATERIAL AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION Material Name : Uses : Glass cleaner Manufacturer/Supplier
Shaveless Brain Surgery: Safe, Well
Michael A. Horgan M.D., Jennifer C. Kernan, M.D., Mark S. Schwartz, M.D., Jordi X. Kellogg, M.D., Sean 0. McMenomey, M.D., and Johnny B. Delashaw, Jr., M.D. Shaveless Brain Surgery: Safe, Well Tolerated,
The United States has become progressively more multicultural
Differences in Perceptions of Beauty and Cosmetic Procedures Performed in Ethnic Patients Lily Talakoub, MD,* and Naissan O. Wesley, MD The United States has become progressively more multicultural, with
The SilkPeel System: Histology Study on the use of a Dermalinfusion System for Dermatologic Conditions. Lawrence S. Moy, MD February 15, 2005
The SilkPeel System: Histology Study on the use of a Dermalinfusion System for Dermatologic Conditions Lawrence S. Moy, MD February 15, 2005 INTRODUCTION SilkPeel's Dermalinfusion is a new format microdermabrasion
Dr Tapan Patel would like to welcome you to PHI Clinic. A state-of-the-art cosmetic clinic on Harley Street housing the most advanced non surgical
Dr Tapan Patel would like to welcome you to PHI Clinic. A state-of-the-art cosmetic clinic on Harley Street housing the most advanced non surgical cosmetic procedures in the most luxurious setting. PHI
1 of 5 11/3/14 2:03 PM
Home About Us Laboratory Services Forensic Science Communications Back Issues July 2000 Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence, Part 2, by Deedrick... Hairs, Fibers, Crime, and Evidence Part 2: Fiber Evidence
A novel continuous colour mapping approach for visualization of facial skin hydration and transepidermal water loss for four ethnic groups
International Journal of Cosmetic Science, 2015, 37, 595 605 doi: 10.1111/ics.12265 A novel continuous colour mapping approach for visualization of facial skin hydration and transepidermal water loss for
: An organ - two or more tissues functioning
2 INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - CHAPTER 5 : An organ - two or more tissues functioning sq. m, 9-11 lbs, 7% of body weight mm thick Two layers & A.Epidermis protective layer w/o B.Dermis tissue fibrous & passes
Periorbital Rejuvenation
Outline Periorbital Rejuvenation Daniel Straka, MD Oculofacial Plastic Surgery Plastic Surgery Ohio/Ophthalmic Surgeons and Consultants What happens as we age? What is considered beautiful or youthful?
Hasson & Wong Lateral Slit Technique in Hair Transplantation Natural hair transplant results, minimized scarring
Hasson & Wong Lateral Slit Technique in Hair Transplantation Natural hair transplant results, minimized scarring The evolution of follicular unit hair transplants, which involves transplanting hair in
ARTISTRY Creme L/X KEY PRODUCT MESSAGE PRODUCT OVERVIEW TARGET CUSTOMERS
ARTISTRY Creme L/X KEY PRODUCT MESSAGE Creme L/X puts the power of youth at your fingertips by helping skin act up to15 years younger. Experience the ultimate in anti-aging skincare with Creme L/X. Once
THE EXPERT IN AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY COSMECEUTICAL CARE
THE EXPERT IN AESTHETIC DERMATOLOGY COSMECEUTICAL CARE THE EXPERT IN AESTHETIC Dermaceutic Laboratoire is the partner of choice for over 30,000 aesthetic dermatology specialists throughout the world. One
REFORM THE QUASI-DRUG APPROVAL SYSTEM
REFORM THE QUASI-DRUG APPROVAL SYSTEM Reform the Quasi-Drug Approval System YEARLY STATUS REPORT: Progress The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) released a model template for ordinary quasi-drug
Continuous Variables. Polynesian Phenotype. Phenotypes of Pacific Peoples Polynesian Phenotype. Two Basic Categories of Biological Variation/Data:
Phenotypes of Pacific Peoples Polynesian Phenotype Two Basic Categories of Biological Variation/Data: 1. Discontinuous: genetic data 2. Continuous: somatic or morphological 1 Continuous Variables Anthropometric
Statistics. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank
Statistics The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank The Authoritative Source for Current U.S. Statistics on Cosmetic Surgery Expanded Data for : -year Comparisons,