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2 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES: A PRELIMINARY STUDY BY N. A. BARNICOT Department of Anthropology, University College, Lonon INTRODUCTION Among the pigmentary anomalies of Negroes mentione by Pearson, Nettleship & Usher (1913) in their monograph on albinism, there is one which they calle xanthism which has receive less attention than albinism itself. Descriptions of this conition by these authors an by Stannus (1913) an Loewenthal(l944) are not very uniform, but it appears that the characteristic feature is some shae of re hair colour accompanie by a reish skin an often a light brown or even hazel iris. During a visit to southwestern Nigeria the writer was able to make some observations on Negroes conforming more or less to this escription an to collect some samples of the hair an some peigree material. The work was one mainly in Lagos or within a raius of 5 miles of this township, but a few observations were also mae in Benin City. The writer was accompanie uring the fiel work by Mr E. A. Osinyemi of the Hot Climate Physiological Research Unit, Oshoi, who renere very valuable assistance. PHYSICAL APPEARANCE Observations were mae on twentythree iniviuals who belonge to twenty apparently unrelate families. The age istribution of the sample was as follows: 1 years years years 7 Total 23 Some of the subjects were locate uring a survey of schools, an the remainer were notice uring aytoay travelling in Lagos or Benin. The hair of ten of these subjects was juge to be very re, the remainer showing arker shaes. The sample is not a ranom one, since, in the limite time available, preference was given to the investigation of the brightest res. It will be convenient to iscuss the hair colour first, since the hair samples permit an objective escription, leaving the often equally striking change of skin colour an the iris colour until a later section. HAIR COLOUR It was soon apparent that a consierable range of brightness an hue was to be foun in the re hair colours of Negroes. The ifficulties of objectively classifying European re hair for genetical stuy have recently been stresse by Ree (1952), an there is no reason to think that the problem is much easier in an African population. Small samples of hair were obtaine from seven Negro subjects, three of whom ha very strikingly re hair, together with hair from the ly pigmente relatives of two of them. Prof. L. S. Penrose kinly arrange for reflectograms to be prepare by the National Physical Laboratory on a General Electric Company recoring spectrophotometer. The curves are reprouce in Figs 1 an 2.

3 212 RED HAIR IN APKlCAN NEGROES 1 / 1 I I I Wavelength (mp) Pig. 1. Reflectance curves of re an norrnel African heir samplex. Curve no. I Z. IV.1 Strong yellow re 2 I Strong copper re 3 AG Reish brown 4 F.III.23 St,rong copper re Brown with re tinge U Brown with re tinge 7 F Mother of F z Father of Z. I\'. 1 *9 z Mother of Z. IV. 1 *1 F.III.1. Sib of F * The curves of 9 an 1 are almost coincient. 1 I I I Wavelength (mp) Fig. 2. Reflectance curves of African re hair samples. Curve 1: AF (a), hair from the front of the hea. Curve 2: AF (b), hair from the back of the hea.

4 N. A. BARNICOT 213 As Garner & MacAam (19345) an Ree (1952) have shown, reflectance curves of European re hair generally exhibit a characteristic upwar inflexion in the region of 53 mp, an another less noticeable ownwar one in the region of 5 mp. The former is clearly shown in the case of the African samples F , I. 11.3, Z. IV. 1, the first two being strong copper res an the last a bright yellowish re. The reflectance in the extreme re (7 mp) is comparable in magnitue to the values for bright re European samples, but there is no inflexion apparent at 5 mp. The curve for subject AG , whose hair was a meium reish brown, is seen to be much less inflee in the green region, an this is also true for the arker specimens, J. 11.1, U. 11.2, AF In the case of subject AF , the two curves in Fig. 2 show the reer colour of hair from the front of the hea, a feature which was observe in a number of the arker haire subjects. It will also be note that all the specimens, even the arker ones, are clearly istinguishe from the black or very ark brown hair of the four Negroes, the reflectance of which rises only very slightly in the re region. It is quite possible, however, that graations between the very ark hair of Africans an the more obvious res an browns coul be foun. It is useful for numerical comparisons to erive from the reflectance curves some single figure which will iscriminate re from nonre hair an can be use as a quantitative expression of reness. Ree (1952), following Garner & MacAam, foun that the expression 1oo(Y53.243Ym Y5 which he calle R, gave fairly efficient iscrimination. The y values in the formula represent percentage reflectances at wavelengths enote by the subscripts. He foun that bright copper res gave R values of 3235, lighter res an reblons 34, an rebrowns 4148, overlapping slightly with visual nonres. His initial proceure was' amittely sixbjective since he selecte by eye a small group of res which he consiere to represent the range of re shaes in an English population an compare them with a similarly chosen sample of nonres. The R values of thepresent Negro material are given in Table 1. The three pronounce res, F , I an Z. IV. 1, are seen to have low values (285345) comparable to the Table 1. Percentage rejiectunce of hair samples from rehaire an Africans Specimen F I IV. I AG AF (a) AF (b) u J. 11. I Ibaan F F z z I 15 Vol.17 Visual colour Copper re Copper re Yellowre Reish brown re brown Reish brown Reish brown Reish brown 4 1'2 2' 1'2 27 2'1 1'2 1'2 17 2' '1 I I '2 I 4 1'45 I I '45 2'1 I ' I 7 I '9 2'2 2' ' ), Wavelength (mp) ' I 8 2' I 2' '3 4' I 2' ' I ' '1 I 7 2'2 I I ' '1 9'9 43 2'2 3'55 4' I * 2' '3 24 4' I.8 23 R '7 34'5 42' '9 48'5 43' 73'4 73'5 72'5 8.1

5 214 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES strongest European res; AG , with a value of 42.9, is higher, while AF (a) an J (48. an 48.5) are at the extreme limits of the re range. U. 11.2, with an R value of 5.9, is probably too high to be regare as re. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION Flesch & Rothman (1945) escribe an ironcontaining pigment which they name trichosierin, extractable from human re hair by boiling with ilute aci; they consier it specific to re shaes. The present Negro material was examine for this pigment. Two of the specimens (I an U. 11.2) were kinly examine by Ree with a moification of Flesch & Rothman s metho, the hair being refluxe in 14. ml. of ~NHC~ for 2 min. instea of for 1 hr. in 2% (approximately +N) HC1. The remaining samples were extracte by the writer employing a miler technique than either, namely, 3 min. refluxing in 14. ml. of 2 yo HCl. The transmittances (T) of the filtere solutions were etermine on a Unicam spectrophotometer over the visible range. Curves of the absorbancies (log,, 1/!7 ), some of which are reprouce in Fig. 3, were plotte. The majority of the specimens gave smooth concave curves with relatively high absorption in the blue region, incluing the strong re specimens Z. IV. 1 an I. 11.3, an the reish brown AG The strong re specimen F an the specimen AF (a) show evience of a low peak between 5 an mp. Since the amounts of Negro hair available were small, being only 31. mg. for Z. IV. 1 an 3.3 mg. for Z an ranging from 7.4 to 11.3 mg. for the remainer, it was felt esirable to extract a number of re European specimens using 3. an 8. mg. quantities. Thirteen European specimens were extracte, nine of which were light copper res, three arker auburns an one a reish brown. Some of the resulting absorption curves are reprouce in Fig. 4. The 3. mg. extracts showe efinite evience of peaks between 5 an mp except in two specimens, while with 8.mg. extracts the peaks were more pronounce an absent only in the case of one specimen (Fig. 4, curve 5). The pigment escribe by Flesch & Rothman ha a maximum at 535 mp in aci solution; wellmarke peaks in this vicinity are observe in many of the present European specimens, an the curves for the two African specimens, F an AF (a), suggest that this pigment may be present. It seems inavisable, however, to attempt a quantitative comparison of the pigment in the African an European samples at this stage. It appears that certain samples of African re hair may lack it, an that in others it may be present but in somewhat small amount compare with European material. The ientity of the pigments, however, requires further stuy. It is noteworthy, perhaps, in view of Smyth, Porter & Bohren s (1951) chromatographic separation of a secon pigment with a maximum at 57 mp from re chicken feathers but not from the single sample of human re hair examine, that some of the present European curves (Fig. 4, curve 2) show some evience of a*secon maximum in this region. It is known that certain severe states of malnutrition which occur in Africa sometimes lea. to epigmentation of hair an skin. Through the courtesy of Prof. Alexaner Brown of the Aeoyo Hospital, Ibaan, Nigeria, we obtaine a small sample of reish hair from a woman suffering from avance malnutrition whose hair was state to have been black before her illness. The R value of this specimen was 431. Extraction of 42.5 mg. of this hair yiele no evienoe of trichosierin.

6 " 4 5 Wavelength (mp) Fig. 3. Curves of' absorbency of aci extracts of African hair samples. Curve no. 1 AG Heish brown hair 2 F Strong copper re hair 3 I Strong copper re hair 4 AF (a) Hair from front of hea 5 AF (b) Hair from back of hea Z.IV.l Strong yellow re hair 7 Z.III.2 Normal father of Z. IV. 1 8 z Normal mother of Z. IV. 1 9 u Brown with re tinge Reaings at 4, 45, 475, 5, 525, 55, 575,, 25 mp for curves 1, 2, 4, 5,, 7 an 8. Heaings at 4,43,4,48, 5, 52, 53, 54,5,58 mp for curve 9 with aition of reaing at for curve 3.

7 21 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES 4 5 Wavelength (mp) Fig. 4. Curve of absorbency of aci extracts of European rehair samples. Curve no Specimen no. 2 Auburn, 8. mg. extracte 1 qopper re, 8. mg. extracte 2 Copper re, 3. mg. extracte 12 Copper re, 8. mg. extracte 8 Copper re, 8. mg. extracte 12 Copper re, 3. mg. extracte Reaings at 4,45,475,5,525,53,55,75,,25 mp for curvm 1,2,4 an 5 an at same wavelengths with omission of reaing at 535 mp for curves 3 an.

8 N. A. BARNICOT 217 SKIN COLOUR It is usually the case that subjects with efinite reening of the hair have a light an often coppercoloure skin. In extreme cases this is very striking, an the subject appears coppercoloure all over. It seems, however, that the relation between the colour of the hair an skin is not always very close; thus subject Z. IV. 1 ha light yellowish re hair but the skin was not markely light or reene, while subject AG , whose hair was a brownish re ha a very pronounce copper colour of the skin. It is probable from casual observation that the miler examples of reening of the skin pigment coul be matche in iniviuals with hair pigmentation, but it is by no means common in them. FRECKLING In three subjects out of nineteen who were closely observe for this feature, a few small roun freckles were note on the face. The freckling was not nearly as pronounce as in some albinos, an the freckles ha not the ragge contour foun in the latter. EYE COLOUR Out of twentythree subjects in whom this feature was note, the iris was recore as meium brown in six, while in the remainer it was juge to be as ark as in the general population. The fact that re hair is sometimes associate with ilution of the iris pigment was particularly clearly emonstrate in the case of two peigrees in which sibs were available for comparison. In one of these, AA., two chilren age 7 an 5 years ha strongly re hair, copper skin an a meium brown eye, while the parents an three sibs, age 9 years, 3 years an 8 months, ha black hair, ark skin an ark eyes. In another family, AV., one boy age 34 years ha yellowish re hair, pale re skin, an a efinitely lighter iris than his parents or his three ly pigmente younger sibs. NYSTAGMUS In one case, AA. IV. 2, the boy of 7 years referre to above, there was efinite nystagmus which was absent in his younger sister who was similarly pigmente. Loewenthal(l944) also recore a case of a rehaire Negro with nystagmus. FREQUENCY OF RED HAIR COLOUR It is obvious that without extensive collection of samples for spectrophotometric examination, onfy an approximate iea of the frequency of re hair colour in the population can be given. During a survey of schools in Lagos, 11,59 chilren (73 boys an 423 girls) were seen with a view to estimating the frequency of re hair. Nine of these (1/1229) were regare as having strong re hair, an a further eight (111382) ha arker shaes of re. If the two groups are consiere to belong to a single category the combine frequency is 115. This frequency consierably excees the writer s (1952) estimate of the frequency of albinism in the same area which was approximately 115, an this ifference accors with one s general impression of the relative commonness of the two conitions. A further small survey in Benin City Schools begun by the writer an kinly

9 218 RED HAIR I'N AFRICAN NEGROES complete by Mr R. E. Brabury, yiele four pronounce res in a total of 482 chilren (343 boys an 1219 girls). One sometimes notices in the schools, chilren with a very slight reish tinge in the hair, which is sometimes unusually fine in texture. Contrary to the finings for more efinite re colours, this seems to be commonest in girls, an largely in the age range 51 years. It may be surmise that these are cases of nutritional eficiency. Marke malnutritional epigmentation such as that alreay illustrate by the Ibaan case is, it appears, associate with severe illness, whereas the cases of more efinite re hair which we have investigate were leaing active lives. EFFECT OF AGE ON HAIR COLOUR It might be expecte from experience of re hair colour in Europe that arkening with age woul also occur in Negroes. In the school samples the chilren range in age from 4 to 2 years. Examples of strong an also arker res were foun over the whole age range, an the material provies no efinite evience of arkening with age. However, in many cases we i not recor the ages of the iniviual affecte chilren, but simply the range for the school class, an this together with the subjective character of the colour jugements makes it impossible to raw reliable conclusions. However, in the course of peigree investigation we were tol on several occasions that subjects with meium or ark re hair ha ha lighter re hair when younger. In particular, subject AF (see Fig. 2), whose hair was efinitely re at the front but arker at the back, was sai by his father to have been lighter re over the entire hea as a young chil. SEX DISTRIBUTION Among the twentythree iniviuals of varying re shae observe uring peigree stuies, only four were females. Two aitional males with strong re hair an seven aitional males with meium to ark re hair were seen uring the school survey of Lagos, giving four females in a total of thirtytwo subjects. In the case of albinism consierable but not statistically significant eficiency of females was also note. It is possible that in the case of re hair, particularly in those cases where the skin colour is not very obviously altere, the habit of Nigerian women of covering the hair with a heatie woul result in their less frequent etection. However, in the survey of Lagos schools, the hair was seen in all cases; two females were foun in a total of nine chilren with strong re hair an no females in a total of eight with arker re shaes. It must be taken into account that the number of girls seen in the schools (423) was only about half the number of boys (73)) an that the age istributions for the sexes in Lagos schoolchilren are somewhat ifferent as shown in the writer's paper on albinism. Although only four females were observe out of twentythree assorte res in peigree material, if we take the total number of rehaire iniviuals reporte in these peigrees, but not seen, we obtain ten males an twelve females; the relationship among sibs of res both seen an reporte in the peigree material is fortyeight males an forty females. These figures suggest that the apparent eficiency of rehaire females is not a true representation of the actual situation.

10 N. A. BARNICOT 219 TRIBAL DISTRIBUTION It is interesting that out of seventeen families containing one or more rehaire iniviual for which we ascertaine the tribal origin, there was a preponerance of those belonging to tribes situate to the east of Lagos which itself lies in Yoruba territory. The actual figures are given below : Yoruba 5 Bini 5 Ibo 4 Sob 1 Ibibio 1 BrazilianTogo 1 Excluing one Bini case as being observe in Benin City an also the BrazilianTogo cross, we have five Yoruba cases an ten from more easterly tribes, whereas accoring to the Lagos Census Bulletins (1951) the proportion of the Lagos population who are Ibo, Bini, etc.: is only 3/1. Nevertheless, our limite survey of Benin City schools showe a rehair frequency close to that foun in the Lagos schools. The high proportions of Ibo an Bini contrasts with the tribal istribution of Lagos albinos who were preominantly Yoruba (Barnicot, 1952). RELATIONSHIP TO ALBINISM The fact that socalle xanthic Negroes show a pigment ilution or change of colour in hair, skin an eyes an that they sometimes have nystagmus, le earlier workers to associate this conition with albinism; Loewenthal (1944), inee, escribes two such cases uner the title of partial albinism. In the writer s experience there is always more skin pigment than in albinism, an the iris is never lighter than the arkest albino iries. It is possible that there might, in the case of light yellowres or the browner shaes, be some overlap with albinos with regar to hair colour. Three specimens of brownish albino hair were escribe in a previous paper (1952); these samples are lighter in general colour than the present brownre specimens J an U. 11.2, while the hair of the subject AG , which is about equally light, has a reflectogram more inflecte in the green. The R values for the three brown albino samples, AK. 11.4, M an A. 11.1, are respectively 53., 545 an 52.9, values which are somewhat higher than those for any of the present re subjects. The only other albino samples which might be confuse with re specimens woul appear to be E an V , which ha a efinite re tinge; their R values are, however, 4.4 an 49.4, which are very much higher than the present yellowre specimen Z. IV. 1 (34*5), an the reflectograms are quite ifferent in shape. PEDIGREE MATERIAL Although twenty families were investigate, etails of the peigrees are only given for a restricte number. The range of variation in pigment colour an intensity is clearly large in the present material, an it is uncertain whether the cases form a homogeneous group which woul justify numerical stuy. It is also uncertain how variable the manifestation of re hair may be within a family an how far the jugement of a member of the family coul be relie on regaring the pigmentation of some absent or ea member. Since a high proportion of the families were immigrants, the number of members who coul actually be seen was restricte. Both parents of a rehaire subject were seen in the case of six peigrees (F., R., Z., AA., AI., AV.), an the etails of these are set out in the appenix. In all six cases they were ly pigmente with the oubtful exception of AI., in which both parents, who ha ark

11 22 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES hair an eyes, sai their hair ha been re up to the age of about 2 years. In four other peigrees (F., S., AF., AQ.) one parent of a re iniviual was seen to be an the other reporte to have been so. In a further seven, of which only I., U. an AG. are etaile because hair samples of the propositi were examine, both parents were sai to have been but were not seen. Out of twenty propositi there were four cases (excluing AI.) in which one parent was sai to have been rehaire, but in no case was this parent seen. In one peigree a marriage between two rehaire iniviuals was reporte, an was sai to have yiele three male an two female chilren, all of whom were rehaire. This limite material suggests that rehaire iniviuals are generally offspring of ly pigmente parents, although they not infrequently result from matings of x rehaire. in certain sibships such as those in peigrees AA. an AV. the segregation of re hair from is seen to be sharp. It is frequently foun that a rehaire propositus with parents has or is reporte to have one or more rehaire relatives; this was the case in nine snch peigrees, the conition often skipping a generation. No peigrees were collecte which suggeste a ominant inheritance. DISCUSSION 11 appears from the ata that iniviuals occur with a frequency of about 1/51/1 in southern Nigeria who often show conspicuous reening of the hair an skin pigment an sometimes show ilution of the iris. It is probable that this conition is genetic an is istinct froin albinism, but in view of the rather wie variation among affecte iniviuals it is uncertain whether it is a single conition. The markely epigmente skin an iris which accompany some examples of re hair in western Europe suggest a similar conition involving a general xtion on melanin pigment. In a population with ark skin pigment an uniformly ark hair :in iris pigmentation the segregation of such a conition can be very striking. The evience that a pigment, trichosierin, sai to be specific to re hair in Europe occurs in some African eases is also suggestive of ientity; however, it appears that this pigment may be absent in some cases of pronounce re hair in Negroes, or, if present, is extractable in rather small amounts, an, moreover, its istribution in relation to European hair colours is not firmly establishe. It is worth bearing in min that the prevalence of mil iron eficiency in Africa might be relevant to this fining. The name xanthism, given by Pearson et al. (1913) to Negroes of the general appearance we have escribe, is scarcely well chosen, since in the majority of cases the hair an skin are not yellow; however, it seems inavisable to coin a new term in our present state of ignorance of the true situation. Further peigree material with aequate recoring of hair an skin colour by spectrophotometry, an more etaile work on the hair pigments is clearly neee before real progress can be expecte. It is a pleasure to thank Dr W. S. S. Laell for his hospitality uring the writer s visit to the Hot Climate Physiological Research Unit, Oshoi, uner a grant from the Colonial Meical Research Council. Thanks are also ue to Dr T. E. Ree for iscussing his own work with the writer before publication an to Prof. L. S. Penrose for his interest in the investigation. Prof. E. Balwin kinly permitte the use of the Unicam spectrophotometer in his Department.

12 N. A. BARNICOT 22 1 REFERENCES UARNICOT, N. A. (1952). Albinism in southwestern Nigeria. Ann. Eugen., Lon., 17, 38. FLESCH, P. & ROTHMAN, S. (1945). Isolation of an iron pigment from human re hair. J. Invest. Derm., 257. CARDNER, B. B. & MACADAM, (19345). Colorimetric analysis of hair colour. Amer. J. Phys. Anthrop. 19, 187. Lagos Census Bulletins (1951). Department of Statistics, Lagos, Nigeria. LOEWENTHAL, L. J. A. (1944). Partial albinism an nystagmus in Negroes. Arch. Derm. Syph. N.Y., 5, 3. PEARSON, K., NETTLESHIP, E. & USHER, C. H. (1913). A monograph on albinism. Drap. Co. Mem. Biom. Ser. 8, parts I an 11. REED, T. E. (1952). Re hair LW a genetical character. Ann. Eugen., Lon., 17, 115. SMYTH, J. ROBERT, Jr., PORTER, J. W. & BOHREN, B. B. (1951). A stuy of pigments from re, brown an buff feathers an hair. Physiol. Zool. 24, 2. S J ANNUS, H. 8. (1913). Anomalies of pigmentation among natives of Nyasalan: a contribution to the stuy of albinism. Biometrika, 9, 3.

13 222 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES Peigree F PEDIGREES 1 1 I 3 Q II I 18&194f & Z,(T* IV Propositus Normal Affecte Peigree AA 111 I I IV 1 Propositus Normal Affecte I Peigree R Peigree AV 22 5T 2 14 &7Q8# I 3 4 * 5 II 1 I 4+ Proporitus Normal Affecte Propositus Normal Affecte

14 N. A. BARNICOT Iniviual sex I I 11. I I IT. I , 11, I IS APPENDIX PEDIGREE F. Ilaro. Ilaro Division. Tribe Yoruha (sample taken) (sample taken) Jot seen. Paternal granfather of propositus. Came from Oyo. Reporte Tot seen. Paternal granmother of propositus. Came from Oyo. Reporte n o Jot seen. Maternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Jot seen. Maternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Jot seen. One female an five male sibs of All reporte Tot seen. Secon wife of Reporte Iecease. Father of propositus riot seen. First wife of Reporte Tot seen. Sib of Elest of sibship. Reporte. Her two male an two female chilren reporte Tot seen. Sib of Secon elest of sibship. His five male an three female chilren reporte Not seen. Sib of Thir eles of sibship. Her one male an onc female chil reporte. Ah other chilren but number no1 known Not seen. Sib of Fifth an( youngest of sibship. Her three malt an one female chilren reprt.e~ Seen. Mother of propositus. Thirc wife of Fourth elest of sib ship Not seen. Chilren of 11.8 an 11.7 Three females an one male. A1 reporte. Chilren of thee also reporte Not seen. Sibs of Five malea one female; all reporte Seen. Daughter of 11.8 an II.9 Halfsister of propositus. Mother o rehaire IV.4 Seen. Husban of Father o reheae IV.4 Dece. Sib of propositus. Eles of sibship Decease. Sib of propositus. Re porte to have ha re hair. Seconl elest of sibship Decease. Sib of propositus. Re porte. Thir elest a sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Fourtheles of sibship. Gave most of peigree

15 224 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES Iniviual Sex Hair PEDIGREE F (cont.) I ,22 *III. 23 IV. I, 2, 3, 5. 1v.4 IV. 7 IV.8, 9 Copperre (sample taken) Copperre Meium with re tint Meium reish Not seen. Wife of Reporte Decease. Sib of propositus. Reporte. Fifth elest of sibship Not. seen. Sib of propositus. Reporte. Sixth elest of sibship Not seen. Husban of Reporte Decease. Sibs of propositus. Both males an reporte. Seventh an eighth elest of sibship Seen. Propositus. Schoolboy Not seen. Sibs of IV.4. Two males an three females. One male an one female ecease. All reporte Seen. Son of 111. an Sixth elest of sibship Not seen. Only chil of an Reporte Not seen. Two female chilren of an Both reporte

16 N. A. BARNICOT 225 PEDIGREE AA. Serulere, Lagos. Tribe Ibo Iniviual I. I I I 11.2, I ~15 Iv. I *w. 2 Iv. 3 m.4 Iv. 5 Sex Q 9 9. Hair I Strong re Strong re Meium Meium Meium Copper Copper Meium Meium Meium brown. Nystagmus Meium brown Not seen. Paternal greatgranfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal greatgranmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte to have ha re hair. Not seen. Two male sibs of II.4. Both reporte Not seen. Paternal granfather of propositus. Came from Onitsha. Reporte Not seen. Paternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granfather of propositus. Came from Onitsha. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. Elest of sibship. Her five chilren reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. Secon elest of sibship. Her four chilren reporte Seen. Father of propositus Not seen. Sib of Reporte. Fourth elest of sibship Decease. Sib of Reporte. Fifth elest of sibship Decease. Sib of Reporte. Sixth elest of sibship Decease. Sib of Reporte. Seventh an youngest of sibship Seen. Mother of propositus Not men. Five male an two female sibs of All reporte Seen. Sib of propositus. Elest of sibship Seen. Propositus. Schoolboy. Secon elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Thir elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Fourth elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Fifth an youngest of sibship

17 22 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES PEDIGREE U. Lagos. Tribe Yoruba Iniviual I Sex Age Hair I. I I I reish brown (sample taken) Pale copper tinge Not seen. Father of propositus. Reporte. Came from Ijebu Not seen. Mother of propositus. Reporte. Came from Ijebu Seen. Sib of propositus. Elest of sibship. Gave the peigree Seen. Propositus Uncertain whether there were other sibs of propositus. No other rehaire iniviuals known in family PEDIGREE Z. Yaba, Lagos. Tribe Yoruba Iniviual I. I I I I *IV. I Sex P Hair... ~ (sample taken) (sample taken) Strong yellowre (sample taken).~ Meium to ark Meium Meium, slight re Decease. Paternal greatgranfather of propositus. Reporte Decease. Paternal greatgranmother of propositus. Hair reporte to have been as propositus Decease. Paternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Two ecease male sibs an one living female sib of One male reporte to have been slightly rehaire. Others reporte Seen. Mother of propositus. Family from Abeokuta Seen. Father of propositus. Family from Abeokuta Seen. Propositus. Schoolgirl. Only chil No rehaire members of mother s, 111. I, family reporte.

18 N. A. BARNICOT 227 PEDIGREE I. Lagos. Urhobo Iniviuel 8ex Hair I. I I I. 1.7 I I 11.2 *II P Copperre (sample taken) Meium to pale with re tinge Decease. Father of propositus. Reporte. Rehaire male mentione in his family, but relationship not ascertainable. A chief in Warri province Not seen. Wife of I. I. Mother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Wife of 1.1. Reporte. Reporte to have one male an one female chil, both Not seen. Wife of 1.1. Reporte. Reporte to have ha two chilren. One male ecease, one female living Not seen. Wife of 1.1. Reporte. Reporte to have ha one male an one female chil, both Not seen. Wife of 1.1. Reporte. Reporte to have ha one male an two female chilren, all Not seen. Wife of I. I. Reporte. Reporte to have ha one male an one female chil, both Not seen. Wife of 1.1. Reporte. Reporte to have ha one male chil Not seen. Elest sib of propositus. Reporte norm D e. Secon elest sib of propositus. Reporte Seen. Propositus Not seen. Youngest sib of propositus, an youngest of sibship. Reporte

19 228 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES PEDIGREE R. Lagos. Tribe Bini Iniviual Sex Hair I. I I I I HI IV. I IV. 2 IV. 3 *1v.4 IV. 5 IV. IV.71 9, greying Strong re Meium to ark Meium to ark Meium to ark Meium to pale copper colour Not seen. Paternal greatgranfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal greatgranmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte Decesae. Sib of Reporte Seen. Father of propositus. Came from Ora, Benin Province Seen. Mother of propositus. Also came from Ore Decease. Sib of Reporte Not seen. Two males an one female sibs of All reporte Not seen. Son of 11.5 by a reporte wife. Sai to be rehaire Seen. Son of by a reporte wife. Cousin of propositus Not seen. Sib of IV. I. Reporte Decease. Sib of propositus. Reporte. Elest of sibship Seen. Propositus. A schoolboy. Secon elest of sibship Decease. Sib of propositus. Reporte. Thir elest of sibship Decease. Sib of propositus. Reporte. Fourth an youngest of sibship Not seen. Two male an two female chilren of rehaire by reporte wife. All reporte

20 N. A. BARNICOT 229 Iniviual I. I I I I SIII. 2 8eX Hair, greying re at front (samples taken) PEDIGREE AF. hag8 Meium Meium to pale slight re tint Meium brown Not seen. Paternal granfather of propositus. Came from Lome, French Togolan. Reporte. Not men. Paternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. One male chil reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. Five chilren reporte Seen. Father of propositus Not seen. Mother of propositus. Separate from II. 3 Decease. Eler sib of propositus. Reporte Seen. Propositus. Schoolboy. Hair mi to have been brighter re when younger 1 Vo1.17

21 23 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES Iniviual I. I I I I I 111. I I 111. I I 3 *III. 14 IV. I IV. 2 Sex 3 s " 3 " 3 s 3 PEDIGREE AG. Mwhin, Lagos. Tribe Bini (Ishan Division) Hair Meium brown Not seen. Paternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granfather of propositus. Reporte K'ot seen. Maternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not setn. Sib of Reporte. Fourth an youngest of sibship Xot seen. Sib of Reporte. Thir elest of sibship Decease. Sib of Reporte Not seen. Father of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Mother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. Two female chilren, reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. Three male an one female chil; reporte Not seen. Sib of Rcljortc. Two male chilren; reporte Seen. Son of 11. I Not seen. Sib of 111. I Not seen. Two male an two female sibs of 111. I. All reporte Not seen. Daughter of Heporte Kot seen. Sib of propositus. Elest of sibship. Reporte Not seen. Sib of propositus. Secon elest of sibship. Reporte Not seen. Sib of propositus. Thir elest of sibship. Reporte Not seen. Sib of propositus. Fourth elest of sibship. Reporte to have ha re hair Decease. Sib of propositus. Fifth elest of sibship. Reporte Decease. Sib of propositus. Sixth elest of sibship. Reporte Seen. Propositus Not seen. Son of by reporte husban. Reporte re haire Not seen. Sibs of IV. I. Two males, three females, all reporte

22 N. A. BARNICOT 231 PEDIGREE A&. Ebutte Mutta, Lagos. Tribe Yoruba Iniviual Sex Hair I Eye I. I I *II Meium to ark re Meium to ark re Meium, slight re Meium, slight re Not seen. Father of propositus. Reporte. His parents from Abeokuta Seen. Mother of propositus. Hair waa never re. Her parents from Abeokuta Not seen. Sib of 1.2. Reporte. Ha one fbmale chil also reporte Not seen. Sib of 1.2. Reporte Decease. Sib of 1.2. Reporte Seen. Propositus. Hair sai to have been reer when younger. Elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Secon elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Thir elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Fourth an youngest of sibship No other rehaire members known in family PEDIGREE AV. Benin City Iniviual I I I 11.2 ' Sex '. Hair. Yellowre Pale re _. Meium Not seen. Two male an four female sibs of 1.8. All reporte Not seen. Wife of 1.8. Reporte Seen. Father of propositus. His parents also reporte Seen. Mother of propositus. Wife of I. 8 Not seen. Son of 1.7 by 1.8. Reporte to have re hair Not seen. Sib of 11. I Seen. Propositus. Elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Secon elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Thir elest of sibship Seen. Sib of propositus. Fourth an youngest of sibship

23 232 RED HAIR IN AFRICAN NEGROES Iniviual Sex Age PEDIGREE AI. Ebutte Mutta, Lagos. Tribe Ibo Hair I. I I I I *In s s s, slight re Strong re Pale yellow Meium Pale yellow Pale copper Not seen. Paternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Paternal granmother of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granfather of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Maternal granmother of propositus. Reporte All this generation from Enuy Decease. Sib of Reporte Not seen. Sib of Reporte. One male chil reporte Seen. Father of propositus. State that his hair was re until he was 17 years of age Seen. Mother of propositus. Sai her hair was re until the age of 2 years Not seen. Sib of Sai to have re hair. Two male chilren reporte by husban Decease. Sib of Reporte Seen. Sib of propositus. Hair sai to be ye an real colour re. Elest of sibship Decease. Sib of propositus. Reporte. Secon elest of sibship Seen. Propositus. Schoolboy PEDIQREE J. Lagos. Tribe Yoruba Iniviual I. I I. 2 *II. I , Sex Hair Meium, yellowish Not seen. Father of propositus. Sai to have ha light skin Not seen. Mother of propositus. Sai to have ha light skin Seen. Propositus Not seen. Wife of propositus. Reporte Decease. Two male sibs of propositus Decease. Sib of propositus. Sai to have ha same colouring as propositus Not seen. Sib of propositus. Sai to have ha same colouring as propositus Not seen. Sib of propositus. Reporte Not seen. Two living male chilren an two females, one ecease, of propositus an ILz. All sai to have black hair, but light skin