PHYSICAL EVIDENCE. Something that shows or proves, or that gives reason for believing; proof or indication (Webster s New World Dictionary;1995) tox

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1 PHYSICAL EVIDENCE Something that shows or proves, or that gives reason for believing; proof or indication (Webster s New World Dictionary;1995) swabs shirt debris hair Patient tox fibers pattern DNA

2 Skin Swabs Ask patient if any areas of possible body fluid contact (semen/saliva) Swab these areas, as well as visible bite marks or oral suction bruises, or dried secretions on skin Obtain even if patient bathes after assault, since bathing may be incomplete

3 EVIDENCE COLLECTION The act of gathering (Webster s New World Dictionary; 1995)

4 EVIDENCE COLLECTION KIT Use of a manufactured kit not mandatory (but it sure helps) TriTech USA produces a kit which meets the requirements of the Washington State Crime Lab TriTech kit is in compliance with HCSATS guidelines

5 PATIENT COMFORT Should not be compromised for evidence collection Example: if patient is thirsty, collect oral swabs first and then provide something to drink Patient may decline any portion of evidence collection Example: patient may assent to head hair combing and decline pubic hair combing

6 TECHNIQUE~ continued Skin swabs: use wet-to-dry technique as this increases recovery of foreign DNA Moisten 1 swabs with 1 drop of water and lightly swab area Repeat with 1 dry swabs Water for moistening swabs may be supplied in kit, or from sterile hospital supply For orifices; use 4 swabs for each orifice

7 FORENSIC TOXICOLOGY Obtain if patient reports blackout or concern of drug facilitated assault or gives history that you suspect possible DFA

8 TECNIQUE *For medical care, obtain stat blood alcohol and urine toxicology screen ~if less than 24 hours, 2 grey top blood tubes + 30 ml urine ~if greater than 24 hours, 20 ml urine only *Collect urine in standard specimen cup, then transfer urine to state toxicology plastic cup or 2 red top tubes *Refrigerate or freeze until transfer ~DO NOT freeze glass tubes ~DO NOT package in kit. Transfer separately

9 ORAL SWABS Obtain even if patient ate/drank/rinsed mouth after assault

10 TECHNIQUE Use 4 cotton swabs total. Do not moisten. Using 1 swab at a time, swab around gingival border, at margins of teeth, buccal and lingual surfaces Repeat with remaining 3 swabs

11 TRACE DEBRIS If assault occurred out of home or outdoors If patient has not changed clothes

12 TECHNIQUE Place clean bed sheet (or paper sheet) on floor Place clean paper sheet (at least 2 x 2 ) on top Have patient undress while standing on paper Fold paper to retain debris Place in envelope, seal, sign and date over tape

13 OUTER CLOTHING Patient may wear or bring in clothing worn at time of assault If assault occurred outdoors or clothing stained or damaged, collection is particularly important (swimming beach, forest, barn)

14 TECHNIQUE Place each item of clothing in a separate paper grocery-type bag Put patient label on each bag Write contents on outside of each bag, jeans Tape each bag closed with clear packing tape, use permanent marker to sign and date over tape Place smaller clothing bags in one large paper bag Tape bag closed with clear packing tape. Put patient label on bag, use to sign and date over tape Maintain chain of evidence. Lock in secured area when not directly observed

15 OUTER CLOTHING~continued DO NOT cut through any existing holes, rips, or stains DO NOT shake out patient s clothing or trace evidence may be lost Wet items- place in double paper bag, place in open plastic container or bag Label WET and transfer to LE within 3 hours (Biohazard label nice too)

16 UNDERPANTS Always collect, even if patient changed after assault Exception: if police have collected at scene

17 TECHNIQUE *Package in a small paper bag *Seal, label, and place in Evidence Kit Note: DO NOT attempt to dry wet underpants or adult diapers Either transfer to LE within 3 hours, or place in double paper bag, seal, place in open plastic container or open plastic bag *Label WET and refrigerate or freeze until transfer

18 REFERENCE HAIR Collect on all patients May be needed to compare with hair pulled out at scene

19 TECHNIQUE Pluck hairs from scalp Place on clean paper (alternate- place on sticky side of clean Post-it note) Fold in paper and place in envelope Patient may elect to pluck own hair

20 FINGERTIP SWABS Collect on all patients

21 TECHNIQUE Use 4 swabs total 2 swabs for each hand With 1 moistened swab, swab all 5 fingertips of one hand Repeat with 1 dry swab on same hand Repeat process on other hand

22 REFERENCE BLOOD *Collect to obtains patient s DNA

23 TECHNIQUE Use lancet from kit, or small needle and syringe May obtain at the same time as other labs Place on designated filter (FTA) paper, fill each circle completely before moving to next circle, fill all 4 circles

24 DEBRIS ON SKIN *Collect if debris visible and especially when assault was out of home (dirt, threads)

25 TECHNIQUE Use 2 swabs total for each site Moisten 1 swab with 1 drop of water Swab area of suspect area Repeat with second, dry swab Repeat 2 swab wet/dry for each suspect area Note on envelope if saliva or semen is suspected by patient report

26 PUBIC HAIR COMBING Omit if shaved or absent pubic hair

27 TECHNIQUE Place clean paper under buttocks Patient may be in lithotomy position or sitting on end of exam table Use comb, comb downward to collect loose hairs Fold paper to retain hairs, and place in envelope (add comb too) Patient may elect to comb pubic hair

28 PUBIC HAIR PLUCKING Omit if shaved or absent pubic hair Purpose is to compare with foreign hair

29 TECHNIQUE Pull 5-10 hairs from different areas of pubis Patient may elect to pull hair Place on clean paper (or sticky side of clean Post-it note) Fold in paper and place in envelope If patient declines, may obtain later

30 VULVAR/PERINEAL SWABS Do on all females

31 TECHNIQUE Use 4 cotton swabs total Moisten 2 swabs with 1 drop of water on each Swab external genital folds and perineum Repeat with 2 dry swabs Consider photographing site prior to insertion of speculum Consider Toluidine Blue application to highlight areas of potential injury prior to speculum insertion

32 VAGINAL/ENDOCERVICAL SWABS: TECHNIQUE Use 4 cotton swabs total Use 2 swabs for vaginal pool Insert vaginal speculum Use 1 swab at a time, insert in posterior direction approx. 4 and swab posterior vaginal pool Repeat with second swab Use 2 swabs for endocervical Use 1 swab at a time, swab posterior fornix/vaginal pool Repeat with second swab

33 NOTE: For young patients, elderly patients, or any patient for whom speculum use is very uncomfortable, can obtain all 4 swabs from the posterior vaginal pool

34 MALE GENITAL SWABS Do on all males

35 TECHNIQUE Penile swabs: Use 4 cotton swabs. Moisten 2 with 1 drop of water on each Swab penis: anterior, lateral, posterior, glans penis and under foreskin with moistened swabs After drying, package in vaginal endocervical envelope Write site of collection on envelope

36 MALE PERINEAL SWABS Use 4 cotton swabs Moisten 2 swabs with 1 drop of water on each Swab perineum and scrotum Repeat with 2 dry swabs After drying, package in vulvarperineal envelope

37 ANAL SWABS Do even if anal assault not reported Patient may not recall or report anal assault Vaginal fluid may leak into anus

38 TECHNIQUE PERIANAL: Use 2 swabs Moisten 1 swab with 1 drop water Swab perianal folds Repeat with dry swab ANAL: Use 2 swabs Moisten each with 1 drop of water Insert 1 swab 1-2 cm into anus Repeat with second moistened swab

39 RESOURCES HCSATS Recommended Guidelines 2006 HCSATS Staff Washington State Patrol Crime Lab, Cheney, Washington TriTech Inc FAX:

40 MORE INFORMATION??? SEXUAL ASAULT: The Medical-Legal Examination, by Sharon R. Crowley Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 3 rd ed., by Robert R. Hazelwood and Ann Wolbert Burgess IAFN: International Association of Forensic Nurses