L A H U N T R E A S U R E T H E TW E N T I ET H YEA R, A N D EGYPT I A N R E S EA R C H ACC OU N T G U Y

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4 B R I T I S H S C HOO L OF A R C HAEOLOGY I N EGYPT A N D EGYPT I A N R E S EA R C H ACC OU N T TW E N T I ET H YEA R L A H U N IZ T H E T R E A S U R E G U Y B R U N T O N 7 LO N D ON B R I TI S H S C HOO L OF A R C HAE O LO GY I N E GYPT UN I VE R S I TY C O LLE GE G OWE R ST R E E T WC AN D BE R N AR D Q U AR I TC H n G R AF T O N S T R E E T N E W BO N D S TR E E T W

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6 BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT AN D EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOU N T PA TR ON FvM VISCO U N T ALLE N BY GE N E R A L C OMMI TTE E ( * ' E xecutzve Al embe rs Lord ABE R C ROMBY HE N R Y B ALFOU R R t D r H on Sir GEO RG E T GOWLAN D GOLD I E G J MI LN E R OBE RT MON D R e v D r T Prof R C R t Hon V EY G BON N Prof MONTAGU E QUET BOSAN F WALTE R MOR R I SON SCOU NT IFF ITH I B R YCE LL GR Miss EW D N Y r BE R R BU A C H ADDON J AWORTH Y R D r E SSE H F W PE R C IVAL D E C HMoNT P E Prof J B Mrs R t H on Mrs F SOME R S C LAR K E R e v D r A H D r J R GR E E N M C M A MU R R AY PI N CHE S PROTH E R O W HOG ARTH E D DWAR C LOD D D D r G AW G BOYD Sir W D K I N S i" BASI L HOLME S D r G A R E I SN E R HOWORTH Sir S Prof D I LL Sir WI LLI AM R D Sir H Y E N R H I CHMON Baron DG I" Miss E C K E N STE I N A F EWAY VON H UGE L Prof I HU NT STRONG Y Sir GR EGOR FOSTE R A Mrs Prof S LOR D GR E NFE LL E AD LAM W R J Sir AMES F R AZ E R La d y T D Mrs C H JOHN W I R AR S P r of E H E N R Y MI E R S ST D R N E GAR N E R Sir E TOW R Y WHYTE PE R CY GAR DN E R Prof r H onora y Trea surer H SEFTON JON ES H onora r y D ire ctor Prof F LI N D E R S PETR I E H onora r y S eere/a r y Mrs H F PETR I E AMER ICAN BR AN CH THE EGYPTIAN RESEARCH AC C OU N T Preside nt J AME S H E N R Y B R E ASTE D PH D F R AN C I S B ROW N PH D D W I LLI AM E D MU N D J HOLLAN D PH D J J AMES PH D D LL D SC D LL D B ' Vz ee ' Presz de7215 SH F CH W LLD AR LE S F THWI WI LLI AM COPLE Y WI N SLOW PH D I PLEY PH D NG D D LL D E N J AM I N I D E WH E E LE R PH D LL D LL D Prof MITCH E LL C AR ROLL PH D H o n Trea surer R ev WI LLI AM C WI N SLOW D D

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8 Pottery etc C O N T E N T S CHAPTE R THE WO R K AN D THE SITE I PAGE The clearing Sa r oopha g u s and coffins Contents of sarcophagus Canopic chest Can opic jars Contents of canopic jars Stone with Queen s titles Discussion of klmmnt reefer CHAPTE R II 4 Tomb 5 Upper 6 Shaft 9 D E SC R IPTION OF THE TOMB S CHAPTE R and stairway THE E X C AVAT IO N OF THE J E WE LLE R Y tomb tomb Lower Conclusions 7 Tomb pper tomb I O U Lower tomb The water pit Conclusions To 1 2 Tomb I 3 Tomb 7 8 I V Catalogue of the jewellery Method of working and condition mat erials The various areas in the recess fined de Contents of Area B ( C rown group C D ( alabasters (Jewel Casket E Area F CHAPTE R III! CHAPTE R v THE CONTE N T S OF THE TOMB S D E SC R IPT I ON OF THE J E WE LLE R Y Late pottery Sa c rific ia l deposit Pyr a mid pott ery Pyramid la mps Be a d s unde r blocking ston es Sarcopha gus and coffins Contents of sarco p ha g us Canopic chest a nd cont e nts Pot 4 0 Pi efa c e 4 1 The 4 2 The 43 The 44 The The The 47 The 4 8 The crown ndgold ring a beads pectorals beads drop gold necklaces and old lions other bead g Clasps s bra elets and ankl ets scarabs c

9 6 CONTE NTS S B CT J 49 The The 5 0 The 5 1 toilet obj ects and alabasters jewel casket and alabaster box plain box PAGE not two sets B u t Is crown a ceremonial one the The jewellery all personal Alterations in the jewellery 5 2 Probable 53 Different I ND E X CHAPTE R VI order of the four tombs dates jewellery of the Close resemblance to Me r y t s The designs of the pectorals III not mentioned Senuse rt The robbing of the tomb j ewellery LI ST OF PLATE S Pectoral of Senuse rt II re c onstru i c tīou of Cowry necklace Bracelets and anklets Crown Backs of the pectorals Drop b eads rhomb beads scarab Amethyst a nd claw necklace Canopic jars Inscriptions Queen s titles Views Of Tomb 8 Views of Tomb 9 Pottery Alabaster a nd o bsidian va ses x R azors and gold ring beads Mirror pectoral of Amenemha t II'I et c xxii 8 9 I I General p lan

10 T HE T R E ASU R E OF LAHU N CHAPTE R I tions ; and to my wife who has done much of the THE WO R K AN D THE SITE work of the British School of Archaeology I THE in Egypt during the winter of was arried 4 c on at two different Professor Petrie localities on began Operations round the 6th Dec and all the inking in of the drawing plates The party of workers at the Pyramid comprised 2 Professor and Flinders Mrs Petrie Mr C T Ca m and and Mr pion Mrs Gu y Brunton while ; Dr Walter Mr Amsden R E ngelbach Mr F Frost and the late Willey a ttisc omb e Mr Gunn D Mr B pyramid of near the entrance to the F Lahun a y fi m this work closed on camp 9 th April Mr E n g elb a ch s was at Ha ra g eh five miles away Pyramid work in had proved the builder to be and disclosed an Senu se rt ha d II entrance into the pyramid on the (see S E ii was too I lla hun plan Petrie this however pl small to admit the which is in still sarcophagus position in the burial A passage running Chamber south led to the foot of another shaft which required as well as a pit filled with water investigation close to the foot of the entrance shaft (see Well xxiii In view of subsequent discoveries round pl the dynasty pyramids at Dahshur and xiith Lisht it was obviously most sirable to move all the de débris which encumbered the and search every site foot of rock surface within the brick enclosure wall for possible royal tombs This programme was carried and the pyramid out with its surrounding constructions completely while a considerable number of tombs in planned the adjoining cemeteries were though examined with poor The delay in the publication of results the season s owing to the has been so work war that it was considered advisable to an great p la c e account of discovery of the tombs th princesses e with the great find of in the hands of jewellery students as quickly as possible after the cessation of and to hold back the record of the hostilities rest of the work for next year s volume thanks are due to Professor Petrie for his M unfailing y help in the preparation and revision of this work ; to Miss lock and Mr B Murray M A Mr H E Win a ttisc omb e Gunn for many su gg e s divided their work between Ha ra g Beside eh and Lahun the nucleus of men and boys from Quit a large gang of natives was engaged from the neighbouring villages of and Ha m Lahun Hawara The clearing of the pyramid site lasted from mam to March and a further three 6th 3 I st Jan weeks were spent on tombs in the Vicinity The planning was largely the work of Mrs tomb while Brunton did the greater part of Petrie Mrs the Campion s share consisted in drawing Mr supervision of the and in care of the workmen antiquities Professor in addition Petrie discovered to the general direction of the surveyed and work planned the whole also took most of the He site The general management and record photographs ing fell to ngelbach helped us with his Mr me E engineering skill when the water in the pyramid well had to be dealt and in other with matters The rock formation of the site consists of a soft with veins of sulphate of This is marl lime in places overlaid with a hard compact limestone The ground on the of the pyramid is of S E this hard while the marl outcrops all over rock the of the pyramid and also S enclosure W on the The site was originally a rocky east Slope high on north and east this slope levelled by ; Wa s cutting down into the and building up the rock wide area of the temenos around the pyramid with chips on the The full details of the con S E struction will be given in a subsequent volume but some description is necessary in order to under stand the relation the tombs of the princesses oi to the pyramid itself The plan of the southern part of the area is given 3

11 8 DESCR IPTION OF THE TOMB S in The pyramid was immediately sur pl xxiii rounded by wide and Shallow trench filled anciently a with clean sand and enclosed by a stone wall was encompassed by a brick wall 1 6 This again feet thick and some feet high at the 3 0 N W while only a course or two at best remained on the Outside a single line of trees had been this south planted in circular pits sunk in the rock and filled with In the space between the stone and brick soil on the lay the four shaft tombs for walls south members of the royal family These with the pyramid opened in shaft' tombs the previous are the only pits that excavations have been found in the eference to R enclosure the general plan in xxiii will show the position pl of these where they are numbered tombs 9 7 I O and The pyramid shaft appears just inside the 8 stone The trench marked on the plan to wall east of the shaft is for the foundation of the the stone not the trench referred to fille d wall sand above CHAPTE R II too fragmentary for identification and it was impossible to determine the reason of ; their presence there The shaft is sunk into soft and is marl 3 6 ft The unusual feature of this tomb is 5 in deep long stairway of four descending to the forty steps the east until it reaches the foot of the where shaft it turns to the north with a further five The steps steps are roughly cut in the and some inches rock 7 5 in width xvii The shaft was sunk and ( first pl the steps as they curve somewhat to the later south so as to strike the foot of the Near shaft the surface in the rubbish at the head of the stair some fragments of wood were which way found Professor Petrie considered might conceivably have come from a trap A View looking up the door steps is given in The stairway was 3 xvii a pl p intended to descend in a but the p a r entl y tunnel rock for the first half seems to have fallen and in left the passage open to the shows 2 xvii air Pl the bottom of the shaft looking down eastward through what is left of the The poor tunnel nature of the rock is well Shown here and in The two tombs to which these entrances 4 led 5 may be referred to as the upper and lower tombs D E SC R IPTION OF THE TOMB S Tomb 9 The Sta irwa y Tomb construction of this tomb is very curious THE 4 in more than one there being two distinct respect sets of and two modes of The!chambers entrance plans and sections are given on There pl xxii are no remains whatever of any buildings on the which is here soft neither stone chip surface marl pings nor signs of There still remains brickwork a course or two of the pyramid enclosure wall close by to the though it has entirely disappeared south further It seems possible therefore westward that no mastabas in connection with these tombs ever existed a point which is strengthened by here the irregularity in the position of the four shafts with regard to each There no Sign of a I s other system in their arrangement All the shafts are of the usual rectangular in type plan to allow of the sarcophagus and coffins being lowered They Show no traces of a horizontally brick the rock for the upper portion being lining of good There is no evidence as how to quality the shafts whether they were filled in were closed or were roofed The débris at the mouth of over the shaft of Tomb contained animal but 9 bones The upper tomb see xxii for plan and sections ( pl which was at the level of the foot of the is shaft separated from it by a secondary shaft H descending for a further It consists of a main chamber 1 3 feet with the canopic recess and offering chamber D C opening out of it to the It has been pre E east pared to receive its fine limestone walls and floor and possibly roof as but there are no traces of well and it would seem that the masons had demolition never completed their work Underneath the main chamber is another one D which has only been roughly hollowed and out the purpose of this is It may be unknown noted here that the slope of the when it stairway turns is roughly such that it would have north reached the floor level of chamber D at its entrance if the secondary shaft had not been sunk A rather distorted V i ew into this upper tomb showing canopic recess with the ledges and the C cuttings made to receive the limestone casing and was taken from the south edge of the second flooring ary and is given in shaft xvii pl 4 The secondary shaft drops down from the edge of the last The rock above has all fallen in stair (see section xxii originally it would have been pl more or less level with the roof of Openin D D g

12 THE STAI R WAY TOMB 9 out of the shaft on the west is a rather roughly cut the walls of which are not chamber smoothed Out of it leads a long J running north for corridor leading to the lower The walls of 4 0 feet tomb the corridor are slightly but not prepared smoothed to receive a stone facing In the lower tomb itself the usual parts are all present (see xxii for plan and sections 3 ; pl but the plan differs from that of the upp er one The end of the corridor forms what m a be called y the antechamber J This feature is absent in the first owing to the sinking of the secondary tomb 6 To the north of J and opening out of it Shaft li es the main chamber with the two M recesses that for the being on the south instead canopies K of on the while the ring is offe N east chamber in the same relative position and of the same shape as that E above The antechamber and the main chamber have b en walled and roofed with fine limestone e white unsculptured and uninscrib ed the slabs ; two recesses are not the rock walls being only lined roughly The ceiling of that of is flat smoothed has a slight the roofing slab being hollowed M s vault as shown in the The main chamber had sections also been carefully paved with limestone Slabs resting on the These hav been mostly e marl broken leaving a ledge all round as shown in up the In the corner is a curious trench S plan W cut through the floor and into the as shown rock in the plan and section This would appear to be the work of the spoilers who have pulled up most of the and also flooring amused themselves by scrawling on white the ceiling with their sooty lamp More elaborate flames drawings of apparently the same class were found on the walls of the chamber in pyramid of the III De Senuse rt ( D a hck ou r Morgan II p The present water level is inches or so below the and the work which 7 had to be done floor here to determine whether any further shafts had been was a messy sunk business The filling of this consisting of the usual tomb r chiefly fallen rock extended almost u bbish faces as far as the lower tomb but the débris in the corridor was entirely fallen ; while the lower roof thanks to their limestone were chambers linings practically clear The story of its construction seems to be that 7 it was originally intended for a tomb such as Tombs 7and with main 8 shaft antechambers J and Then the excavation of t wo room recesses the main stairway was made connecting with the shaft at the level of chamber Before the upper tomb was completed it was decided to construct a second tomb on a lower the entrance to which level would be throu g h the floor of and the stairway was turned north and continued down to the level Desire for secrecy perhaps caused final alteration to be made the Sinking of the : viz secondary shaft down to the level of the corridor H and the running of that corridor to the north The only reason I can offer for the length ward of it is that the lower tomb was intended to be below the inner the area on the surface temenos which was enclosed by the stone wall round the It will be seen in the general plan that pyramid the tomb actually comes under the wall itself With the exception of some objects of the xxiind dynasty found in the débris near the head of the not a Single object of any kind whatever stairway found in any part of either upper or lower wa s and it is highly improbable that a sarco tombs could ever have been placed in the main p ha g chamber us chips of granite or other stone o ( except limeston w ere and the limestone e found showed no signs of any later walls Ha d damage builders desired they would most certainly stone have helped themselves to the limestone walling as well if not sooner a tough sarco blocks as than It seems quite evident that the tomb was of D J p ha g us 8 Tomb 1 0 The P y ra mid E ntra nce Tomb This of which plans and a section are tomb given in is the most interesting of the xxi four pl have again the unusual state of affairs where an We upper tomb gives access to a second one at a lower there is no Sign of change of Here however level except as regards the final use to which the plan main tomb was The upper which was part put as far as can be consists of a wide finished seen shaft with the usual ante ft in deep D D N M but never in the xiith prepared used dynasty The tomb of III at Abydos Senu sert ( A y rton xli was con Currell y We i g a ll Ab y dos III pl structed with a shaft and a sloping stairway some what similar to It is considered that the this stairway was here used to facilitate the removal of during the construction of the This deb ris tomb typ of tomb may also be compared with the tomb e of Adu ( D enderek Petrie 2

13 1 0 DE SC R IPTION OF THE TOMBS leading the sarcophagus t o chamber A chamber out of which on the east open the canopic D recess and the offering In the floor of the C E chamber shaft is a small which contained offerings G pit (see a feature not found Sect elsewhere The sarcophagus with its chamber approaches are all lined with blocks of fine white limestone Blocks of the same stone were used uninscribed to close the tomb at the foot of the two of shaft them being still in The antechamber A position is only partly lined with the the upper limestone part of the walls being of plain smoothed rock and it may have been intended to roof it with slabs resting on the walling In the west wall blocks hi h up is a recess marked on the plan of irregular g ( B shape for a statue One of the paving slabs has been ( broken in and has fallen through into two the secondary shaft which underlies The H sarcophagus chamber shows no signs of spoilers work it was half filled with which con ; de bris nothing except a scrap of a late wooden ta ined anthropoid and a green felspar scarab of coffin poor work with a plain base The long running connects corridor north at its southern end with the J bottom of the secondary shaft out of which it opens on the It H east differs in this way from tomb where the corridor runs from the west side of the 9 All access shaft was prevented by blocking up the southern end of the corridor with limestone blocks of various shapes and The have easily over robbers however sizes come this resistance by breaking outfla nk in g i e away the corner of the rock formed by the west wall of the corridor and the south wall of the shaft as shown on the The corridor J has a vaulted plan and there are indications that the walls were roof It leads to the lower which is tomb whitened of the same type and arrangement as Tomb lower though the dimensions vary 9 attempt ( N o somewhat has been made to line the walls with cut stone and hence there is no counterpart to the ante chamber intomb which was formed merely E 9 by! lining part of the The barrel roofs are corridor exactly the same in arrangement as those of Tomb but in the rock instead of in the limestone 9 out roofing beams These lower chambers were opened in 1 88 when 9 the was and it was through 0 shaft discovered them that the pyramid passages were entered by means of the the commencement of which corridor is marked L in the plan and it was not B ut section 9 A seen at the time that they formed a complete tomb in nor was it possible to discover what themselves the corridor J and shaft led to on the the H This was one of our objects in working south again at but it was a considerable time Lahun before the mouth of the shaft of Tomb was dis 1 0 There was no clue at all as to what this covered mysterious chamber by the blocking stones led to and day after day we squeezed through the robbers and tried to devise some safe means of e hole x p lo r ing the small black hollow which showed through the gap in the roofing blocks above our heads Half of the broken beam was still in but position tilted over at a perilous angle and we could see the mass of loose rubble ; apparently only above needing a small amount of coaxing to descend on us with most unpleasant results ven the clearing of the space alongside the E blocking stones was a difficult but this matter arose from quite another Ventilation was cause so bad at this dead end soon after we began that work candles ceased to burn ~and matches even there refused to The men were ; anxious to use a strike hurricane which they knew we had in camp lamp they thought the candles were extinguished in the same way as a lamp is blown out by the wind although they could feel no managed We draught to carry on very well with my electric how torch ever and it was extraordinary to find that men could ; work hard and work in such work happily an atmosphere Another matter we had come to investigate 1 0 was the well or in the lower It had pit P tomb been sunk in what had originally been intended for an offering It was full of mud and N chamber water the water level being shown in the section and it ( was a problem to discover the best way to deal with this we tried a chain of men from the pit to F irst some way along the where the buckets corridor were but the water percolated so rapidly emptied through the rock that no permanent result could be It was a if not difficult impossible obtained matter to rig owing to the depth and narrow pumps ness of the shaft and to pull up buckets of 0 water to the surface ; would have been a hopeless Finally we stationed seven or eight proceeding pairs of men on wooden platforms which Engel Mr bach fixed in the and had a continuous stream shaft buckets going up to be emptied on the of hard impervious rock at the In the course of surface

14 THE PYR AMID E NTR AN C E TOMB I I the first day the water had fallen feet and we 1 8 were glad to find that it did not rise appreciably during the night Towards the sides of the Shaft had all the bottom fallen forming an shaped some in irregularly cave what as shown inthe The rock had broken section away from the dome like sides of this hollow in laminated masses in fact they con large hard to fall in as the work ; The tinu e d progressed marks of tooling on the shaft walls do not reach to the lowest on all four and I think it is edge sides evident that the Eg ptians abandon ed the shaft owing to the danger y of the cannot say We work for certain that we reached native rock at the foot The workmen were but they may have positive been deceived by a fallen mass of Both rock Mr Engelbach and I thought it sable to con inadvi what seemed a fruitless and dangerous tinu e work own impression is that the well was 1 1 M intended y by the Egyptians as a drain for any storm water which might find its downthe shaft wa y 0 close and flood the pyramid passages and they by sank it as deep as was If it is a c onse practicable of the sinking of the shaft then the shaft q u enc e 0 must date from the time when it was decided to 0 abandon the lower tomb as a burial place and ( 1 0 the shaft is therefore not part of the original plan That heavy rain storms were expected in the time of Middle know from the careful the we Kingdom arrangements made to deal with any water which might fall on the pyramid area and flood it There is nothing further to indicate whether the shaft was sunk before or after excavation of the 0 lower chambers and The corridor does corridor not run due north and so and at first Sight it u th might thought that the skewness was caused b e by the desire to connect with the shaft the 0 B ut orientation of all these tombs is and I irregular am inclined to think that the shaft was only 0 sunk when it was decided to use Tomb as the 1 0 pyramid It is certainly an afterthought entrance and no integral part of the plan of Tomb as it 1 0 does not go down to the same and access level from the shaft is through a rough hole in its northern with a small drop into the main Its wall chamber purpose seems to have been to admit workmen and materials to the pyramid by the nearest possible The king s which is still in his sarcophagus route burial was lowered down the main chamber entrance shaft on the and dragged along south the corridor J One point about chamber in the lower tomb is N Inthe north wall near the roof are two obscure small squared holes or If there had been recesses others to correspond in the south it might wall have been supposed they were for supporting ends of poles for hauling rock out of pit th e P Tomb 7 This tomb had been used for a royal burial 1 2 the but robbed Its Of xiith dynasty anciently essential features see are the same as those ( xxn pl of Tombs and without the secondary shafts and system of lower The which shaft chambers is in is well cut in good depth ft in hard rock close to the the south side is ; bottom cut away to form a recess for the whole width of the as shown in the It may be com shaft plan pared with the offering pit in the floor of the Shaft of Tomb but this recess contained eight mud 1 0 ; bricks placed in a close row side by side on their long edges and slanted over sideways On the north of the shaft are the blocking stones three still in leaving just enough room position to crawl in sideways over the top of the blocks The antechamber consists of an upper A again and lower in the rock and The ou t part unlined which has not fallen in as in the other roof tombs is vaulted way the walls jut out ; and half down to form a shelf as in Tomb If this was to sup 1 0 port stone they could not have been placed slabs in position until after the burial and as there is no Sign of them in the and ; they could not tomb have been taken out without moving the blocking it would seem these are the ramps usual stones in tombs of this The west wall of the upper period part of the antechamber (see View on xxii pl contains a as in Tomb but more regu B niche I O with what was apparently intended for la rl y cut an arched The lower part of the west wall roof has a shallow recess or roughly cut with loculus two grooves for skid showing that has I t poles contained a subsidiary probably of a burial servant The east as in the main section on shown wall the has other shallow a rectangle plate cuttings with a step at the and four rounded holes bottom none of which can be The floor of the explained antechamber had been but the blocks have paved been pulled They Show the three grooves up which were cut in them for the skid poles used when the sarcophagus was placed in Mace C? position (Cf Winlock S en ebtisi p

15 1 2 D E SC R IPTION OF THE TOMB S pile of four limestone blocks remains AnothBr against the jambs of the sarcophagus chamber There doubtless two more to complete the ob were and these have been pulled down by the struction The sarcophagus Chamber is entirely robbers lined with white lim perfectly plain fine estone it has been constructed of ju st sufficient size to ; contain the and leave room to move sarcophagus past in order to enter the canopic recess C it and the offering chamber The recess which is lined with stone somewhat unusually contains the granite chest with ( a wooden box inside The Offering was of the usual E chamber shape with a widening out to the It was unlined north and when found Clear of On the entered débris floor lay broken pottery scattered with bones about from the funeral Offerings D D The canopic recess was built in its usual position opening out of the sarcophagus chamber which partly lined with limestone is The slabs work was l eft no blocks aving been uncompleted placed in position between the entrance h and the canopic recess Campion s photograph xvi which is ( Mr pl taken looking north from the Shows antechamber how nearly the sarcopha us fills the g chamber The stones packed between the lid and the roof were placed there by us when the roof threatened to cave The to the right has been partly roc k in away by us so that the canopic chest might c ut The recess is shown in the b e E removed photograph found no blocking ( xvi pl B We stones in but a few rough limestone blocks position lay in the and the se had doubtless antechamber once closed the entrance to the burial chamber Tomb 8 (Plan and xxii This 1 3 section tomb pl which is the most easterly of the is the roughest four in It was u sed for the burial of a construction princess under at least eight Amenemha t III thirty years after the death of and this wil Senu sert II sufficiently account for the want of care taken in l its The shaft is the shallowest of the preparation being only deep the bottom four ft in of it has been left quite and there ; is no pit rough for offerings nor Some fragm nts of bone recess were found in the rubbish near mouth e of the th but there was nothing to how e where they shaft had come S from III CHAPTE R CO OF THE NTE NTS THE TOMB S Tomb 9 only objects of any kind whatever found 1 THE 4 here were a group of with a few poor blue pots glazed cat These were lying in the rubbish amulets at the mouth of the stairway and probably tunnel belonged to a disturbed secondary but no burial coffin or bones were found with During the them to the dynasties the tombs in xxiind xxvth MK The antechamber A has been left in the rough the rock walls are cut back in the upper part leaving a shelf as usual and above this there are some shallow cuttings on ; the west wall hown in ( the section s and a The roof throughout the niche tomb has fallen and is in bad condition every a way In the west wall floor level is the recess a t where E ; inches north side south high inches 6 4 and width The walls are inches 4 0 inches hard la fl showing tool marks and everywhere n o smooth though the faces are fairly surfaces flat The whole is roughly and the The off cut square roof slopes from front to back and fromnorth to In our later work in an offering south chamber was which will be describ d in the found next The chamber contained e common volume the neighbourhood were largely used re ( Petrie and fresh tombs made this I lla hrm interment p judging from the would to the amulets belong then same The p ttery o ( 2 2 is of very 3 xviii 0 period pl varied types and though most of them agree well with the suggested it is surprising to see the date form which is not generally found after the 2 xixth 5 and is unusual As this type is well dynasty then known in the Middle and as several Kingdom examples have been found on the a use in re site later times would quite possibly explain its presence and resemble the dynasty xixth here forms ( R i Engelbach ga ch xxxviii Tomb m and 75p the modified outline agrees with the somewhat later date 1 5 Upp er tom b Inthe rubbish which partially filled Chamber D xxi there were found a piece of ( pl

16 THE CO NT E NTS OF THE TOMB S 1 3 a wooden coffin with part of the of character face late and a small plain scarab of poor istic a ll y work green There was no clue as to they where felspar had come from A more interesting find was in the small pit ' G xxi where a dynasty deposit This xiith (pl lay c onta ined z ( i a perfect deep di sh of ( 54 xix pl fine pottery with a very smooth surface covered with a dark red There no trace of its wa s wash This which is not otherwise known ware contents to was only found in the and the me pyramid passages and Shafts belonging to None was it found in the surrounding nor in the pyramid tombs nor in the whole of the dynasty xiith enclosure cemetery at Ha ra g eh close red We i by g a ll s! polished ware found at of the time of Abydos III xxxix may be of the Senu se rt ( Ab y dos 1 9 III same Otherwise its use would seem to be class confined to the king s burial equipment or Offerings (ii Bones from the four legs and f eet of a calf A calf s bone was found lying out on the floor jaw of the and may have come from this little shaft pit as the foundation deposits found on this pyramid Site regularly contain a calf s skull as well as other bones 1 6 Along the corridor Lower tomb J xxi (pl various scraps of pottery were some of the found special deep red ware referred to above a pottery stopper xix and two dish stands (6 5 pan pl also a small piece of an alabaster vase or ; 1 dish In clearing out the chambers and a con K M quantity of pottery was the types side ra b le found being N os 55 xix is of the deep red (pl so is and the stopper There were two 6 ware examples of and four of and six of while two more broken jars may be of type or 6 these forms are regularly of the 4 xiith with the exception of and which dynasty are usually found in the and shows xviiith xix th 58 the thumb or finger marks which were probably impressed when the pot was lifted from the wheel (Mace and Tomb of S The enebtisi Winlock p rough edges of have been worn down in a secon 6 dary subsequent 9 to the use breaking Two other groups of pottery on 1 4 xviii pl and are included in this as they volume complete the ty es found in the royal tombs and pyramid p The first 1 xviii come 4 passages (pl from the limestone close to the king s chamber 67 All 1 Ala b a st e r is th e ori g ina l na me of this c a rb ona t e of lim e althou gh mineralo g ist s ha ve cha n g e d it to a ra g o nit e granite and the second sepulchre xvm (pl from the passage chamber ii ( I Petrie lla b a n pl and main 1 are all wellknown Middle 4 passage Kingdom of the deep red has 2 is 3 forms ware a string pattern round the edge The second group is a very miscellaneous collee tion of various There are two of each of dates following and the : are of fine and are also the re d 6 class Middle Kingdom 4 and 1 3 types are or and are of 2 0 xviiith xixth later oman age with its rope is doubtful R : 8 sling it can hardly be Middle Kingdom with the curious ; little projection at the and with the rope bottom so w ell A late probably R date oman preserved seems to be There was also a indicated pottery stand not drawn of Middle Kingdom ring ( date turning over the débris in corridor 1 J xxi two lim estone lamps were found in posi (pl one and one on a ach con E tion Simple stand fained a disk of pottery with a central hole for the 7 In let into a shaped hollow in the wick cup stone A separate pottery disk was also Traces of found the charred wick were still in The height place of tall lamp 7inch diameter of base the is 1 es 9 2 in ch diameter of top Photographs of 8 es inches given on xx two views the plate these a re ( pl also shows tools which will be d escribed in masons the forthcoming volume dealing with the pyramid The form of the lamp and stand is that of the reliefs in Petri xxviii while the Simple lamp e La b y rinth is as figured in ; They D a hclz oa r I p 74 fig a re now at University College London and at N ew York Professor Petrie considers that the shallow trough surrounding central hollow was intended to the hold water in order to keep the stone and moist prevent the oil from soaking into and that it this explains the reference in Herodotus as 62 ii to the use of salt salt water and oil in Egy tian ( Le p lamps 1 8 II emptying the water well we found some I pieces of and wood with iron nails in no bones it doubt modern A curious discovery which was made in the corridor J well illustrate the careful way in which s a trained native will examine every possible nook and cranny to make sure that nothing of interest or value may escape In the crack between him the rock floor and one of the blocking a stones

17 I 4 THE CO NTE NTS OF THE TOMB S little collection of Sixteen tiny scraps of beads copper and pieces of gold foil were The found spot marked in the plan xxi There is Beads ( pl were five different types of all of which are beads drawn on a Of three were of green e xiii pl a fel one of and two of carnelian of spar lazuli ; b one was of felspar and carnelian was of five ; c carnelian two carnelian These are ; d ; e lazuli all now at University Type a College London I is The pendant type is e believe bead new having two thread holes at the interesting top and one only at the The string or wire bottom would be passed in at the top through and one passed up again and out through the thus other leaving no unsightly thread showing at the bottom Where these pendant beads have one hole only there would have to be a line of small beads joining up the lower thus keeping them properly ends spaced all round the collar or else a small bead would have to serve the purpose of a This knot method has been made use of in threading up the pendants from Tomb (see vii 8 pl One little strip of gold leaf shows a succession of tiny grooves and at right angles 5 apart mm to its This must have come from a coffin length or canopic such parallel lines being a usual box The fragments of copper come from decoration some kind of wide pan or dish with a rolled edge All these beads appear to be from collars or neck laces a very rich of the oi xiith burial dynasty and the question immediately whose It? arises will be noticed that the spot at which they were found is just at the point where the robbers anciently broke through the rock to get past the blocking Of course they may have entered the stones pyramid from the workmen s shaft and been 0 working south away from the as in fact pyramid we ourselves it seems more reasonable B u t did to suppose that it was they who found their way in through the main and broke the flooring Shaft slab in the antechamber It would follow from A this that they did not use the shaft It would 0 further follow that the beads which were dropped as they squeezed through the broken way passage were being taken to the main shaft and must south have come from the This source of origin pyramid is also indicated by the probability that no inter ment ever took place in the upper tomb and it would establish that a royal burial had been ; made in the a point which has hitherto been pyramid in doubt ( Ten Yea rs D i Petrie gg in g p Tomb 7 This tomb had been used for a burial in the 1 9 dynasty and though no inscriptions were xnth and the ; sepulchre had been pretty thoroughly found still we found sufficient remains to allow cleared us to assume that a princess of the royal family had been buried here in the reign of Senusert II later interment took place everything N o here found being of dynasty xiith date The obj ects in the tomb and shaft were (i Sarcophagus and lid (ii Wood with glaze and pieces of glazed inlaid inlay Pieces of painted ( 1 11 wood (iv Part of a human and skull sacrum (v A few beads (vi Pieces of gold leaf (vii Canopic chest with lid and inner wooden case ( v11 1 F ragments of the canopic and the jars contents of one (ix Piece dark grey Of granite (x Animal bones (xi Pottery (xii Flint object (i The sarcophagus and lid were found in per feet The sarcophagus itself is placed condition slightly skew in the chamber see xxi ( plan pl The spoilers have lifted the lid at the and also front it over to the so that it partially rests Slowed left against the west ( S dotted lines in e e plan wall and the small where the lid is shown above section the blocking In the main section the lid stones is drawn as if in its original position The sarcophagu is pale red finely s o f granite with a plinth projecting inches and a wrought 3 % footing inch The actual sarcophagus 3 more measures by height inches % inches 33 ( in cluding the plinth and footing of inches The inches at the thickness of the stone at the top is 7 1 at the while the base is ends 533; sides 7 inches 1 } and The whole surface is perfectly with plain thick out inscriptions decoration any with or Of kind the exception of the which is ornamented plinth with reminding one of that on the sarco panelling of III at Dahshur p ha g u s Senu se rt ( De Morgan D a hchoa r II p The lid is of the usual so frequently found p attern from the to the with curved iiird xiith dynasties top and flat raised ends Its height is inches

18

19 1 6 THE CONTE N TS OF THE TOMB S of the length of time that elapsed between the interment and the looting (vi A few scraps of gold leaf found in débris the in the antechamber may have come from the coffins or box or from the parure of the canopic lid One is marked with fine parallel straight princess lines very like that described in 6 apart mm from the 1 8 Sect pyramid (vii The canopic chest was standing in its 2 1 recess somewhat with its lid lifted to touch askew the leaving just enough room for me to reach roof down inside and feel the bottom of the box with my though I could not get my head in to fingers As the chest is Similar to its companion usual see of red the lid with sarcophagus granite curved raised Under the lid are the projections ends inches wide and Ag inch which fit into 53 deep recesses on the inner side of the rim of the ch est As in the sarcophagu the projections are under the s raised ends of the lid and on the west end of the in the was a rough round knob inches lid middle in corresponding with the octagonal 3 diameter boss on the The chest itself measures sarcophagus inches square and inches with a o thick~ high ness on all sides of inche The lid is inches 53} 6} s thick at the raised All the surfaces that are ends visible are perfectly plain Inside the chest stands the wooden box with its four The if there ever was lid one compartments is absent would have been taken out and it thrown on one side by the This box plunderers was left in position in in the lid of the sarcophagus was raised to liberate the lid of the and so r emove the wooden whi ch is in chest box exc ellent the wood being quite preservation sound except the which is partly The bottom decayed outer width is inches mean the ( diff outer height is the thickness (md varies between and The d Slightly ' 6 in 7 epth creased by d is to 1 43 ecay The int erior is divided by pieces of each halved out cross wood to insert the oth The depth from the top to the er crosspieces is 5 to The partitions vary in width b etween and The corners inches are all mitre joints base is inserted between ; the the and all joints s ecured by wooden p sides e gs The top of the sides was inches below the rim of 2 the thus leaving room for a flat There granite lid was a clearance of from 1} inch to inch between 5 3 the wood and the stone at the sides When it is considered that the height of the canopic recess was thus leaving only 45 1 inches inches between the top of the chest (without 1 42 its lid and the roof and when the small Space : between the sarcophagus and the chest is realised (see plan xxii it is quite obvious that the pl granite its wooden box were placed in che st a nd position before the and that there sarcophagus fore the canopic jars were brought down and placed in position one by one at the time of the interment (viii The not being able to remove the robbers jars without taking the granite lid of the ou t recess had to examine them where they From the were fragments alabaster which I took out of the Of it would seem that pitch had been compartments poured in on the as they were firmly glued vases with it to the bottom of the box and it was only by continued assaults with my tips that I fin g er was able to loosen them and get them The out robbers had smashed them and cleared out in situ the Two pieces were found lying out in the bulk none of the scraps antechamber but unfortunately showed any signs of Part of the base hieroglyphics and side of one vase indicate that it had the usual The question were the jars Wh arises shape smashed y? It seems strange that the spoilers did not know that valuables were not be expected to Does it indicate a late date for the robbing there Or were the robbers contemporary but ignorant? Or was there spite In one the if my memory S one compartment W is not at fault unfortunately I did not note it at the time lay a small ( which was sent the to package late Armand uffer at Alexandria for examina Sir R was so good as to report as follows on He tion 7 t The last parcel you forwarded to h Ma y : which I told you was wrapped up in many me turned out to be There were three bandages lung pieces of one corresponding to about half lung one of the whole It was fairly well organ preserved and had been soaked for a long time in which pitch had penetrated in the small and I had the alveoli greatest difficulty in getting rid of but succeeded it to some extent by soaking it for a long time in chloroform and Even after two now spirit some black stuff is dis months pitchy soaking solving out still If this parcel was found in the compart S it would agree with the lung found in the ment jar at Amseti R i qq eh ( E and R i ngelbach qq eh p with the small viscus found in the jar at S W Lisht (Mace the S enebtisi Winlock p W

20 THE C on TEN Ts OF THE ToMBs i 7!usual position for the jar being Amseti S Tomb below (as W it will be n ecess ry to describe the other con B ut tents and al so the a way in which the clearance first (ix A fragment of dark grey granite xiii 2 2 ( pl also came from this On the worked sur~ tomb which is are two one straight out face flat grooves and parallel to a scrap of original edge still remain the other slightly rather narrow ing curved er and its general direction at right angles to the The suggestion that this may be the side of first throne of a seated statue is not a satisfactory (x Among the scattered remnants on the floor of the offering chamber were fragments of bones some from legs of a quadruped calf perhaps and others of a wish ( bone of some kind of birds duck being easily It may be noted here recognised though offerings were found several times in that position on the pyramid Sit in no case was there e indication that they had been wrapped up in a n y or preserved in any bandages way (xi The which is all drawn on pottery xix pl 3 1 is of a pale reddish or yellowish brown 5 2 and coar se in The surface is colour texture worked to a considerable degree of but smoothness without any Sign of Some of the types are polish of frequent occurrence on the such as the site dishes 7and the flask the deep little bowls the pot and the very common saucers while the jar recurs over and over again in tombs of the is part of a wine 35 ( P period jar of common type generally sealed with clay The cord pattern on the dish 7is like that on type xviii found in the 3 and is 3 ( pyramid pl similar to the dish from Lisht ( S enebtisi p fig 33 and 34 are of the same family as R i ga ch 35 y : 3 and are probably to be re stored as R i qq a h 1 2 r : type al so occur occasionally in spouts 4 1 R i ga ch but with different form s 7 oc giving the y 7or n earest resemblance to our also 4 1 ( c Petrie p The nearest parallel to that I I lla hzm I V p 4 0 have noticed is in La b Petrie y rinth xxxv pl It is of a rough pinkish red in very E ware colour type of pot referred to in this from Lahun section and is dated to the xiith elsewhere dynasty (xii The remaining object found in this tomb was a piece of worked flat and roughly tri flint angular inch and inches along 5 inshape thick each Its purpose is 5 side unknown Tomb 8 now come to the tomb in which the royal 2 3 We jewellery was in the recess xxii E discovered (pl of the tomb was carried out The objects were : (i Sarcophagus and lid (ii Pieces of Wooden board (iii Scraps of gold foil ( iv Canopic st with che lid (v Wooden box (Vi Canopic vases and contents ( vii Piece of inscribed black granite ( viii Pottery (ix Bead in filling of shaft (x Jewellery and jewel caskets etc The mouth of this pit was found on and 5 th F eb its clearance occupied the men most of fi ve days This part of the work calls for no comment the : filling was of the usual a mixture of sand and kind such as is found in all pits which have been stones and left to fill up again by One emptied chance it em of was the finding of a interest however small cylindrical bead of green felspar xiii (pl type loose in the some feet from the j 6 filling This type of beads is well known in the surface Middle when they were lar ely used in Kingdom the broad b ead g collars On the antechamber became appar the 7 th F eb soon aft burial chamber was ent and er the reached where the condition of the granite sarcophagus plainly showed the work of the ancient spoilers cleared it and found scraps of gold foil We out only Among the débris surrounding the the sarcophagus scrap of inscribed black granite turned The up canopic chest of white limestone was and intact this was opened and the contents removed by Mrs Petrie and Engelbach on the 1 Mr 9th The work of clea nce lasted till the afternoon of ra the when the whole tomb was free with the roth exception of the recess in the west wall of the ante This was filled to within inches of 1 0 chamber its roof with a very compact dried quite mud distinct from the filling of the rest of the tomb There was none of this mud out in the antechamber for although I was not in the tomb at the time and did not observe the actual line of demarcation when the mud was still the Egyptian in reached charge of without any difficulty the work whatever distinguished on the surface between what had been takenfrom the recess and what had come from the antechamber When the antechamber was emptied and the

21 1 8 THE C ON TE N TS OF THE TOMBS recess was first I was interested to notice how seen the surface of the mud filling had dried and cracked into little As there was nothing to saucers indicate that the recess had ever been walled it up was evident that the bottom of the tomb had once been filled with mud to this and that it had depth been removed except from the subsequently recess On the top of the mud lay some planks of wood very but just sufficiently tough to be moved tender away About when I was some intact distance away north of the pm I received a pyramid m essage from the Qufti in charge that some gold beads w ere discovered in the and I hurried to mud the Frost had already taken charge of spot Mr the and Professor Petrie had removed all Site the local workers cl ear of the tomb and the earth from where they had been hunting for any it gold beads that were and from which overlooked they handed up a As soon as they had gone few my first thought was to have the which had mud been dumped at the carefully searched surface by the under to see if any Q ufti s boy Mr Frost beads had been the discovery being so overlooked utterly unexpe ct One or two ring beads ed turned but nothing and possibly a few of up else these beads which were the only things that had been disturbed ( may have strayed The remainder of the work was done entirely by during the ensuing eight the myself days Q ufti helping me during the first while evening Mr Willey came down one other evening and looked on The detail of this work will be given later I must now turn to the contents of the tomb other than the which will form the subject jewellery of the next chapter (i The sarcophagus stood unmoved in its 2 4 chamber in there is very little room between ; fact it and the walls and only inches on the roof ground on the east The spoilers 5 had found it side a difficult matter to atta There was no way to ck twist or turn the which is very clumsy and lid They could have raised it but the roof ; heavy is very and this would have been a trouble low some there are no pro AS however operation j e c t under the fitting into sockets in the ions lid ends of the it was found possible to sarcophagus push it till it touched the back as shown in wall the this was not enough to B ut section pl xxii give access to the and the underside of the interior lid had to be gradually battered until a hole away was made large enough to admit a small boy Through this everything had been The extracted p l shows very well the present photograph xvi condition of the tomb The sarcophagus is of red with a granite plinth like that in Tomb 7 b ut and with the q u ite plain usual rounded lid with raised It is unin ends coarse and clumsy in design and work scribed very different from the finished manship p erfe c tion of the earlier sarcophagus in Tomb The dimensions are x inches outside at the and inches The which base 4 8% plinth high is inches projects inches at the and 3 1 high 3 sides inch at the The bottom is inches thi ck ends the sides inches and the ends in g i ; 92 ches measured the The lid is inches the a t edge 9 high raised ends being inches The height 1 2 thick of the lid is quite disproportionate to the body of the There is no boss left projecting sarcophagus at the end of the as in Tomb though the lid plunderers may have destroyed it 7 when making their There are no projections on the under hole side the of lid (ii Some pieces of wooden board lay in the recess The dimensions of the largest were ( about Sect feet long by inches and to 3 8 wide inch thick I write from memory It was 5 light brown ( in and showed no marks of reddish colour As no objects were left in the tomb that paint can date later than the it seems w e xiith dynasty conceivable that these were parts of one of the presumably portions of It is coffins floor boards unfortunate that they could not be identified with any as they are of interest with reference certainty to the problem which arises as to how and when the jewellery was placed in the Th eir origin tomb may be the same as that of the piece of however a late coffin found in Tomb previously 1 0 described (iii The scraps of gold which formed the 2 foil 5 sole contents of the Show that the sarcophagus coffins were ornamented in the usual as was way the canopic box see below It is curious that not a single bead was ( found especially when it there is considered how the body and coffins must have been broken up to get them through the hole under the lid nit be argued from this that the robbing was Ca done very much sooner after the interment than was the case in Tomb If that were so it is 7? all the more extraordinary that the jewellery was left in the but it might explain why the recess canopies were left the plunderers know untouched 7